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This work evaluated the effects of food frequencies and self-feeding on the behavior, performance, and blood biochemistry of Colossoma macropomum. Juveniles weighing 3.63 ± 0.05 g were distributed in 27 aquariums (40 L), with six fish per aquarium, to evaluate nine treatments in three replications in a 12L:12D photoperiod. The treatments were 24-h self-feeding (SF); daytime self-feeding at will (SFD); nighttime self-feeding at will (SFN); and feeding at fixed frequencies of two (2D), four (4D), and six times (6D) daytime and twice (2 N), four (4 N), and six times (6 N) nightly. The treatments were offered in automatic feeders, with fixed frequencies programmed. Extruded commercial feed, with 46% protein, was used. The experimental period was 40 days. In the SF treatment, the animals exhibited 95.7% nocturnal and 4.3% diurnal feeding activity (p

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The low fat diet (LFD) is currently the first choice to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) alongside with physical activity. However, low carbohydrate diets (LCDs) and ketogenic diets have gained attention lately, thanks to their favourable impact in reducing intrahepatic triglyceride content. We therefore aimed at providing an update on recent evidence evaluating the hepatoprotective effects of such dietary interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Novel findings confirmed previous evidence by showing beneficial effects on liver fat content reduction for both LFDs and LCDs. The further restriction of carbohydrates to less than 50 g/day, usually leading to ketosis, confirmed to produce an improvement in NAFLD, with very low-calorie ketogenic diets possibly proving particularly beneficial thanks to the significant weight loss that can be obtained. SUMMARY Most of the latest evidence shows that carbohydrate restriction plays a fundamental role in the modulation of lipid metabolism leading to similar efficacy in improving NAFLD compared with LFDs. The hepatoprotective role of carbohydrate restriction appears to be boosted when ketogenesis is induced, when the total calorie intake is extremely reduced, or, possibly, when dietary interventions have reduced content in free sugars, making such interventions valuable tools to deal with NAFLD.

In this study, the effect of dough salt content, frying temperature and time on the conjugated diene values, polymer triglyceride content, total polar material content, viscosity, and color values of the sunflower oil during frying of leavened doughs was determined using response surface methodology. Fifty repeated frying operations were applied in the same day at 160–200 °C for 1–5 min and doughs with 0–2% salt content. According to the results of the study, frying temperature, frying time and dough salt content were significantly (p 0.05). To minimize the oxidation products of frying oil, the frying process can be applied at 160 °C for 1 min using dough with 1.97% salt content.

A new monacolin derivative, namely (1S,2S,5′R,6R,8aR)-7-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-8-prenyl-1,2,6,8atetrahydronaphthalene-4′,5′-dihydro-2H-pyran-1′-one (1), and five known monacolin derivatives (2–6) were separated from the highland barley Monascus purpureus Went. for the first time. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and relevant references. Compounds 1–6 were tested for their hypolipidemic activities by measuring the triglyceride content in HepG2 cells. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 (10 μM) exhibited moderate hypolipidemic activity.

Introduction Electrical impedance myography (EIM) provides insight into muscle composition and structure. We sought to evaluate its use in a mouse obesity model characterized by myofiber atrophy. Methods We applied a prediction algorithm, i.e., the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), to surface, needle array, and ex vivo EIM data from db/db and WT mice and assessed myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA) histologically and triglyceride (TG) content biochemically. Results EIM data from all three modalities provided acceptable predictions of myofiber CSA with average root mean squared error (RMSE) of 15% in CSA (i.e., ± 209 μm2 for a mean CSA of 1439 μm2 ) and TG content with RMSE of 30% in TG content (i.e., ± 7.3 nmoles TG/mg muscle for a mean TG content of 25.4 nmoles TG/mg muscle). Discussion EIM combined with a predictive algorithm provides reasonable estimates of myofiber CSA and TG content without the need for biopsy.

A new lactone, named 9-allyl-5-methyl-1H-difuro-isochromene-1,8-dione (1), together with nine known lactone derivatives (2–10), was isolated from highland barley Monascus for the first time. Compounds 1–10 were studied by spectroscopic methods and comparison with references and evaluated for their hypolipidemic activities by measuring the triglyceride content in HepG2 cells with simvastatin as positive control. Among them, compounds 1 and 7 (10 μM) exhibited moderate hypolipidemic activities.

Caenorhabditis elegans serves as a model for understanding adiposity and its connections to aging. Current methodologies do not distinguish between fats serving the energy needs of the parent, akin to mammalian adiposity, from those that are distributed to the progeny, making it difficult to accurately interpret the physiological implications of fat content changes induced by external perturbations. Using spectroscopic coherent Raman imaging, we determine the protein content, chemical profiles and dynamics of lipid particles in live animals. We find fat particles in the adult intestine to be diverse, with most destined for the developing progeny. In contrast, the skin-like epidermis contains fats that are the least heterogeneous, the least dynamic and have high triglyceride content. These attributes are most consistent with stored somatic energy reservoirs. These results challenge the prevailing practice of assessing C. elegans adiposity by measurements that are dominated by the intestinal fat content.

