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Human activities and climate change cause abiotic factors to fluctuate through time, sometimes passing thresholds for organismal reproduction and survival. Multiple stressors can independently or interactively impact organisms; however, few studies have examined how they interact when they overlap spatially but occur asynchronously. Fluctuations in salinity have been found in freshwater habitats worldwide. Meanwhile, heatwaves have become more frequent and extreme. High salinity pulses and heatwaves are often decoupled in time but can still collectively impact freshwater zooplankton. The time intervals between them, during which population growth and community recovery could happen, can influence combined effects, but no one has examined these effects. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to examine how different recovery times (0‐, 3‐, 6‐week) between salt treatment and heatwave exposure influence their combined effects. We hypothesized that antagonistic effects would appear when having short recovery time, because previous study found that similar species were affected by the two stressors, but effects would become additive with longer recovery time since fully recovered communities would respond to heatwave similar to undisturbed communities. Our findings showed that, when combined, the two‐stressor joint impacts changed from antagonistic to additive with increased recovery time between stressors. Surprisingly, full compositional recovery was not achieved despite a recovery period that was long enough for population growth, suggesting legacy effects from earlier treatment. The recovery was mainly driven by small organisms, such as rotifers and small cladocerans. As a result, communities recovering from previous salt exposure responded differently to heatwaves than undisturbed communities, leading to similar zooplankton communities regardless of the recovery time between stressors. Our research bolsters the understanding and management of multiple‐stressor issues by revealing that prior exposure to one stressor has long‐lasting impacts on community recovery that can lead to unexpected joint effects of multiple stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne contaminants are closely related to anthropologic activities and represent an important food safety hazard. The study of metabolic transformation and toxic side effects of foodborne contaminants in the body is important for their safety assessment. Liver microsomes contain a variety of enzymes related to substance metabolism and biotransformation. An in vitro model simulating liver metabolic transformation is associated with a significant advantage in the study of the metabolic transformation mechanisms of contaminants. This review summarizes the recent progress in the application of liver microsomes in metabolic transformation and toxicity evaluation of various foodborne pollutants based on metabolic kinetics, molecular docking and enzyme inhibition studies. The purpose of this review is to distinguish the existing studies involving liver microsomes and provide strategies for their application in the future. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the liver microsomal model are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study a holographic description of weak measurements in conformal field theories (CFTs). Weak measurements can be viewed as a soft projection that interpolates between an identity operator and a projection operator, and can induce an effective central charge distinct from the unmeasured CFT. We model the weak measurement by an interface brane, separating different geometries dual to the post-measurement state and the unmeasured CFT, respectively. In an infinite system, the weak measurement is related to ICFT via a spacetime rotation. We find that the holographic entanglement entropy with twist operators located on the defect is consistent in both calculations for ICFT and weak measurements. We additionally calculate the boundary entropy via holographic entanglement as well as partition function. In a finite system, the weak measurement can lead to a rich phase diagram: for marginal measurements the emergent brane separates two AdS geometries, while for irrelevant measurements the post-measurement geometry features an AdS spacetime and a black hole spacetime that are separated by the brane. Although the measurement is irrelevant in the later phase, the post-measurement geometry can realize a Python's lunch. Finally, we discuss the thick brane construction for measurement and higher-dimension extensions of our model. For these general cases, our results above are still shown to be valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate model evaluation work has made progress both in theory and practice, providing strong support for better understanding and predicting climate change. However, at the weather scale, there is relatively little assessment of climate models in terms of daily-scale climate phenomena, such as storm frequency and intensity. These weather-scale variables are of significant importance for our understanding of the impacts of climate change. In order to assess the capability of climate models to simulate weather-scale climate patterns, this study employs Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) for weather pattern classification. By combining different evaluation metrics, varying the number of SOM types, changing the size of the study area, and altering the reference datasets, the climate models are evaluated to ensure the robustness of the assessment results. The results demonstrate that the size of the study area is positively correlated with observed differences, and there are correlations among different evaluation metrics. The highest