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Many transmission channels of monetary policy have been proposed to enrich and deepen the understanding of its mechanisms. However, some channels have not been clarified, particularly for those unconventional quantitative policies implemented after 2008 financial crisis. In this paper, we develop a unified model of a credit economy where bank regulations and decisions and loanable funds market are placed at a central position, while stocks and flows are incorporated with each other to formulate banks' credit creation and circulation. We find that bank regulations can induce some new channels of monetary transmission by imposing credit constraints, including the new bank capital channel, the credit supply channel, the new bank balance sheet channel, and the new bank risk-taking channel. Comparing these channels with the traditional ones, we underscore the impact of bank regulations on monetary transmission. As aggregate demand can be decomposed into two monetary flows generated by money circulation and bank lending respectively, the direct channels of monetary transmission to aggregate demand can be renewed as follows: the money channel, the narrow money circulation channel, the new bank lending channel, and the repayment channel. In addition, based on the relevant data from the United States, we have conducted vector autoregressive (VAR) impulse response analysis to confirm the effectiveness of some direct channels. Our work not only aids in revisiting the monetary transmission from a credit view but also facilitates the assessment of efficiency of monetary policy.

Abstract Background Gonorrhea has long been a serious public health problem in mainland China that requires attention, modeling to describe and predict its prevalence patterns can help the government to develop more scientific interventions. Methods Time series (TS) data of the gonorrhea incidence in China from January 2004 to August 2022 were collected, with the incidence data from September 2021 to August 2022 as the validation. The seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, long short-term memory network (LSTM) model, and hybrid SARIMA-LSTM model were used to simulate the data respectively, the model performance were evaluated by calculating the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) of the training and validation sets of the models. Results The Seasonal components after data decomposition showed an approximate bimodal distribution with a period of 12 months. The three models identified were SARIMA(1,1,1) (2,1,2)12, LSTM with 150 hidden units, and SARIMA-LSTM with 150 hidden units, the SARIMA-LSTM model fitted best in the training and validation sets, for the smallest MAPE, RMSE, and MPE. Conclusions The overall incidence trend of gonorrhea in mainland China has been on the decline since 2004, with some periods exhibiting an upward trend. The incidence of gonorrhea displays a seasonal distribution, typically peaking in July and December each year. The SARIMA model, LSTM model, and SARIMA-LSTM model can all fit the monthly incidence time series data of gonorrhea in mainland China. However, in terms of predictive performance, the SARIMA-LSTM model outperforms the SARIMA and LSTM models, with the LSTM model surpassing the SARIMA model. This suggests that the SARIMA-LSTM model can serve as a preferred tool for time series analysis, providing evidence for the government to predict trends in gonorrhea incidence. The model's predictions indicate that the incidence of gonorrhea in mainland China will remain at a high level in 2024, necessitating that policymakers implement public health measures in advance to prevent the spread of the disease.

BackgroundHemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a zoonotic infectious disease commonly found in Asia and Europe, characterized by fever, hemorrhage, shock, and renal failure. China is the most severely affected region, necessitating an analysis of the temporal incidence patterns in the country.MethodsWe employed Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Nonlinear AutoRegressive with eXogenous inputs (NARX), and a hybrid CNN-LSTM model to model and forecast time series data spanning from January 2009 to November 2023 in the mainland China. By comparing the simulated performance of these models on training and testing sets, we determined the most suitable model.ResultsOverall, the CNN-LSTM model demonstrated optimal fitting performance (with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 93.77/270.66, 7.59%/38.96%, and 64.37/189.73 for the training and testing sets, respectively, lower than those of individual CNN or LSTM models).ConclusionThe hybrid CNN-LSTM model seamlessly integrates CNN’s data feature extraction and LSTM’s recurrent prediction capabilities, rendering it theoretically applicable for simulating diverse distributed time series data. We recommend that the CNN-LSTM model be considered as a valuable time series analysis tool for disease prediction by policy-makers.

