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Four new phenolic compounds, including two naphthalenes, musizin-8-O-β-D-(6'-O-malonyl-3''-methoxy)glucopyranoside (1) and 2-acetyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphtho-quinone-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), one chromone, (2'R)-7-hydroxy-2-(2'-hydroxypropyl)-5-methyl acetate chromone (3), and one xanthone, 2,8-dimethyl-3,6-dihydroxyxanthone (4) were isolated from the roots of Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae). In addition, five known including four naphthalenes (5-8) and one chromone (9) were also obtained. Their structures were determined by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis and acidic hydrolysis. Compound 1 showed moderate antifungal activity against Epidermophyton floccosum, with inhibitory rate of 39.539 ± 0.412% at a concentration of 100 μM., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors of the present manuscript have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The increasing insect resistance against Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins is a serious problem which makes it urgent to look for new eco-friendly strategies. Combining these toxins with other biomolecules is one of the promising strategies against insect pests. In this work, we evaluated the bioinsecticidal potential of Rumex tingitanus extracts and B. thuringiensis strain BLB250 against Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. The chemical composition of the hexane extract, the most active fraction, was analyzed to validate the correlation between chemical composition and biological activity. Among the tested extracts, only the hexanic extract showed toxicity against first and second instar larvae with LC 50 of 2.56 and 2.95 mg g -1 , respectively. The Bacillus thuringiensis BLB250 delta-endotoxins showed toxicity with an LC 50 of 56.3  μ g g -1 . Therefore, the investigated combinational effect of BLB250 delta-endotoxins and R. tingitanus hexane extract proved significant synergistic effect against S. littoralis larvae. The GC-MS analysis of R. tingitanus hexane extract showed the richness of this extract in phytosterols such as β and γ-sitosterol (48.91%), campesterol (6.43%), and β -amyrin (8.92%) which are known for their insecticidal activity. This novel finding highlights the potential use of this combination against insect pests to prevent the appearance of resistance problems.

The xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of aqueous and organic extracts of 27 selected species belonging in five genera (Fallopia, Oxyria, Persicaria, Polygonum and Rumex) of the family Polygonaceae occurring in the Carpathian Basin were tested in vitro. From different plant parts (aerial parts, leaves, flowers, fruits and roots), a total of 196 extracts were prepared by subsequent extraction with methanol and hot H2O and solvent-solvent partition of the MeOH extract yielding n-hexane, chloroform and 50% MeOH subextracts. It was found that the chloroform subextracts and/or the remaining 50% MeOH extracts of Fallopia species (F. bohemica, F. japonica and F. sachalinensis), Rumex species (R. acetosa, R. acetosella, R. alpinus, R. conglomeratus, R. crispus, R. hydrolapathus, R. pulcher, R. stenophyllus, R. thyrsiflorus, R. obtusifolius subsp. subalpinus, R. patientia) and Polygonum bistorta, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum lapathifolium and Polygonum viviparum demonstrated the highest XO inhibitory activity (>85% inhibition) at 400 µg/mL. The IC50 values of the active extracts were also determined. On the basis of the results, these plants, and especially P. hydropiper and R. acetosella, are considered worthy of activity-guided phytochemical investigations., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The CH2Cl2−MeOH (1:1) extract of roots of Rumex nepalensis (Polygonaceae) displayed significant antibacterial activity against five bacterial strains with MICs (62.5–31.2 μg.mL−1). The EtOAc soluble fraction displayed a significant activity against the same strains with MICs (31.2–3.9 μg.mL−1). The purification of the EtOAc fraction yielded one new phenylisobenzofuranone derivative, berquaertiide (1), along with 19 known compounds (2–20). Their structures were elucidated based on the analysis of their NMR and MS data. All the isolated compounds were assessed for their antibacterial activity. Compound 2 was the most active against all the tested strains (15.7 to 1.9 μg.mL−1), while compounds 3–7 displayed good activities on at least one of the tested strains. In addition, seven analogues (21–27) of compound 2 were prepared and further assessed for their antibacterial activity. Compounds 26 and 27 were most active than 2 against Salmonella enterica and Klebsiella pneumoniae with MIC (125 and 15.6 μg.mL−1, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical investigation of the rhyzomes of Rumex abyssinicus (Polygonaceae) afforded six anthraquinones viz chrysophanol (1), physcion (2), emodin (3), mixture of physcion-8-O-β,D-glucopyranoside (4) and chrypsophanol-8-O-β,D-glucopyranoside (5), and emodin-8-O-β,D-glucopyranoside (6). All the compounds were characterised and identified by comparison of their MS and NMR data with available literature data. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antileishmanial activity. Emodin (3) was the most active compounds with IC50 13.82 and 0.26 µg/mL against Leishmania donovani amastigotes and promastigotes, respectively. Emodin-8-O-β,D-glucopyranoside (6) also showed a moderate activity with IC50 27.53 and 37.08 µg/mL. This is the first report of antileishmanial compounds from R. abyssinicus and the antileishmanial activities of compounds 2, 4, 5 and 6 are here reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latin description validating the name of this new species and the designation of a holotype were published in the Addenda IV ("Diagnoses plantarum novarum in tomo V Florae URSS commemoratum") on page 716, and the epithet was cited as ' I thjanschanicus i '. 8b, Bot. 19: 11 (1935), not validly publ." (https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:697558-1) is cited as a synonym of the accepted name I R. thjanschanicus i (https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:697559-1). However, if these names are considered as referring to one species, the better-known name I R. tianschanicus i will be used, which will better serve the standardization and taxonomic stability for the increasingly popular and important hybrid dock cultivars. [Extracted from the article]

Genus Rumex belongs to the family Polygonaceae that is distributed worldwide and used in the treatment of different illnesses. Different parts of this plant are employed in the treatment of a number of ailments such as diarrhea, jaundice, hypertension, dermatopathy and inflammation. It was reported that they possess anti-oxidative, antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-cancer activities due to the presence of several phenolic constituents, anthraquinones and flavonoids such as rutin, luteolin and apigenin. Flavonoids play an important role against cardiovascular diseases by reducing oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. This article covers most of constituents of plants of genus Rumex reported from 2001 up to 2022. Furthermore, the biological activities of plants of genus Rumex are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumex abyssinicus showed strong cytotoxicity against HeLa cells (IC50 = 22.25 μg/mL) and weak cytotoxicity against PC3 and BJ cells with percent inhibition of 58.6, 25.8 and 29.7% at 30.0 μg/mL. It showed moderate antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger with a percent growth inhibition of 55.5% at 3000 µg/mL. It also strongly inhibited oxidative burst with IC50 value of 24.8 μg/mL. DCM (100%) and DCM: EtOAc (1:1) fractions showed strong cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, whilst pet ether: DCM (1:1) fraction showed strong cytotoxicity against PC3 cells with IC50 values of 29.3, 26.3 and 24.3 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the DCM: EtOAc (1:1) fraction inhibited ROS production with IC50 value of 18.8 μg/mL. Cytotoxic fractions afforded chrysophanol (1), physicon (2), emodin (3), citreorosein (4) and β-sitosterol (5). Among the isolated compounds, emodin (3) showed strong cytotoxicity against HeLa cells, whilst chrysphanol (1) and physicon (2) showed strong cytotoxicity against PC3 cells with IC50 values of 8.94, 22.5, and 28.5 µM, respectively. In addition, emodin (3) and citreorosein (4) showed strong inhibition against ROS production with an IC50 value of 16.2 and 38.2 μg/mL. The findings of this study suggest R. abyssinicus as a good candidate for cancer and inflammation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumex is one of about 50 genera in the knotweed family, Polygonaceae. The genus comprises about 200 species with bisexual, or more commonly, unisexual flowers, with the species displaying monoecious, dioecious, synoecious (hermaphroditic) or polygamous reproductive systems. Some of the dioecious species have heteromorphic sex chromosomes, which is rare amongst angiosperms. We here present a plastid phylogeny of 67 species, representing all four subgenera. For this study, we used three chloroplast markers, rbcL, trnH-psbA, trnL-F and dense taxon sampling to reconstruct the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Rumex to date. The reconstructed phylogeny for this work resolves six major clades and one large grade in Rumex subg. Rumex. In addition, the species with known dioecious reproductive systems are resolved within a broader clade we term "the dioecious clade". These results suggest that the species with divergent reproductive systems are more closely related to each other than to other species comprising the rest of the Rumex genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative analysis of Rumex nepalensis var. remotiflorus revealed that its roots contain rich anthraquinones, which has emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion contents of up to 0.30, 0.67, and 0.98 mg/g, respectively. Further phytochemical study led to the isolation and purification of seven undescribed phenolic constituents, including one flavan derivative with a 13-membered ring, polygorumin A (1), two dianthrone glucosides, polygonumnolides F and G (2 , 3), two diphenylmethanones, rumepalens A and B (4 , 5), and a pair of epimeric oxanthrone C -glucosides, rumejaposides K and L (6a , 6b) from the roots of R. nepalensis var. remotiflorus. Furthermore, 1 undescribed natural product, 1- β -D-glucoside-6′-[(2 E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate]-3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl (19), and 21 known phenolic compounds were obtained from the aforementioned plant for the first time. Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic data analysis. Notably, compounds 1 , 4 – 5 , and 7 – 9 exhibited inhibitory activity on α -glucosidase with IC 50 values ranging from 1.61 ± 0.17 to 32.41 ± 0.87 μM. In addition, the isolated dianthrone, chrysophanol bianthrone (14), showed obvious cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, and MDA-MB-231) with IC 50 values ranging from 3.81 ± 0.17 to 35.15 ± 2.24 μM. In silico target prediction and molecular docking studies demonstrated that the mechanism of the anticancer activity of 14 may be related to the interaction with protein kinase CK2. [Display omitted] • The chemical constituents of R. nepalensis var. remotiflorus were studied firstly. • Emodin, chrysophanol and physcion are major anthraquinones in the roots. • Seven undescribed phenols and one undescribed natural product were obtained. • Some isolates showed obvious inhibition on α -glucosidase and HL-60 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural hybridization between the native species Rumex madaio endemic to Japan and the congeneric invasive species R. obtusifolius, which frequently co‐occurs with R. madaio, was examined by molecular identification. At low frequencies, interspecific hybrids between the two species were confirmed using restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. Whereas these two species can hybridize because their flowering periods overlapped to some extent, the extremely low fertility of R. madaio caused by unknown genetic factors seemed to prevent extensive hybridization between these species. Population genetic analyses based on single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that there was a distinct population genetic structure in R. madaio, suggesting that local populations should be treated separately for genetic conservation of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecific hybridization has been suggested to occur frequently in Rumex (Polygonaceae). Several hypothesized combinations of parental species of hybrids based on their intermediate morphology have been suggested in the genus, but few of them have been phylogenetically tested. We analyzed nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data of a putative natural hybrid between Rumex crispus and Rumex obtusifolius from Korea to confirm its hybrid status and to determine the maternal parent. Analysis of the nuclear DNA pgiC region revealed that R. crispus and R. obtusifolius have contributed to the nuclear genome of the putative hybrids. The haplotype distribution pattern inferred from the combined sequence data set of five chloroplast DNA regions (matK, rbcL-accD IGS, trnK-rps16 IGS, ycf6-psbM IGS and psbA-trnH IGS) indicated bidirectional hybridization events between R. crispus and R. obtusifolius. This paper provides the first molecular evidence for interspecific hybridization between R. crispus and R. obtusifolius. In addition, our findings strongly suggested that Korean populations of Rumex japonicus have a hybrid origin, and R. crispus may represent one of the parental taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polygonaceae weed, Rumex dentatus L. grows in association with wheat, mustard and potato, while Polygonum glabrum Willd. grows in association with rice in India. Both larvae and adults of Galerucella placida Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) voraciously consume these weeds. Applications of synthetic herbicides to control weeds are harmful to the environment including beneficial organisms. We propose to find volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from both weeds causing attraction of the biocontrol agent, G. placida, in order to attempt to use the insect as a biological weed control. Behavioral responses of G. placida towards volatile blends characteristic of undamaged (UD), insect-damaged (ID), jasmonic acid-treated (JA) or mechanically-damaged (MD) plants were conducted by Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Cuminaldehyde was predominant in VOCs of UD R. dentatus, ID P. glabrum, and both JA and MD R. dentatus and P. glabrum. Geraniol was predominant in VOCs of UD P. glabrum, while 1,3-diethylbenzene predominated in VOCs of ID R. dentatus. Females were more attracted towards volatile blends of ID plants compared to UD or JA plants. Females did not show attraction towards volatile blends of JA plants. We identified two bioactive synthetics blends, one comprised of seven compounds – 16.65 µg 1,3-diethylbenzene, 10.72 µg acetophenone, 6.52 µg 2,6-(E,Z)-nonadienal, 2.46 µg 1-nonanol, 4.19 µg decanal, 9.86 µg 4-ethylacetophenone and 3.34 µg 1-hexadecene dissolved in 25 µl CH2Cl2 and the other containing five compounds – 2.50 µg 2-octanol, 6.84 µg limonene, 0.64 µg dodecane, 6.63 µg 4-ethylacetophenone and 0.24 µg geranyl acetone dissolved in 25 µl CH2Cl2. These two blends of volatile compounds could be used to attract the biocontrol agent during