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Makalah ini membandingkan kata kerja berapitan meN-...-i dan padanannya dalam bahasa Cina dari segi makna dan bentuknya. Tujuan kajian ini dilakukan adalah untuk meninjau perbezaan kata kerja berapitan meN-...-i dan padanannya, serta masalah penggunaan kamus disebabkan oleh perbezaan tersebut. Kamus dwibahasa yang dijadikan sebagai sumber data kajian ialah Kamus Umum Bahasa Melayu-Cina Serba Baru (2015). Kajian ini memanfaatkan kaedah analisis bandingan interlingual Johansson (2008), Teori Hartmann (2001) tentang perkamusan, serta pendekatan Nik Safiah et al. (2015) tentang kata kerja dan imbuhan. Hasil analisis bandingan interlingual kata kerja berapitan meN-...-i dan padanannya dalam bahasa Cina menunjukkan bahawa perbezaan yang paling ketara ialah kata kerja berapitan meN-...-i mempunyai perubahan bentuk dan pengimbuhan, tetapi hal ini tidak berlaku pada padanannya. Perbezaan tersebut menimbulkan masalah dari aspek penggunaan kamus, khususnya dari segi pemahaman tentang fungsi transitif dan makna tatabahasa yang didukung oleh apitan meN-...-i, serta jenis objek yang diterimaoleh kata kerja berapitan meN-...-i. Dapatan kajian ini turut menunjukkan bahawa penyediaan padanan kata kerja berapitan meN-...-i dalam kamus Melayu-Cina melibatkan pemindahan maklumat yang meliputi makna kata akar, fungsi transitif, makna tatabahasa imbuhan, dan jenis objek yang diterima oleh kata kerja berapitan meN-...-i. Antara maklumat tersebut, fungsi transitif dan makna tatabahasa meN-...-i merupakan aspek yang paling penting untuk menghasilkan terjemahan yang berkesan dalam kamus Melayu-Cina.

Purpose – The present study explores a tricomponent attitude model for “forced” online learning applied in the post-Covid era following the online learning transition. The study aims to provide a reference for future practitioners in the event a similar crisis results in the mandatory transition towards this study mode again. Methodology – Following the guideline for judgmental sampling, a total of 156 valid responses were collected from Malaysian undergraduate students via an online questionnaire from Google Forms. The respondents’ profiles were computed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0, while Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to validate the measurement model, structural model, and mediation model for hypothesis testing. Findings – The findings demonstrate that perceived usefulness (PU) is insignificant when online learning is the only feasible learning strategy. Technical system quality (TSQ) was found to be positively related to perceived ease of use (PEU), attitude (ATT), and student satisfaction, while quality of content (QC) was found to be positively related to PEU and student satisfaction. The remaining hypotheses were rejected. These findings are expected to transform various student attitude, leading to the cognitive components of PEU and PU and ultimately contributing to student satisfaction. In line with the government’s desire to transform digital education in higher education, TSQ and QC constitute a framework for shaping the affective components of students’ attitude. Attitude, in turn, drives students’ PEU and PU, which are two critical factors of the Technology Acceptance Model that serve as the main determinants of student satisfaction. Significance – The study demonstrates that instructors can use a variety of strategies to increase student satisfaction with online education, which can be beneficial even in the post-Covid era. The findings can aid education providers in implementing necessary changes to improve online learning for their students in the future. In addition, the study reveals that through the pandemic, students have become more resilient and have begun to value online learning, highlighting the importance of considering the long-term effects of online learning on student satisfaction.

