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The rising demand for high quality display has ensued active research in high dynamic range (HDR) imaging, which has the potential to replace the standard dynamic range imaging. This is due to HDR’s features like accurate reproducibility of a scene with its entire spectrum of visible lighting and color depth. But this capability comes with expensive capture, display, storage and distribution resource requirements. Also, display of HDR images/video content on an ordinary display device with limited dynamic range requires some form of adaptation. Many adaptation algorithms, widely known as tone mapping (TM) operators, have been studied and proposed in the last few decades. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of 60 TM algorithms that have been implemented on hardware for acceleration and real-time performance. In this state-of-the-art survey, we will discuss those TM algorithms which have been implemented on GPU [1]–[12], FPGA [13]–[47], and ASIC [48]–[60] in terms of their hardware specifications and performance. Output image quality is an important metric for TM algorithms. From our literature survey we found that, various objective quality metrics have been used to demonstrate the quality of those algorithms hardware implementation. We have compiled those metrics used in this survey [61], [62], and analyzed the relationship between hardware cost, image quality and computational efficiency. Currently, machine learning-based (ML) algorithms have become an important tool to solve many image processing tasks, and this paper concludes with a discussion on the future research directions to realize ML-based TM operators on hardware.

Access to clinical information during interventions is an important aspect to support the surgeon and his team in the OR. The OR-Pad research project aims at displaying clinically relevant information close to the patient during surgery. With the OR-Pad system, the surgeon shall be able to access case-specific information, displayed on a sterilepackaged, portable display device. Therefore, information shall be prepared before surgery and also be available afterwards. The project follows an user-centered design process. Within the third iteration, the interaction concept was finalized, resulting in an application that can be used in two modes, mobile and intraoperative, to support the surgeon before/after and during surgery, respectively. By supporting the surgeon perioperatively, it is expected to improve the information situation in the OR and thereby the quality of surgical results. Based on this concept, the system architecture was designed in detail, using a client-server architecture. Components, communication interfaces, exchanged data, and intended standards for data exchange of the OR-Pad system including connecting systems were conceived. Expert interviews by using a clickable prototype were conducted to evaluate the concepts.

The era of the Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a reality, and the display equipment is at its center. The display device is the window that connects the IoT and humans, and is evolving into various form factors convenient to human use, such as foldable mobile phone, flexible wearable device, paper-like display, and rollable TV. Even though transparent flexible electrodes and substrates have been developed, their assembly remains a challenge. Therefore, the importance of optically clear acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) that ensure device integrity by easily stretched and mitigating the stress during repeated stretching and bending process is being emphasized. In this study, elongation and recovery features were identifiable as key flexible properties of PSAs. These properties were estimated by measuring shear strain and strain recovery using a universal testing machine and by dynamic mechanical analytics respectively. Compared to conventional UV metal halide curing, a newly introduced ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) curing process resulted in different PSA property variables, namely UV exposure intensity and UV exposure time. Fully cured acrylic PSA realized under UV LED exposure level 30 for 8 s demonstrated the highest shear strain with excellent strain recovery of ~23,500% and 94% respectively. Under these conditions, effective material adhesion performance was achieved while retaining optical transparency and thus fulfilling the dual property requirement for non-opaque material adhesiveness necessary for use in flexible displays.

Background A large number of robots have put forward the new requirements for humanrobot interaction. One of the problems in human-swarm robot interaction is how to naturally achieve an efficient and accurate interaction between humans and swarm robot systems. To address this, this paper proposes a new type of human-swarm natural interaction system. Methods Through the cooperation between three-dimensional (3D) gesture interaction channel and natural language instruction channel, a natural and efficient interaction between a human and swarm robots is achieved. Results First, A 3D lasso technology realizes a batch-picking interaction of swarm robots through oriented bounding boxes. Second, control instruction labels for swarm-oriented robots are defined. The instruction label is integrated with the 3D gesture and natural language through instruction label filling. Finally, the understanding of natural language instructions is realized through a text classifier based on the maximum entropy model. A head-mounted augmented reality display device is used as a visual feedback channel. Conclusions The experiments on selecting robots verify the feasibility and availability of the system.

