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Based on the reported research, hydroxyl radicals can be rapidly transformed into carbonate radicals in the carbonate–bicarbonate buffering system in vivo. Many of the processes considered to be initiated by hydroxyl radicals may be caused by carbonate radicals, which indicates that lipid peroxidation initiated by hydroxyl radicals can also be caused by carbonate radicals. To date, theoretical research on reactions of hydrogen abstraction from and radical addition to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of carbonate radicals has not been carried out systematically. This paper employs (3Z,6Z)-nona-3,6-diene (NDE) as a model for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Density functional theory (DFT) with the CAM-B3LYP method at the 6-311+g(d,p) level was used to calculate the differences in reactivity of carbonate radicals abstracting hydrogen from different positions of NDE and their addition to the double bonds of NDE under lipid solvent conditions with a dielectric constant of 4.0 (CPCM model). Grimme's empirical dispersion correction was taken into account through the D3 scheme. The energy barrier, reaction rate constants, internal energy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy changes in these reactions were calculated With zero-point vibrational energy (ZPVE) corrections. The results indicated that carbonate radicals initiate lipid peroxidation primarily through hydrogen abstraction from diallyl carbon atoms. The reaction of hydrogen abstraction from diallyl carbon atoms exhibits the highest reaction rate, with a reaction rate constant approximately 43-fold greater than the second-ranked hydrogen abstraction from allyl carbon atoms. This process has the lowest energy barrier, internal energy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy changes, indicating that it is also the most spontaneous process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne time-domain electromagnetic (ATEM) which is suitable for large-scale exploration in complex terrain areas is a high-efficiency, flexible geophysical investigation technique widely applied in various fields of work with broad application prospects. It is difficult to carry out ground geophysical exploration because of the great human disturbance in the study area. By applying ATEM in the air, together with ground geophysical investigation efforts, we were able to greatly improve the hydrogeological research degree of the area and provide useful geophysical data for the fundamental geological research there. The observation system used in our study was an AeroTEM-IV system. The survey data were converted into conductivity depth information, which was used together with existing geological data to examine the electrical structure of the area. By the hydrogeological logging interpretation result, we validated the reliability of the AEM data; comprehensive interpretation was also conducted using airborne magnetic (AM) data to improve the accuracy of the interpretation result. After converting the data across the area, we yielded a three-dimensional data body representing the electrical distribution in the area, with which we inferred the Quaternary formation thickness and aquifer distribution there. Our research and interpretation results confirm that ATEM can be used as a useful means for hydrogeological survey and fundamental geological investigation. It is an effective supplement to ground geophysical exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrated that Enteromorpha biochar with introduced iron (SFB900-3) could activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) efficiently for NTP remediation. It removed 83.9%–95.1% of NTP in 60 min under a wide pH range from 3.15 to 8.95. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the synergistic relationship between internal Fe single atoms and introduced Fe compounds—Fe3C. The adsorption capacity of SFB900-3 for persulfate improved from −0.953 eV to −4.214 eV, and the Bader charge analysis showed that Fe atoms as active sites (0.658 e) enhanced the adsorption capacity more than carbon (0.050 e). Moreover, the energy barrier for PMS dissociation reduced from 0.072 eV to −5.372 eV due to the longer length of O–O bond under the synergistic effect of Fe single atom and Fe3C which increased from 1.467 Å to 3.890 Å. The quenching experiment confirmed that 1O2 was the main active substance in NTP degradation and its contribution rate was 88.2%, which was further verified by EPR detection. The effect factor experiments proved that the SFB900-3/PMS system had stable and efficient activity for NTP removal, which remained at 73.6% removal rate after three rounds of tests. This work provided novel guidance for constructing efficient and stable biochar-based materials for organic pollutant remediation. Highlights: Improved PMS activation by synergy of single Fe atom and Fe3C was proposed. Variations in electron distribution and energy barrier enhance PMS activation The prepared SFB900 exhibited excellent stability. The degradation pathways of nitenpyram were explained in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The synergistic effect of enhanced electron-donating, and piezoelectricity. • Catalyst/PMS system under piezoelectric potential are calculated by DFT. • l -Cysteine enhanced biochar's hydrophilicity and electron donating ability. • Singlet oxygen dominated on atrazine removal. In this study, pyrolysis and hydrothermal methods were used for Enteromorpha biochar that was co-modified with l -cysteine and barium titanate (LBCBa). It has great environmental tolerance and can remove 93.0 % of atrazine (ATZ, 10 mg·L−1) within 60 mins of ultrasonic treatment. The enhanced hydrophilicity, electron-donating capability, and piezoelectricity of LBCBa are considered to induce excellent performance. The apparent reaction rate of the LBCBa-2/PMS/ATZ system with ultrasonic was 2.87 times that without ultrasonic. The density functional theory points out that, introducing l -cysteine to carbon edges improves the adsorption of ATZ and peroxymonosulfate (PMS), making PMS easier to activate. This work offered unique insights for fabricating effective catalysts and demonstrated the combination of hydrophilic functional groups and piezoelectricity in improving catalytic performance and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available method based on statistical principles for aggregating hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) possibility distribution is the N -two-stage algorithmic aggregation paradigm driven by the K -means clustering (N2S-KMC). Nonetheless, the N2S-KMC method is subject to two significant limitations. (i) The grouping technique is capable of effectively partitioning decision-making information into N groups. However, it does not determine the appropriate placement of members within each group, as the number of computations is dependent on the number of elements present in each group, rather than the elements themselves. (ii) The initial clustering centers of K -means clustering are chosen without adhering to the distribution law within the aggregated hesitant 2-tuple linguistic terms set (H2TLTS) possibility distribution. This may result in a reduction in the clustering performance. In order to address the aforementioned limitations, we suggest two enhancement techniques for the former. Firstly, we propose the utilization of the minimum average difference (MAD) method to ascertain the number of groups. This approach aims to reduce the time required for the initial stage of aggregation following grouping. Secondly, we recommend the implementation of the maximize compactness degree of inter-group grouping (MCDIGG) method. This method enables the identification of group members, resulting in a more concentrated distribution of data subsequent to grouping. The present study suggests the utilization of MAD and MCDIGG techniques as a substitute for the grouping approach in the N2S-KMC model. This leads to the development of a new algorithm, IN2S-DO-KMC, wherein the data is partitioned into K subsets in a descending order to determine the initial center for KMC. Furthermore, with respect to the issue present in the subsequent phase, we propose the utilization of the density canopy (DC) algorithm to perform pre-clustering of the data and produce the initial clustering center and the quantity of clusters for the K -means algorithm. Subsequently, a refined version of the N2S-KMC model, denoted as IN2S-DC-KMC, has been suggested. Ultimately, an empirical study is conducted to assess the validity and practicability of the proposed framework for evaluating failure modes in medical devices. The outcomes are evaluated with regards to the efficacy of the algorithm, the numerical dispersion, and the pragmatic ramifications. • We propose the MAD method that determines the number of groups for the aggregated HFLTS possibility distributions. • We propose the MCDIGG method that