The main purpose was to assess preschool teachers’ peer leadership readiness in mobilizing ‘Fly with virtual Peer-Led Fun Innovative Inquiry’ (Fly with v-PeLFII) whilst validating the effectiveness of ‘Fly with virtual Peer-Led Fun Innovative Inquiry Model’ (Fly with v-PeLFII Model). The 3-point likert scale survey instrument which consists of seven constructs were gathered from 35 preschool teachers who attended the ‘Fly with v-PeLFII 21’ virtual workshop. Comparative analysis of Pre-Test and Post-Test of ‘Fly with v-PeLFII Model’ and descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze the data. The increased percentage from Pre-Test to Post-Test within the range of 57.14 percent to 71.43 percent revealed that 35 preschool teachers from Perak are ready to lead their peer teachers in mobilizing fun innovative inquiry in the new horizon. The result also portrayed that the newly developed ‘Fly with v-PeLFII Model’ was an effective online fun innovative inquiry approach to enhance Malaysian preschool teachers’ peer leadership competency in mobilizing the ‘Fly with v-PeLFII Model’, as well as transforming new ways of delivering interesting and enjoyable instructions in the new horizon. It was also revealed that the combination of various fun innovative inquiry led to various enjoyable hands-on learning activities via virtual and non-virtual interaction platforms. ‘Fly with v-PeLFII Model’ is also subjected for further validation and assessment locally and globally.

Makalah ini mencerakin dan membandingkan persamaan dan perbezaan kata kerja berimbuhan meN- dan padanannya dalam bahasa Cina. Kamus dwibahasa yang dijadikan korpus kajian ialah Kamus Umum Bahasa Melayu-Cina Serba Baru (2015). Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk meninjau aspek bandingan linguistik bagi kata kerja berimbuhan meN- dan padanannya dalam bahasa Cina untuk mengetahui aspek perbezaan dan persamaan kedua-dua bahasa tersebut mengganggu pemahaman dan pemerolehan bahasa Melayu oleh pengguna kamus, sekali gus menawarkan rujukan bagi penyediaan padanan dalam kamus dwibahasa Melayu-Cina. Kajian ini memanfaatkan teori bandingan interlingual, teori Hartmann tentang leksikografi, serta pendekatan Nik Safiah dan rakan-rakan tentang kata kerja dan imbuhan. Bandingan interlingual bagi kata kerja berimbuhan meN- dan padanannya dalam bahasa Cina menunjukkan bahawa kata kerja berimbuhan meN- dalam bahasa Melayu dan padanannya dalam bahasa Cina mempunyai persamaan dan perbezaan dari segi tatabahasa. Perbezaan yang paling ketara antara kata kerja berimbuhan meN- dan padanannya dalam bahasa Cina ialah kata kerja dalam bahasa Melayu mempunyai pengimbuhan dan perubahan bentuk tetapi hal ini tidak berlaku dalam kata kerja bahasa Cina. Kesedaran tentang perbezaan ini amat penting bagi penyusunan kamus dwibahasa Melayu-Cina bagi membantu pengguna kamus, bukan sahaja memahami, malahan berupaya untuk membandingkan makna dan penggunaan kata terbitan yang berlainan bagi kata kerja berimbuhan meN-

The internet has opened doors for electronic voting (E-voting). A review of the loopholes of the 14th General Election in Malaysia including the delay of votes from overseas voters, the declaration of a public holiday on voting day and the extraordinary heavy traffic, implies that E-voting could be a better alternative to the paper-based ballot voting. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the determinants of the intention to use the E-voting system among Generation X in Malaysia. This study focused only on Generation X because most internet users are from this age group (22 to 37-year olds) compared to other age groups. Hence, Generation X may be the focus of E-voting. A survey of 351 respondents on their intention to use E-voting system was conducted throughout 13 states and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur (Wilayah Persekutuan). Additionally, an empirical model was drawn from adopted theories and data was analyzed using the Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The findings showed that compatibility, relative advantages and perceived ease of use significantly contributed to the intention to participate in E-voting. However, perceptions of image, complexity of use, perceived usefulness, trust in the internet and in the government are not significantly related to the intention to use E-voting.