Significance Ketogenic diet is an effective treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we present evidence that hepatic mitochondrial fluxes and redox state are markedly altered during ketogenic diet-induced reversal of NAFLD in humans. Ketogenic diet for 6 d markedly decreased liver fat content and hepatic insulin resistance. These changes were associated with increased net hydrolysis of liver triglycerides and decreased endogenous glucose production and serum insulin concentrations. Partitioning of fatty acids toward ketogenesis increased, which was associated with increased hepatic mitochondrial redox state and decreased hepatic citrate synthase flux. These data demonstrate heretofore undescribed adaptations underlying the reversal of NAFLD by ketogenic diet and highlight hepatic mitochondrial fluxes and redox state as potential treatment targets in NAFLD., Weight loss by ketogenic diet (KD) has gained popularity in management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). KD rapidly reverses NAFLD and insulin resistance despite increasing circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), the main substrate for synthesis of intrahepatic triglycerides (IHTG). To explore the underlying mechanism, we quantified hepatic mitochondrial fluxes and their regulators in humans by using positional isotopomer NMR tracer analysis. Ten overweight/obese subjects received stable isotope infusions of: [D7]glucose, [13C4]β-hydroxybutyrate and [3-13C]lactate before and after a 6-d KD. IHTG was determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). The KD diet decreased IHTG by 31% in the face of a 3% decrease in body weight and decreased hepatic insulin resistance (−58%) despite an increase in NEFA concentrations (+35%). These changes were attributed to increased net hydrolysis of IHTG and partitioning of the resulting fatty acids toward ketogenesis (+232%) due to reductions in serum insulin concentrations (−53%) and hepatic citrate synthase flux (−38%), respectively. The former was attributed to decreased hepatic insulin resistance and the latter to increased hepatic mitochondrial redox state (+167%) and decreased plasma leptin (−45%) and triiodothyronine (−21%) concentrations. These data demonstrate heretofore undescribed adaptations underlying the reversal of NAFLD by KD: That is, markedly altered hepatic mitochondrial fluxes and redox state to promote ketogenesis rather than synthesis of IHTG.

This study investigated the effects of free-range days on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, lymphoid organ indices, and blood biochemical parameters of Wannan Yellow chickens. A total of 1,000 one-day-old male Wannan Yellow chickens were reared to 56 D. At 56 D of age, 960 birds with similar body weight (BW) were randomly allocated to free-range treatment at 56, 70, 84, and 98 D of age (assigned to free-range treatment for 42, 28, 14, and 0 D, respectively); 6 replicates with 40 chickens per treatment. In the free-range system, chickens were reared in indoor floor pens with an outdoor free-range paddock measuring 4 × 7 m (28 m2, 1.5 birds/m2). Results showed that BW of birds decreased significantly in the first 2 wk after birds were assigned to free-range treatment compared with those in the conventional treatment (P < 0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) for chickens assigned to free-range treatment from 56 to 70 D of age, while feed conversion ratio increased significantly (P < 0.05). Breast yield increased linearly with increasing free-range days (P < 0.05), whereas leg and foot yields decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Drip loss and L* value of thigh muscle decreased linearly with increasing free-range days (P < 0.05), while shear force improved linearly (P < 0.05). Additionally, the absolute thymus weight and thymus to BW ratio showed significant increasing and then decreasing quadratic responses to increasing free-range days (P < 0.05). Furthermore, serum glucose, total protein, cholesterol, and triglyceride content declined linearly, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) content increased linearly with increasing free-range days (P < 0.05). In conclusion, increasing free-range days had positive effects on breast yield, shear force, thymus weight, and HDL-C content, but negatively affected leg yield, foot yield, drip loss, L* value of thigh muscle, glucose, total protein, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of Wannan Yellow chickens.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive condition that includes steatosis (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In the U.S., Hispanics (HIS) are afflicted with NAFLD at a higher rate and severity compared to other ethnicities. To date, the mechanisms underlying this disparity have not been elucidated. In this pilot study, we compared untargeted plasma metabolomic profiles for primary metabolism, complex lipids, choline and related compounds between a group of HIS (n =7) and White Caucasian (CAU, n =8) subjects with obesity and biopsy-characterized NAFL to ethnicity-matched lean healthy controls (n =14 HIS and 8 CAU). We also compared liver and plasma metabolomic profiles in a group of HIS and CAU subjects with obesity and NASH of comparable NAFLD Activity Scores, to BMI-matched NASH-free subjects in both ethnicities. Results highlight signs of metabolic dysregulation observed in HIS, independent of obesity, including higher plasma triglycerides, acylcarnitines, and free fatty acids. With NASH progression, there were ethnicity-related differences in the hepatic profile, including higher free fatty acids and lysophospholipids seen in HIS, suggesting lipotoxicity is involved in the progression of NASH. We also observed greater hepatic triglyceride content, higher plasma triglyceride concentrations and lower hepatic phospholipids with signs of impaired hepatic mitochondrial β-oxidation. These findings provide preliminary evidence indicating ethnicity-related variations that could potentially modulate the risk for progression of NALD to NASH. Highlights Hispanic subjects show signs of metabolic dysregulations independent of obesity. In nonalcoholic fatty liver, plasma metabolomic profiles are differentially altered between ethnicities. In nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the hepatic lipidomic profiles are differentially altered between ethnicities. In Hispanics, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis shows higher triglycerides and lipotoxic lipids with signs of impaired hepatic mitochondrial β-oxidation. Our results indicate evidence of ethnicity-related variations in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Graphical Abstract

Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women In evaluating any randomized clinical trial, it is important to determine whether baseline differences between groups could have affected the primary outcome. In our study, muscle insulin sensitivity, which was identical in both groups at baseline, improved after nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), not placebo, therapy. Differences in baseline intrahepatic triglyceride content between groups do not negate the effects of NMN observed in muscle.