Objective: The aim was to investigate the effect of tea polypenols (TP) on yogurt quality and its antioxidant activity. Methods: Milk with different concentration (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/100 mL milk) of TP was fermented for the preparation of yogurt. The effect of TP on the pH value, titratable acidity, nutrients and water-holding capacity of yogurt was determined by physicochemical analysis. Meanwhile, the effect of TP on the texture properties, color and flavor of yogurt was analyzed with a texture analyzer, chromatic aberration colorimeter and headspace solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. Besides, the changes of four catechins in TP during the fermentation of yogurt was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the antioxidant capacity of yogurt with TP was determined by in-vitro antioxidant test. Results: TP had no significant influence on the pH value, titratable acidity and nutrients. Then, the addition of TP slightly reduced the water-holding capacity, hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and cohesiveness of yogurt, and made the color of yogurt slightly red and yellow. The addition of TP slightly reduced the content of acid flavor substances in yogurt, while the types and contents of flavors (ketones and alcohols) increased. During the fermentation of yoghurt, the esterified catechins (epigallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate) were degraded, while the non-esterified catechins (epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin) were not significantly changed. In-vitro antioxidant test showed that the addition of TP significantly increased the antioxidant activity of yogurt (including the significant enhancement of DPPH/ABTS+ free radical scavenging capacity as well as reduction capacity). Conclusions: The addition of TP has changed the quality of yoghurt to some extent and imparted a unique flavour and antioxidant effect, which could provide a reference for the utilisation of TP in functional yoghurts.

The canine mammary tumor model is more suitable for studying human breast cancer, and the safety concentrations of matrine and the biotin-labeled matrine probe were determined in canine primary mammary epithelial cells, and then selected canine mammary tumor cell lines CHMm and CHMp were incubated with matrine, and cell viability was detected by CCK-8. The biotin-labeled matrine probe was used to pull-down the targets of matrine in canine mammary tumor cells, and the targets were screened in combination with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and Genecards database, and verified by qPCR and western blot. The results showed that the maximum non-cytotoxic concentrations of matrine and biotin-labeled matrine probe in canine primary mammary epithelial cells were 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, respectively. Matrine and biotin-labeled matrine probe had a proliferation inhibitory effect time-dependently on CHMm and CHMp cells within a safe concentration range, and induced autophagy in cells. Then BTF3 targets were obtained by applying ABPP and Genecards screening. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) findings indicated that matrine could increase the heat stability of BTF3 protein. Pull-down employing biotin-labeled matrine probe with CHMm and CHMp cell lysates revealed that BTF3 protein was detected in the biotin-labeled matrine probe group and that BTF3 protein was significantly decreased by the addition of matrine. The qPCR and western blot findings of CHMm and CHMp cells treated with matrine revealed that matrine decreased the expression of the BTF3 gene and protein with the extension of the action time, and the impact was more substantial at the protein level, respectively.

Abstract Background The overall survival of patients with pancreatic cancer is extremely low. Despite multiple large-scale studies, identification of predictors of patient survival remains challenging. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic factors for pancreatic cancer. Methods The clinical data of 625 patients with pancreatic cancer treated at Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2013 to December 2017 were collected. Results Of 625 patients, 569 were followed from 1 to 75 months. The median overall survival was 9.3 months. The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 37.8%, 15.1%, and 10.5%, respectively. Cox proportional hazards model indicated that baseline carbohydrate antigen 199 level, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, operative procedure, lymph node metastasis, number of distant organ metastasis, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors of patients with pancreatic cancer. Baseline carbohydrate antigen 199 level, degree of weight loss, operative procedure, lymph node metastasis, number of distant organ metastasis, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors of pancreatic head cancer subgroup. Baseline carbohydrate antigen 199 level, carcinoembryonic antigen level, total bilirubin level, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, peripancreatic invasion, number of distant organ metastasis, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors of the pancreatic body/tail cancer subgroup. Conclusions Higher carbohydrate antigen 199 levels, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, lymph node metastasis and distant organ metastasis predict a poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Early detection, early radical surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy are needed to improve prognosis for this deadly disease.

We estimated the symptomatic, PCR-confirmed secondary attack rate (SAR) for 2,382 close contacts of 476 symptomatic persons with coronavirus disease in Yichang, Hubei Province, China, identified during January 23–February 25, 2020. The SAR among all close contacts was 6.5%; among close contacts who lived with an index case-patient, the SAR was 10.8%; among close-contact spouses of index case-patients, the SAR was 15.9%. The SAR varied by close contact age, from 3.0% for those 60 years of age. Multilevel logistic regression showed that factors significantly associated with increased SAR were living together, being a spouse, and being >60 years of age. Multilevel regression did not support SAR differing significantly by whether the most recent contact occurred before or after the index case-patient’s onset of illness (p = 0.66). The relatively high SAR for coronavirus disease suggests relatively high virus transmissibility.

Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) was first isolated in mainland China from mosquitoes in Jiashi County, Kashgar Region, Xinjiang in 2011, following local outbreaks of viral meningitis and encephalitis caused by WNV. To elaborate the epidemiological characteristics of the WNV, surveillance of WNV infection in Kashgar Region, Xinjiang from 2013 to 2016 were carried out. Blood and CSF samples from surveillance human cases, blood of domestic chicken, cattle, sheep and mosquitoes in Kashgar Region were collected and detected. There were human 65 WNV Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody positive cases by ELISA screening, 6 confirmed WNV cases by the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) screening. These cases occurred mainly concentrated in August to September of each year, and most of them were males. WNV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in both chickens and sheep, and the positive rates of neutralizing antibodies were 15.5% and 1.78%, respectively. A total of 15,637 mosquitoes were collected in 2013–2016, with Culex pipiens as the dominant mosquito species. Four and 1 WNV-positive mosquito pools were detected by RT-qPCR in 2013 and 2016 respectively. From these data, we can confirm that Jiashi County may be a natural epidemic foci of WNV disease, the trend highlights the routine virology surveillance in WNV surveillance cases, mosquitoes and avian should be maintained and enhanced to provide to prediction and early warning of outbreak an epidemic of WNV in China.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented to interrupt COVID-19 transmission may also impact the spread of other infectious diseases. Here, the authors estimate that influenza activity in China and the United States reduced by up to 80% when NPIs were in place in the 2019–2020 season.

Abstract High‐dimensional imaging mass cytometry (IMC) enables simultaneous quantification of over 35 biomarkers on one tissue section. However, its limited resolution and ultralow acquisition speed remain major issues for general clinical application. Meanwhile, conventional immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) allows sub‐micrometer resolution and rapid identification of the region of interest (ROI), but only operates with low multiplicity. Herein, a series of lanthanide‐doped blue‐, green‐, and red‐fluorescent carbon nanodots (namely, B‐Cdots(Ln1), G‐Cdots(Ln2), and R‐Cdots(Ln3)) as fluorescence and mass dual‐modal tags are developed. Coupled with aptamers, B‐Cdots(159Tb)‐A10‐3.2, G‐Cdots(165Ho)‐AS1411, and R‐Cdots(169Tm)‐SYL3C dual‐functional aptamer probes, which are then multiplexed with commercially available Maxpar metal‐tagged antibodies for analyzing clinical formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) prostatic adenocarcinoma (PaC) tissue, are further synthesized. The rapid identification of ROI with IFM using fluorescence signals and subsequent multiplexed detection of in situ ROI with IMC using the same tissue section is demonstrated. Dual‐modal probes save up to 90% IMC blind scanning time for a standard 3.5 mm × 3.5 mm overall image. Meanwhile, the IFM provides refined details and topological spatial distributions for the functional proteins at optical resolution, which compensates for the low resolution of the IMC imaging.

Summary: Background: China's three inactivated enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccines are the first and currently world's only EV-A71 vaccines approved by a national regulatory authority and used to prevent EV-A71 associated diseases. The three vaccines vary by vaccine strain, manufacturing cell substrate, and antigen dose, but no head-to-head comparisons of these vaccines have been done. We compared immunogenicity of the vaccines in children 6-35 months old. Methods: We recruited healthy children aged 6-35 months who lived in a study site county into a multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority, three-group, randomised controlled trial that was conducted in five counties in China. Enrolled children were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive two doses of one of the three EV-A71 vaccines. The primary outcome was the proportion of children with EV-A71 neutralizing antibody seroconversion 4 weeks after the second dose; a secondary outcome was adverse events in the 4 weeks after each dose. Analyses of immunogenicity included all children who completed the study (per-protocol analysis). Safety analysis included all children completed safety follow-up after at least one. We used a 10% margin to establish non-inferiority. This trial was registered on a World Health Organization platform: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900026663). Findings: 1631 children were assessed for eligibility between Nov 4 and Nov 20, 2019. Of 1500 (92%) enrolled children, 500 were assigned to vaccine group A, B, or C; 483 in group A,484 in group B, and 487 in group C completed the study. Before dose one, the seropositive rates in groups A, B, and C were 9.7%, 7.2%, and 7.0%. Four weeks after the second dose, seroconversion rates of groups A, B, and C were 98.8%, 99.4% and 99.8% - mutually non-inferior in all two-group comparisons. There were no serious adverse events in any group and no evidence of a difference among the three groups in the incidence of local adverse event or systemic adverse event. Fever was the most common adverse event. All children with reported adverse events recovered. Interpretation: Non-inferior and high seroconversion rates and equivalent safety of three EV-A71 vaccines supports use any of these vaccines to prevent EV-A71-associated diseases. These results may be useful for regulators, vaccine policy makers, and immunization programmes in China and in countries where EV-A71 is endemic.