Digital technologies are increasingly used in the interpretation and presentation process at cultural heritage sites, shifting the manner of heritage display from previous ways, which tended to be monolithic and static, to a more diversified, experiential, and interactive approach and enabling new connections between heritage and the public. Digital experience is gradually becoming an important component of visitors’ heritage experience. However, little attention has been paid to the influence and effects that these technologies have on the visitor experience, and a corresponding measurement framework for the heritage digital experience is still lacking. To contribute to the design, implementation, and management of digital display systems at cultural heritage sites, this research aims to evaluate visitors’ expectations, acceptance, and experience of digital interpretation and presentation technologies. A mixed methodology, combining questionnaires based on a digital experience evaluation framework and semi-structured interviews, was adopted and used in Old Zuoying City (OZC), a typical heritage site for the application of digital display technologies in Taiwan. Our study indicates that digital display technologies received high acceptance from heritage visitors and had a positive impact on some specific aspects, such as encouraging their exploration of and further learning about the site, helping them better visualize the richness of heritage, and creating new experiences of perceiving, engaging, and communicating with history. In addition, based on the survey findings, a number of recommendations for the current stage of digital display design are presented. The survey results and evaluation framework can be used as a reference for other research on heritage visitors and to improve digital interpretation and presentation design.

X-ray imaging is one of the most widely used security measures for maintaining airport and transportation security. Conventional X-ray imaging systems typically apply tone-mapping (TM) algorithms to visualize high-dynamic-range (HDR) X-ray images on a standard 8-bit display device. However, X-ray images obtained through traditional TM algorithms often suffer from halo artifacts or detail loss in inter-object overlapping regions, which makes it difficult for an inspector to detect unsafe or hazardous objects. To alleviate these problems, this article proposes a deep learning-based TM method for X-ray inspection. The proposed method consists of two networks called detail-recovery network (DR-Net) and TM network (TM-Net). The goal of DR-Net is to restore the details in the input HDR image, whereas TM-Net aims to compress the dynamic range while preserving the restored details and preventing halo artifacts. Since there are no standard ground-truth images available for the TM of X-ray images, we propose a novel loss function for unsupervised learning of TM-Net. We also introduce a dataset synthesis technique using the Beer-Lambert law for supervised learning of DR-Net. Extensive experiments comparing the performance of our proposed method with state-of-the-art TM methods demonstrate that the proposed method not only achieves visually compelling results but also improves the quantitative performance measures such as FSITM and HDR-VDP-2.2.

With their growing popularity and widespread applications, face recognition systems are attracting more attention from attackers. Thus, face presentation attack detection has emerged as an important research topic in recent years. Existing methods for face presentation attack detection are affected by different cameras and display devices, and their performance is degraded in cross-database testing. In this paper, we propose a face presentation attack detection scheme that fuses multi-perspective dynamic features. One feature is the globally extracted temporal motion pattern of a face in a video. This involves mapping the local and global motion information of the face in the video into a single image. The motion patterns of genuine and fake faces are different, and these patterns are independent of cameras and display devices. Another feature is the visual rhythm of noise patterns, which differs significantly between single and secondary imaging. The proposed scheme fuses these two features at the decision level. Cross-database tests were conducted among the CASIA-FASD, MSU-MFSD and Replay-Attack databases. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms.

This paper presents a novel mixed reality based navigation system for accurate respiratory liver tumor punctures in radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Our system contains an optical see-through head-mounted display device (OST-HMD), Microsoft HoloLens for perfectly overlaying the virtual information on the patient, and a optical tracking system NDI Polaris for calibrating the surgical utilities in the surgical scene. Compared with traditional navigation method with CT, our system aligns the virtual guidance information and real patient and real-timely updates the view of virtual guidance via a position tracking system. In addition, to alleviate the difficulty during needle placement induced by respiratory motion, we reconstruct the patient-specific respiratory liver motion through statistical motion model to assist doctors precisely puncture liver tumors. The proposed system has been experimentally validated on vivo pigs with an accurate real-time registration approximately 5-mm mean FRE and TRE, which has the potential to be applied in clinical RFA guidance.