Three new phenanthraquinones (1–3), together with seven known phenanthraquinone derivatives (4–10) were isolated from Heleocharis dulcis for the first time. Their structures were established on extensive NMR, MS, UV, IR experiments in conjunction with their references. Compounds (1–10) were evaluated for their hypolipidemic activities for the first time. Compounds 1, 3, 7, and 9 (10 μM) exhibited significant hypolipidemic activities by measuring the triglyceride content in HepG2 cells with simvastatin as positive control. The chemotaxonomic significance of compounds (1–10) was also discussed.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of quercetin on the triglyceride (TG) content through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) signalling pathway in broiler hepatocytes. The trial included the following five groups: control, DMSO control, 5 mg/L quercetin, 10 mg/L quercetin and 20 mg/L quercetin. Compared with the control group, the PPARα protein content was significantly increased at 24 h in the groups that received quercetin at 5, 10 and 20 mg/L (p

Background: Obesity affects 25% of pregnant women and is associated with a higher risk of neonatal complications, such as macrosomia and increased adiposity. The placenta may contribute to neonatal adiposity by accumulating and transferring excess lipid in response to maternal hyperinsulinemia. We previously found that insulin promotes a 3-fold increase in placental triglyceride (TG) content in lean women. We hypothesized that obese women have higher placental insulin resistance compared to lean women[FC1] with respect to TG content. Methods: Healthy, lean women (n=12; mean age 34±1 yrs; BMI 22±0.4 kg/m2) and non-diabetic, obese women (n=9; mean age 32±2 yrs; BMI 33±0.4 kg/m2, p

To learn more about the mechanisms of human dietary fat perception, 398 human twins rated fattiness and liking for six types of potato chips that differed in triglyceride content (2.5, 5, 10, and 15% corn oil); reliability estimates were obtained from a subset (n = 50) who did the task twice. Some chips also had a saturated long-chain fatty acid (hexadecanoic acid, 16:0) added (0.2%) to evaluate its effect on fattiness and liking. We computed the heritability of these measures and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify regions of the genome that co-segregate with fattiness and liking. Perceived fattiness and liking for the potato chips were reliable (r = 0.31-0.62, p < 0.05) and heritable (up to h2 = 0.29, p < 0.001, for liking). Adding hexadecanoic acid to the potato chips significantly increased ratings of fattiness but decreased liking. Twins with the G allele of rs263429 near GATA3-AS1 or the G allele of rs8103990 within ZNF729 reported more liking for potato chips than did twins with the other allele (multivariate GWAS, p < 1×10-5), with results reaching genome-wide suggestive but not significance criteria. Person-to-person variation in the perception and liking of dietary fat was (a) negatively affected by the addition of a saturated fatty acid and (b) related to inborn genetic variants. These data suggest liking for dietary fat is not due solely to fatty acid content and highlight new candidate genes and proteins within this sensory pathway.

Microplastics are an emerging environmental issue as a result of their ubiquity, persistence, and intrinsic toxic potential. In addition, their ability to sorb and transport a wide variety of environmental pollutants (i.e. “Trojan Horse” effect) exerts significant adverse impacts upon ecosystems. The toxicological evaluation of the single and combined effects produced by polyethylene microplastics and two polychlorinated biphenyl congeners was performed on the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 by cell viability assessment and an untargeted lipidomic study. The cell lethality evaluation evinced that MPs did not induce relevant cell lethality at any of the concentration range tested, while both PCBs presented a hormetic behavior. The lipidomic analysis suggested that both single PCB exposures induced significant lipidomic changes, especially for glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids. In contrast, for MPs single exposure, the most remarkable change was the substantial enhancement of triglyceride content. Regarding combined exposures, results showed that MPs could induce even more harmful effects than those produced intrinsically as a result of desorbing previously sorbed toxic pollutants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the toxicity of microplastics and their possible “Trojan Horse” effect by applying an untargeted lipidomic methodology., The research leading to these results has received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCI, Grant CTQ2017-82598-P). The authors also want to grant support from the Catalan Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR, Grant 2017SGR753) and the Spanish MCI (Severo Ochoa Project CEX2018-000794-S). AMP also acknowledges a JAE-Intro fellowship from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).

1H‐MR spectroscopy of skeletal muscle provides insight into metabolism that is not available noninvasively by other methods. The recommendations given in this article are intended to guide those who have basic experience in general MRS to the special application of 1H‐MRS in skeletal muscle. The highly organized structure of skeletal muscle leads to effects that change spectral features far beyond simple peak heights, depending on the type and orientation of the muscle. Specific recommendations are given for the acquisition of three particular metabolites (intramyocellular lipids, carnosine and acetylcarnitine) and for preconditioning of experiments and instructions to study volunteers., The recommendations are intended to guide those who have basic experience in general MRS to the special application of 1H‐MRS in skeletal muscle. The structure of skeletal muscle leads to effects that change spectral features far beyond simple peak heights, depending on the type and orientation of the muscle. Specific advice is given for three particular metabolites (intramyocellular lipids, carnosine and acetylcarnitine) and for preconditioning of experiments and instructions to study volunteers.

