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This study compares the quality of responses to eight matrix questions (36 variables) included in a survey administered on paper and by computer in two equivalent samples. Three criteria have considerated: 1) the average of non-response questions for each mode; 2) the repetition (or not) of the same response in different question items (differentiation); and, 3) the choice of extreme and middle response alternatives on the scale (easy responses). The paper questionnaires provided a greater number of non-response questions, with no change in non-response rates when taking into account scale range: 4, 5, 10 and 11 categories. The electronic questionnaire showed slightly greater differentiation and fewer extreme responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study for minimum areas in contact with the ground of RIF (rectangular isolated footings) y CIF (circular isolated footings) that work totally CM (Current model) or partially NM (New model) under compression. Methodology is described using the equations developed by the same author for RIF y CIF. Main findings: RIF under uniaxial bending have less area than CIF in the CM and in the NM; NM presents less area than CM for RIF y CIF under biaxial bending in all cases; NM for CIF shows less area than RIF, when the moments are equals and the relation of the axial load divided by the moment is 0.75 or greater, when the smallest moment divided by the largest moment is between 0.50 and 0.75, and the axial load is greater than the largest moment. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out a previous study to choose the type of footing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dialogue with the constructivist approach to International Relations, I conduct a comparative analysis of the Uruguayan government’s proposals for the flexibilization of the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) between 2015 and 2022. This periodization, which covers two administrations —  the second government of Tabaré Vázquez (Frente Amplio, 2015-2020) and the first two years of the government of Luis Lacalle Pou (PN, 20220-2022) —, was adopted seeking to delve deeper into the rationale put forward by both administrations in favor of flexibilization. The paper aims to understand to what extent the content of each demand differs in their respective historical contexts, in order to study whether or not there was a shift in the projection of Uruguayan foreign policy towards the bloc. I show that the demand for flexibilization has been a constant in Uruguayan foreign policy for at least two decades—the only thing that has varied is the way in which these demands have been outlined in their specific context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper formulates a proposal for the construction of two composite indicators of social inequality intended for the comparative analysis of the social stratification between Spain and Argentina as a result of various comparative research advances carried out in different projects over the last few years. A multidimensional theoretical perspective on social stratification is adopted and an analysis model for comparative study between the two countries is implemented, which incorporates the gender dimension, which reduces coverage bias selecting the entire society and which takes into account household as an analysis unit, thus avoiding population dismemberment. We hypothesize that both countries maintain similar general patterns in terms of social stratification that structure the social inequalities of households. Although structuring patterns are common, the levels of inequality they entail are accentuated in the case of Argentina. We also understand that these levels are reproduced both when whole of society is taken into account and when only households with an employed population are considered. To account for the hypothesis, the article presents two strategies that seek to obtain two measures of social stratification as composite indicators. On the one hand, following the typological construction methodology that we call structural and articulated, where we seek to obtain a qualitative measure through a Typology of Social Stratification (TSS). On the other hand, and in the context of this methodology, we propose to generate an alternative composite indicator that measures inequalities with a quantitative variable through a Social Stratification Index (SSI). In both cases, the ultimate objective is to use these measures in the comparative study of social stratification over time and through space. In this paper, Spain and Argentina are compared with 2018 sectional data and the hypothesis is partially corroborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides empirical evidence that supports the configurational assumptions of social disorganization theory and routine activities theory. Through a comparative qualitative analysis (csQCA), the paper concludes that the differentiated distribution of robberies in the Mexico City mayoralties (N16) is a product of the combination of conditions associated with the deterioration of social control and the availability of criminal opportunities. However, in terms of necessity and sufficiency, not all explanatory conditions were relevant to reduce uncertainty and did not always act according to the hypotheses formulated. The study suggests that crime rates do not simply result from the direct influence of factors and that the interaction between factors may be mediated by contextual conditions. This paper adds to the literature that seeks to discuss the assumptions of social theories of crime in Latin American cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws an itinerary through the different medieval pieces preserved in Galicia in which the image of the crucified Christ is depicted. Given the enormous heterogeneity of the pieces, this study is devoted to making an inventory exclusively of works produced in stone and wood. It provides a typological classification of these artworks and a brief interpretation of their functions. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to offer an approach to the Galician panorama that can serve as a resource for academic studies interested in conducting a comparative analysis in which to include the Galician reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper sets out to analyze two urban development proposals from a comparative point of view. Based on a literature review of the Nueva Costa del Plata project and the data collected for my doctoral research on Puerto Madero, it traces both lines of continuity and emergent tendencies in the urban expansion of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area. From that basis, it proposes a conceptual revision of urban renewal through 'waterfront revitalization', and goes on to put in context the relationship of the city of Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area with the Río de la Plata. Finally, it deploys each of the contrasting proposals, in order to arrive at a comparative analysis that allows reflection on urban renovations of the waterfront of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the scientific literature on return migration in Colombia that assesses and sheds light on the importance of this phenomenon in terms of its empirical contributions, in the first two decades of the present century. To do so, four dimensions of analysis are used as a starting point: what and who are the returnees; where they return to —the territorial scale of return from an ontological viewpoint, specifically, the territorial dimension—; the reasons for return; and the public policies of return. The bibliographic review and selection strategy was undertaken in four phases: 1) bibliographic search in indexing and abstracting systems (SIR): ALAP-OIM, DOAJ, Redalyc, Scopus, Seriunam, Clacso, Clase, LatAM-Estudios, Redib, SciELO Colombia, Biblat, Publindex-Colombia, Cepal and Web of Science; 2) purging of duplicate studies; 3) eligibility; and 4) specific selection. The total number of papers located was 424. Of these, a total of 127 were selected according to the inclusion-exclusion and methodological evaluation criteria. Despite the progress made, we concluded that there is a lack of studies on return migration in areas such as family, multidimensional reintegration, transnationalism, and political participation. There are also few studies that address current return from Venezuela, making it difficult to design policies to manage the phenomenon. Finally, the originality of this article consists in the dimensions of the analysis of return and its temporality. This in the light of a methodological procedure using grounded theory, in which each scientific text constituted a heuristic and hermeneutic unit of comparative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to observe the transformation of photojournalism along Spanish Transition through a comparative analysis between two national newspapers: El País and ABC and a regional one: La Voz de Galicia. Try to check to what extent the trend pointed by El País was followed by the rest of the newspapers. It uses a sample of relevant news and is complemented by an interview with the photojournalist from La Voz de Galicia Xosé Castro. Results show that El País, from the beginning, establishes new paradigms in photojournalism; but these are not followed by the other newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the organizational models most commonly used in media dedicated to fact-cheking, taking as a reference the classification made by Graves and Cherubini (2016). It distinguishes between the so-called Newsroom model and the NGO model, which respectively correspond to projects included in the functional structure of another media and to projects, often non-profit, that develop their activity independently. For this purpose, a comparative analysis is made of The Fact Checker and Maldita. es, two consolidated projects that exemplify the most relevant characteristics of each of these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a comparative study between El valiente justiciero o El ricohombre de Alcalá by Agustín Moreto (1657) and the Dionisio Solís' recasting (1811), a 19th century playwright. This recasting has not been studied previously, except for a brief structural analysis of the play. In this way, we will offer a comparative study between the Baroque play and the homonymous recasting, in order to establish the similarities and differences between both plays and trying to justify the changes introduced by the recaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of geographical knowledge of the Sierra Nevada has not been thoroughly addressed from a relational perspective within the context of the global phenomenon of European mountain interpretation. The article hypothesises that the nineteenth-century geographic discourse on the Sierra represented an appropriation of the Alpine model by several conventional resources. Through the comparative hermeneutic analysis of narrative and graphic materials on both mountain chains, the paper investigates the relevance of the transmission, appropriation, and reinterpretation of foreign methods, representational patterns, and narrative strategies, all shaped by a panoramic view in the study of the Alps in the legitimisation of the modern geographical narration on the Sierra Nevada. Moreover, by using a theoretical framework of geographies of reading, the epistemological implications of the application and situatedness of using such methods and strategies in the Betic mountains are discussed. The article concludes that the Sierra was a complex peripheral epistemological space for a hermeneutic reinterpretation of the Alpine paradigm of high mountains. Thereby, it is inferred that the geographical interpretation of the massif varied between the alleged universality of the imported canonical discourse on European high mountains, and the recognition of a different geographic identity, corresponding to the particularisms of the Sierra’s specificities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper carries out a comparative study between the legal questions that surrogate