There is a very important index in the influence of human visual perception, that is, the degree of the motion blur about the moving image on display device. In this paper, a new kind of improved method is proposed to calculate the response time of liquid crystal under the new backlight driving and modulation, which is more accurate than the traditional moving window integration method. This paper also discusses the eye tracking movement of the human visual system, including studying the influence of image content, size, motion speed and motion direction, based on the human vision property study and the analyzes of the simulation model of image motion artifacts perceived by human eyes. Experiments are performed, using the human eye vision perception measurement system. The experiment data shows that the edge blur time can be reduced to 10.5 ms, compared with the 16.5 ms in traditional drive, reduced by 36.4%, and the human perception of motion blur can be markedly reduced. Also, the results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the actual measurement data by modifying the proportion coefficient of the eye tracking object model to 0.9. At the same time, through the improved human eye tracking model of smooth moving objects, the actual motion blur phenomenon perceived by the human eye can be calculated more accurately, and the results can be used in image processing algorithms to improve the quality of the moving image on the display.

This paper presents the design and implementation of an intelligent Dynamic electronic billboard based on QR-Code (Quick Response Code) that can be used in a variety of interior locations such as offices, malls, universities, supermarkets, and other similar establishments. A screen display, a sensor such as a PIR motion sensor, and a QR-Code reader are all included in the system. Once scanned, the QR-Code should provide rapid access to information. While the motion sensor detects a nearby person and instructs the system to display the QR-Code on the billboard for the person to scan, the display device continues to display the company's products or announcements. The QR-Code contains Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) in our prototype, and once scanned, a user follows the link and begins exploring what he or she needs to see on a display device based on what the companies sell or communicate with the general public. As a result, the system allows users to interact with it by allowing them to search for what they need using QR-Codes. The Raspberry Pi houses the sensors and display device, allowing the system to relay sensory data to a web server using the HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) protocol. Because of its low cost, efficiency, and ease of use, the designed system is beneficial.

The measurement of maximal inspiratory (MIP) and maximal expiratory (MEP) pressures is a widely used technique to non-invasively evaluate respiratory muscle strength in clinical practice. The commercial devices that perform this test range from whole body plethysmographs to portable spirometers, both expensive and include a wide range of other respiratory tests. Given that a portable, low-cost, and specific option for MIP and MEP measuring device is not currently available in the market. A high-performance and easy-to-build prototype has been developed and the detailed technical information to easily reproduce it is freely released. A novel device is based on an Arduino microcontroller with a digital display, an integrated pressure transducer, and three-dimensional (3D) printed enclosure (total retail cost €80). The validation of the device was performed by comparison with a laboratory reference setting, and results showed accuracy within ±1%. As the device design is available according to the open-source hardware approach, measuring MIP/MEP can greatly facilitate easily available point-of-care devices for the monitoring of patients and, most important, for making this lung function measurement tool affordable to users in low- and middle-income countries.

The use of high-frequency strain waves to perform examinations and note measurements is referred to as ultrasonic testing (UT). UT is commonly used for the detection or evaluation of flaws and characterization of materials, among other applications. A standard ultrasonic inspection system comprises a pulser/receiver, transducer, and display devices. The pulser/receiver produces electrical pulses of high voltage. The transducer generates high-frequency ultrasonic energy after being driven by the pulser. The reflected wave is then converted into an electrical signal by the transducer and is displayed on a screen. The reflected signal strength versus the time plot helps to glean information regarding the features of a defect. In this paper, we discuss the experiments performed in a laboratory setting to determine ultrasound-based biofilm sensor sensitivity in relation to changes in the surrounding environment of temperature, concentration, turbidity, and conductivity of the liquid passing through the system. The effect of the change in frequency of the sensors was also studied. The sensors being developed are small and compact, portable, can be placed on the outer walls of the desired surface, use digital signal processing techniques, and the biofilm presence on the inner walls of the surface can be monitored.