Background Renal steatosis (fatty kidney) is a potential biomarker for obesity-related renal disease; however, noninvasive assessment of renal fat content remains a technical challenge. Purpose To evaluate reproducibility and explore clinical application of renal metabolic imaging for the quantification of renal triglyceride content (TG) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS). Study type Reproducibility and clinical cohort study. Population Twenty-three healthy volunteers (mean age 30.1 ± 13.4 years) and 15 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (mean age 59.3 ± 7.0 years). Field strength/sequence 3T, single-voxel point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS). Assessment Intra- and interexamination reproducibility of renal TG was assessed in healthy volunteers, and compared to T2DM patients. Intraexamination differences were obtained by repeating the 1 H-MRS measurement directly after the first 1 H-MRS without repositioning of the subject or changing surface coil and measurement volumes. Interexamination variability was studied by repeating the scan protocol after removal and replacement of the subject in the magnet, and subsequent repositioning of body coil and measurement volumes. Statistical tests Reproducibility was determined using Pearson's correlation and Bland-Altman analyses. Differences in TG% between healthy volunteers and T2DM patients were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results After logarithmic (log) transformation, both intraexamination (r = 0.91, n = 19) and interexamination (r = 0.73, n = 9) measurements of renal TG content were highly correlated with the first renal TG measurements. Intraexamination and interexamination limits of agreement of renal log TG% were respectively [-1.36%, + 0.84%] and [-0.77%, + 0.62%]. Backtransformed limits of agreement were [-0.89%,+0.57%] and [-0.55%, + 0.43%] multiplied by mean TG for intra- and interexamination measurements. Overall median renal TG content was 0.12% [0.08, 0.22; 25th percentile, 75th percentile] in healthy volunteers and 0.20% [0.13, 0.22] in T2DM patients (P = 0.08). Data conclusion Renal metabolic imaging using 3T 1 H-MRS is a reproducible technique for the assessment of renal triglyceride content. Level of evidence 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2018;48:507-513.

Objectives An assessment of methods for the accurate measurement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at decreased concentrations has not yet been carried out. We evaluated the performance of the Friedewald equation, a direct enzymatic assay, and a novel equation for determining LDL-C levels in a pediatric population with elevated triglycerides and reduced LDL-C levels. Methods LDL-C concentrations of 127 pediatric patients were determined by the Friedewald equation, a direct enzymatic assay, and a novel equation. The bias of each approach was assessed at selected LDL-C cutoffs and after stratifying samples by triglyceride content. The concordance of each approach, relative to the reference method, was determined at LDL-C cut-points of less than 70, 70 to 99, and 100 to 129 mg/dL. Results The Friedewald equation substantially underestimated pediatric LDL-C concentrations below 100 mg/dL in the presence of elevated triglycerides. The Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (Raritan, NJ) direct LDL assay was positively biased at low LDL-C levels. The novel equation most effectively reduced the bias of the Friedewald equation at all LDL-C concentrations and increased the concordance of sample classification to the reference method. Conclusions The novel equation should be used for accurate measurement of pediatric LDL-C when the concentration is below 100 mg/dL in the presence of elevated triglycerides (150-399 mg/dL).

In present investigation 10 lactating cows were distributed into four treatment T1, T2, T3, and T4, with 5 cows in each group. Treatment consist of T1- untreated SBS, T2-2% calcium treated SBS. Average plasma glucose in T1- 48.69, 48.77, 48.81, and T2- 47.52, 52.84, 53.21 (mg/dl). The average serum total protein content (mg/dl) 5.92, 6.02, 6.35in T1 and 5.76, 6.15, 7.22 in T2. The average blood urea nitrogen content in T1 13.99, 17.26, 17.47 and 14.28, 17.32, 18.41 in T2 (mg/dl). The average total serum lipid content in T1 272.51, 278.70, 283.60 and 277.02, 300.38, 315.53 (mg/dl) in T2. Average total serum cholesterol content in T1- 59.92, 70.80, 74.95 and T2- 60.94, 70.29, 76.27 (mg/dl). Average total serum triglyceride content in T1- 16.07, 17.26, 17.48 and T2- 16.22, 17.98, 17.89 (mg/dl) in the month of February, April and June, respectively.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of pantothenic acid on the growth performance, slaughter performance, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant function of one-to four-week-old Wulong geese and determine the appropriate supplemental level of pantothenic acid. A total of 360 one-day-old Wulong geese were randomly divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates per group and 10 geese (5 males and 5 females) per replicate. The geese in group Ⅰ (control group) were fed a basal diet, and the geese in groups Ⅱ to Ⅵ (experimental groups) were given the basal diet supplemented with 8, 15, 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg pantothenic acid, respectively. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks. Based on the results of unrelated comparative analysis, the body weight was the highest when the dietary pantothenic acid level was 27.57 mg/kg. When the dietary pantothenic acid level was 26.17 mg/kg, the average daily gain peaked. When the dietary pantothenic acid level was 15.50 mg/kg, the feed:gain ratio was the lowest. The percentage of abdominal fat in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ (P

In this issue of the journal , Dr. Yasuki Ito from Denka-Seiken, along with colleagues, describes the development of a novel direct assay for the measurement of the triglyceride content of LDL (LDL-TG2; 1). It has been known for over 100 years, since the pioneering work of Dr. N. Anitschkow in 1913 (2), that plasma cholesterol plays a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Much later in the mid-1950s, Dr. John Gofman first showed that, by separating lipoproteins via analytical ultracentrifugation, cholesterol on LDL (LDL-C) is positively related to cardiovascular disease risk, whereas cholesterol on HDL (HDL-C) is inversely related (3). Most recently, however, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of the compositional complexity of lipoproteins, and the possibility that other lipid and protein components of lipoproteins besides cholesterol can also serve as biomarkers (4). In fact, in a 2004 study by Dr. Winfried Marz and colleagues, it was first reported that LDL-TG was superior to LDL-C as a cardiovascular disease risk predictor (5). This study, however, employed a tedious ultracentrifugation-based method that is not suitable for routine clinical laboratory testing, and as a …