pregnancy raises in Spain and in Brazil. Surrogate motherhood is a reality achieved thanks to the advances in biomedicine and that undoubtedly requires a response from legal science. In the world scene, this technique receives different legal treatments: some countries authorize it without restrictions, others prohibit it, in others it is allowed with restrictions and in others there is a legislative vacuum. The importance of studying the two systems, the Spanish and the Brazilian, lies in confronting totally different realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the research on reception of Medea in Literature and Art, this paper studies the play Medea Redux, a recreation of Euripides' Medea by the controversial American playwright Neil Labute (1999). Through a comparative analysis between Labute's and Euripides' texts, the procedures followed by Labute to 'appropriate' the ancient mythos are studied, in order to conclude on the aspects that interest the modern author and on the areas in which he innovates. This is done both in terms of the mythical story itself and the characters, and in terms of the elimination or conservation of certain formal aspects of the ancient tragedy. A connection is also established between Labute's theatre (in Medea Redux but also in Helter Skelter, a 2008 play also inspired by the Greek Medea) and the moral background of the Euripidean Tragedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper aims at describing the oligarchical State in both Venezuela and Bolivia based on their main characteristics and provides an explanation of the structural causes of its transformation. All of this based on analysis of the landowning class as the means of preserving the dominant coalition between both countries from the perspective of historical sociology. To this end, 1953s Agrarian Reform in Bolivia is analyzed due to its effect in the disappearance of land ownership in the west side of the country while for Venezuela the impact of petroleum in its socioeconomic structure is examined which in turn led to a growing irrelevance of landowners. The comparative analysis that was carried out shows the similarities but also the particularities of each one of these trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study between two divorce decrees issued in Spain and Morocco with descriptive and translation purposes of approaching to the translational complexity of these type of texts. For this, on first place, a short textual-typological and functional comparison of these kind of normative constructs will be given. Then, the macrostructure of the selected decrees will be analyzed to identify and highlight the similarities and the differences between them. All this by applying the theoretical and methodological bases of contrastive textology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a critical and comparative analysis based on artistic proposals related to some diverse discursive strategies which have been developed during last decades in order to analyze and modify the spatial discourse. Space is understood as a technology to impose sex-gender fictions, and the works selected will be linked to various feminist, transfeminist, queer and post - colonial positionings. Through this text we present a systematization of different artistic approaches and we will reveal the spatial discourse as a mechanism to generate unequal experiences. The selected artistic proposals will show the capacity of space as capable of producing sex-gender differences, which are rooted in some binary and essentialist beliefs, and therefore excluding non standardized subjectivities beyond the heteronormative and cissexist binomial, as well as linking those exclusions to other intersectional discriminations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at identifying some trends in training academics, through a comparative study. For this, experiences of Latin American universities in training academics were compared. The study had three parts: first, educational contexts where academics are trained were depicted; second, peculiar ways in which each university trains academics were assessed; and third, traditions of universities in training academics were identified. New ways of training academics are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and explains the use of the comparative paradigm in the study of the Mapudungun language, which took Latin as a model because it was a prestigious language and because it had a strong grammatical tradition. In particular, the paper analyzes the procedures to describe the Mapuche language in the missionary grammars, in relation to the missionaries' linguistic experimentation. For illustrative purposes, the grammatical category 'noun' is used and the study shows that exogenous explanations prevailed in the first descriptions of the Mapudungun language, despite which the syntactic and morphological particularities of this language were manifested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the sociopolitical implication of Altar 10, a monolithic monument located at the archaeological site of El Palmar, Campeche. Altar 10 was erected in A.D. 554 and consists of a long hieroglyphic text with an intricate set of iconographic elements. Epigraphic and archaeological analyses revealed royal titles carved on the monument that shed light on the study of elite offices and titles in Early Classic Maya society. We discuss the early history of Maya rulership, the political implication of erecting monoliths in early times, and the characteristics of dedicatory offerings associated with them. Comparative analyses with inscriptions from other sites revealed interregional geopolitical interactions with several polities. We concluded that El Palmar was a major player in the Classic Maya geopolitical landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse logistics is a new concept in the academic, business and social field that is usually associated or confused with green logistics, however there are differences not only between its definition but also its practice and implementation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the