determines member of each group with HFLTS possibility distributions. • We apply an improved density canopy clustering algorithm to the K-means clustering algorithm for pre-clustering process. • We propose a measure to predict the degree of compactness after data aggregated in different grouping cases. • We propose two aggregation algorithms, IN2S-DO-KMC and IN2S-DC-KMC, for HFLTS possibility distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Shengli fault depression, Tangyuan fault basin, and northern Songliao Basin in Yitong-Yilan fault zone of Heilongjiang province are considered the research areas for geothermal anomaly. Based on the temperature of the deep thermal reservoir, the hydrothermal fluid channel, caprock thickness, and the mode of heat transfer, which are the main factors controlling the geothermal reservoir formation, we examined geothermal resource system of the underground HDR in this area. First, we inversed the aeromagnetic data, calculated the Curie isotherm depth, analyzed the geothermal distribution characteristics, and estimated the temperature of the deep heat source. Second, we applied the controlled source audio frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) and magnetotelluric (MT) methods to obtain the deep electrical structure of the study area. We determined the thickness of the caprock and the hydrothermal fluid channel. Finally, we obtained the borehole geothermal steady-state temperature measurement data and water sample chemical analysis data from the logging temperature curves of 24 wells to infer the mode of heat transfer. Based on the results, we built a model of the geothermal system of the sedimentary basin in this area. The results show that the depth of Curie isotherm in the study area is 17–39 km. The resistivity of sedimentary caprock in the north of Songliao basin is low, and there exists a deep heat source, which is mainly thermal convection. In contrast, in Shengli and Tangyuan fault basins, heat conduction is dominant. Based on the geothermal system model, we conclude that the area from Daqing to Lindian in Songliao basin has a thermal-convection-dominated sedimentary basin geothermal system. Heat exchange is realized by the upwelling of mantle-derived thermal materials through fracture channels. The thick sedimentary caprock reduces the heat loss. It can be a target for sustainable development and utilization of HDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint inversion based on a correlation constraint utilizes a linear correlation function as a structural constraint. The linear correlation function contains a denominator, which may result in a singularity as the objective function is optimized, leading to an unstable inversion calculation. To improve the robustness of this calculation, this paper proposes a new method in which a sinusoidal correlation function is employed as the structural constraint for joint inversion instead of the conventional linear correlation function. This structural constraint does not contain a denominator, thereby preventing a singularity. Compared with the joint inversion method based on a cross-gradient constraint, the joint inversion method based on a sinusoidal correlation constraint exhibits good performance. An application to actual data demonstrates that this method can process real data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, high-valent iron oxo species (Fe(IV)) have shown considerable promise. However, an improved solution is needed for the bottleneck of unsatisfactory electron transfer efficiency in Fe-based catalyst/PMS systems. In this study, Enteromorpha-derived biochar was pyrolyzed with iron and barium titanate (FeBCBa). Under ultrasonic treatment, it removes 94.5% of atrazine (10 mg/L) within 60 min, and is environmentally friendly. BaTiO 3 ′s piezoelectricity enhances Fe(IV) production in FeBCBa, resulting in superior performance. In the ultrasonic condition, the apparent reaction rate was 1.42 times higher than in the non-ultrasonic condition. Using density functional theory calculations, it can be shown that due to the Fe dopant, electrons in ATZ's LUMO are more easily transferred to the catalyst's HOMO, which is beneficial for ATZ removal. The results of this study provide new guidance for constructing stable and efficient catalysts for environmental remediation. [Display omitted] • The generation of Fe(IV) was enhanced by the piezoelectricity of BaTiO 3. • DFT calculations are used to fully comprehend the degradation of ATZ. • The toxicity of atrazine and its intermediates are detailed. • The electron transfer is described using the LUMO and HOMO of each component. • Biochar acts as a support for significantly reduced iron ions leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synergy of Co(IV) with piezoelectricity of BaTiO 3 was proposed. • DFT calculations are adopted for in-depth understanding of synergy. • Variation in energy barrier improve PMS activation. • Biochar as a supporting greatly reduced Co ion leaching. • The degradation pathway and toxicity of atrazine and intermediates are described. Co-based catalysts, especially the role of high-valent cobalt oxo species (Co(IV)) have made considerable progress in the field of the advanced oxidation process based on peroxymonosulfate. Nevertheless, the unsatisfactory efficiency drives to find of a suitable method to enhance the electron transfer for the improved performance of Co-based catalyst/PMS systems. Here, Enteromorpha-derived biochar modified with cobalt and barium titanate (CoBCBa) was prepared by pyrolysis. It can completely remove atrazine (10 mg/L) within 30 min under ultrasonic, and exhibited strong environmental tolerance. The superior performance of CoBCBa is attributed to the synergistic effect of Co(IV) and the piezoelectricity of BaTiO 3. The apparent reaction rate under the ultrasonic condition was 1.61 times higher than that non-ultrasonic condition. The density functional theory calculation indicates that the reduction of the energy barrier in the CoBCBa/PMS system is beneficial to the production of Co(IV). This work provides novel guidance for constructing piezoelectricity assisted high-valent cobalt oxo species to treat organic pollutants in environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conduct observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) to compare the ability of future satellite measurements of atmospheric methane columns (TROPOMI, GeoCARB, GEO-CAPE) for constraining methane emissions down to the 25 km scale through inverse analyses. The OSSE uses the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model 0.25° × 0.3125° grid resolution) in a 1-week simulation for the Southeast US with 216 emission elements to be optimized through inversion of synthetic satellite observations. Clouds contaminate 73-91 % of the viewing scenes depending on pixel size. Comparison of GEOS-Chem to TCCON surface-based methane column observations indicates a model transport error standard deviation of 12 ppb, larger than the instrument errors when aggregated on the 25 km model grid scale, and with a temporal error correlation of 6 hours. We find that TROPOMI (7 × 7 km2 pixels, daily return time) can provide a coarse regional optimization of methane emissions, and is highly sensitive to cloud cover. The geostationary instruments can do much better and are less sensitive to cloud cover, reflecting both their finer pixel resolution and more frequent observations. The information content from GeoCARB toward constraining methane emissions increases by 20-25 % for each doubling of the GeoCARB measurement frequency. Temporal error correlation in the transport model moderates but does not cancel the benefit of more frequent measurements for geostationary instruments. We find that GeoCARB observing twice a day would provide 70 % of the information from the nominal GEO-CAPE mission considered by NASA in response to the Decadal Survey of the US National Research Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluate how the coupled aerosol-chemistry-climate model SOCOL-AER represents the influence of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo on stratospheric aerosol loading, aerosol microphysical processes, radiative effects, and atmospheric chemistry. The aerosol module includes comprehensive sulfur chemistry and microphysics, in which the particle size distribution is represented by 40 size bins spanning radii from 0.39nm to 3.2μm. Radiative forcing is computed online using aerosol optical properties calculated according to Mie theory. SOCOL-AER simulations are compared with satellite and in situ measurements of aerosol parameters, temperature reanalyses, and ozone observations. In addition to the reference model configuration, we performed a series of sensitivity experiments looking at different processes affecting the aerosol layer. An accurate sedimentation scheme is found to be essential to prevent particles diffusing too rapidly to high and low altitudes. The aerosol