We propose a multi-view 2D/3D switchable display by using cylindrical liquid crystal (LC) lens array with a low operating voltage and fast response time. The cylindrical LC lens array is composed of three parts: the LC layer, a top-plane indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, and bottom periodic strip ITO electrodes. In the voltage-off state, the cylindrical LC lens array is equivalent to a transparent glass substrate and the viewers can see a clear 2D image. In the 3D mode, the cylindrical LC lens array can be used as a cylindrical lens array under a suitable operating voltage. As a result, the 2D and 3D images can be switched according to the state of the cylindrical LC lens array. The experimental result shows that the 2D/3D switchable display with the cylindrical LC lens array has a wider viewing angle, has no moiré pattern, and is much thinner compared to the other 2D/3D switchable display devices.

When a crisis arises, geographically referenced data is helpful in dealing with the situation. A map can provide a link between available data and stakeholders. It allows all participants to obtain an understandable model of the situation. For crisis management, hawse have developed an integrated system with an emphasis on ergonomics and data fusion. Visualization and interaction are tailored towards specific responsibilities as well as towards different devices such as smartphones, desktops and large displays. In addition to commonly available 2D geodata, highly accurate and up-to-date 3D geodata becomes more readily available. 3D geodata displayed on normal display devices, however, naturally lacks the third dimension. In order to gain a better understanding of the situation, we have added a virtual reality variant to its crisis management system. The VR environment allows meeting as a team, connecting local and remote participants, in the VR environment for a more efficient and natural discussion. In this VR meeting, all participants can work with the same geodata and annotations, providing a consistent view of the situation. To assess the additional value of 3D geodata and virtual reality visualization in this context, a user study was conducted comparing the performance using 2D geodata, 3D geodata and visualization in VR. The study provides insights into the task-specific value of 3D geodata and VR visualization.

In this paper, we report a full-color reflective display device by combining reflective electrochromic device (ECD) and different color production units (conventional color filter (CF) and transmittance controllable electrochromic color filter (TCECF)). A full-color reflective device with TCECF showed an excellent diffuse reflectance of 47.2% in the white state owing to the high transmittance of TCECF in the bleached state than that of CF (19.5%). This device structure can easily provide various colors with high brightness and saturation with a broad grayscale. Particularly, in the colored state, TCECF and CF-based full-color reflective device displayed color coordinates of (0.59, 0.34), (0.31, 0.66), (0.24, 0.30) and (0.65, 0.33), (0.27, 0.61), (0.15, 0.06), for red, green and blue, respectively, and alongside also exhibited color gamut of 36.8% (for TCECF) and 73.1% (for CF) for full color reflective devices.

The ideal combination of high optical transparency and high electrical conductivity, especially at very low frequencies of less than the gigahertz (GHz) order, such as the radiofrequencies at which electronic devices operate (tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz), is fundamental incompatibility, which creates a barrier to the realization of enhanced user interfaces and ‘device-to-device integration.’ Herein, we present a design strategy for preparing a megahertz (MHz)-transparent conductor, based on a plasma frequency controlled by the electrical conductivity, with the ultimate goal of device-to-device integration through electromagnetic wave transmittance. This approach is verified experimentally using a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the microstructure of which is manipulated by employing a solution process. The use of a transparent conducting polymer as an electrode enables the fabrication of a fully functional touch-controlled display device and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible biomedical monitoring device, which would open up a new paradigm for transparent conductors., The emergence of applications requiring device-to-device interactivity has to the need to develop conducting electrodes with high optical transparency at low radiofrequencies. Here, the authors demonstrate conductive polymer electrodes with high transparency in the MHz-order frequency range.

To fill in the huge gap between the rapid development of modern display devices with high dynamic range (HDR) and the mainstream media source with a low bit depth of 8, bit-depth enhancement (BDE) that reconstructs high bit-depth images from low bit-depth ones emerges as an important problem. Early works generally introduce the annoying artifacts and then plenty of context-aware algorithms are proposed recently but at the cost of high computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a fast yet efficient context-adaptive algorithm via linear interpolation. For gradual color transition areas, the interpolation is performed along the direction bisecting the self-defined virtual effective boundaries, while for local peak/bottom areas, the interpolation is carried out based on the minimum distance to intensity steps caused by quantization. By deliberately designing the interpolation direction and endpoints for different types of local contexts, the proposed algorithm can well reconstruct natural images with low computational complexity. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms on average in terms of both objective and subjective evaluations.