Objective: SGLT2 inhibitors reduce body weight (BW) due to negative energy balance. Although previous reports suggested that SGLT2 inhibitor improved liver dysfunction and steatosis, the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitor on intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) were merely quantified. Methods: The study was an open label randomized controlled trial. Fifty-two overweight patients (BMI > 23) who had inadequate glycemic control with oral antidiabetic agents were randomly assigned to dapagliflozin (Dapa) or standard treatment (Con) and followed for 24 weeks. The Primary endpoint was the change in BW from baseline to week 24 between the two groups. The secondary endpoint was IHTG which was assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Results: The change in BW was significantly larger in Dapa group compared to Con. The mean difference in changes between two groups was -1.72 kg (95% CI: -2.85, -0.59, p = 0.004) which was comparable with the previous studies of Caucasians. IHTG measured with MRS was significantly reduced in Dapa group (p = 0.033). Conclusion: Dapagliflozin treatment for 24 weeks resulted in reduction of BW and IHTG. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of dapagliflozin for patients with NAFLD. Clinical study registration number: UMIN000020239. Disclosure K. Morino: Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., AstraZeneca, CMIC Pharma Science, Miki Corp., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sunstar Inc. K. Kondo: None. S. Tanaka: None. I. Miyazawa: None. K. Fuse: None. S. Ida: None. H. Arima: Consultant; Self; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Teijin Pharma Limited. K. Miura: None. N. Ohashi: None. S. Ugi: None. H. Maegawa: Research Support; Self; Antares Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Funding AstraZeneca; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Laboratory analytical techniques employed for triglyceride quantification in oleaginous biomass (e.g., microalgae and oilseeds) involve multiple steps and typically require use of volatile organic solvents. Here we describe a single-step approach for measurement of triglycerides using thermogravimetry (TG). We have observed that triglycerides undergo complete volatilization over a narrow temperature interval of 370-450 °C, with negligible solid residue under inert atmosphere, whereas other constituents of oleaginous biomass (such as proteins and carbohydrates) primarily degrade below 350 °C. As a result, triglyceride content of biomass can be estimated using TG by determining the mass loss of the sample in the temperature interval of 370-450 °C.

Feeding of untreated soybean straw (T 2 ) and 2 per cent urea treated soybean straw (T 3 ) was evaluated on the performance of lactating cows in reference to conventional jowar straw diet (T 1 ). It was found within 120 days trial that, the Hb levels showed a increase from the initial level of 9.83 to 9.96, 9.76 to 10.08 and 9.86 to 10.80 g/dl/cow, blood glucose levels increased from 48.68 to 48.89, 45.89 to 53.36 and 45.16 to 56.24 mg/dl in T 1 , T 2 and T 3 groups, respectively The STP levels increase from initial content was 5.89 to 6.05, 5.76 to 6.38 and 5.70 to 6.58 g/dl, Significantly more BUN (17.82 mg/dl) was noticed in cows offered with T3 followed by T 2 (13.85 mg/dl) and T 2 (16.66 mg/dl) while blood urea pooled means were noticed as 29.65, 38.13 and 35.67 mg/dl in cows offered T 1 , T 2 and T 3 groups, respectively The pooled means of STL were 278.15, 298.22 and 302.30 mg/d, the pooled means of STC content were 69.18, 68.64 and 77.06mg/dl and the serum triglyceride content of blood increased were 16.72, 16.79 and 17.57mg/dl, in cows offered T 1 , T 2 and T 3 groups, respectively. The results do suggest that 2 per cent urea treated SBS can find a place in the ration of lactating cows without any adverse effect on health of cows.

Drugs facilitating the cardioprotective effects of natriuretic peptides are introduced in heart failure treatment. ANP and BNP also stimulate lipolysis and increase circulating concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs); an aspect, however, thought to be confined to primates. We examined the lipolytic effect of natriuretic peptide infusion in healthy young men and evaluated the effect in a porcine model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.Six young healthy normotensive men underwent infusion with ANP, BNP, or CNP for 20 min. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after infusion for measurement of FFAs. In a porcine model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, animals were infused for 3 h with either BNP (n = 7) or saline (n = 5). Blood samples were collected throughout the infusion period, and cardiac tissue was obtained after infusion for lipid analysis.In humans, ANP infusion dose-dependently increased the FFA concentration in plasma 2.5-10-fold (baseline vs. 0.05 mu g/kg/min P Natriuretic peptide infusion has similar lipolytic activity in human and pig. Our data suggest that short-term infusion increases the cardiac lipid content, and that the pig is a suitable model for studies of long-term effects mediated by natriuretic peptides.

Sleep is an important life style component and its deprivation is a risk for type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms and the therapeutic target of sleep deprivation induced glucose intolerance are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of sleep deprivation induced glucose intolerance focusing on liver. We established a mouse model of sleep deprivation induced glucose intolerance using C57BL/6J male mice. Single 6 hours sleep deprivation by gentle handling method in fasted condition induced glucose intolerance. Interestingly, hepatic glucose production assessed by pyruvate challenge test was significantly increased, and hepatic triglyceride content was also increased in 67% in the sleep deprivation mice compared to freely sleeping control mice. To explore the molecular mechanisms of sleep deprivation induced hepatic steatosis, hepatic metabolites and gene expressions were comprehensively evaluated using metabolome and microarray analyses. Hepatic metabolites such as acetyl CoA, 3β-hydroxybutyric acid, and some acylcarnitines were significantly increased in sleep deprivation group, suggesting increased lipid oxidation in the liver. In contrast, hepatic gene expressions of Elovl3, Lpin1, Plin4, Plin5 and Acot1 that play a lipogenic role were significantly increased 2.7, 4.5, 3.7, 2.9, and 2.8 times respectively in sleep deprivation group compared to control group, confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. The increased lipogenic gene expressions may partly explain the sleep deprivation induced hepatic steatosis. Conclusion: Single 6 hours sleep deprivation caused hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance in fasted C57BL/6J mice. Increased hepatic lipogenic enzymes raised above may be potential therapeutic targets for the sleep deprivation induced hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance. Disclosure F. Shigiyama: None. N. Kumashiro: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. F. Yoshikawa: None. Y. Tsuneoka: None. H. Funato: None. T. Hirose: Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca. Research Support; Self; Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novartis Pharma K.K.. Research Support; Self; Takeda Development Center Asia, Pte. Ltd.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Takeda Development Center Asia, Pte. Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly and Company. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Research Support; Self; MSD K.K.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; MSD K.K.. Research Support; Self; Sanofi K.K.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Sanofi K.K.. Research Support; Self; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Research Support; Self; Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited. Research Support; Self; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc..