radiative feedback and the use of a nudged quasi-biennial oscillation help to keep aerosol in the tropics and significantly affect the evolution of the stratospheric aerosol burden, which improves the agreement with observed aerosol mass distributions. Changes in the aerosol distribution affected by an inclusion of Van der Waals forces to the particle coagulation scheme suggest improvements in particle effective radius, although other parameters (such as aerosol longevity) deteriorate. Modification of the Pinatubo emission rate also improves some aerosol parameters, while worsens others compared to observations. Observations themselves are highly uncertain and render it difficult to conclusively judge the necessity of further model reconfiguration. In conclusion, our results show that SOCOL-AER is capable of predicting the most important global-scale atmospheric and climate effects following volcanic eruptions, which is also a prerequisite for improved understanding of anthropogenic effects from sulfur emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Improved activity by synergy of Z-scheme and piezoelectricity was firstly proposed. • The promotion mechanism of piezoelectricity on dual Z-scheme is explained. • The prepared material has strong anti-interference ability. • The degradation path of nitenpyram is explained in detail. • The toxicity of NTP's intermediate products was also analyzed. A highly active catalyst AgI/Ag 3 PO 4 /BaTiO 3 with the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and piezoelectricity was prepared, which can remove 100 % of Nitenpyram (NTP) in a wide pH range within 10 min. This piezo-photocatalyst AgI/Ag 3 PO 4 /BaTiO 3 with dual Z-scheme shows a higher NTP degradation rate than their mono-material and binary composites. The apparent rate constant of AgI/Ag 3 PO 4 /BaTiO 3 in NTP removal is 2.12 times higher than the second-performing catalyst. In the quenching experiment, h+ and ·O 2 – were observed to be the main active substance in NTP degradation and the former contributes the most. The dual Z-scheme mechanism and the built-in electric field are both beneficial for the separation of electron-hole pairs, as well as the extension of the photo-generated carrier lifetime. At last, the effect factor experiments proved that the prepared AgI/Ag 3 PO 4 /BaTiO 3 catalyst owns stable and efficient activity. This work provides novel guidance for the construction of highly efficient and stable piezo-photocatalytic heterojunction catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the latest aeromagnetic geological data of continental China. We discuss the latest achievements in geological mapping and the newly detected features based on aeromagnetic data. Using aeromagnetic data collected for more than 50 years, a series of 1:5000000 and 1:1000000 aeromagnetic maps of continental China were compiled using state-of-the-art digital technology, and data processing and transformation. Guided by plate tectonics and continental dynamics, rock physical properties, and magnetic anomalies, we compiled maps of the depth of the magnetic basement of continental China and the major geotectonic units, and presented newly detected geological structures based on the aeromagnetic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new automatic method for the interpretation of potential field data, called the RDAS-Euler method, which is based on Euler's deconvolution and analytic signal methods. The proposed method can estimate the horizontal and vertical extent of geophysical anomalies without prior information of the nature of the anomalies (structural index). It also avoids inversion errors because of the erroneous choice of the structural index N in the conventional Euler deconvolution method. The method was tested using model gravity anomalies. In all cases, the misfit between theoretical values and inversion results is less than 10%. Relative to the conventional Euler deconvolution method, the RDAS-Euler method produces inversion results that are more stable and accurate. Finally, we demonstrate the practicability of the method by applying it to Hulin Basin in Heilongjiang province, where the proposed method produced more accurate data regarding the distribution of faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To simulate the monitoring process of an intelligent vehicle in automatic driving, firstly, the authors suggested a road model whose boundary consists of two approximate isometric curves. Secondly, this paper proposed a way for searching satisfying rectangular safe neighborhoods (RSN) in the road with a nonlinear programming method. Moreover, it costructed a simulation model with some obstacles in road by mutation of road boundary. Finally, it simulated that searching process of RSN and driving process for the intelligent vehicle based on the RSN in different roads. Simulation results show that, the method can plan driving route in unknown environments in real time, and deal with unexpected obstacles and other problems effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we define a new type of decoherent quantum random walk with parameter 0≤ p≤1, which becomes a unitary quantum random walk (UQRW) when p=0 and an open quantum random walk (OQRW) when p=1, respectively. We call this process a partially open quantum random walk (POQRW). We study the limiting distribution of a POQRW on Z subject to decoherence on coins with n degrees of freedom. The limiting distribution of the POQRW converges to a convex combination of normal distributions, under an eigenvalue condition. A Perron-Frobenius type of theorem is established to determine whether or not a POQRW satisfies the eigenvalue condition. Moreover, we explicitly compute the limiting distributions of characteristic equations of the position probability functions when n=2 and 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, in-situ N -doped Enteromorpha prolifera derived magnetic biochar (MBC) was prepared by loading Fe 3 O 4. It can effectively activate peroxodisulfate (PDS) to degrade tetracycline (TC) and easy recycling. The removal rate of TC reached 87.2%, and its possible degradation pathway was revealed through a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer. This work first proposes the mechanism of in-situ N -doping and Fe synergistic effect on PDS activation. Unlike the well-reported role of N doping in activating PDS, except for the edge pyridine N plays a significant role in the activation of PDS. After the load of Fe, the synergistic effect of Fe and graphite N induces a non-radical path dominated by singlet oxygen (1O 2) due to the excellent electron transfer function. Through chemical quenching experiment, electron spin detection, and electrochemical analysis, the mechanism of PDS activation by MBC was thoroughly investigate. This research will deepen the understanding of the mechanism of transition metals and carbon materials in synergistically driving PDS activation, and guide biochar-mediated PDS activation in environmental remediation. [Display omitted] • The important role of graphite N in the non-radical pathway was firstly proposed. • The synergy of Fe and N -doping enhanced PDS activation was firstly proposed. • The synergy improved electron transfer to induce 1O 2. • Using natural biomass to achieve environment conversation and resource recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PDI-g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 (CPH) has been fabricated via multiscale modification strategy. • CPH exhibited excellent photocatalytic atrazine removal efficiency. • The mesoporous morphology of CPH enhanced the accessibility of contaminant. • The PDI decoration of CPH promoted light-harvesting and π-conjugation. • The construction of homojunction suppressed the recombination of photocarrier. Herein, PDI-g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 homojunction has been fabricated via the multiscale modification strategy to enhance photocatalytic atrazine degradation. The morphological scale modification was realized by multistep thermal condensation, where the released gas could act as templates to form the porous structure. The molecular scale modification was achieved by the pyromellitic diimide (PDI) decoration, which could distort the planar nanosheet to induce a porous structure and provide more chromophores for better light absorption. The electronic scale modification was realized by the built-in electric field between the PDI-g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 homojunction interfaces, which suppressed the recombination of photocarriers. The PDI-g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 strengthened photocatalytic atrazine degradation was well-adapted to different environmental influence interference. The optimum atrazine degradation rate within one hour reached 90% in a strong acidic condition (pH = 3.09). It was found that the highly pH-dependent ATZ removal is related to the H 2 O 2 generation during photocatalysis. Within