“Tax the rich, subsidise the poor” is deemed one of the typical finance characteristics of democracy and a solution in reducing income inequality. The Malaysian government has also adopted this strategy in its income redistribution policy. Evidently, this strategy can minimise the income gaps at the country level. However, it is doubtful if it can be effectively done at the individual level. The rich have to pay more while the poor can enjoy the ‘free’ income. Would that lead to financial satisfaction? Hence, the main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of individual perceptions on the government’s democratic act in implementing "tax the rich, subsidise the poor" policy for financial satisfaction among Malaysians. For an empirical analysis, this paper discusses the study conducted which used the sixth wave of the World Value Survey (WVS) data with 1290 respondents and is regressed by the ordered logit and ordered probit modelling. The results indicated that the democratic act of ‘taxing the rich and subsidising the poor’ in reality reduces financial satisfaction among Malaysians. In contrast, these same Malaysians wish for a larger income difference as an incentive for individual efforts. In view of this, the government and policy makers should make revisions to the current progressive taxation system or look for other alternative taxation systems which may be seen as fairer and can improve financial satisfaction among Malaysians at each income level.

The use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in the classroom is common nowadays. The bulk of literature produced so far has done little in informing us the factors that facilitate the role of CMC in language writing, and the nature of the interaction that takes place via CMC in a systematic manner. This paper examines what empirical research has found out about the factors that facilitate the use of CMC in second/ foreign language writing instruction and learning, and the nature of interaction that takes place via CMC in an educational context. 60 peer-reviewed published primary studies from 2007-2017 were reviewed. The key findings are as follows. First, instructor support plays a critical role in ensuring the successful implementation of a CMC tool in the classroom. Second, the affordances of CMC in enhancing the writer’s identity and the presence of an audience can increase learners’ motivation to write. Third, both asynchronous and synchronous CMC have shown to be beneficial, and the provision of training can further enhance the effectiveness of peer reviews. Last, the participatory patterns of CMC in writing are influenced by factors such as task type, personal goals, native-speaker status, and self-perceived competencies. Pedagogical implications are suggested.

Learning Chinese characters can be a daunting experience for the non-native learners. This quantitative study aims to experiment the effectiveness of ‘Wild Association’ on learners’ ability to learn Chinese characters, and to determine whether these learners who use ‘Wild Association’ demonstrate higher achievement in character recognition and character writing compared to learners who study Chinese characters by drilling. Consisting of 98 learners from the elementary level of Mandarin proficiency course in UNIMAS, the learners used their own imagination to learn Chinese characters, and at the same time, relating their own experience in doing so. Learners’ performance was measured through the pre-test and post-test in the form of dictation and character-recognition worksheet. The results indicate that ‘Wild Association’ is effective in helping learners to recognise and write characters, and is especially more effective in helping learners to recognise characters. However, learners who underwent traditional drilling approach still outperformed those who employed ‘Wild Association’. It can be concluded that ‘Wild Association’ is a possible alternative for teaching characters in the initial stage, when characters are still foreign to learners. The result implies that ‘Wild Association’ suits the learning style of learners nowadays.

In Malaya, the Chinese were influenced the most by the communist movement and thus developed into the largest supporting group. In this situation, the government of the Federation of Malaya (hereinafter the government) has planned and carried out various strategies to win their hearts and minds in order to thwart them from joining the communist struggle. The discussion in this article is based on Chinese-written Emergency Leaflets disseminated by the government through the Department of Information specifically for the Chinese during the emergency period (1948-1960). This study aims to discuss the importance of physical propaganda in the form of Emergency Leaflets in helping the government to rally support from the Chinese as well as to look into the government's stands towards the communist movement. This study clearly shows that the Emergency Leaflets have been used by the government as propaganda and an instrument of communication to explain to the Chinese about the situation in Malaya including the danger of communist threats and efforts taken in the fights against the communists. Their cooperation was also called in combating the communist movement. Thus, the leaflets played an important role as a medium of propaganda for the government to restrain the communists' influences during the emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Knowledge state specifies pupils’ mastery level and informs about their strength and weaknesses in the tested domain. This study attempted to diagnose primary pupils’ learning the concept of after through their knowledge states by using Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment (CDA). Methodology – This study employed a survey research design to gauge pupils’ knowledge states for the concept of finding the date after a specific number of days from a given date [abbreviated as the concept of after]. Quantitative data from the pupils’ pattern of response to the items in Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment (CDA) were collected and analyzed. Items in the CDA were designed by three experienced Mathematics Education researchers and content validated by a panel of seven expert primary mathematics teachers. It was then administered to 238 Grade Six pupils from 11 primary schools in Penang, Malaysia. The pupils’ item responses were interpreted into knowledge states and mastery levels. Findings – The overall analysis showed that there were 18 knowledge states diagnosed in the concept of after. This large number of knowledge states indicated the specificity of pupils’ mastery level and thus provided detailed information about their strengths and weaknesses in the concept of after. The findings of this study imply that primary pupils face different levels of difficulty when they are learning the topic of Time. Significance – This method of diagnosing pupils knowledge in terms of mastery level of each attribute tested is different from a conventional diagnostic test which provides only the final score for each pupil. By knowing the pupils knowledge states, teachers can make use of this fine-grained information to enable them to carry out differentiated instructional planning and other remedial work more effectively. Pupils can also use this information to monitor their own learning by maintaining their strengths and overcoming their weaknesses to cope with their own studies.