Scrub typhus, a miteborne rickettsiosis, has emerged in many areas globally. We analyzed the incidence and spatial–temporal distribution of scrub typhus in China during 1952–1989 and 2006–2016 using national disease surveillance data. A total of 133,623 cases and 174 deaths were recorded. The average annual incidence was 0.13 cases/100,000 population during 1952–1989; incidence increased sharply from 0.09/100,000 population in 2006 to 1.60/100,000 population in 2016. The disease, historically endemic to southern China, has expanded to all the provinces across both rural and urban areas. We identified 3 distinct seasonal patterns nationwide; infections peaked in summer in the southwest, summer-autumn in the southeast, and autumn in the middle-east. Persons >40 years of age and in nonfarming occupations had a higher risk for death. The changing epidemiology of scrub typhus in China warrants an enhanced disease control and prevention program.

Abstract Background We sought to assess reporting in China’s Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology (PUE) passive surveillance system for emerging respiratory infections and to identify ways to improve the PUE surveillance system’s detection of respiratory infections of public health significance. Methods From February 29–May 29, 2016, we actively identified and enrolled patients in two hospitals with acute respiratory infections (ARI) that met all PUE case criteria. We reviewed medical records for documented exposure history associated with respiratory infectious diseases, collected throat samples that were tested for seasonal and avian influenza, and interviewed clinicians regarding reasons for reporting or not reporting PUE cases. We described and analyzed the proportion of PUE cases reported and clinician awareness of and practices related to the PUE system. Results Of 2619 ARI admissions in two hospitals, 335(13%) met the PUE case definition; none were reported. Of 311 specimens tested, 18(6%) were seasonal influenza virus-positive; none were avian influenza-positive.

Background: We assessed immunogenicity of three-dose and two-dose immunization schedules with a Sabin-strain inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) produced by one Chinese vaccine manufacturer. Methods: This was an open label, randomized, controlled trial conducted in 16 vaccination clinics in Shandong province. Infants were allocated randomly to either a 3-dose study arm (sIPV administered at 2, 3, and 4 months of age) or a 2-dose arm (sIPV administered at 4 and 8–11 months of age). Poliovirus neutralizing antibodies were measured in sera collected prior to the first sIPV dose and one month after the last dose. Findings: We enrolled 560 infants; 536 (95.7%) completed the study. Final seropositivity rates were >98% for all three serotypes in both study arms. There were no statistically significant differences in seropositivity between the 2-dose and the 3-dose schedule. Final median reciprocal titres of polio antibodies were high overall (>1:768 for all serotypes) and statistically significantly higher in 2-dose recipients compared with 3-dose recipients (p

Abstract Backgrounds The aim of this study is to investigate the risk factors for the cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods The clinicopathological data from the 966 PTC patients who underwent thyroid operation between January 2013 and December 2015 in the general surgery department of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University were collected. The risk factors of predicting cervical lymph node metastasis were analyzed. Results Male, age ≤ 45 years old, tumor size> 1.0 cm, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), US features as microcalcification, were independent risk factors for central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) (P 3, OR value was significantly higher, suggesting that the risk of LLNM increased significantly. The incidence of LLNM in level III (66.8%) and level IV (67.3%) were significantly higher than level II (42.2%) and level V (21.3%) (P 1.0 cm, ETE and US features as microcalcification. Lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) should be more actively performed in patients with the number of CLNM> 3. Extent of LLND should include levels II, III, IV and V. Tumor located in the upper 1/3 of the lobe was vulnerable for LLNM and skip metastasis, so lymph node in lateral compartment should be noticed when lymph node status was preoperatively evaluated by imaging examination.

Imported infectious diseases are becoming a serious public health threat in China. However, limited information concerning the epidemiologic characteristics of imported infectious diseases is available. In this study, we collected data related to imported infectious diseases in mainland China from the National Information Reporting System of Infectious Diseases and analyzed demographic, temporal, and spatial distributions. The number of types of imported infectious diseases reported increased from 2 in 2005 to 11 in 2016. A total of 31,740 cases of infectious disease were imported to mainland China during 2005–2016; most of them were found in Yunnan Province. The cases were imported mainly from Africa and Asia. As a key and effective measure, pretravel education should be strengthened for all migrant workers and tourists in China, and border screening, cross-border international cooperation, and early warning should be further improved.