one hour, the PDI-g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 could generate 147.38 μM H 2 O 2. In addition, 1 O 2 ,  · O 2 - , h+, and  · O H were found to have contributed to the ATZ decomposition. During photocatalysis, 14 intermediates and three pathways for atrazine degradation have been found. Hopefully, this study could pave a way for the development of the multiscale modification for the photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PDI-g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 (CPH) has been fabricated via multiscale modification strategy. • CPH exhibited excellent photocatalytic atrazine removal efficiency. • The mesoporous morphology of CPH enhanced the accessibility of contaminant. • The PDI decoration of CPH promoted light-harvesting and π-conjugation. • The construction of homojunction suppressed the recombination of photocarrier. Herein, PDI-g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 homojunction has been fabricated via the multiscale modification strategy to enhance photocatalytic atrazine degradation. The morphological scale modification was realized by multistep thermal condensation, where the released gas could act as templates to form the porous structure. The molecular scale modification was achieved by the pyromellitic diimide (PDI) decoration, which could distort the planar nanosheet to induce a porous structure and provide more chromophores for better light absorption. The electronic scale modification was realized by the built-in electric field between the PDI-g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 homojunction interfaces, which suppressed the recombination of photocarriers. The PDI-g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 strengthened photocatalytic atrazine degradation was well-adapted to different environmental influence interference. The optimum atrazine degradation rate within one hour reached 90% in a strong acidic condition (pH = 3.09). It was found that the highly pH-dependent ATZ removal is related to the H 2 O 2 generation during photocatalysis. Within one hour, the PDI-g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 could generate 147.38 μM H 2 O 2. In addition, 1 O 2 ,  · O 2 - , h+, and  · O H were found to have contributed to the ATZ decomposition. During photocatalysis, 14 intermediates and three pathways for atrazine degradation have been found. Hopefully, this study could pave a way for the development of the multiscale modification for the photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic refractory wounds are one of the complications of diabetes mellitus that require effective therapy. The dermal-wound-healing property of IL-33 in diabetics is little understood. Therefore, this study aimed to express recombinant humanized mature IL-33 (rhmatIL-33) in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and demonstrate its efficacy on dermal wounds in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and nondiabetic mice by the dorsal incisional skin wound model. Results revealed that the rhmatIL-33 accelerated the scratch-healing of keratinocytes and fibroblasts at the cellular level. The wounds of diabetic mice (DM) showed more severe ulceration and inflammation than wild-type mice (WT), and the exogenous administration of rhmatIL-33 increased wound healing in both diabetic and wild-type mice. Compared with the up-regulation of endogenous IL-33 mRNA after injury in WT mice, the IL-33 mRNA decreased after injury in DM mice. Exogenous IL-33 administration increased the endogenous IL-33 mRNA in the DM group but decreased the IL-33 mRNA expression level of the WT group, indicating that IL-33 plays a balancing role in wound healing. IL-33 administration also elevated ILC2 cells in the wounds of diabetic and non-diabetic mice and improve the transcript levels of YM1, a marker of M2 macrophages. In conclusion, Hyperglycemia in diabetic mice inhibited the expression of IL-33 in the dermal wound. Exogenous addition of recombinant IL-33 promoted wound healing in diabetic mice by effectively increasing the level of IL-33 in wound tissue, increasing ILC2 cells, and accelerating the transformation of macrophage M1 to M2 phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the surgical outcome of a universal pedicle screw-V rod system and isthmic bone grafting for isthmic spondylolysis. Methods: Twenty-four patients with isthmic spondylolysis at L5 and grade 0–I spondylolisthesis (Meyerding classification) received isthmic bone graft and stabilization using the universal pedicle screw-V rod system. Back pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) and time to bone healing, improvement in spondylolisthesis and intervertebral space height at L5/S1 and L4/L5 were assessed. Results: Twenty-one patients were followed up for 24 months and included in the analysis. Back pain was markedly improved at 3 months postoperatively with a statistical difference in VAS scores compared with preoperative VAS scores (P<0.001). The VAS scores were 0 to 3 at 6 months postoperatively in all patients and no back pain was reported in all patients except 2 patients who complained of back pain after prolonged sitting. X-ray examination showed a bone graft healing time of 3 to 12 months. Grade I spondylolisthesis improved to grade 0 in 4 patients and no noticeable change was observed in the remaining 17 cases. The intervertebral space height at L5/S1 was statistically increased (P<0.05) while no statistically significant change was seen at L4/L5. There was no statistically significant difference in the ROM of the intervertebral disks of L5/S1 and L4/5 before and after surgery. Conclusions: The universal pedicle screw-V rod system and isthmic bone grafting directly repairs isthmic spondylolysis and reduces back pain, prevents anterior displacement of the diseased segment and maintains intervertebral space height, thus offering a promising alternative to current approaches for isthmic spondylolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of characteristics of traffic flow mixed pedestrians and vehicles, a multiobjective optimization model was proposed to tackle pedestrian-vehicle mixed evacuation problem under emergency situation. To solve this model, a modified multi-objective ant colony optimization algorithm was designed to minimize total evacuation time and maximize mixed road utilization of the whole road network simultaneously. The proposed model and algorithm were tested using a case integrated a stadium of Wuhan Sports Center (in China) and road network around it. Evacuation performances with different mixed proportion of pedestrians to vehicles were analyzed. The experimental results show that this model and algorithm are effective for evacuation problem with mixed traffic flow, and mixed evacuation results are better when the mixed ratio of pedestrian ranges from 50% to 80%, which offers decision support for planning pedestrian-vehicle mixed evacuation in large common place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The global distribution of the chemical composition of the lunar surface is an important factor helping us to understand the formation and evolution of the Moon. In this paper, formulas were established for deriving FeO, TiO2, Al2O3 and MnO abundances from Chang''E-1 (CE-1) Interference Imaging Spectrometer (IIM) data on the basis of the method “color ratio of UV/VIS and NIR/VIS versus VIS reflectance diagram” which was put forward by Lucey and Blewett. Global high-resolution maps (200m/pixel) of FeO, TiO2, Al2O3 and MnO were produced, and then compared qualitatively with results from Clementine UVVIS, Lunar Prospector (LP) Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) and Neutron Prospector (NS) data. The abundance ranges of the above four elements are 0–21.0wt%, 0–9.5wt%, 5.4–32.1wt%, and 0.015–0.28wt% respectively. The abundance range of FeO is consistent with the results from LP-GRS data reported by , and the abundance range of TiO2 is consistent with the results from LP-NS data reported by Elphic et al. (2002). Relative abundance distributions of FeO and TiO2 from Clementine and IIM data are slightly different from those from LP-GRS and LP-NS data. In map from the LP-GRS data, FeO abundances are the highest at Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Imbrium. However, in the map from CE-1 IIM data they are the highest at Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Tranquillitatis. Although the spatial resolution of these maps is high, caution must be taken when the maps in this paper are used at the crater scale because they suffer from errors owing to topographically induced shading. In future work, a high-accuracy DEM from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data coupled with a photometric model can probably be used to resolve this problem. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a zwitterionic lysophospholipid generated by the sphingosine kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of sphingosine. A number of the biological effects of S1P are mediated by its binding to five specific G protein-coupled receptors located on the cell surface or intracellular targets. However, the synthesis and secretion of S1P require release out of cells for binding with receptors by certain transporters and carriers. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is an important carrier of S1P in the blood, but the mechanism by which it does so is unclear. This review discusses the mechanism how S1P is transported, and focuses particularly on how the formation of HDL-associated S1P (HDL-S1P) is mediated by certain transporters and carriers. A hypothesis that the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ABCG1, and scavenger receptor class B memberI (SR-BI) play pivotal roles in HDL-S1P formation is also described. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a major public health threat leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant virus strains highlights the urgent need to develop novel antiviral drugs with alternative modes of action. Pentagalloylglucose (PGG), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities. In this study, we found that PGG has anti-influenza-virus activity, and investigated its possible mechanism(s) of action in vitro. Both pre-incubation of virus prior to infection and post-exposure of infected cells with PGG significantly inhibited virus yields. Influenza-virus-induced hemagglutination of chicken red blood cells was inhibited by PGG treatment, suggesting that PGG can inhibit IAV infection by interacting with the viral hemagglutinin. PGG did not affect viral protein synthesis or nuclear transport of viral nucleoprotein (NP) but greatly reduced plasma membrane accumulation of NP protein at the late stage of the replication cycle. Furthermore, PGG significantly reduced virus budding and progeny virus release from infected cells. This study revealed for the first time that PGG can inhibit IAV replication with a dual mode of action and offers new insights into its underlying mechanisms of antiviral action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We consider the Cramér–Lundberg model with investments in an asset with large volatility, where the premium rate is a bounded nonnegative random function and the price of the invested risk asset follows a geometric Brownian motion with drift and volatility . It is proved by Pergamenshchikov and Zeitouny that the probability of ruin, , is equal to , for any initial endowment , if and the distribution of claim size has an unbounded support. In this paper, we prove that if without any assumption on the positive claim size. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: The association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms to the lumbar degenerative disc disease has been previously studied; however, the role of VDR gene polymorphisms in cervical spondylosis remains unknown. Methods: One hundred fifty four patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and 156 controls were enrolled. The clinical characteristics were collected and the severity of cervical spondylotic myelopathy was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The VDR polymorphism genotyping was performed. Results: No significant difference in clinical characteristics was noted between the case and controls. For ApaI polymorphism, the cases had a marked higher prevalence of AA genotype (19.5% vs. 8.3%, P =0.003) and A allele frequencies (34.4% vs. 22.4%, P <0.001) than controls. For TaqI polymorphism, the cases had a significant higher prevalence of TT genotype (67.5vs. 44.2%, P <0.001) and T allele frequencies (76.9% vs. 54.2%, P <0.001) than controls. The odds ratio for CSM was 2.88 for the ApaI A allele carriers and 4.67 for the TaqI T allele carriers. The TaqI genotypes, both TT and TC showed a markedly higher MRI severity grading level than CC genotype (both P <0.01, compared with CC genotype). Conclusion: Certain VDR polymorphism is related in the presence and severity of CSM in Chinese subjects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS continues to spread worldwide, and most of the HIV-infected people living in developing countries have little or no access to highly active antiretroviral therapy. The development of efficient and low-cost microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of HIV should be given high priority because there is no vaccine available yet. Cyanovirin-N (CVN) is an entry inhibitor of HIV and many other viruses, and it represents a new generation of microbicide that has specific and potent activity, a different mechanism of action, and unusual chemicophysical stability. In vitro and in vivo antiviral tests suggested that the anti-HIV effect of CVN is stronger than a well-known gp120-targeted antibody (2G12) and another microbicide candidate, PRO2000. CVN is a cyanobacteria-derived protein that has special structural features, making the artificial production of this protein very difficult. In order to develop an efficient and relatively low-cost approach for large-scale production of recombinant CVN to satisfy medical use, this protein has been expressed in many systems by trial and error. Here, to summarize the potential and remaining challenges for the development of this protein into an HIV prevention agent, the progress in the structural mechanism determination, heterologous production and pharmacological evaluation of CVN is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of cationic fluorine-containing amphiphilic graft copolymers P(HFMA-St-MOTAC)-g-PEG comprising poly(hexafluorobutyl methacrylate) (PHFMA) poly(methacryl oxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride) (PMOTAC) polystyrene (PSt) backbones and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains are synthesized as a type of non-viral gene vector. The copolymers self-assemble into spherical micelles in the aqueous media and turbidity and cytotoxicity measurements show that those micelles have excellent dispersive stability and low cytotoxicity. The interactions between the copolymers and calf-thymus DNA are studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and viscosity. The former discloses electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bonding in the copolymer/DNA system, whereas the latter indicates that these graft copolymers can bind DNA via the electrostatic and classical intercalation modes. The DNA-binding capacity determined by the gel retardation assay and UV–visible spectrophotometry shows that the copolymers have good binding capacity to DNA and a high charge density or HFMA content in the copolymers bode well for DNA-binding. Transmission electron microscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy, and zeta potential data reveal that stable colloidal complexes (particles) can form easily between the copolymer micelles and DNA. Our results suggest that the copolymers are a promising non-viral vector in a gene delivery system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background and Purpose: Many bromopyrrole compounds have been reported to have in vitro antineoplastic activity. In a previous study, we isolated N-(4, 5-dibromo-pyrrole-2-carbonyl)-L-amino isovaleric acid methyl ester (B6) from marine sponges. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antineoplastic activity of B6 and its potential mechanism.Experimental Approach: The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to determine the in vitro antineoplastic activity of B6. Flow cytometry, western blot analysis and morphological observations were used to investigate its mechanism of action. A mouse xenograft model was used to determine its in vivo activity.Key Results: B6 inhibited the proliferation of various human cancer cells in vitro, with highest activity on LOVO and HeLa cells. B6 also exhibited significant growth inhibitory effects in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. Acute toxicity analysis suggested that B6 has low toxicity. B6-treated cells arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and had an increased fraction of sub-G1 cells. In addition, the population of Annexin V-positive/propidium iodide-negative cells increased, indicating the induction of early apoptosis. Indeed, B6-treated cells exhibited morphologies typical of cells undergoing apoptosis. Western blotting showed cleaved forms of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in cells exposed to B6. Moreover, B6-promoted Ca(2+) release and apoptosis was associated with elevated intracellular Ca(2+)concentration.Conclusions and Implications: B6 has significant antineoplastic activity in vitro as well as in vivo. It inhibits tumour cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. With its low toxicity, B6 represents a promising antineoplastic, primary compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been identified as a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV. The development of rapid screening assays is essential for antiviral drug discovery. By using a cell line expressing a SARS-CoV subgenomic replicon, we developed a high-throughput assay and used it to screen small molecule compounds for inhibitors of SARS-CoV replication in the absence of live virus. The assay system involves minimal manipulation after assay set-up, facilitates automated read-out and minimizes risks associated with hazardous viruses. Based on this assay system, we screened 7035 small molecule compounds from which we identified 7 compounds with anti-SARS-CoV activity. We demonstrate that the compounds inhibited SARS-CoV replication-dependent GFP expression in the replicon cells and reduced SARS-CoV viral protein accumulation and viral RNA copy number in the replicon cells. In a SARS-CoV plaque reduction assay, these compounds were confirmed to have antiviral activity. The target of one of the hit compounds, C12344, was validated by the generation of resistant replicon cells and the identification of the mutations conferring the resistant phenotype. These compounds should be valuable for developing anti-SARS therapeutic drugs as well as research tools to study the mechanism of SARS-CoV replication. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The important role of pore accessibility was studied. • The bigger specific surface area does not always mean higher adsorption capacity. • Simultaneous treatment of Enteromorpha prolifera and butachlor hazards. • The prepared biochar can recycle utilization for butachlor removal. In this work, Enteromorpha prolifera derived magnetic biochar (MBC) is prepared for the removal of butachlor (BTR) and characterized. The NaOH added during the magnetic loading process has an activating effect and enhancing the accessibility of the pores. Based on the BET result, the importance of pore accessibility rather than the specific surface area has been proposed. The maximum adsorption capacity of BTR for MBC is 158.5 mg/g. Then, the batch experiment shows that the adsorption of MBC to BTR fitted with the quasi-second-order kinetic model. The effect factors on the BTR removal were studied. Through the result of BET, Raman, XPS and FT-IR, the mechanism of MBC adsorption of butachlor was explored. After 3 cycles, the prepared MBC has a negligible reduction in the removal capacity of BTR, which provides a reference scheme for the large-scale application of Enteromorpha prolifera and the water treatment of BTR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious infectious threat to public health. To create a novel trial vaccine and evaluate its potency, we attempted to generate a SARS inactivated vaccine using SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) strain F69 treated with formaldehyde and mixed with Al(OH)3. Three doses of the vaccine were used to challenge three groups of BALB/c mice. We found that the mice exhibited specific IgM on day 4 and IgG on day 8. The peak titers of IgG were at day 47 in low-dose group (1:19,200) and high-dose group (1:38,400) whereas in middle-dose group (1:19,200), the peak was at day 40. On day 63, the IgG levels reached a plateau. Neutralization assay demonstrated that the antisera could protect Vero-E6 cells from SARS-CoV''s infection. Analysis of the antibody specificity revealed that the mouse antisera contained a mixture of antibodies specifically against the structure proteins of SARS-CoV. Furthermore, the mouse antisera conferred higher amount of antibodies against protein N, polypeptide S4 and S2 than those of proteins M and 3CL. These findings suggest that the inactivated SARS-CoV could preserve its antigenicity and the inactivated vaccine can stimulate mice to produce high levels of antibodies with neutralization activity. Results also suggest that polypeptides originating from protein N or S might be a potential target for the generation of a recombinant SARS vaccine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Recent progress of high-valent metal-oxo species (HVMSs) in environmental catalysis is reviewed. • The characteristics, identification and verification methods of HVMSs are discussed in detail. • The applications of HVMSs in contaminant degradation, water splitting, and organic synthesis are introduced. • Suggestions and prospects for the future development of HVMS-driven catalytic systems are proposed. Advanced oxidation processes based on transition metals (TMs) have been extensively applied to eliminate organic contaminants from water bodies. In addition to the long-recognized radicals, another emerging class of reactive intermediates, high-valent metal-oxo species (HVMSs), have recently been discovered to participate in or even dominate the contaminant degradation during these TM-based catalytic processes. This paper systematically reviewed the latest research progress of HVMSs in the field of environmental catalysis in the past decade. The formation and importance of representative high-valent Fe(IV)/Fe(V), Co(IV), and Mn(V)/Mn(VI) intermediates as active oxidants in different catalytic systems for organics removal were mainly summarized, with detailed discussion on the characteristics of HVMSs (selective oxidation, strong anti-interference ability, and highly affected by solution pH). Then, we specifically introduced the identification and validation methods of HVMSs (including chemical probes, 18O isotope-labeling, spectroscopic techniques, density functional theory calculation, and kinetic modeling), while discussing the applicability and limitations of each method. Moreover, the applications of HVMSs in contaminant degradation, water splitting, and organic synthesis were further summarized. Finally, based on the analyses of the current shortcomings and challenges in this field, some suggestions and prospects for the future development of HVMS-driven catalytic processes were proposed. Overall, we hope this review can supply some reference and enlightenment for further research and practical applications of HVMSs in environmental remediation and energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Properties of biochars derived from common agriculture wastes were characterized. • Bamboo, coconut shell and sawdust-coal biochar have better performance. • Specific surface area of biochar played an important role on adsorption capacity. • Adsorption capacity increased with increasing in concentration and temperature. • The adsorption mechanism was discussed in detail. Biochar has acquired increasing attention in waste utilization and the treatment of environmental pollutants. In this study, the physicochemical properties of five types of biochars include straw biochar (SWB), coconut shell biochar (CSB), sawdust-coal biochar (SCB), bamboo biochar (BOB), rice husk biochar (RHB), and their adsorption of epoxiconazole (EPC) is discussed. The effects of initial concentration of EPC, solution temperature and pH level to these biochars were investigated. Besides, this work also analyzed the adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherm, and thermodynamics of EPC removal in five biochar. Freundlich isotherm shows that the adsorption capacity decreased in the order SCB > BOB > CSB > SWB > RHB. The removal efficiency of EPC by SCB, BOB and CSB are much higher than SWB and RHB, and SCB has the best performance in EPC removal. The adsorption capacity of SCB is 19.0 g/kg, and its removal rate is nearly 97 %. The adsorption capacity of RHB is only 10.8 g/kg, with the removal rate of about 51 %. According to the characterization results of BET, SEM, XRD, and FT-IR, it is speculated that the adsorption capacity of five biochars to EPC is closely related to the total pore volume and specific surface area (SSA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new regional models, denoted CLAS, of the Chinese lithospheric field, combining the long-wavelength information provided by satellite-derived models: CHAOS-6, MF7, LCS-1 and NGDC720, and an extremely high-quality compilation of 97 994 aeromagnetic survey data with 10 km × 10 km resolution for shorter wavelength. The models are estimated using a depleted basis of global spherical harmonic functions centred on China. CLAS models are determined include harmonic degrees up to 400. Although some accuracy of aeromagnetic data is lost in order to balance the consistent of two data sets, the results show that CLAS models have a high correlation with the satellite models at low-degree terms (degree correlation > 0.9) but with more power at high-degree terms, reflecting more features of the lithospheric field in continental China. Examples of improvement include Changbai mountains, Sichuan Basin and Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. CLAS models have good agreement (coherence > 0.9) with Chinese aeromagnetic data at wavelength down to about 100 km (corresponding to spherical harmonic degree n  = 400), filling the usual gap between satellite models and aeromagnetic data. Comparison with aeromagnetic data filtered at 100 km gives good agreement (correlation > 