correlation is observed between evaluation metrics in large-scale and small-scale spatial domains, while the correlation with SOM size is relatively low. This suggests that the choice of evaluation metrics has a minor impact on model ranking. Furthermore, when comparing the correlation coefficients calculated using the same evaluation metrics for different-sized regions, a significant positive correlation is observed. This indicates that variations in the size of the study area do not significantly affect model ranking. Further investigation of the relationship between model performance and different SOM sizes shows a significant positive correlation. The impact of dataset selection on model ranking is also compared, revealing high consistency. This enhances the reliability of model ranking. Taking into account the influence of evaluation metric selection, SOM size, and reanalysis data selection on model performance assessment, significant variations in model ranking are observed. Based on cumulative ranking, the top five models identified are ACCESS1-0, GISS-E2-R, GFDL-CM3, MIROC4h, and GFDL-ESM2M. In conclusion, factors such as evaluation metric selection, study area size, and SOM size should be considered when assessing model ranking. Weather pattern classification plays a crucial role in climate model evaluation, as it helps us better understand model performance in different weather systems, assess their ability to simulate extreme weather events, and improve the design and evaluation methods of model ensemble predictions. These findings are of great significance for optimizing and strengthening climate model evaluation methods and provide valuable insights for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is great significance to explore rich and efficient transition metal‐based electrocatalysts for the electrolysis of water. Nickel‐molybdenum (Ni−Mo) alloy is considering as one of the most promising electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) in alkaline electrolyte, but its catalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still unsatisfactory. Heteroatom doping by interfering with the electronic structure of the catalysts has been considered to be an effective method to enhance electrocatalytic activities. Herein, we report the synthesis of iron (Fe)‐doped Ni4Mo intermetallic compound with hierarchical nanorod assemblies on nickel foam by hydrothermal and hydrogen‐induced methods, which significantly improve the catalytic performance for OER. The as‐prepared Fe−Ni4Mo/NF shows remarkable activity for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction, requiring only a low overpotential of 271 mV to achieve a current density of 100 mA cm−2. Such performance is significantly better than that of pristine Ni4Mo/NF with overpotential of 400 mV. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation shows that the addition of Fe can significantly reduce the adsorption energy of the intermediate on the catalyst surface, thus facilitating the OER activity. Moreover, an alkaline electrolyzer composed of Fe−Ni4Mo/NF as cathode and anode can provide 10 mA cm−2 current density with only 1.48 V extremely low voltage, and shows excellent long‐term durability of 24 h. These results highlight a heteroatom incorporation engineering strategy into metallic alloys for electrochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic externality of transportation infrastructure is related to the local policy environment. China's high-speed rail (HSR) is developing simultaneous with urban agglomeration (UA). This study examines the synergy of HSR operation and UA policy implementation on the urban economy. With the data on 285 prefecture-level cities of China joining the HSR network and UAs from 2003 to 2018, we use staggered difference-in-differences (DID) design to test the individual and joint impacts of HSR and UA policy on urban economy respectively. Our result shows that the joint impact of the two interventions is significantly stronger than the individual impact, which means the existence of the synergy effect. Exploration of the synergy mechanism identifies three channels through which the HSR effect is strengthened by UA policy: (a) Institutional integration effect: UA policy has eliminated the administrative barriers in HSR operation. (b) Spillover effect: UA policy has diffused the benefits of HSR, and (c) Efficiency effect: UA policy planning has strengthened the drive of HSR to urban efficiency. In addition, we find the specific sequence of intervention, the inauguration of HSR after the implementation of UA policy, can better promote the economy. Finally, a heterogeneity analysis is performed to study the impacts on center cities and non-center cities. We emphasize the importance of the cooperation of transportation infrastructure and regional policies, and provide a theoretical basis for the development of HSR industry and the implementation of UA strategy in China. • HSR has a positive effect on urban economy. • The effect of HSR synergizes with UA policy. • There are institutional integration, policy network spillover, and efficiency improvement in synergy mechanisms. • The inauguration of HSR after the introduction of UA policy is more beneficial to the urban economy. • The joint effect of HSR and UA policy increases the economic gap between center cities and non-center cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elaborate design of an ingenious hydrogel-assisted photothermal therapy (PTT) platform is a promising strategy for treating bacterial wound infections. Herein, a new generation of germanene nanocrystals (Ge NCs) with excellent photothermal performance are prepared via an ice-bath sonication liquid-phase exfoliation technique. Whereafter, by crosslinking interaction between chitosan