Siddha Makardhwaja (SMD) is a classical Ayurvedic formulation markedly used as a traditional medicine in the rural population for various purposes, such as a stimulant, tonic, and rejuvenator. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of conventionally prepared SMD on different lipid-profi le parameters in experimental animals, for providing scientifi c database for its logical use in clinical practice. Acute toxicity tests were conducted to determine the LD50 of the drug. To fi nd out the effect of chronic administration of SMD on serum lipid profi le, it was administered chronically to the male Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 40 mg/kg for 28 days. During the lipid profi le study, we found out the following: There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.042) decrease in the triglyceride content of the serum of the male rat [21.71% decrease]. There is a [21.65%] increase in the LDL level of the serum of the male rat; the increase, though not signifi - cant, was prominent (p = 5 0.122). There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.042) decrease in the VLDL level of the serum of the male rat [21.71% decrease]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p 5 0.016) decrease in the HDL level of the serum of the male rat [20.36% decrease]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.041) increase in the Cardiac Risk Ratio [(CRR) 5 Total cholesterol/HDL ratio] of the male rat [23.45% increase]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p 5 0.026) increase in the Castelli’s Risk Index II [(CRI II 5 LDL/HDL ratio] of the male rat [51.50% increase]. There is a statistically signifi cant (p = 5 0.041) increase in the Atherogenic Coeffi cient (AC) of the male rat [40.39% increase].

Rapid pyrolysis of two Chlorella sp. KR-1 samples, with triglyceride content of 23.8 and 44.9wt%, was conducted using pyrolysis gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry over a temperature range (400–600 °C). The effects of triglyceride content of the microalgal cells and pyrolysis temperature on the structure and distribution of products were analyzed and the pyrolysis products were classified according to number of carbons and chemical species. The triglyceride content of microalgal cells was found to affect the concentration of free fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and derivatives of carbohydrates. In the case of the lipid-rich sample, free fatty acids originating from triglyceride decomposition were found to be the predominant compounds whereas sugar-dehydrated products such as anhydroglucose were the predominant compounds in the case of the lipid-poor sample.

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the effect of depolymerised glucomannan in regulating blood lipid and glucose concentrations. Design/methodology/approach – Twenty adult volunteers were recruited. Blood samples were taken at Day 0. The volunteers consumed drinks containing 3.0 g active glucomannan hydrolysates (AMH) for 14 days, after which time blood samples were retaken (Day 15). Blood samples were analysed to determine the blood lipid and glucose concentrations. Findings – The average fasting blood glucose at the start of the trial was 2.54 mmol/L but reduced slightly to 2.49 mmol/L after consumption of the glucomannan. The total average cholesterol at the start of the trial was higher (6.69 mmol/L) than desirable ( < 5.0 mmol/L). This was reduced after consuming the glucomannan to 6.44 mmol/L (3.74 per cent). The triglyceride content was also higher initially than recommended (2.88 mmol/L) but was reduced by 11.5 per cent. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was within the desirable range before and after consumption (1.57 and 1.52 mmol/L, respectively), while the average low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was higher than recommended ( < 3.0 mmol/L), representing 4.55 mmol/L and 4.40 mmol/L before and after consumption, respectively. Both parameters were reduced by over 3.0 per cent. The consumption of the glucomannan hydrolysates also reduced the total cholesterol/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios. Originality/value – The AMH was effective in lowering blood cholesterol and glucose concentrations. Consumption of such carbohydrates could prove useful for these physiological disorders. Further studies are desirable to characterise the exact mechanism.

Persistent pleural effusion is a rare but challenging problem encountered by some patients after thoracic surgery or trauma. Chylothorax is a condition in which a milky fluid called chyle drains into the pleural space. Children with chylothorax are treated with a special diet restricted in long-chain triglycerides. In our center, mothers’ breast milk has not traditionally been used as part of the treatment protocol for chylothorax because of its long-chain triglyceride content. This article presents a novel approach to skimming mothers’ breast milk, which allows this important nutrient-rich food to be offered to infants with chylothorax, while still allowing for discharge home.

Currently it is estimated that about 1 billion people globally have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition in which liver fat exceeds 5 % of liver weight in the absence of significant alcohol intake. Due to the central role of the liver in metabolism, the prevalence of NAFLD is increasing in parallel with the prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance and other risk factors of metabolic diseases. However, the contribution of liver fat to the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and CVD, relative to other ectopic fat depots and to other risk markers, is unclear. Various studies have suggested that the accumulation of liver fat can be reduced or prevented via dietary changes. However, the amount of liver fat reduction that would be physiologically relevant, and the timeframes and dose–effect relationships for achieving this through different diet-based approaches, are unclear. Also, it is still uncertain whether the changes in liver fatper seor the associated metabolic changes are relevant. Furthermore, the methods available to measure liver fat, or even individual fatty acids, differ in sensitivity and reliability. The present report summarises key messages of presentations from different experts and related discussions from a workshop intended to capture current views and research gaps relating to the points above.