As the 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry technologies continue to mature, more and more applications founded in numerous areas. The realistic 3D models are mainly adopted for digital display uses, such as the 3D game, web showcases, head-mounted display, etc. While we are enjoying the vivid digital sceneries through different kinds of digital display screens, there are still challenges exist for the 3D printing application, especially for large size objects. In this article, we will present an approach on digitizing and 3D replicating large grottoes. Unlike 3D rendering, 3D printing requires high detailed shape data for the fabrication. Such demands cause many technical difficulties including huge data amount, accurate dense point cloud, high-resolution texture mapping. We chose cascade SfM, grouped MVS, automatic texture mapping to prepare the high definition colored 3D model for printing and painting references. Meanwhile, we optimized 3D printing procedure as well as post-processing, installation, lacquer and painting. Two replicas of 10- meter sized grottoes have been manufactured after four years of efforts, which have earned some appreciations from audiences.

Vein display device can significantly increase the success rate of intravenous injection. However, traditional vein display devices only contain near-infrared image information, which inevitably loses skin color information. In this article, a binocular microlens was fabricated by micro-fabrication technology. Then, a smart binocular microlens imaging system is set up. By this system, the near-infrared image with venous distribution and visible light image with actual skin color can be obtained simultaneously. In addition, an improved image fusing algorithm is proposed. The image fusing result shows that the venous details can be clearly shown and the background color of the hand also can be well preserved. Therefore, the proposed scheme can provide more real vein information. As the smart structure of the binocular microlens, the dual-bands microlens imaging system has the potential for miniaturization and could integrate with intelligent glasses for assisting intravenous injection.

With the rapid development of flexible electronic devices (especially flexible LCD/OLED), flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) with high light transmittance, high electrical conductivity, and excellent stretchability have attracted extensive attention from researchers and businesses. FTEs serve as an important part of display devices (touch screen and display), energy storage devices (solar cells and super capacitors), and wearable medical devices (electronic skin). In this paper, we review the recent progress in the field of FTEs, with special emphasis on metal materials, carbon-based materials, conductive polymers (CPs), and composite materials, which are good alternatives to the traditional commercial transparent electrode (i.e., indium tin oxide, ITO). With respect to production methods, this article provides a detailed discussion on the performance differences and practical applications of different materials. Furthermore, major challenges and future developments of FTEs are also discussed.

Multi-view or light field images have recently gained much attraction from academic and commercial fields to create breakthroughs that go beyond simple video-watching experiences. Immersive virtual reality is an important example. High image quality is essential in systems with a near-eye display device. The compression efficiency is also critical because a large amount of multi-view data needs to be stored and transferred. However, noise can be easily generated during image capturing, and these noisy images severely deteriorate both the quality of experience and the compression efficiency. Therefore, denoising is a prerequisite to produce multi-view-based image contents. In this paper, the structural characteristics of linear multi-view images are fully utilized to increase the denoising speed and performance as well as to improve the compression efficiency. Assuming the sequential processes of denoising and compression, multi-view geometry-based denoising is performed keeping the temporal correlation among views. Experimental results show the proposed scheme significantly improves the compression efficiency of denoised views up to 76.05%, maintaining good denoising quality compared to the popular conventional denoise algorithms.

The panoramic video technology is introduced to collect multiangle data of design objects, draw a 3D spatial model with the collected data, solve the first-order differential equation for the 3D spatial model, obtain the spatial positioning extremes of the object scales, and realize the alignment and fusion of panoramic video images according to the positioning extremes above and below the scale space. Then, the panoramic video is generated and displayed by computer processing so that the tourist can watch the scene with virtual information added to the panoramic video by wearing the display device elsewhere. It solves the technical difficulties of the high complexity of the algorithm in the system of panoramic video stitching and the existence of stitching cracks and the “GHOST” phenomenon in the stitched video, as well as the technical difficulties that the 3D registration is easily affected by the time-consuming environment and target tracking detection algorithm. The simulation results show that the panoramic video stitching method performs well in real time and effectively suppresses stitching cracks and the “GHOST” phenomenon, and the augmented reality 3D registration method performs well for the local enhancement of the panoramic video.