early vegetative period of these two weeds, which could lead to eradication of weeds from crop fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the palynomorphological features of pollen grains of Rumex scutatus (Polygonaceae) have been studied. Samples of flowers and pollen grains were found and collected during field expeditions by various plant individuals in the "Shebenik" National Park in Albania. Two methods have been used for the preparation of pollen slides: acetolysis according to Erdtman and basic fuchsine method according to Smoljaninova and Gollubkova. The Kisser method was used to fix the slides. The results obtained regarding the palynomorphological features and the size of pollen grains for Rumex scutatus have been studied for the first time in the albanian literature and they are compared with those of the other two species, Rumex pulcher and Rumex acetosella, previously studied by other authors. The study showed that the pollen grains of Rumex scutatus are monads with radial and isopolar symmetry. Their dimensions at the polar and equatorial axis and the dimensions of their colpi and pores are larger than those of Rumex acetosella but smaller than those of Rumex pulcher. The exine layer had a thickness of about 1.45 µm and was presented perforate, unlike that of Rumex acetosella (reticulate) and Rumex pulcher (microreticulate). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polygonaceae family includes 800 species of plants, mainly herbaceous, annual, or perennial. These plants are cultivated in temperate regions of the globe. One of the most popular genera of this family is Rumex. About 200 species of the genus are widespread throughout the world. Some species of Rumex are grown as vegetables, while others are used for their biologically active compounds in traditional medicine or pharmaceutical industry. The aerial parts, the leaves, or the roots of Rumex plants contain various biologically active compounds such as anthraquinones, naphthalenes, flavonoids, stilbenoids, triterpenes, carotenoids, phenolic acids, and vitamins. These biological compounds of Rumex plants are involved in certain diseases' treatment, like diabetes, infections, skin disorders, liver diseases, inflammation, etc. This study is reviewing the biological active compounds extracted from Rumex plants, their biochemical profile, as well as medical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study provides detailed information about Rumex kerneri Borbás in the flora of Bulgaria. The data about this species in the floristic literature is contradictory and uncompleted. The morphologically closely allied species R. cristatus DC. и R. patientia L. misleads in the determination of the species. Both species are used as a referent to establish the discrete morphological characters and metrics. The current study provides detailed information about pollen and fruit morphology, leaf epidermis, and karyology of Rumex kerneri Borbás in the flora of Bulgaria. The data about this species in the floristic literature is contradictory and uncompleted. The most reliable characters in the differentiation between R. cristatus are R. patientia the reduced number of flowers in a cluster of R. kerneri, the development of only one tubercle in the mature valves, and the abaxial surface of the leaf blade. Also, the pollen morphology (light and scanning electron microscopy) was confirmed in this study. The somatic chromosome number of the species 2n = 80 is also given. This is the first chromosome number for the taxon from Bulgaria and confirms the earlier reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumex lunaria L., a Polygonaceae shrub, has colonized large areas of Lanzarote, Canary Islands, from the 1980s to the present day, revealing an invasive behaviour. Recently, symptoms of disease like leaf spots and lack of turgidity in trunks have been observed. This fact has led to the investigation on fungal communities present in this invasive species in several areas of the National Park and other locations in Lanzarote Island. Our objectives were to detect and select fungal strains with phytopathogenic traits isolated from disease symptomatic plants using different screening techniques. To isolate the potential fungi causing disease symptoms, samples were processed using mycological classical techniques. Identification of fungi was based on morphological and molecular analysis using the accepted DNA barcode for fungi, the rDNA ITS region. Five rapid and cost-effective screening methods were carried out in the laboratory in a sequential order before scaling the study to the nursery plants assay. This sequence of methods allows us to test the potential pathogenic effects of a high number of strains in a relatively short period of time: method 1 -both sides of the midrib of a cut leaf were inoculated with droplets of a spores suspension; method 2 -a branch with leaves maintained in water was inoculated with droplets of a spores suspension; method 3 -the aerial part of seedlings was sprayed with spores suspension; method 4 and 5 -leaves of an adult plant were inoculated with droplets of a spores suspension. Several scales for symptoms were developed according to strains-specific effects on tissue like chlorosis, spots and necrosis. Size of leaves