Background Previous large population studies reported that non-fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) reflect a higher risk for cardiovascular disease than TG in the fasting plasma. This is suggestive of the presence of higher concentration of remnant lipoproteins (RLP) in postprandial plasma. Methods TG and RLP-TG together with other lipids, lipoproteins and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in both fasting and postprandial plasma were determined in generally healthy volunteers and in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) after consuming a fat load or a more typical moderate meal. Results RLP-TG/TG ratio (concentration) and RLP-TG/RLP-C ratio (particle size) were significantly increased in the postprandial plasma of both healthy controls and CAD patients compared with those in fasting plasma. LPL/RLP-TG ratio demonstrated the interaction correlation between RLP concentration and LPL activity The increased RLP-TG after fat consumption contributed to approximately 90% of the increased plasma TG, while approximately 60% after a typical meal. Plasma LPL in postprandial plasma was not significantly altered after either type of meal. Conclusions Concentrations of RLP-TG found in the TG along with its particle size are significantly increased in postprandial plasma compared with fasting plasma. Therefore, non-fasting TG determination better reflects the presence of higher RLP concentrations in plasma.

This paper reports the effects of different culture conditions for Dunaliella salina SA32007 from Salar de Atacama (second Region, northern ofChile) over biomass, lipid production and triglycerides synthesis. A maximum value of microalgae density (8.2 × 109 Cells/L) and an intrinsic growth rate (0.17 d-1), were obtained using a culture with 0.5 mol/L of NaCl and a nitrogen/phosphorous (N/P) limitation of 14/1. The triglycerides production was significantly favoured under nitrogen deficiency conditions (Mann-Whitney test; p = 0.0043). However there was a nitrogen-limiting threshold for the stimulation and accumulation of triglycerides (N/P: 14/1), lower than that limit, these compounds would not be accumulated. It was also observed that triglyceride content was not proportional to the total lipid content and the maximum number of cells. The aeration system employed stimulated the growth and synthesis of structural organic molecules. Regarding microalgae growth stage subjected to nitrogen deficiency, when the deficit was applied before the lag phase, the negative effect on the biomass and the triglycerides production decreased.

Objective. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is compositionally distinct from white adipose tissue (WAT) in terms of triglyceride and water content. In adult humans, the most significant BAT depot is localized in the supraclavicular area. Our aim is to differentiate brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue using fat T2* relaxation time mapping and signal-fat-fraction (SFF) analysis based on a commercially available modified 2-point-Dixon (mDixon) water fat separation method. We hypothesize that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can reliably measure BAT regardless of the cold-induced metabolic activation, with BAT having a significantly higher water and iron content compared to WAT.Material and methods. The supraclavicular area of 13 volunteers was studied on 3 T PET-MRI scanner using T2* relaxation time and SFF mapping both during cold exposure and at ambient temperature; and F-18-FDG PET during cold exposure. Volumes of interest (VOIs) were defined semiautomatically in the supraclavicular fat depot, subcutaneous WAT and muscle.Results. The supraclavicular fat depot (assumed to contain BAT) had a significantly lower SFF and fat T2* relaxation time compared to subcutaneous WAT. Cold exposure did not significantly affect MR-based measurements. SFF and T2* values measured during cold exposure and at ambient temperature correlated inversely with the glucose uptake measured by 18F-FDG PET.Conclusions. Human BAT can be reliably and safely assessed using MRI without cold activation and PET-related radiation exposure. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Large coil arrays are widely used in clinical routine for cardiovascular imaging providing extended spatial coverage and enabling accelerated acquisition using parallel imaging approaches. This work investigates the use of large coil arrays in single-voxel cardiac spectroscopy for the detection of myocardial creatine and triglyceride content. For this purpose, a navigator-gated and cardiac-triggered point-resolved spectroscopy sequence was implemented, and data obtained in 11 healthy volunteers using 32- and 5-element coil arrays were compared. For combination of the individual coil element signals, four strategies were evaluated differing in the manner of estimation of the complex coil weights and the amount of additional information required for coil combination. In all volunteers, and with both the 32- and 5-channel coil arrays, triglyceride-to-water (0.44 ± 0.19% and 0.45 ± 0.17%) and total creatine-to-water (0.05 ± 0.02% and 0.05 ± 0.01%) contents were computed. The values were found to agree well, showing an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.76 (p

Novel enteric-coated solid-in-oil (S/O) microcapsules were developed. The microcapsules contain a hydrophilic bioactive substance encapsulated in a shell made from edible fats. In these microcapsules, food colors or lactoferrin was used as the core substance and solid edible fats were used as the shell materials. The core hydrophilic bioactive substance was encapsulated by liquid-phase drying and liquid-phase hardening. Variations in the rate of disintegration of the microcapsules were due to the differences in the triglyceride content of the edible fats used. The variation in the release rate of the core material from the S/O microcapsules was due to the differences in the solid fat content (SFC) of the shell material. Furthermore, lactoferrin S/O microcapsules, which did not degrade while passing through the stomach and were efficiently absorbed in the intestine, were prepared. The S/O microcapsules developed in this study can be consumed as a food such as dietary supplements. They can be used not only as end products but also as intermediate materials for administering a variety of drugs.