Giving written feedback to students is an important part of writing instruction. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate current trends of written corrective feedback in the secondary and university contexts. To identify and evaluate the current state of empirical evidence, we conducted a qualitative synthesis of published research that examined written corrective feedback in both English-as-the-first-language and English-as-the second/foreign-language settings. Four claims emerged in our analyses of 68 empirical studies published in journals from 2006-2016. Each claim is supported by empirical evidence. The claims are: (1) Individual differences play a part in the effectiveness of written corrective feedback; (2) Students’ and teachers’ perceptions affect the effectiveness of written corrective feedback; (3) Giving corrective feedback through technology is beneficial to students; and (4) Written corrective feedback is more effective when it is used concurrently with collaborative tasks. This meta-synthesis study sheds light on the written corrective practice of English Language teachers across different pedagogical settings and the factors that may affect student engagement in teacher written feedback. Keywords: written corrective feedback, secondary school, university

This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature by examining the dynamic relationship among petroleum consumption, financial development, economic growth and energy price. The sample of this study is based on the Malaysian annual data from 1980 to 2010. The model specification was examined in the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) framework and the results revealed the existence of a long-run equilibrium. The findings indicated that financial development and economic growth cause a demand for energy to escalate in the long run. The Toda-Yamamoto (TYDL) non Granger-causality test provides evidence that there is unidirectional Granger-causality running from financial development and economic growth to energy consumption in the long run. This suggests that Malaysia is not an energy-dependent country. Hence, the government could implement energy conservation policies to reduce the waste of energy use. Given that development in the financial sector, and economic growth increase petroleum consumption in Malaysia, the policies pertaining to energy consumption should incorporate the development of the financial sector and economic growth of country. Keywords: Petroleum consumption, financial development, non-renewable energy, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), Toda-Yamamoto (TYDL) non Granger-causality test

Horoscope is a regular content in women’s magazine. Horoscope contains modal auxiliary verbs which are used to establish familiarity and relationship. As modal auxiliary verbs are among the most problematic grammatical items in teaching and learning of English, horoscope can be used as authentic teaching and learning material. The present study is a corpus-based approach which seeks to investigate word frequency and examine the use of modal auxiliary verbs in the horoscope section of English women’s magazines. Three bestselling Malaysian female magazines from the year of 2011 to 2013 were analysed. The corpus consists of horoscope from 108 magazine issues. The data were analysed using AntConc and Editpad Pro to generate frequency lists and concordance lines. Both the frequency lists and the concordance lines were analysed to discover the use of modal auxiliary verbs in horoscope. It was found that the most frequent modal auxiliary verbs used in horoscope are will and may to express prediction and possibility. The least used modal auxiliary verbs are should and must which are modals of necessity and obligation. The pronoun you is the most frequent lexis in every horoscope entry. Based on findings from this study, horoscopes can be used to teach the modal auxiliary verbs in addition to prescribed Malaysian textbooks.

Learning Mandarin as a foreign language or third language can be very difficult for non-Chinese learners. In the process of learning Mandarin, non-Chinese learners may experience certain level of foreign language anxiety. The objectives of this study are to investigate Mandarin language anxiety level and its associated factors among non-Chinese learners. This study involved 221 non-Chinese learners who enrolled in Introductory Mandarin Language in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sarawak. The instrument for this study included the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) developed by Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope (1986). The collected data were analysed using Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) 22. The results of the study indicated that most of the non-Chinese learners experienced a moderate level of anxiety while learning Mandarin. The main factor that contributed to their language anxiety was communication apprehension, followed by fear of negative evaluation and test anxiety.