spots were recorded. Of 76 fungal isolated strains, 21 genera were identified, with Alternaria and Penicillium being the most frequent. The screening process led to the selection of Alternaria tenuissima (strain 739) as it showed a constant pathogenic ability along the screening sequence. Thus, it makes it a strong potential biological control agent for the invasive species R. lunaria in Lanzarote Island. This study also contributes to the knowledge on the fungal communities of R. lunaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research dealt with study of cladistics taxonomy of five species related to the genus Rumex L. and Polygonum L. from family polygonaceae in Iraq by using Mesquite software V.2.75. This research support strongly delimiting the species P. aviculare L. and P. lapathifolia L.as suggested in floras publication while R. dentatus L. is setted in single group whereas R. vesicarius L. and R. conglomeratus Murray were included in the same group. Also, this study involved characteristics of shape, dimensions, color, and ornamentation of seeds and fruits as the seed forms were ranging from lenticular to trigonous. In terms of size calculations, the seeds of R. vesicarius was recorded the higher range (4.0- 4.5) mm in length while, P. aviculare recorded the lowest (1.5-1) mm in length. However, the shape was lenticular in P. lapathifolia and trigonous in the remaining species. Color of seeds and surface ornamentation is recognized. fruits shape is an important characters in identification of selected species as two groups are distinguished: persistent tubercules tepals which are spine teeth in R. dentatus and tongue like shape in R. conglomeratus, the second group is persistent tepals which are papery in P. lapathifolia, biconvex in P. aviculare and cordate to winged as in R. vesicarius beside that, colors, dimensions and surface nature is also recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the capacity of Lupinus polyphyllus (Leguminosae) and Rumex acetosella (Polygonaceae) to promote nutrient accumulation and microbial activity on tephra from the volcanic eruption of the Chilean Puyehue–Cordon Caulle complex (Northern Patagonia) in June 2011. In December 2015, February 2016 and September 2016, we sampled (1) barren substrate ('Barren'), (2) substrate under R. acetosella ('R. ac. substrate'), (3) substrate under L. polyphyllus ('L. po. substrate'), (4) R. acetosella rhizosphere substrate ('R. ac. rhizosphere') and (5) L. polyphyllus rhizosphere substrate ('L. po. rhizosphere') (n = 5). Soil properties (moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic C, available P, inorganic N and total N) and microbial activity (enzymatic activities) were assessed. 'Barren' presented the lowest moisture, organic C, total N and enzymatic activities. 'R. ac. substrate' and 'L. po. substrate' showed similar levels of organic C (0.23–0.30 g kg−1), and however, R. acetosella was associated with lower inorganic N ('R. ac. substrate' = 0.7 and 'L. po. substrate' = 2.3 mg kg−1) while L. polyphyllus tended to promote higher total N, especially in the rhizosphere ('R. ac. rhizosphere' = 0.19 and 'L. po. rhizosphere' = 0.34 g kg−1). 'L. po. substrate' and 'L. po. rhizosphere' presented the highest enzymatic activities. After five years, L. polyphyllus and R. acetosella have increased tephra organic C, total N and microbial activity, and however, L. polyphyllus has maintained the best substrate N availability. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broad-leaved dock is a perennial weed, which infests mainly pastures, annual crops and perennials in the Southern of Brazil. Because it is a perennial plant, control becomes more difficult due to regrowth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and development characteristics of cow-tongue plants in a non-competitive environment. The objective of this work was to monitor phenology and to evaluate the growth and development characteristics of broad-leaved dock plants in the non-competitive environment. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, after the seeds germinated in the BOD chamber, the seedlings were transplanted to pots filled with Cambisol Haplic. Destructive analyzes were performed at 0, 33, 94, 124, 156, 186 and 215 days after transplanting (DAT). The plants were collected separating the aerial part of the root system and the inflorescence, each part of the plant was taken to the drying oven by forced circulation of air for later determination of the dry mass. It was observed that the broad-leaved dock plants present initial growth rather slow. The total dry mass distribution was 56.8% of the total accumulated in the root system, followed by inflorescence (31.6%) and shoot (11.6%). The average number of seeds produced was 3,406 (± 389) per plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background/Aim. Rumex crispus (curly dock) is a wild perennial herbaceous plant, which products are considered as a rich source of biologically active molecules with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The aim of this study was to estimate of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of aqueous extract of curly dock fruits. Methods. The aqueous extract of curly dock fruits was evaluated for its antioxidant activity