Rationale and Objectives The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between triglyceride (TG) and water in steatotic rat livers and to accordingly test the validity of the currently used steatosis calculation methods from magnetic resonance spectra. The approximations commonly used to derive steatosis degrees from magnetic resonance spectra include the generic types TG/water and TG/(TG + water). Materials and Methods Hepatic fat and water content was quantitated by histology, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), gas chromatography, and dry/wet weight ratio analysis in increasingly (0%–95%) steatotic rats. Correlation analysis was performed to assess the statistical relationships among the steatosis quantification techniques. Subsequently, data were fitted with linear and nonlinear functions to determine the relationship between hepatic water fraction versus hepatic TG content and TG/water ratio versus macrovesicular steatosis degree to test the validity of commonly used steatosis calculation methods. Results Histologic analysis of macrovesicular steatosis correlated very strongly with TG content determined by gas chromatography and MRS. A strong positive correlation was also found between gas chromatography–derived and MRS-derived TG content. Biochemical analysis revealed a linear converse relationship between hepatic fat and water content. This relationship was nonlinear when determined by MRS. The MRS-based TG/(TG + water)–type approximations reflected the linear water-fat relationship better than the TG/water–type approximations, particularly when the calculations were performed with a maximum number of TG resonances. Conclusions Hepatic fat approximations of the type TG/water overestimate hepatic steatosis degree because hepatic fat accumulation concurs with hepatic water exudation. Consequently, MRS-based approximations should be of the type TG/(TG + water) and contain a maximum number of TG resonances in the denominator.

Five new isoprenylated flavonoids, notabilisins A-E (1-5), and two known Diels-Alder adducts (6 and 7), were isolated from the twigs of Morus notabilis. Compounds 4 and 5 possess two novel pyran rings, which may be biogenetically derived from 3. Compounds 1 and 3 significantly promoted adipogenesis, characterized by increased lipid droplet and triglyceride content in 3T3L1 cells, and induced up-regulation of the expression of adipocyte-specific genes, aP2 and GLUT4. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Background & Aims: Ectopic fat in muscle and liver is linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recently, pancreatic lipid accumulation has also been associated with beta-cell dysfunction and reduced insulin production, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes. Physical exercise training has been shown to attenuate beta-cell dysfunction in patients, but little is known about its effects on pancreatic and hepatic fat accumulation. In this study, we validated in-vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) in pancreatic fat measurement with biochemical measurements in a pig model. Thereafter, the effects of increased physical activity on the amounts of pancreatic and liver fat were studied in eight monozygotic twin pairs who have discordant physical activity and fitness.Methods: Pancreatic fat content was studied in 15 pigs using (1)H MRS and/or biochemical analyses. In addition, liver and pancreatic fat were assessed using (1)H MRS in eight monozygotic male twin pairs with 18% mean difference in VO(2max) between the twin brothers.Results: Twins with higher physical fitness had 23% less liver fat (1.3 +/- 1.3% vs. 2.1 +/- 2.6%, p = 0.022) but no such difference was observed in the pancreatic fat (8.2 +/- 9.3% vs. 9.8 +/- 8.5%, respectively, p = 0.3). Hepatic fat content was inversely associated with VO(2max). A positive association was found between pancreatic and liver fat contents (beta = 5.18, p = 0.012). Pancreatic fat content was also associated with insulin sensitivity indexes and plasma adiponectin and glutamyltransferase concentrations.Conclusions: Pancreatic fat content is associated with insulin resistance and hepatic fat content. An active lifestyle seems to beneficially influence hepatic fat metabolism. (C) 2010 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The purpose of this study was to quantify the content and localization of fat in Atlantic mackerel (N = 17) in order to assess fish quality and understand the bioenergetics of different life stages for this species. Measurement of total fat content using chemical shift based water-fat separation (MR) imaging was performed both when the fish was most starved (June) and well fed (September). The results were compared to triglyceride content measured by gas chromatography in the same fish. For starved fish a fat content of 40 ± 23 mg/g tissue was estimated by MRI compared to 39 ± 16 by GC analysis (p = 0.732). For well fed fish, however, there were no agreements between the two techniques (447 ± 101 by MRI; 212 ± 89 by GC; p = 0.032). This could be due to the presence of non-triglyceride lipids, and the two approaches different sensitivity to these lipids. The results demonstrate that chemical shift based MR imaging is a powerful method for visualizing the seasonal variations in fat distribution, allowing storage fat to be distinguished from volatile fat based on their differences in hydrolytic stages. These findings underpin the potential of this imaging technique to obtain quantitative, accurate and non-invasive measures of tissue fat content.

Ectopic fat is defined by the deposition of triglycerides within cells of non-adipose tissue that normally contain only small amounts of fat. Over the past decade, magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used extensively for noninvasive quantification of intramyocellular, intrahepatocellular, and more recently myocardial and pancreatic lipids. In liver and muscle, triglyceride content usually correlates with whole-body and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity. However, fat mass and oxidative capacity influence this relationship, indicating that ectopic lipid content is not the only factor that explains insulin resistance. Ectopic lipids may rather serve as biomarkers of the balance between metabolic supply and demand in different states of insulin sensitivity. Consequently, ectopic lipid concentrations, particularly in the liver, decrease with lifestyle- or drug-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity.

Background Because dietary N-3 fatty acids reduce plasma triglycerides, they may also decrease hepatic triglyceride content. If so, N-3 fatty acids might constitute a therapy for fatty liver. Methods Twenty-two subjects were recruited into a study designed to test the effects of N-3 fatty acids on liver fat content. Seventeen completed the trial that had a sequential design of 4-week placebo followed by an 8-week treatment with 9 g/d of fish oil. Liver fat was measured during placebo and treatment by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compliance was assessed by capsule count at the end of each study phase and measurement of fatty acid composition in plasma triglyceride and phospholipid. Plasma lipoproteins and adiponectin were also measured. Results Treatment with fish oils reduced significantly levels of plasma triglyceride by 46% ( P Conclusions N-3 fatty acids at high doses lower plasma triglyceride levels, but there are no significant decreases in hepatic content of triglyceride for the group as a whole. Whereas the triglyceride lowering is uniform, the liver response is more variable.