status of both terms to determine their differences and the way both are consider in the science field. Bibliometrics is a methodology that uses statistical methods to analyze the information, as well as is useful for classification according to different variables. The article is integrated with the definition of both concepts, the description of the methodology used, the most cited articles, the most productive and most influential authors from both areas, the institutions and countries with the greatest participation, the quantity of articles produced between 2005- 2019 and also a discussion with the most relevant conclusions of the study areas and the comparative analysis carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the first anniversary of the disappearance of 43 students in Ayotzinapa, several popular associations called for a series of activities that would culminate with a great protest march in Mexico City on September 26, 2015. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the way in which this event was reported in headlines and main images of nine newspapers with a long history as political actors in their respective countries: Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Spain, United States, France and Great Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of the residential function beyond the limits of the urban and developable land in the legislative frameworks has had a distinct and incomplete character. Faced with an identical phenomenon in general, called urban sprawl, the competent governments in this matter within the Iberian Peninsula have opted for a dissimilar assimilation of it, materialized in different legal and instrumental mechanisms. The objective of this paper is to present the different ways of understanding and regulating this new urban model by the Portuguese state government and the regional autonomous governments in Spain. To do this, a comparative analysis is carried out on the criteria for the classification of undeveloped land and a review of the most paradigmatic tools for the management of periurban and rurban development. The works indicate a position that is still indeterminate and, sometimes, contradictory. In spite of this, there is a tendency towards the regulated inclusion of the residential function outside the geographical contexts that have traditionally supported it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have indicated different times and places for the origin of Libyco-Berber inscriptions in the Canary Islands. This paper discusses the most important hypotheses, as well as pointing to regions that have been little studied up to the present day. Some Canarian signs found in these regions should therefore extend the possible area under discussion, so as to further realize comparative studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the mitigating value of phatic markers in the corpus of interviews PRESEEA in two cities in Spain (Valencia and Madrid) and two in Mexico (Monterrey and Mexico City). Interventions from interviewees and interviewers have been considered for this study, which renders a series of patterns in both geographic varieties. The main findings show that interviewees use mitigation to protect their own face whereas interviewers use this pragmatic strategy in order to get information from their interlocutors. This data gathering can be done through enquiries where the face of the interviewee needs to be protected or through the expression of the interviewers' own opinions where they may find the need to protect their own faces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Paper aims to contribute to the comparative studies of Christian communities in contemporary and modern societies. Two communities are analyzed for such aim: one Catholic and one Evangelical. The Catholic one is called Fraternidad Sacerdotal San Pío X; the Evangelical one, Hermanos Libres. This Paper highlights a genetic and ethnographic approach, a perspective that brings out similarities between both groups regarding their positions in the contemporary religious field: the reference to the authority of tradition in specialists' discourse; the sacralization of specific rituals; the ways and the orientation in the transmission of moral values concerning sexuality and gender relations. After drawing analogies and homologies between groups theoretically classified in a marked dichotomy, we have discovered relations and issues that lead to a deep knowledge of both communities and reveal aspects poorly integrated in current debates about religious and cultural diversity in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the impact of the adoption of fair value on the volatility of the results and reserves of Brazilian banks. The sample consisted of 73 banks, which represented, in June 2002, 95.93% of total assets in the national system. We conducted a comparative analysis between the volatilities, with and without the effects of the new regulation, and investigated if there is some symptom of utilization of practices for smoothing the benefits, related to the items of adjustments to fair value. The results of our research revealed that, as opposed to expectations, the new criterion in question has not increased volatility but, on the opposite, has exhibited symptoms of smoothing of benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of the great transformations that have taken place in the agricultural sector in recent decades, this paper analyses the impacts that the expansion of the agribusiness model has had on family agriculture in Argentina and Uruguay. The aim is to describe the particularities and generalities that this phenomenon has had in the region analysed, based on a comparative study emphasizing public policies towards the sector, taking the cases of Argentina and Uruguay as units of analysis. In the study used Statistical sources of official national agencies, intermediate entities and sectoral studies. As variables of analysis were taken: the economic concentration, the composition of the agrarian structure, public intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper, the third of a series, is to offer a comparative analysis of the main usages developed by interjections in the theatrical corpus set up by Terence's comedies and Seneca's tragedies, grouping them according to the kind of emotional content they express. It also offers a reflection on the function of interjections in the analyzed genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the influence of the temperature of the electrolyte in corrosion resistance of ceramic coatings of Chromium Nitride (CrN) produced with the unbalanced magnetron sputtering system (UBM) with industrial metallic coatings of hard chromium and organic epoxy paints. All coatings were deposited over A36 carbon steel. The evaluation of corrosion resistance was determined through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a 3% sodium chloride solution. For this purpose the temperature of the electrolyte was varied from 20 °C to 80 °C, and vice versa, with an interval of 20 °C and taking measures every 24 hours. In general, organic coatings presented the least degradation in the time of the experiment; nevertheless, by the time the temperature cycle was over, the corrosion resistance was similar in the organic coatings and the ceramic ones. This paper discusses the corrosion mechanisms for each of the coatings produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative analysis in relation to the emergency of the studies on educational inequalities in Mexico and Argentina, between the fifties and sixtys of the twentieth century. Theoretics, methodologic and comparative perspective is used, for draw up to similarities and differences between both countries. Two points are relevant: convergence is highlighted in the rationales underlying the emerging research on educational inequalities in both countries, as well as the relevance of certain discursive transfers between international and na tional productions, both facts makes each case singu lar and sig nificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the engagement of community communication initiatives and their constitutive organizations in the regulatory process of di-gitization at different countries like Brazil and Spain. It is a comparative case study between these two countries, their differences and similarities of their political and cultural aspects that need to be highlighted: they're at different moments of the transition to the digitalization of TV transmission; they have different structure and involvement from constituted organizations of community communication initiatives and have different and complex governments in regard to the proximity of community communication questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of Peruvian research studies on mental disorders (MD) published in SciELO-Peru during 2006-2011. Methods: A bibliometric study was conducted that included scientific papers on MD published in medical and psychological indexed journals in SciELO during 2006-2011. Articles with at least one Peruvian author whose main or secondary objectives were any MD were included. Main variables that were analyzed included kind of MD studied, author's affiliation, references and financing sources. Results: A total of 686 papers were identified in six journals, in 51 (7.4%) of these papers a MD was the main objective. Depression, substance abuse and sleeping disorders were the main topics covered. Major financing institutions were Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Seven studies (13.7%) received financial support. Conclusions: Few Peruvian publications on MD were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, several wavelet-based techniques for removal of gaussian noise in astronomical images are compared. Validation experiments were carried out with previously processed images from the SDSS, by adding noise artificially and comparing the effectiveness of each method in the reconstruction of original image by means of quantitative indicators like the mean square error and the signal to noise ratio. Results obtained with some of used methods are quite satisfactory. Also, their comparison with other papers shows contradictory conclusions about the best option among the considered methods. Authors of those papers made their validation experiments with another kind of images of non-astronomical origin, having therefore other characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the global crisis of the traditional press, some regional and local newspapers have been able to survive and get stronger thanks to adequate strategies that have been planned during the past few years and that now are beginning to bear fruit. This paper aims at analysing one of these models, exploring the keys of a particular case such as the North American newspaper The News & Observer, in North Carolina. This newspaper, that belongs to the McClatchy group, has gone for a hybrid paper-online model, with meticulous spaces for citizen participation, and for a hyperlocal press with a character all of its own. A comparative analysis of that model with the Spanish daily newspaper Información is also carried out. This newspaper is published in Alicante and belongs to the Prensa Ibérica group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a comparative study of the political emergence of Juan Perón in Argentina and Getulio Vargas in Brazil. It seeks to describe and explain how and why Peronism and Varguismo were two different political projects. Using the tools of political discourse theory (PDT), this research scrutinises the implications Perón and Vargas had for the formation of the political identities of the socio-political actors in both countries and to what extent this difference had to do with the specific ways in which both leaders intervened in the political formation. In this sense, the paper stresses the specific discursive and institutional modes of intervention that characterised these two leaders' projects and their role in the political imaginary they inaugurated. It does so by tracing the responses to Perón and Vargas by different socio-political