by in vitro assays for ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), NO⋅, OH⋅ and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging activities and the influence on lipid peroxidation in liposomes. The cytotoxicity of tested extract was examined in vitro in human cervix carcinoma (HeLa), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cells. Results. The tested extract showed a potential antioxidant activity manifested in scavenging of free radicals as well as an ability to decrease lipid peroxidation in liposomes. The results indicated tissue-selective cytotoxicity of R. crispus fruit extract in vitro. The most prominent antitumor activity was observed towards HeLa and MCF7 cell lines. Conclusion. The investigated aqueous fruit extract of R. crispus had potential antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, with necrosis as a main mechanism of induced cell-death. Different methods of extraction of R. crispus fruits, apart from aqueous, are recommended for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Sexual dimorphism in flowering phenology traits may have evolved under sexual selection and vector‐mediated selection. The conspicuous sexual dimorphism and sex‐specific selection pressures in flowering phenology traits have been investigated mainly in entomophilous dioecious plants, whereas little is known about this in anemophilous plants. Methods: We examined sexual dimorphism in flowering onset, flowering peak, flowering duration, maximum proportion of open flowers per inflorescence branch, maximum proportion of newly opening flowers on a given date per branch, and longevity of individual flowers in natural Rumex acetosa populations. Correlations between flowering phenology traits and the degree of flowering overlap with the opposite sex were examined. We also tested whether the overlap of female flowering with male flowering enhanced seed set in female plants. Results: Little sexual dimorphism was observed in flowering onset, peak, duration, and maximum proportion of newly opening flowers. Females had greater floral longevity and greater maximum proportion of open flowers than males. Flowering overlap with the opposite sex significantly increased with the maximum proportion of newly opening flowers and decreased with temporal deviation in the flowering peak in both sexes. Females with greater flowering overlap with males set more seeds in two of the three study populations. Conclusions: In wind‐pollinated R. acetosa, little sexual dimorphism in phenological traits may have evolved to achieve synchronous flowering with the opposite sex. Our results suggest that, in angiosperms, not only common selection but also anemophily‐specific selection may shape little sexual dimorphism in R. acetosa, unlike in entomophilous plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-four compounds were obtained from Pteroxygonum giraldii and were classified as five triterpenes (1 – 5), two sterols (6 and 7), two quinones (8 and 11), three stilbenes (9 , 10 and 18) and twelve flavonoids (12 – 17 , 19 – 24). Seventeen of these compounds were obtained from the genus Pteroxygonum for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of this plant was also discussed. Compounds 10 , 12 and 23 can serve as the fingerprints for P. giraldii , and compounds 12 , 13 , 17 and 22–24 are recognized as typical metabolites of P. giraldii. Both Pteroxygonum and Polygonum might have the same origin and could be classified into the same tribe among Polygonaceae. Furthermore, due to the presence of stilbenes, Pteroxygonum may have some taxonomic relationships with Fallopia , Rumex and Reynoutria. • Twenty-four compounds are reported from Pteroxygonum giraldii. • The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and data comparison. • Seventeen of these compounds were isolated from Pteroxygonum for the first time. • Pteroxygonum may have some taxonomic relationship with Fallopia , Rumex and Reynoutria. • The compounds indicate relationships between Pteroxygonum giraldii and others within the family Polygonaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present part of the series provides new records of locally introduced native species in Hungary (Apium repens, Crypsis schoenoides, Limonium gmelinii, Rumex confertus, Sagina apetala). The spread of Crypsis schoenoides and Limonium gmelinii on roadsides is due to winter salting of roads, whereas the appearance of Apium repens and Sagina apetala is likely the consequence of the use of soil or peat material containing their seeds. The reports of Knautia dipsacifolia from the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain and Spiraea crenata from the Hungarian-Romanian-Ukrainian border region is ascertained here concluding that the report of the first taxon was based on a misidentification of K. drymeia, whereas the record of Spiraea crenata is a consequence of mislocation. New records of two spreading aliens (Eragrostis virescens, Sporobolus vaginiflorus) are discussed here along with a herbarium revision of Eragrostis, which showed that all previous Hungarian records of Eragrostis parviflora refer to E. virescens. Further species discussed in the paper escaped from cultivation (Asparagus verticillatus, Euphorbia characias, Nassella tenuissima, the latter