Nowadays, optoelectronic and display devices are deeply rooted in our all-day life. With the emerging and growing of new communication technologies, connected devices, Internet of Things, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and smart objects, the use of optoelectronic devices achieves high marks. What all these screen devices have in common is the necessity to transport electric current through the surface of the screen without interfering with the emitted light. To achieve this aim, transparent conductive oxides are currently used as electrodes, whether in display devices such as liquid crystal touch screens, OLED, or in certain photovoltaic cells. The most commonly used electrodes are based on the ITO that offers very interesting performances by owning high transparency in the visible range and high electrical conductivity. Finding a reliable alternative to this transparent conductive oxide with suitable performances appears to be a key point for present and future generations of displays and optoelectronic devices. In all this alternatives solution to ITO, we also have to seriously consider graphene or graphene-like thin films. We propose a solution only based on laser processes and pure carbon. This approach appears to be a serious alternative to more standard technologies. Laser processing offers many advantages like generating low process cost (compared to heavier deposition and treatment technologies), being scalable over large surfaces and being applicable on various substrates, and offering a compatibility with standard microelectronic processes.

For video art, the coupling of digital technology and postmodernist thinking has brought not only technical progress and formal transformation but also a new mode of thinking and way of living around visual experience and even a change in the whole world view. The digitalization of the image not only lies in the change of the surface form, but also it has evolved into a supermedium, connecting the real world and the virtual world, becoming a new way and means for us to grasp the world, which can be considered a huge transformation. However, while digitalization has brought great development to video art, it has also confused many issues that need to be further explored, especially the inevitable transformation in creation. This paper takes digital video art as the main object of study and explores the crisis of representation and the problem of transformation that has arisen in it, with reference to “technology,” “form,” “concept,” and even “social and cultural life.” We also analyze, summarize, and conclude the transformation of video art and its creation rules in the digital context and propose corresponding creation strategies, taking “technology,” “form,” “concept,” and even “social and cultural life“ as the starting point. For the detection of a small area, a star structure can be used to achieve a flexible arrangement of each sensor while satisfying the real-time performance. For the collection of information in a large monitoring area, if a star structure is used, the nodes are overloaded with low reliability and low utilization of communication lines. The wireless data acquisition system uses the relatively scalable UCB telosb hardware platform, while the hardware platform uses an operating system with good portability, which can give full play to the hardware performance of the platform and effectively reduce the power consumption of the system. Based on the current art trend, this paper discusses the transformation of video art in the digital background from the perspective of “technology” and “concept” and proposes corresponding creation strategies to provide theoretical to practical support for digital video art creation practice and bring some inspiration to creators. It will also bring some inspiration to the creators. Cluster analysis is used to effectively improve the introduced algorithm, and the simulation results show that the improved algorithm can reasonably plan each sensor node in the region while reducing the number of sensors, so that the effectiveness of each sensor node can be well utilized.

Recently, anti-glare (AG) surface treatment technology has been considered as a standard process to enhance the visibility of electronic display devices. For AG, the hydrofluoric acid (HF)-based chemical etch method is the most common approach for the current display glass industry. However, in order to overcome the environmental and durability degradation problems of the HF-based chemical etch method, this paper proposes an eco-friendly physical surface treatment technology using the sandblasting method. Based on the preliminary analysis results using the central composite design (CCD) method-based response surface modeling methodology (RSM), additional experiments and analyses were performed for process modeling and optimal process recipe generation. To characterize the sandblasting process, the mean value of haze was considered as the process output, and the pressure of the nozzle, the distance of the nozzle from the surface of glass, the glass feed rate, and the grit size of the abrasives were considered as process inputs. Based on the process model using the statistical response surface regression method and machine learning-based approaches, the proposed method can generate optimized process recipes for various haze targets of 10%, 20%, and 30%, with an average haze difference of 0.84%, 0.02%, and 0.86%, and maximum deviations of 1.26%, 1.14%, and 1.4%, respectively. Through the successful completion of this work, it is expected that the proposed surface treatment method can be applied to various products including mobile phones, tablet PCs, and windshields of vehicles.