Abstract Background The abnormal expression of activator protein-1(AP-1) has recently been investigated in a variety of tumors. While the relationship between AP-1 and thyroid cancer is poorly studied, our study was to evaluate the protein expression and clinical value of AP-1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods The expression of AP-1 was examined by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from PTC and correspondent paracancerous tissues of 82 patients. Results Compared with paracancerous tissues, AP-1 expression was significantly elevated in PTC tissues and the positive rate was 79.3% (65/82). Our study found a linear trend relationship between the expression of AP-1 and tumor size. However, the differences in AP-1 expression among gender, age, lymph node metastasis, number of lesions, location of the lesion, and extrathyroid invasion are not statistically significant. Conclusions The expression of AP-1 plays an important role in the proliferation process of PTC.

Importance. The great success in vaccine-preventable diseases has been accompanied by vaccine safety concerns. This has caused vaccine hesitancy to be the top 10 in threats to global health. The comprehensive understanding of adverse events following immunization should be entirely based on clinical trials and postapproval surveillance. It has increasingly been recognized worldwide that the active surveillance of vaccine safety should be an essential part of immunization programs due to its complementary advantages to passive surveillance and clinical trials. Highlights. In the present study, the framework of vaccine safety surveillance was summarized to illustrate the importance of active surveillance and address vaccine hesitancy or safety concerns. Then, the global progress of active surveillance systems was reviewed, mainly focusing on population-based or hospital-based active surveillance. With these successful paradigms, the practical and reliable ways to create robust and similar systems in China were discussed and presented from the perspective of available databases, methodology challenges, policy supports, and ethical considerations. Conclusion. In the inevitable trend of the global vaccine safety ecosystem, the establishment of an active surveillance system for vaccine safety in China is urgent and feasible. This process can be accelerated with the consensus and cooperation of regulatory departments, research institutions, and data owners.

To detect changes in human-to-human transmission of influenza A(H7N9) virus, we analyzed characteristics of 40 clusters of case-patients during 5 epidemics in China in 2013–2017. Similarities in number and size of clusters and proportion of clusters with probable human-to-human transmission across all epidemics suggest no change in human-to-human transmission risk.

The world today is being hit by COVID-19. As opposed to fingerprints and ID cards, facial recognition technology can effectively prevent the spread of viruses in public places because it does not require contact with specific sensors. However, people also need to wear masks when entering public places, and masks will greatly affect the accuracy of facial recognition. Accurately performing facial recognition while people wear masks is a great challenge. In order to solve the problem of low facial recognition accuracy with mask wearers during the COVID-19 epidemic, we propose a masked-face recognition algorithm based on large margin cosine loss (MFCosface). Due to insufficient masked-face data for training, we designed a masked-face image generation algorithm based on the detection of the detection of key facial features. The face is detected and aligned through a multi-task cascaded convolutional network; and then we detect the key features of the face and select the mask template for coverage according to the positional information of the key features. Finally, we generate the corresponding masked-face image. Through analysis of the masked-face images, we found that triplet loss is not applicable to our datasets, because the results of online triplet selection contain fewer mask changes, making it difficult for the model to learn the relationship between mask occlusion and feature mapping. We use a large margin cosine loss as the loss function for training, which can map all the feature samples in a feature space with a smaller intra-class distance and a larger inter-class distance. In order to make the model pay more attention to the area that is not covered by the mask, we designed an Att-inception module that combines the Inception-Resnet module and the convolutional block attention module, which increases the weight of any unoccluded area in the feature map, thereby enlarging the unoccluded area’s contribution to the identification process. Experiments on several masked-face datasets have proved that our algorithm greatly improves the accuracy of masked-face recognition, and can accurately perform facial recognition with masked subjects.

We compared the characteristics of cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H7N9) virus infections in China. HPAI A(H7N9) case-patients were more likely to have had exposure to sick and dead poultry in rural areas and were hospitalized earlier than were LPAI A(H7N9) case-patients.