Purpose – Argumentative practices are central to science education, and have recently been emphasised to promote students’ reasoning skills and to develop student’s understanding of scientific concepts. This study examines the mastery of scientific argumentation, based on the concept of neutralisation, among secondary level science students, when engaged in individual and group argumentations. Methodology – 356 form four science students were first randomly assigned to an argumentative condition, after their lesson on acids and bases, presented using the developed instructional materials. Each individual or group was then asked to answer an Open-ended Scientific Argumentation Test (OSAT). Discussions during group argumentations were observed and recorded. All the answers provided in the OSAT were then analysed based on their accuracy, the triplet relationship in chemistry and for the presence of argumentation elements. Observations from the group argumentations were transcribed and assessed. Findings – The results show that in both argumentative conditions, most of the arguments constructed tend to consist of the elements of claim and evidence. The results also show that students who work in groups outperform students who work individually. As individuals, most of the arguments presented tend to be simple with reasoning at a macro-level. As groups, the arguments presented are more complex, where justifications are provided at the sub-micro and symbolic levels, and with fewer misconceptions. That is because group argumentation participants have the opportunity to shareideas, detect and correct each other’s mistakes, seek explanations and explain ideas. Significance – The study implies that group argumentation enhances students’ argumentation and reasoning skills and improves their mastery of scientific concepts. In addition, this study also investigates students’ performance from the Malaysian perspective.

Social media usage by neighbourhood community members can assist in building and strengthening social relations despite their busy everyday life that can makes it difficult for theneighbourhood community to conduct social activity and get along with one another physically. Social interaction based on social relations is important to fulfil social needs for a more meaningful life. This study analysed social relations among members of a neighbourhood community known as Taman Wawasan in Malaysia. This community has utilised a kind of social media known as Whatsapp as the basis for social relations and also as a medium in their everyday social interaction. 100 members of a Whatsapp group named Mslmh have become the population of the study. From this number, 13 persons have been selected as sampel for in-depth interviews. This study used purposive sampling method. Data collection methods are participation observation and in-depth interview while data analysis methods are document analysis and content analysis. The results of the study showed that in general, there are few patterns in Whatsapp usage and Whatsapp activities that always occured among members of the Mslmh Whatsapp group. The Whatsapp usage patterns and activities showed the existence of social process in fulfilling social needs of the members such as the need to establish social relations, reciprocal sharing of information, assistance to ease daily matters, entertainment and motivation and to strengthen trust among the neighbours. This study can guide government and non-governmental sectors such as residents' housing associations like Rukun Tetangga and other residents' associations or clubs in supporting the social development of neighbourhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between motivational factors in continuing education and academic achievement of adult learners. The study is conducted due to a lack of research pertaining to academic achievement among adult learners particularly in Malaysia. Methodology – A random sample of 150 part-time adult learners from a public university in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, represented 202 part-time adult learners in the areas of social sciences and humanities at the university. A thirty-item questionnaire, adapted from Boshier’s Education Participation Scale(EPS) (1991) and Neill’s The University Students Motivation and Satisfaction Questionnaire 2 (TUSMSQ2) (2004) was used to examine their motivational factors i.e. personal development, career advancement, social pressure, social and communication improvement, and escapism. Self-reported cumulative grade point average (CGPA) was utilized as the measurement of academic achievement. Rasch analysis reaffirmed the content validity of items in the questionnaire. Findings – The findings indicate that personal development and social pressure are the best predictors of academic achievement among adult learners. The motivational factors that are not significant as predictors are career advancement, social and communication improvement, and escapism. Adult learners with higher motivation for personal development (intrinsic motivation) perform better academically. Conversely, adult learners with higher motivation based on social pressure (extrinsic motivation) perform lower academically. Intrinsic motivation seems to be more powerful in enhancing academic achievement of adult learners as compared to extrinsic motivation. Significance – This finding is crucial for program planners and adult educators. They will be able to lead adult learners to be more intrinsically motivated in continuing education. In this way, they will optimize their learning outcomes and develop quality human capital in Malaysia.