actors and the polemic context in which those responses took place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport injury is a widely extended morbidity condition. However, epidemiological studies are far from giving a convergent outlook. Moreover, there is a lack of studies comparing relative risks of different groups of sports. The present paper is aimed to carry out a descriptive epidemiological study of sport injuries of athletes from 25 sport modalities in order to identify risk factors as well as to compare epidemiological characteristics according to the different sport groups. A sample of 297 athletes from different sport federations in the region of Madrid (Spain) were assessed using a protocol comprising a section about the sport being practiced and a section about injury incidence. Due to the wide variety of sport modalities, the sample was classified into four groups according to the Blázquez and Hernández Moreno's (1984) sports classification. Results showed no gender but age differences in injury incidence. They also showed differences in terms of injury frequency and severity (elapsed time between the injury and the returning to sport practice) among sport groups, being athletes practicing co-operation-opposition sports those who seemed to be more at risk. There were also differences regarding internal/external causes and when the injury was sustained. The global exposure injury rate (training and competition) rose to 4.1 injuries/1.000 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aim is to make a comparison between two nomadic markets of the metropolitan area of Toluca, México. It shows the origin of each one of the products that are exchanged in these markets and the forms of articulation of urban and country or indigenous economies, contrasting them with global markets. This work recognizes the importance of street markets in the supply and demand economical cycle, which tendency, is to consider only supermarkets and elite markets into the economical competition rates of a city. Street markets are commonly left behind, but for societies like Toluca, they represent a common place of recognition and gathering processes. Tianguis (as in the pre-Hispanic word) from Toluca and Ixtlahuaca are been analyzed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the study of proper toxic effects of chemicals related to the work activity has aroused great interest in the scientific community, being particularly complex legal medical aspect that relates to the work injury and compensation procedures according to the laws of each country. It is done in this paper a comparative in preventive legislation in these areas in Mexico and Spain, which shows the similarity in the definitions of occupational injury, work accident and work / occupational disease, with listings closed in both countries although the requirements for declaring a work injury and are more restrictive in Spain. In any case requires a coordinated, consistent and collaborative preventive work with a broader knowledge of causal substances, harmful effects on workers and industrial processes that produce them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the gender wage discrimination in manufacturing of Saltillo and Hermosillo. The source of information is derived from the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE) 2005-2011. The results show the existence of gender wage gap, which averaged 25.0 percent exceeded the favor of men and where decomposition of it allows for more than 80.0 percent of the disparity is associated with discrimination against women, and not seen a reduction in the time and if an extension of the wage gap in the crisis years. For urban areas, there are significant differences in terms of the wage gap, but on average, Hermosillo has a higher level of wage discrimination, despite the increased participation of women in manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses from an international perspective the compensation of the chief executive officer (CEO) for a sample of listed companies in 2010. Our main results suggest that there are significant differences in both the amount and the structure of the CEO's compensation in the ten countries surveyed; being the main difference the more intense use of long term variable compensation formulae in the US as compared to the prevalent use of short term variable compensation components in Europe. Interestingly enough, we have not reported significant differences between the CEO's compensation in the financial and non-financial sectors. Finally, we note a relevant influence of the ownership and corporate governance structure on CEO compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important uses of artificial neural networks is to forecast non-linear time series, although model-building issues, such as input selection, model complexity and parameters estimation, remain without a satisfactory solution. More of research efforts are devoted to solve these issues. However, other models emerged from statistics would be more appropriated than neural networks for forecasting, in the sense that the process of model specification is based entirely on statistical criteria. Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) is a statistical model commonly used for solving nonlinear regression problems, and it is possible to use it for forecasting time series. Nonetheless, there is a lack of studies comparing the results obtained using MARS and neural network models, with the aim of determinate which model is better. In this paper, we forecast four nonlinear time series using MARS and we compare the obtained results against the reported results in the technical literature when artificial neural networks and the ARIMA approach are used. The main finding in this research, it is that for all considered cases, the forecasts obtained with MARS are lower in accuracy in relation to the other approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish legal system distinguishes between typically for-profit corporations (such as corporations or limited liability companies) and "non-commercial" enterprises, typically