two new for the country). The fi rst record of the sedge hybrid Carex ×leutzii in Hungary is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • RP-UHPLC–DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS and MS/MS analysis of Hydromethanol extracts of Rumex tunetanus flowers and stems was performed. • 60 compounds from 12 families were tentatively identified for the first time in Rumex tunetanus. • Flavonoids and tannins were the principal groups. • Results suggest the potential of Rumex tunetanus as a source of bioactive ingredients. Abstract Rumex tunetanus is an untapped resource with no available information about their chemical composition. That is why, the present study has conducted comprehensive metabolites profiling of the hydromethanol extracts of the Rumex tunetanus flowers and stems using RP-UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. As results, 60 compounds were characterized for the first time in Rumex tunetanus between them, 18 photochemical were firstly identified in the Polygonaceae family in negative ionization mode. In this regard, quercetin-3- O -glucuronide and (−)-epicatechin gallate were the most abundant phenolic compounds in flowers and stems, respectively. Moreover, positive correlations were found between the antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and FRAP assays with the total phenolic compounds (r = 0.98; r = 0.99, respectively) and the abundance of some phenolic subfamilies such as hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonols and flavones with r > 0.86. The compounds displaying significant (P < 0.01) and good correlations with the antioxidant activity (r > 0.93) were hydroxybenzoic acid, rutin, quercetin-3- O -glucuronide, quercetin-3- O -glucoside, quercetin and luteolin-7- O -rutinoside. In conclusion, Rumex tunetanus flowers and stems showed different bioactive compound profiles and significant antioxidant properties and could be further used in food and nutraceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Rumex subgenus Rumex is resolved as monophyletic. • Rumex subgenus Rumex has an origin in the Plio-Pleistocene. • Rumex subgenus Rumex has very low nucleotide diversity in its plastid genomes. • Morphology and genetics support the docks and the sorrels as distinct lineages. The genus Rumex L. (Polygonaceae) provides a unique system for investigating the evolutionary development of sex determination and molecular rate evolution. Historically, Rumex has been divided, both taxonomically and colloquially into two groups: 'docks' and 'sorrels'. A well-resolved phylogeny can help evaluate a genetic basis for this division. Here we present a plastome phylogeny for 34 species of Rumex , inferred using maximum likelihood criteria. The historical 'docks' (Rumex subgenus Rumex) were resolved as monophyletic. The historical 'sorrels' (Rumex subgenera Acetosa and Acetosella) were resolved together, though not monophyletic due to the inclusion of R. bucephalophorus (Rumex subgenus Platypodium). Emex is supported as its own subgenus within Rumex, instead of resolved as sister taxa. We found remarkably low nucleotide diversity among the docks, consistent with recent diversification in that group, especially as compared to the sorrels. Fossil calibration of the phylogeny suggested that the common ancestor for Rumex (including Emex) has origins in the lower Miocene (22.13 MYA). The sorrels appear to have subsequently diversified at a relatively constant rate. The origin of the docks, however, was placed in the upper Miocene, but with most speciation occurring in the Plio-Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumex (Polygonaceae) is a large genus of annual, biennial and perennial species in temperate regions of the world. In Iran it is represented by 23 species and some hybrids classified in three subgenera. The species identification is difficult due to the importance of fruit features in species separation despite the fact, that plants lose their flower and some other features while bearing fruits. Providing the individuals with the proper set of diagnostic features is very difficult. There are inadequate anatomical studies of Rumex. The present study reports the first detailed stem anatomy and epidermis micromorphology of 6 species of Rumex in Iran. Main aims of this study were to find the diagnostic value of the adopted features. Cross sections were made by hand and double colored. Dorsal and ventral leaf epidermises were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results of stem anatomical study showed that collateral vascular bundle is only present in R. chalepensis and oxalate calcium druse crystals were only absent in R. elbrusensis. The micro-morphological study of epidermis showed that all species studied had anisocytic stomata type, but there were differences in the epidermis and stomata cell size. Species relationships based on the results have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumex dentatus L. is a flowering plant with promising therapeutic effects. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome sequence of R. dentatus. The length of the complete genome is 159,103 bp, with a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRb/IRa, 30,628 bp) separated by a large single-copy (LSC, 84,848 bp) region and a small single-copy (SSC, 12,999 bp) region. The overall GC content of the genome was 37.6%, and the corresponding values in the LSC, SSC, and IR regions were 35.8%, 32.6%, and 41.1%, respectively. There are 129 genes, including 84 protein coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic tree showed that R. dentatus was most relative to the species of R. nepalensis and R. crispus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial bioactivity-guided isolation of the root extract of R umex dentatus L. resulted in the characterization of nineteen natural products, including three undescribed compounds (rumexs A−C). Rumexs A and B are rare anthraquinone-anthrone dimers consisting of an emodin-10-C-glycoside linked via C-10 to C-7 of a chrysophanol moiety. They differed only in their configuration at C-10; their absolute configurations were determined by NOESY and ECD analysis. LC-HRMS analysis was performed to identify nineteen compounds. Anthraquinone derivatives such as anthraquinone aglycone, oxanthrone C-glycoside, anthraquinone O -glycoside and anthraquinone dimer were found to be the dominant components of R. dentatus. In addition, naphthol, naphthoquinone, chromone, flavonoid, isocoumarin, and lignanamide derivatives were also identified. Chrysophanol and emodin were the most abundant compounds in the crude ethanol extract; their contents were determined by HPLC to be 7.38 and 5.74 mg/g, respectively. The fractions and isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus , Candida albicans , and Escherichia coli. Most of them showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus , some fractions and 2-methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against C. albicans, and 2-methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone had moderate inhibitory effects against E. coli. Emodin exhibited inhibitory activity against NO release in LPS-reduced RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. [Display omitted] • Nineteen compounds were isolated and identified from the roots of Rumex dentatus guided by antimicrobial activity. • Rumexs A and B are rare anthraquinone-anthrone dimers, and rumex C is an undescribed isocoumarin. • Most of compounds exhibited inhibitory activity against S. aureus. • Emodin exhibited anti-inflammatory activity against NO production. • The contents of chrysophanol and emodin in the crude ethanol extract were determined by quantitative HPLC analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Polygonaceae are primary successors or "weedy" and Aconogononpolystachyum and species and hybrids of both Emex and Reynoutria are pernicious invasives outside their native ranges. Polygonaceae have a particularly muddled taxonomic history and despite ongoing systematic studies, there are still large-scale questions about evolutionary relationships within the group. In this study, we address the relationships of Aconogonon, Emex, Fallopia, Koenigia, Oxygonum, Polygonum, and Rumex. We clarify the evolutionary history of Polygonoideae by building on an existing molecular dataset (nrlTS, matK, trnL-trnF) analysed with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Results indicate that the African Oxygonum is an isolated lineage likely sister to all other members of Polygonoideae, the two species of Emex are nested in the Rumex clade, Fallopia and Koenigia are polyphyletic with Aconogonon and Koenigia forming a clade, and Fallopia denticulata and F. cilinodis are separate from the Fallopia s.str. clade. Relationships within the Polygonum clade reflect geographic distribution with a North America clade sister to a clade containing cosmopolitan and Central Asian species. Based on these findings, we recognize Oxygoneae and Pteroxygoneae as tribes, include Aconogonon within Koenigia, and merge Emex with Rumex. Formal descriptions and nomenclatural changes are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Hybridisation between locally common and rare plant species is of conservation concern as it may lead to the extinction of the rare taxon.Rumex aquaticus(2n= ca. 200, Polygonaceae) is a widespread Euro-Siberian species but rare in the British Isles. It hybridises freely with the locally abundant congenerR. obtusifolius(2n= 40) producing fertile and viable hybrids. Aims:We aimed to establish whether hybridisation poses an extinction threat toR. aquaticusin Britain. Methods:Flow cytometry, AFLPs and morphological characters were used to assess the extent of hybridisation betweenR. obtusifoliusandR. aquaticus. Results:Flow cytometry was the most useful tool to distinguish between hybrids and parental species and indicated that out of 88 samples from two hybrid populations, 85% were likely to be F1s and only 15% were likely to be back-crosses toR. aquaticus. AFLP markers were only able to identify putative F1 hybrids reliably and 11 morphological traits could not distinguish unambiguously between hybrids and pureR. aquaticus. Conclusions:Although our data suggest that genetic assimilation of pureR. aquaticuspopulations is unlikely to be the case in the future, there is a potential threat from demographic swamping by hybrids and targeted protection ofR. aquaticushabitat is proposed as a management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]