Purpose – This study examined the effectiveness of peer tutoring in the teaching of Mathematics in a Malaysian government secondary school. This study also investigated the effects of peer tutoring on interest in learning mathematics, perceptions of instructional methods and mathematics self-efficacy, as well as gender differences for the various variables. Method – This study utilised the pretest-posttest with control group quasi-experimental research design. Two form four classes were randomly assigned to be taught using peer tutoring, and taught using lectures and exercises. The research instruments used in the study were a pretest, a posttest, and a questionnaire. Findings – Results showed that students who received peer tutoring had higher gain scores in the mathematics achievement tests compared to those receiving traditional instruction. In addition, female students performed better in the mathematics achievement tests. However, there was no interaction effect between gender and instructional methods used. Students in the peer tutoring groups showed higher interest in learning mathematics and mathematics self-efficacy. They also showed positive perceptions toward peer tutoring. In the peer tutoring group, female students showed higher interest in mathematics than male students. However, gender differences were not evident for mathematics self-efficacy and perceptions toward peer tutoring. Thus, it could be concluded that peer tutoring is a potentially effective instructional method that could be practised in secondary mathematics teaching and learning in Malaysian schools in tandem with other existing instructional methods. Value – Peer tutoring has not been widely studied in the context of the Malaysian classroom. This paper provides empirical findings supporting the effectiveness of peer tutoring as an instructional approach in enhancing students’ learning of mathematics irrespective of gender. In addition, peer tutoring can also augment students’ interest toward learning mathematics and their mathematics selfefficacy.

Tujuan utama makalah ini adalah untuk mengkaji hubungan dinamik antara inflasi, kemeruapan inflasi dan pertumbuhan output bagi tempoh Januari 1980 hingga Disember 2004. Kemeruapan inflasi dianggarkan dengan menggunakan model varians bersyarat ‘exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity’ (EGARCH) dan perubahan indek pengeluaran perindustrian (IPP) digunakan sebagai proksi kepada pertumbuhan output. Teknik autoregresi vector (VAR) digunakan untuk menguji kewujudan hubungan lead-lagged antara ketiga-tiga pemboleh ubah yang dikaji. Keputusan empirikal menunjukkan wujud hubungan penyebab antara kadar inflasi dan kemeruapan inflasi. Secara amnya, kadar inflasi yang tinggi akan meningkatkan kemeruapan inflasi, selaras dengan hipotesis pertama Friedman. Seterusnya kemeruapan inflasi yang tinggi akan mengurangkan kadar inflasi seperti yang dibahaskan oleh Holland. Tambahan pula, inflasi memberi kesan negatif terhadap pertumbuhan output Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun tiada hubungan yang wujud antara kemeruapan inflasi dan pertumbuhan output. Keputusan daripada analisis luar sampel menggunakan teknik fungsi tindak balas teritlak (GIRF) dan penghuraian varians (VDC) adalah konsisten dengan keputusan daripada analisis VAR.