0.95). The residuals between CLAS models and aeromagnetic data are still large (rms > 70 nT), but with most of misfits arising from shorter wavelength fields that the model cannot fit at degree up to 400; such misfit could be reduced by increasing the model degree. We provide a geological example of how the inclusion of satellite data can change the geological conclusions that can be drawn from the magnetic information. However, the two data sets are not completely consistent, future models should start from a reanalysis of the aeromagnetic data and its line levelling to ensure consistency with the satellite model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The dual S-scheme Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 /C 3 N 4 heterojunction with interlaced lattice was constructed. • Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin was achieved in Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /Bi 2 WO 6 /C 3 N 4 heterojunction. • The fully blossomed flower-like structure promoted light harvesting and charge transfer. • The role of the interlaced lattice interface in the charge transfer mechanism was revealed. The internal electric field induced by the lattice interfaces in a heterojunction can facilitate charge transfer, thereby improving the photocatalytic performance. However, the details of the relationship between the lattice interfaces and the charge transfer mechanism in heterojunctions remain unclear. In this study, a Bi 2 WO 6 /Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 /C 3 N 4 heterojunction (BBC) with an interlaced lattice was prepared, and the role of the interlaced lattice in charge transfer was revealed. Compared to pristine Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 , Bi 2 WO 6, and C 3 N 4 , BBC exhibited an increased ciprofloxacin degradation rate constant (0.0573 min−1). A series of experiments were performed to reveal the role of the interlaced lattice interface in the enhanced photocatalytic performance. The results show that the driving force provided by the interlaced lattice interface changes the charge transfer mechanism from a dual Ⅱ-scheme to a dual S-scheme. This work provides profound insights into the effects of lattice interfaces in heterojunctions and the design of efficient photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Human endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is a leucine kinase receptor that is closely related to cell growth and differentiation. It is very weakly expressed in a few epithelial cells in normal tissue. Abnormal expression of HER2 usually leads to sustained activation of downstream signaling pathways, enabling epithelial cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation; this disturbs normal physiological processes and causes tumor formation. Overexpression of HER2 is related to the occurrence and development of breast cancer. HER2 has become a well-established immunotherapy target for breast cancer. We chose to construct a second-generation CAR targeting HER 2 to test whether it kills breast cancer. Methods: We constructed a second-generation CAR molecule targeting HER2, and we generated cells expressing this second-generation CAR through lentivirus infection of T lymphocytes. LDH assay and flow cytometry were perform to detect the effect of cells and animal models. Results: The result indicated that the CARHER2 T cells could selectively kill cells with high Her2 expression. The PBMC-activated/CARHer2 cells had stronger in vivo tumor suppressive activity than PBMC-activated cells, and administration of PBMC-activated/CARHer2 cells significantly improved the survival of tumor-bearing mice, and induced the production of more Th1 cytokines in tumor-bearing NSG mice. Conclusions: We prove that the generated T cells carrying the second-generation CARHer2 molecule could effectively guide immune effector cells to identify and kill HER2-positive tumor cells and inhibit tumors in model mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We define a special class of quantum operations we call Markovian and show that it has the same spectral properties as a corresponding Markov chain. We then consider a convex combination of a quantum operation and a Markovian quantum operation and show that under a norm condition its spectrum has the same properties as in the conclusion of the Perron-Frobenius theorem if its Markovian part does. Moreover, under a compatibility condition of the two operations, we show that its limiting distribution is the same as the corresponding Markov chain. We apply our general results to partially decoherent quantum random walks with decoherence strength $$0 \le p \le 1$$ . We obtain a quantum ergodic theorem for partially decoherent processes. We show that for $$0 < p \le 1$$ , the limiting distribution of a partially decoherent quantum random walk is the same as the limiting distribution for the classical random walk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The diagnostic gold standard for detecting NASH still relies upon an invasive pathological biopsy. There is, therefore, a need to identify non-invasive diagnostic markers. Oxidative stress mediates fatty liver progression to NASH. Imbalanced iron metabolism produces many reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ceruloplasmin is associated with oxidase and iron metabolism-related activities. The current study aimed to determine whether there was a correlation between ceruloplasmin levels and NASH and whether such a relationship may be associated with altered iron metabolism in NASH patients. Methods: A total of 135 NAFLD patients were enrolled in this study. A pathological biopsy confirmed that 60 of those patients had NAFLD activity scores (NAS) 5, while the remaining 75 had NAS<5. Results: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed that serum ceruloplasmin and ferritin levels were predictors of NAS 5 and NAS<5, with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.80 and 0.81, respectively. The serum ceruloplasmin levels in NAS 5 patients were significantly lower than those in NAS<5 patients (p<0.001). Serum ceruloplasmin levels were also negatively correlated with ferritin levels. Lower serum ceruloplasmin levels were associated with more severe histopathological findings. Conclusions: Low serum ceruloplasmin and high serum ferritin are correlated with NASH. A high concentration of serum ferritin is a viable clinical biomarker of NASH, and low serum ceruloplasmin may participate in the occurrence of NASH by regulating iron load, which can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic marker of NASH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difenoconazole is a triazole germicide that is usually applied to prevent fungal diseases on crops with high efficiency and safety. Jujube is a spiny Rhamnaceous plant that originated in China more than 4000 years ago and is extensively cultivated in northern China nowadays. To evaluate the safety of difenoconazole in jujube, supervised field trials were carried out in six provinces of China, and the final residue and dissipation behavior of difenoconazole on jujube were determined by gas chromatography (GC). The results showed that when addition levels were 0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg·kg−1, average recoveries of the aforementioned method for difenoconazole in jujube can be put into the range of 73–108%, and relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3–9%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for this method was 0.02 mg·kg−1. In the final residue test, difenoconazole was sprayed to deal with the jujube at 100 and 150 mg·kg−1 doses twice or three times, respectively, while the dissipation test was applied only once at a 150 mg·kg−1 dose. Final residue testing results have revealed that when jujube samples were harvested and tested at 7, 14, and 21 days post-application, difenoconazole residues in samples were 0.11–1.59, 0.05–0.77, 0.04–0.63 mg·kg−1, respectively. The dissipation testing results showed that the digestion process of difenoconazole in jujube tends to be a gradual reduction process and the dynamic regularity of the residue dissipation proves consistent with the first-order dynamics reaction equation. The half-life (t1/2) for difenoconazole residue dissipation in Qingdao and Yuncheng was 13.1 days and 16.5 days, respectively. The risk quotient (RQ) was 84.9% lower than 100%, showing that dietary intake risk to difenoconazole was acceptable and the maximum residue limit (MRL) of difenoconazole on jujube is recommended to be 2 mg·kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the underground coal gasification (UCG) process, a feasible method for the reduction of CO 2 emissions is to capture the CO 2 present in syngas and reinject it as one of the gasification agents, which is called CO 2 recycling. In this process, CO 2 partially replaces steam as a gasification agent, which is of particular importance in areas lacking sufficient water. To