Objective This study aimed to understand the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on seasonal influenza among medical college students in a low-income multiethnic society. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire survey collected information of KAP related to influenza. A knowledge score was calculated according to the total number of correct points out of 9 questions. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with influenza vaccine uptake. Results 856 valid questionnaires were obtained. The average knowledge score was 14.8 ± 3.1 out of 22 correct points. Han Chinese got higher score than minorities (p < 0.001). Knowledge score increased with grade (p < 0.001). Students majoring in pharmacy had lower score than others. Questions on mode of transmission, symptoms, precautions, high risk groups and vaccination schedule had a correct rate lower than 50%. Hand hygiene was practiced by less than 40% of students after touching objects in public areas or sneezing. The proportion of participants received influenza vaccine in the past 3 y was 4.1%, 9.2% and 6.1% respectively. Willingness to receive free vaccine (OR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.31∼4.28), and awareness of the vaccine effectiveness (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.08∼2.56) were significantly associated with vaccine uptake, while the general knowledge about influenza, perceived susceptibility and severity, and demographic factors were not. The top 3 reasons for not being vaccinated were poor knowledge of the vaccine (46%), no perceived need due to good health (45%) and worry about adverse reactions (33%). Conclusion Health education is needed to improve the awareness of basic facts about influenza and vaccine, and more attention should be paid to minority groups. The coverage of seasonal influenza vaccine is quite low. Besides individual level behavior change, social and structural factors should be considered to increase the uptake of influenza vaccine.

China’s hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevention policy has been evaluated through nationally representative serologic surveys conducted in 1992 and 2006. We report results of a 2014 serologic survey and reanalysis of the 1992 and 2006 surveys in the context of program policy. The 2014 survey used a 2-stage sample strategy in which townships were selected from 160 longstanding, nationally representative, county-level disease surveillance points, and persons 1–29 years of age were invited to participate. The 2014 sample size was 31,713; the response rate was 83.3%. Compared with the 1992 pre–recombinant vaccine survey, HBV surface antigen prevalence declined 46% by 2006 and by 52% by 2014. Among children

Background: Two kinds of regimens (2-1-1 and 1-1-1-1-1) can be selected after Zagreb regimen(2-1-1)of PVRV was officially approved in Beijing in January 2015. Up to now, the subjects for most studies about the comparison between Zagreb and Essen regimen are under 50 y old, rarely at and above. Aging of the immune system may result in decreasing efficacy of vaccination, especially for adults aged above 65–70 y. This study compared the safety and immunogenicity of the Zagreb and Essen regimen in Chinese adults aged 50 and above with the goal to provide a supplemental data for this age group. Methods: A total of 114 cases were divided into 2 groups randomly, received PVRV under the Zagreb and Essen regimens respectively. Serum samples were collected at D0, D7, D14, D42, D180 and D365 to determine the rabies serum neutralizing antibody by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Safety analyses were made by comparing the AEs in day-3, day-7, and day-(7 + 21) in Zagreb or day-(7 + 28) in Essen by gender and age cohorts. Results: 617 blood samples were obtained. Two groups showed similar immunogenicity, the neutralizing antibody titer of all subjects at D14 and D42 showed >0.5 IU/ml. Under the same regimen, Subjects ≥65 y had lower GMC than those who

Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in humans was identified in 2013, there have been five seasonal epidemics observed in China. An earlier start and a steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 virus was observed between September and December 2016, raising great public concern in domestic and international societies. The epidemiological characteristics of the recently reported confirmed H7N9 cases were analysed. The results suggested that although more cases were reported recently, most cases in the fifth epidemic were still highly sporadically distributed without any epidemiology links; the main characteristics remained unchanged and the genetic characteristics of virus strains that were isolated in this epidemic remained similar to earlier epidemics. Interventions included live poultry market closures in several cities that reported more H7N9 cases recently.

Influenza endangers human health but can be prevented in part by vaccination. Assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) provides scientific evidence for developing influenza vaccination policy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that evaluated influenza VE in mainland China. We searched six relevant databases as of 30 August 2019 to identify studies and used Review Manager 5.3 software to analyze the included studies. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess the risk of publication bias. We identified 1408 publications, and after removing duplicates and screening full texts, we included 21 studies in the analyses. Studies were conducted in Beijing, Guangzhou, Suzhou, and Zhejiang province from the 2010/11 influenza season through the 2017/18 influenza season. Overall influenza VE for laboratory confirmed influenza was 36% (95% CI: 25–46%). In the subgroup analysis, VE was 45% (95% CI: 18–64%) for children 6–35 months who received one dose of influenza vaccine, and 57% (95% CI: 50–64%) who received two doses. VE was 47% (95% CI: 39–54%) for children 6 months to 8 years, and 18% (95% CI: 0–33%) for adults ≥60 years. For inpatients, VE was 21% (95% CI: −11–44%). We conclude that influenza vaccines that were used in mainland China had a moderate effectiveness, with VE being higher among children than the elderly. Influenza VE should be continuously monitored in mainland China to provide evidence for policy making and improving uptake of the influenza vaccine.