and zinc acetate, as well as self-assembly property between Ge NCs and chitosan, we successfully construct an innovative germanene-modified chitosan antimicrobial hydrogel (CS/Ge NCs0.8) integrating capture and killing bacteria performances. When co-cultured with bacteria, CS/Ge NCs0.8 hydrogel with the positive charge can adsorb and restrict bacteria in the range of PTT destruction. Once the near-infrared laser is introduced, CS/Ge NCs0.8 hydrogel will effectively convert light energy into localized heat, further inducing bacterial death. By this entirely novel modality, CS/Ge NCs0.8 hydrogel exhibits marvelous antibacterial property against E. coli and S. aureus in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrate that CS/Ge NCs0.8 hydrogel possesses the ability to significantly rescue S. aureus -induced skin wound infections, suggesting CS/Ge NCs0.8 hydrogel can be served as an antibacterial dressing. Strikingly, this is the first-ever report of CS/Ge NCs0.8 hydrogel in the antibacterial field, which may spur a wave of developing Ge-based biomaterials to benefit biomedical applications. [Display omitted] • Hydrogel was prepared by virtue of multiple crosslinking interaction. • Hydrogel possessed excellent photothermal conversion performance. • Hydrogel featured antibacteria and adsorption capacities to bacteria. • The antibacterial platform could kill 98.76 % E. coli and 99.81 % S. aureus. • Wound infection model experiments confirmed the antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autumn is the transitional season when the atmospheric circulation pattern changes from summer to winter. The temperature and precipitation in Southeastern China in autumn are significantly influenced by the change in circulation patterns, and both show significant uniqueness. The clustering method can be used to observe the changes of circulation patterns in detail and to observe and analyze the transition from warm to cold seasons from a detailed view of the daily circulation pattern perspective. This method may have important research implications on how to study the generation and dissipation of extreme weather events. The Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) method is used to a 500 hPa geopotential height and 850 hPa wind and sea level pressure for 1981–2020 to identify the characteristic weather patterns (WTs) in autumn (September–November) over Southeastern China. Characteristics of the captured WTs are also analyzed in terms of the distribution characteristics of weather patterns, occurrence frequency, typical progression, precipitation and extreme precipitation (EP), temperature and extreme high temperature (EHT), and the relationship with atmospheric teleconnection. Nine WTs were identified in autumn, which represents a series of weather situations consisting of troughs and ridges. On this basis, these WTs were used to carry out the differentiation of seasonal differences between early and late autumn. The maximum mean and extreme precipitation occur in several early season patterns (WT1, WT2, WT4, and WT7). It is highly likely that extremely high temperatures occur in the WT1 and WT2 patterns. The most common progression between WTs is WT7−WT1−WT2−WT4 in the early season. This seasonality allows us to distinguish between early and late seasons based on daily weather types. A preliminary trend analysis suggests that patterns in the early season occur more frequently and last longer in the early season, and patterns in the late season occur less frequently and later. That is, the longer cool season pattern is shifting to the shorter warm season pattern. In addition, the persistence of both cool and warm patterns increased during 2001–2020 relative to 1981–2000, and the risk of both flooding and drought occurrence is on the rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the structure, rheological properties, and film performance of wheat flour hydrocolloids and their comparison with that of a wheat starch (WS)–gluten blend system. The incorporation of gluten could decrease inter-chain hydrogen bonding of starch, thereby reducing the viscosity and solid-like behavior of the film-forming solution and improving the frequency-dependence, but reducing the surface smoothness, compactness, water vapor barrier performance, and mechanical properties of the films. However, good compatibility between starch and gluten could improve the density of self-similar structure, the processability of the film-forming solution, and film performance. The films based on wheat flours showed a denser film structure, better mechanical properties, and thermal stability that was no worse than that based on WS–gluten blends. The knowledge gained from this study could provide guidance to the development of other flour-based edible packaging materials, thereby promoting energy conservation and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources (RES) generation has huge environmental and social benefits, as a clean energy source with great potential. However, the difference in the uncertainty characteristics of RES and electric–thermal loads poses a significant challenge to the optimal schedule of an integrated energy system (IES). Therefore, for the different characteristics of the multiple uncertainties of IES, this paper proposes a type-II fuzzy interval chance-constrained programming (T2FICCP)-based optimization model to solve the above problem. In this model, type-II fuzzy sets are used to describe the uncertainty of RES in an IES, and interval numbers are used to describe the load uncertainty, thus constructing a T2FICCP-based IES day-ahead economic scheduling model. The model was resolved with a hybrid algorithm based on interval linear programming and T2FICCP. The simulations are conducted for a total of 20 randomly selected days