Social networks are a non-economic element that can be used to operate and develop an economic activity, that is ecotourism among social actors (boat operators and boat owners), in their village in the archipelago of Langkawi Geopark, Kedah Malaysia. Social networks are embedded in the social actors’ economic action, i.e. operating and developing those ecotourism activities. This article discusses some findings from a study that has been conducted by the authors of this article to understand the main research issue on the significant role of social networks in operating and developing the activities in a village community in Langkawi. Specifically, the objective of the study is to analyse the structure of social networks, bases of the social network structure formation and types of social networks. Social networks theories such as homophily theory and embeddedness theory were applied to substantiate the argument concerning the role of the networks in the ecotourism activities. Data was gathered through qualitative and quantitative approaches. Social network analysis was conducted using a computerised UCINET VI software that analysed the structure and patterns of social networks. The study showed that bases of social network formation such as shared values and shared norms are found among the boat operators and boat owners who were involved in the ecotourism activities. Other similarities among them were in terms of relationships ties, goals, residential locations, and organisational membership. Furthermore, the shared values and norms and the other similarities formed the structure of social netwok shaped by types of social networks such as friendship networks, family networks, and work related networks. The shared values and norms and the social networks operated and developed the ecotourism activities such as boat ownership and boat operations for the tourists. The study concluded that social networks indeed operated and developed ecotourism activities in the village community in Langkawi Geopark. The implication for the study is the important contribution of social networks to the development of ecotourism activities and socio-economic growth of village communities in Langkawi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dayaks, despite being the majority population in Sarawak, were unable to avoid involvement in the communist movement in the 1960s in East Malaysia. Faced with difficulties in obtaining aid and support in the First Division of Sarawak, Kuching, the communists moved to the Third Division of Sarawak (Rajang) which was inhabited by many Dayaks, with the objective of obtaining help for their activities. The current study, based on a qualitative method of collecting and analysing primary and secondary archival sources, found that the communists realised the Dayaks were important in mobilising their activities in Sarawak. The Dayak settlements, concentrated in the rural areas, were not easily detected by the authorities. And it was difficult for the government and security forces to be in contact with the Dayaks due to communication system problems. The study also found that the communists used various strategies to attract Dayaks' attention and participation in their movement. They befriended the Dayak people by learning their language and culture, by establishing family ties with them, by championing their interests and by promoting their integration with other races. Despite this, the communist movement was not well-received by the Dayaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey studies the relationship between selected human resource management practices (leadership, motivation, training) with organizational commitment in 3-star, 4-star and 5-star hotels in Kuching. 143 respondents answering the questionnaires were selected through simple random sampling stratified by departments. The correlation results show that there is a significant (p0.05) between training and organisational commitment. The linear regression results show that motivation predominantly influences organizational commitment. Overall, there is a significant average direct relationship between human resource management practices and organisational commitment in the hotel industry (p