obtain a more accurate and generally applicable means of calculation, a modified equilibrium calculation method, which calculates UCG parameters in the presence of CO 2 in the gasification agent over two stages and then merges the resulting data, has been established. In addition, a suitable method for establishing optimal gasification agent parameters is proposed. Corresponding MATLAB™ routines were then compiled and applied to UCG gasification agent parameters optimisation simulations using data of Ankou coal. Calculation results indicated that CO 2 partially replaced steam, and that an increase in CO 2 concentration in the gasification agent enhanced the reduction reaction between CO 2 and hot coal. In addition, the reaction equilibrium temperature is a key factor in the process, with the temperature being influenced by the ratio of (steam + CO 2 ) to O 2 . Indeed, CO 2 is more efficient than steam at reducing the gasifier temperature. Finally, the composition of the gasification agents was optimised by simulations using pure O 2 -steam-CO 2 and air-steam-CO 2 mixture as the gasification agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is set to actively reduce its methane emissions in the coming decade. A comprehensive evaluation of the current situation can provide a reference point for tracking the country’s future progress. Here, using satellite and surface observations, we quantify China’s methane emissions during 2010–2017. Including newly available data from a surface network across China greatly improves our ability to constrain emissions at subnational and sectoral levels. Our results show that recent changes in China’s methane emissions are linked to energy, agricultural, and environmental policies. We find contrasting methane emission trends in different regions attributed to coal mining, reflecting region-dependent responses to China’s energy policy of closing small coal mines (decreases in Southwest) and consolidating large coal mines (increases in North). Coordinated production of coalbed methane and coal in southern Shanxi effectively decreases methane emissions, despite increased coal production there. We also detect unexpected increases from rice cultivation over East and Central China, which is contributed by enhanced rates of crop-residue application, a factor not accounted for in current inventories. Our work identifies policy drivers of recent changes in China’s methane emissions, providing input to formulating methane policy toward its climate goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans due to inactivation of the uricase determined by the mutated uricase gene. Uricase catalyzes the conversion of uric acid into water-soluble allantoin that is easily excreted by the kidneys. Hyperuricemia occurs when the serum concentration of uric acid exceeds its solubility (7 mg/dL). However, modifications to improve the uricase activity is under development for treating the hyperuricemia. Here we designed 7 types of human-porcine chimeric uricase by multiple sequence comparisons and targeted mutagenesis. An optimal human-porcine chimeric uricase mutant (uricase-10) with both high activity (6.33 U/mg) and high homology (91.45 %) was determined by enzyme activity measurement. The engineering uricase was further modified with PEGylation to improve the stability of recombinant protein drugs and reduce immunogenicity, uricase-10 could be more suitable for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia theoretically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by polymer carbon nitride (PCN) is hampered by the unpredictable movement and rapid recombination of photocarriers. In this study, niacin served as a beneficial modifier to help constructed the directional electron transfer pathway from the center to the edge in the synthesized PCN catalyst (UCNNA) for efficient PMS activation. The UCNNA/PMS/vis shows the highest kinetic constants (0.050 min−1), which is 2.9-fold increase over the PCN/PMS/vis. The experiments and theoretical calculations indicated that niacin as electron acceptor group prevents the recombination of photocarriers in-plane. Simultaneously, niacin can serve as PMS adsorption site, further facilitating electron transfer and the 1O 2 generation. Mass spectrometry analysis and Fukui index calculations confirm the priority of lateral chain oxidation (1O 2 attack site) during atrazine degradation. These results provide new insights into rational design of metal-free catalysts/PMS/vis system, as well as providing guidance and theoretical support for atrazine degradation mechanisms. [Display omitted] • The electron acceptor grafted PCN has been constructed by facile one-step thermopolymerization. • The electron acceptor nicotinic acid groups server as adsorption sites for PMS. • Electron transfer and 1O 2 in this system facilitate efficient degradation of ATZ. • The UCNNA/PMS/vis system has strong anti-interference ability. • The side chain of ATZ is preferentially attacked in this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional gasification parameters, such as cold gas efficiency, hot gas efficiency, or thermal efficiency, only evaluate the heat energy utilisation efficiency of gasifiers and do not take into account the gasification processes expending electricity and other types of energies. Therefore, the energy conversion efficiency cannot be assessed using these parameters. The calculation process on the energy conversion efficiency of underground coal gasification (UCG) is the basis for obtaining quantitative data of carbon emission reduction and establishing the carbon trading methodology of UCG. Moreover, the energy conversion efficiency both for surface coal gasification and UCG is a key research topic because it directly affects the economic and environmental benefits of gasification projects. This study proposed that two parameters, the integrated gasification efficiency ( hcom) and the hot gas integrated gasification efficiency ( [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nanometer-sized membranous particles shed by many types of cells and can transfer a multitude of cargos between cells. Recent studies of sEVs have been focusing on their potential to be novel drug carriers due to natural composition and other promising characteristics. However, there are challenges in sEVs-based drug delivery, one of which is the inefficient loading of drugs into sEVs, especially for large biomolecules. Results: In this study, we proposed a membrane-associated protein, milk fat globule–epidermal growth factor 8 protein (MFG-E8), to produce αvβ3-targeted sEVs with high delivery efficiency of interested protein. MFG-E8 is a secreted protein with NH2-terminal epidermal growth factor (EGF)–like domains, containing an Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD) sequence that binds αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins, and COOH terminal domains C1 and C2, which can bind to lipid membrane with strong affinity. Firstly, we transiently expressed MFG-E8 in HEK293F cells and found that this protein could be secreted and adhere to the cell membrane. The recombinant MFG-E8 is also found to locate at the outer membrane of sEVs. Then we generated engineered sEVs by expressing high levels of the EGFP fused to MFG-E8 in HEK293F cells and showed that MFG-E8 could increase the delivery efficiency of EGFP into sEVs. Further delivery of Gaussia luciferase (GL) by fusion expression with MFG-E8 in donor cells demonstrated that target proteins fused with MFG-E8 still kept their activity. Finally, we identified the sEVs' target to integrin αvβ3 by comparing the transfection efficiency with MFG-E8 loaded sEVs (MFG-E8-sEVs) in αvβ3 positive cells and αvβ3 negative cells. Analysis showed higher target protein could transfect into αvβ3 positive cells with MFG-E8-sEVs than with EGFP loaded sEVs (EGFP-sEVs), meaning the engineered sEVs with MFG-E8 not only could increase the delivery of target protein into sEVs, but also could target the αvβ3 positive cells. Conclusion: This study suggests that recombinant MFG-E8 is an ideal protein to increasingly deliver the drug into sEVs and give sEVs the ability to target the αvβ3 positive cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To construct Lorenz curves of high fitting precision, this paper put forward two single-parameter models for Lorenz curves. Furthermore, it constructed a set of extended Lorenz curves by means of ways of such as compound, the weighted product and the convex combination, etc. based on the two proposed models. An illustration example shows that, compared with utilizing the Lorenz curves of trigonometric forms or the Lorenz curves of Pareto distribution separately, the Lorenz curves generated by the combination the Lorenz curves of trigonometric forms and the Lorenz curves of Pareto distribution have higher fitting precision, which verify the Lorenz curves of trigonometric forms are effective extensions of the existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]