aligned with the social economy (such as cooperatives). However, other countries like the United States or the United Kingdom have developed composite structures capable of combining a clearly commercial operation with the achievement of social goals, such as benefit corporations or community interest companies. The European Commission's Social Enterprise Initiative provides for the creation of a more favorable legal framework to promote these companies. This paper aims to analyze how this framework has developed in different countries, describing the main types of company that meet this need. Given the current economic situation in Spain, it is very important that the public administration provide the legal impetus to support social entrepreneurs, as these entrepreneurs seek to solve social problems in an innovative and efficient manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes profiles from university presidents at Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC) and Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua (UAC H) by characterizing a number of features resulting from comparing a given set of variables. Among these variables are those that specifically involve their connection with the university and their sense of belonging to their respective regions. The relevant role that university presidents play based on the own university rules and regulations is also taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the technologies for clean energy generation, wind turbines are one of the most advanced. Due to stochastic behavior of the wind, a proper control action must be exerted over these turbines in order to get a better use of the output power. A propel control action usually implies the knowledge of the system dynamics, and that is why the identification stage is also crucial. In this paper, the authors propose a robust statistics dual Kalman filter for identification of a wind generator. Although dual Kalman filter (DKF) has been used in system identification, its performance heavily depends on the absence of outliers in the measured data. However, outliers might be easily produced during the data acquisition stage. In this study, the authors show how by combining the DKF and the robust statistic Kalman filter, the problem of outliers in systems identification can be avoided. The method was implemented in Matlab R2009a®. Results for the identification of a wind generator working online are shown and compared to the performance of dual Kalman filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging applications in the area of wireless sensor networks that include a wide variety of scenarios typically involve a signiicant number of nodes deployed in a wide area. To ensure proper communication between the network nodes to the base station, the messages are propagated by intermediate nodes, so a route with multiple links is established. In general, sensor nodes are characterized by limited resources; therefore it is essential to use protocols that ensure not only communication but also that save the most energy while providing scalability. Different routing protocols have been proposed for WSNs, but the reactive routing algorithms have shown be more energy eficient, which makes them suitable for wireless sensor networks. In this paper the performance of the reactive type protocol (Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector) is evaluated under the simulation platform OMNeT++ through different scenarios. The AODV protocol has been chosen by the performance superiority comparing with other reactive protocols reported in the literature. The protocol has been evaluated under the following metrics: packet delivery rate, average end-to-end delay, routing overhead and energy consumption. The results show that AODV reduces their performance when the number of nodes increases, consequently it restricts the network scalability, further results show that the spatial distribution of the nodes affect on the performance of the protocol, speciic in our work, the uniform distribution shows better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the confidence of citizens in Latin American Electoral Bodies by analyzing both its causes and its impact on the quality of democracy. First, a map of the varying levels of trust in Electoral Bodies is drawn using public opinion data (LAPOP). Second, through a boolean analysis it is explored the combined effects of variables related to institutional design, political environment and political culture on trust in Electoral Bodies. Third, it is analyzed the impact of trust in Electoral Bodies on the quality of democracy. For that purpose, a lineal regression analysis has been run, apart from other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative analysis of proposals for the conceptual modeling of Extraction- Transformation-Loading processes (ETL) and proposals that incorporate security in data warehouses and ETL processes. The method used considers the characteristics of the proposals and their principal activities in the ETL process modeling. Furthermore, considers proposals that incorporate security in the modeling of data warehouses and ETL processes. Considering the lack of existing proposals, it is concluded that is necessary to incorporate security in the ETL processes modeling to assist in obtaining secure data warehouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper, which is part of a parallel study between Mexico and Spain, analyzes the environmental information requests that are made by users in the Spanish public sector bodies. Furthermore, a webcrawler, which was designed for this purpose, analyzes many parameters of the information displayed on the website of 30 environmental public bodies such as the number of documents, providers, types of environmental information, document formats ... Results highlight the use of metatags instead of metadata and descriptor analysis shows a lack of relationship between the requests and the descriptors which are used to identify such information on the Web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]