In facing the challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) literacy is very important for students to develop. This correlational research aimed to identify the relationship between the usage of learning strategies and ICT literacy among undergraduate students. A total of 131 undergraduate students from a public university were selected as samples using cluster random sampling. Two instruments were developed and adapted to measure the usage of learning strategies and ICT literacy. Findings showed that the undergraduate students had high usage of learning strategies, there is a significantly positive and moderate relationship between the usage of learning strategies and ICT literacy among the undergraduate students. Strategies of elaboration, critical thinking, metacognitive, rehearsal, time and study environment, help seeking, organization and peer learning strategies have a positive and significant relationship with ICT literacy. In addition, a significant regression model has been developed and critical thinking strategy is the best predictor for the undergraduate students' ICT literacy. In conclusion, active usage of learning strategies has the potential to help undergraduate students acquire ICT literacy. This study provides an overview of the use of learning strategies in TMK literacy learning, where it has not been optimized and can be improved by expanding the use of critical thinking strategies in ICT literacy learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the dramatic story of a woman, namely Lee Meng alias Lee Ten (Tian) Tai. The identity of Lee Meng, her involvement in the communist movement, and the arrest and trial of this woman be the focus in the study. The case of Lee Meng was attracted the attention of the local and international leaders and organisations. Lee Meng joined the communist movement since the Japanese Occupation. In 1950s, she was assigned as the head courier for Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) in Malaya. However, the involvement of Lee Meng was known to the Special Branch. Lee Meng was arrested at her rented home at Ipoh, Perak and prosecuted for offences of carrying hand grenade. She did not get justice in the trial court because the British's influence was so strong at that time. The arrest and trial of Lee Meng not only received the mercy of local community but also attracted the attention of international when the Government of Hungary agreed to make the subject interchange with Edgar Sanders. Edgar Sanders, a British citizen arrested on charges of being a spy by the Government of Hungary. Thus, the case of Lee Meng was used by the communists to show their strength and influence to society and the British. This case also became the world's tumultuous' case as it was depressed between two hostile powers namely the communists in Malaya and British. At the same time, the story of Lee Meng also attracted the attention of the leaders, socialist struggles and international women's organisations to defend the fate of this woman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the struggle of the Malays against the British colonial through the anti-cession movement from 1946 to 1949. After the Japanese occupation, the Sarawak's political status changed from a British protectorate to a Crown Colony on 1 July 1946. Situation of Sarawak in the aftermath of the Japanese occupation and the personal problems faced by Vyner Brooke forced the Raja to dissolve the Brooke administration. For the Britain, it was a long-awaited opportunity to exert their control over Sarawak. This transition, however, did not take place smoothly. The people of Sarawak especially the Malays were not prepared to accept the imminent change of political status of Sarawak, thus leading to an anti-cession movement. In this study, the approach used is based on archives and library researah by examining the primary and secondary sources. The findings show that the Malays played an important role in the anti-cession movement. The movement fought against the British attempt to govern Sarawak and, instead, strived for a grant of self-government. The various strategies were undertaken to thwart the plans of Raja Brooke and the British. Although the anti-cession movement eventually failed to achieve its objective of preserving Sarawak's independence, it nevertheless had raised the national consciousness and political awareness among the Malays in Sarawak. Sarawak was colonized by the British until 16th September 1963. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the re-emerged of Malayan Communist Party (MCP) in Peninsular Malaysia on 1 June 1968 to resume their armed struggle. The MCP failed in their first armed struggle that began on 16 June 1948 and lasted until 31 July 1960, during the period of Emergency in Malaya. The re-emergence of the MCP was due to several factors, which were their ability to win support from the populace in southern Thailand, the spread of communist influence in Mainland China, Vietnam, and Sarawak, and the reorganisation of the MCP. These factors led the MCP to the idea that their struggle should be resumed. The objective of MCP's re-emergence was similar to their earlier goal to seize control of the nation and establish a communist republic in the Peninsular. The main targets of the MCP in their latest campaign were the security forces and their highranking officers who were responsible for the main opposition to the communists. The communists attacked civilians, sabotaged public facilities and involved in bank robberies. Furthermore, the communists infiltrated education institutions and labour unions, as well as influencing political leaders and also displayed their flag and distribute communist propaganda tracts in public places. This study found that the acts perpetrated by the communists have caused problems and unrest in the country. However, the MCP failed in their armed struggle and agreed to sign a peace treaty with the government on 2 December 1989. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most students learning Chinese as a second language in Malaysian public universities are Malays, followed by Indians and other indigenous groups (Lau, Ng & Lee, 2011). It has been noted that the public university students of different ethnics rarely interact with each other. Hence, the purpose of this research is to investigate the teaching and learning methods that can be used to enable the students of different ethnic groups to interact with each other in the process of teaching and learning Chinese as a second language. Questionnaire were distributed to non-Chinese students studying Chinese as a second language in five Malaysian public universities to identify appropriate approaches that enabled them to interact with students of other ethnics. In addition, 10 Chinese lecturers and language instructors were interviewed to identify the effective ways of instruction and assessment that served to tie the relationship among the students of various ethnics who learn Chinese as a second language. Feedback from the respondents was analyzed quantitatively. It has been revealed that the course evaluation methods of requiring non-Chinese students to record their conversations with Chinese students, the methods of oral tests, role-play activities, games, group assignment, mentor-mentee system as well as after-class activities are able to promote interaction among students of different ethnics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to determine the role of head teachers as an ICT in primary schools. A total of 238 primary school teachers were selected as respondents whereas questionnaire was used as the main instrument for this study. Descriptive statistics were used to identify the role of headmaster in providing the infrastructures ICT in school; the role of headmaster in encouraging teachers of using ICT in school; the role of headmaster in implementing ICT usage among teachers in school management aspect; the role of headmaster in implementing ICT among teachers in teaching and learning in school. The outcome of the research indicates the average of mean score was at moderate level which was at 3.59. This study also showed that there was a significant difference based on the teachers' gender, age and teaching experiences in the assessment of the role of head teachers as ICT leaders in primary schools. However, there was no significant difference based on the teachers' academic qualifications in the assessment of the role of head teachers in implementing ICT at school. As a conclusion, few suggestions were forwarded to the relevant parties and authorities to improve the role of head teacher as ICT catalyst and leaders in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]