Summary Sweat-based wearable devices have attracted increasing attention by providing abundant physiological information and continuous measurement through noninvasive healthcare monitoring. Sweat pressure generated via sweat glands to the skin surface associated with osmotic effects may help to elucidate such parameters as physiological conditions and psychological factors. This study introduces a wearable device for measuring secretion sweat pressure through noninvasive, continuous monitoring. Secretion pressure is detected by a microfluidic chip that shows the resistance variance from a paired electrode pattern and transfers digital signals to a smartphone for real-time display. A human study demonstrates this measurement with different exercise activities, showing the pressure ranges from 1.3 to 2.5 kPa. This device is user-friendly and applicable to exercise training and personal health care. The convenience and easy-to-wear characteristics of this device may establish a foundation for future research investigating sweat physiology and personal health care., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • A wearable device sensing secreted sweat pressure for personal health care • A noninvasive method for real-time pressure monitoring displayed on a smartphone • Widely adopted in different individuals for ionic and temperature calibrations • Successful in situ measurements with exercise for 30 min, Sensor; Electronic Engineering; Biomedical Engineering; Electronic Materials

Recently, a new breed of mobile virtual reality (dubbed as &ldquo, EasyVR&rdquo, in this work), has appeared in the form of conveniently clipping on a non-isolating magnifying lenses on the smartphone, still offering a reasonable level of immersion to using the isolated headset. Furthermore, such a form factor allows the fingers to touch the screen and select objects quite accurately, despite the finger(s) being seen unfocused over the lenses. Many navigation techniques have existed for both casual smartphone 3D applications using the touchscreen and immersive VR environments using the various controllers/sensors. However, no research has focused on the proper navigation interaction technique for a platform like EasyVR which necessitates the use of the touchscreen while holding the display device to the head and looking through the magnifying lenses. To design and propose the most fitting navigation method(s) with EasyVR, we mixed and matched the conventional touchscreen based and headset oriented navigation methods to come up with six viable navigation techniques&mdash, more specifically for selecting the travel direction and invoking the movement itself&mdash, including the use of head-rotation, on-screen keypads/buttons, one-touch teleport, drag-to-target, and finger gestures. These methods were experimentally compared for their basic usability and the level of immersion in navigating in 3D space with six degrees of freedom. The results provide a valuable guideline for designing/choosing the proper navigation method under different navigational needs of the given VR application.

Background Visualization during scleral buckling is traditionally achieved via indirect ophthalmoscopy. Recent advances have utilized the surgical microscope and a 25 gauge cannula-based endoillumination system, also known as a Chandelier lighting system. This report details an improved approach using a guarded 25 or 27 gauge light pipe and the Ngenuity digital three dimensional platform. Methods A standard Alcon light pipe is modified with a silicone guard to expose only 5 mm of the tip of the light pipe. The guard is created from the silicone that is already opened to secure the ends of the encircling band most often employed sleeve (e.g. 70, 270). This guarded light pipe is then inserted into the cannula as an alternative to a Chandelier lighting system. Results This is a technical report of a surgical visualization technique using a three dimensional digital visualization platform with a modified handheld vitrectomy light pipe. Conclusion The utilization of a guarded light pipe for visualization during primary scleral buckling is a promising, effective, and efficient technique. The three dimensional digital display allows for better educational impact and surgical communication with trainees and ancillary members of the surgical team.

This study examines under which circumstances customers are more likely to process in-store digital display ads. An exploratory field study is conducted (n = 296), with a between-subjects, 2 (value-expressive versus utilitarian messages) by 2 (entrance versus register location) by 2 (low versus high goal relevance) quasi-experimental design, in a retail store of horticulture-, baking- and pet supplies. The findings show that DS can appeal to both segments of customers when positioned in proximity to the register, rather than the entrance. In terms of the content displayed, there is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach as both types of content have different effects, depending on the shopping goal of the customer.

BACKGROUND: Researchers rely on the specified capabilities of their hardware and software even though, in reality, these capabilities are often not achieved. Considering that the number of experiments examining neural oscillations has increased steadily, easy-to-implement tools for testing the capabilities of hardware and software are necessary.NEW METHOD: We present an open-source MATLAB toolbox, the Schultz Cigarette Burn Toolbox (SCiBuT) that allows users to benchmark the capabilities of their visual display devices and align neural and behavioral responses with veridical timing of visual stimuli. Specifically, the toolbox marks the corners of the display with black or white squares to indicate the timing of the onset of static images and the timing of frame changes within videos. Using basic hardware (i.e., a photodiode, an Arduino microcontroller, and an analogue input box), the light changes in the corner of the screen can be captured and synchronized with EEG recordings and/or behavioral responses.RESULTS: We demonstrate that the SCiBuT is sensitive to framerate inconsistencies and provide examples of hardware setups that are suboptimal for measuring fine timing. Finally, we show that inconsistencies in framerate during video presentation can affect EEG oscillations.CONCLUSIONS: The SCiBuT provides tools to benchmark framerates and frame changes and to synchronize frame changes with neural and behavioral signals. This is the first open-source toolbox that can perform these functions. The SCiBuT can be freely downloaded (www.band-lab.com\scibut) and be used during experimental trials to improve the accuracy and precision of timestamps to ensure videos are presented at the intended framerate.

Micro-LED (light-emitting diode) is a potentially disruptive display technology, while power consumption is a critical issue for all display devices. In this paper, we develop a physical model to evaluate the power consumption of micro-LED displays under different ambient lighting conditions. Both power efficiency and ambient reflectance are investigated in two types of full color display structures: red/green/blue (RGB) micro-LEDs, and blue-LED pumped quantum dots color-conversion. For each type of display with uniform RGB chip size, our simulation results indicate that there exists an optimal LED chip size, which leads to 30&ndash, 40% power saving. We then extend our model to analyze different RGB chip sizes, and find that with optimized chip sizes an additional 12% average power saving can be achieved over that with uniform chip size.

In road cycling, cyclists strategically use their energetic resources in unique race-specific circumstances. For time-trial events, professional cycling teams design pacing plans aimed at the effective management of anaerobic work capacities of individual cyclists, allowing for more consistent speeds and therefore, faster times. Patently, adherence to such plans is essential. This paper reports on a field user-study on the effectiveness of providing a pacing plan to cyclists with the following information: (1) printed table alongside a display device with non-processed information (power, distance); and (2) aggregated, processed, just-in-time information on the same device (past, present, prospective; power, distance, W’). In both conditions, 15 road cyclists completed an 8 km open route mimicking race conditions, while adhering to pre-set pacing plans designed relative to their individual critical-power capabilities. Results indicated a linear load-to-adherence relationship and better adherence in condition (2). These findings will help guide future designs of adaptive feedback mechanisms for professional road cycling.

A challenge that many video providers face is the heterogeneity of networks and display devices for streaming, as well as dealing with a wide variety of content with different encoding performance. In the past, a fixed bit rate ladder solution based on a "fitting all" approach has been employed. However, such a content-tailored solution is highly demanding; the computational and financial cost of constructing the convex hull per video by encoding at all resolutions and quantization levels is huge. In this paper, we propose a content-gnostic approach that exploits machine learning to predict the bit rate ranges for different resolutions. This has the advantage of significantly reducing the number of encodes required. The first results, based on over 100 HEVC-encoded sequences demonstrate the potential, showing an average Bjontegaard Delta Rate (BDRate) loss of 0.51% and an average BDPSNR loss of 0.01 dB compared to the ground truth, while significantly reducing the number of pre-encodes required when compared to two other methods (by 81%-94%).