to obtain the advance operation plan of each unit and the operation cost of the system. The research results show that the T2FICCP optimization model has less dependence on RES output power and load forecasting error, so can effectively improve the economy of IES, while ensuring the safe and stable operation of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated lake chloride concentration has been observed in many regions, due to human activities such as mining, agriculture, and urbanisation. Meanwhile, lakes are also experiencing increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves. The combination of elevated salinity and heatwaves has not been thoroughly studied in freshwater communities, limiting our ability to predict outcomes of future disturbances.We conducted a mesocosm experiment to investigate the individual and interactive effects of increased salinity and heatwaves on a freshwater zooplankton community. The combined effects of the two stressors were examined in two scenarios: when they occurred simultaneously and when a heatwave was preceded by an 8‐week increase in salinity. We expected to see a synergistic effect when the two stressors were applied simultaneously, as organisms might experience energy deficiency due to physiological changes caused by salinity stress and be overwhelmed by the heat treatment. When the two stressors were applied sequentially, we expected them to act independently as the two stressors trigger different physiological responses and physiological homeostasis may have already recovered from previous salt exposure and not influence an organism's response to a subsequent stressor.Individually, increased salinity and heatwave conditions both impaired zooplankton communities with largest effects on copepod nauplii and cladocerans. Together, these stressors caused antagonistic effects on total zooplankton abundance and biomass in both the simultaneous and sequential scenarios, with the combined effects being similar to the salt‐only effects.Our experiment illustrates the potential for heatwaves to have hidden effects when they occur in lakes experiencing salinisation. The findings suggested that the two stressors negatively impacted some zooplankton taxonomic groups, and at the community level, they acted antagonistically such that the occurrence of a 3‐day heatwave did not cause any additional loss of abundance or biomass regardless of whether the community was exposed to the sequential or simultaneous scenario. Our findings also illustrated that even when the two stressors were decoupled in time, the community could still be influenced by a previous stressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to predict and study persistent extreme precipitation events (PEPEs) with a prediction period of 1–2 weeks is an important scientific problem faced by the meteorological circles at home and abroad. Based on the accurate description of the flood range caused by 14-day PEPEs, the comprehensive analysis method was used to obtain the weather characteristics related to 14-day PEPEs (including abnormal trough/ridge, westerly jet, atmospheric river (AR) activity, teleconnections, etc.). First, we selected three regions in China, North China (NC), the Yangtze River valley (YRV), and South China (SC), analyzed their 14-day PEPEs in summer (June to August), and composited them into an average circulation (500 hPa geopotential height field) to compare the weather patterns related to PEPEs in these regions. Then, several variables are composited to understand the evolution of the atmospheric state before and during the occurrence of PEPEs. Finally, potential applications of several teleconnection types and composites in advance prediction are studied. The main findings include: the common weather signals during the occurrence of PEPEs are characterized by obvious and continuous a high-low-high saddle field circulation configuration (conducive to the formation of frequent heavy rainfall), active westerly jet (westerly jet is the controlling factor of precipitation), and enhanced water vapor transport (significantly increased atmospheric river activity). In this study, some key characteristics and development of PEPEs were identified, the formation mechanism of China's 14-day PEPEs was revealed, the role of ARs in PEPEs was recognized, and the PEPEs precursor signal was extracted. Furthermore, PEPEs in different regions were also compared, which played an important role in understanding and predicting similar events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural circulating steam generators are extensively applied in pressurized water reactor units, where the water level control is a tough challenge. During transients, the water level may change drastically, and its reverse dynamic characteristics may even cause safety concerns. This article studies the dynamic effects of several crucial impact factors on the level, including their gains, time constants, and coupling relationships. Considering the impact and the inter connections of these factors, a dynamic distributed parameter mechanism model for real-time water level estimation is constructed. It consists of three sub-models: the close-loop control system model, the mass and heat transfer model, and the momentum transfer model. Solving these models, one may yield the flow rates of the inputs and outputs of the downcomer channel. Then, the level is determined employing the dynamic conservation for the feedwater chamber. Pseudo-online simulation studies are carried out with the measurements from an operating 1000 MW unit during the full load rejection test. • Impact factors affecting the steam generator water level are studied quantitively. • A dynamic distributed parameter model of steam generator water level is established. • The proposed model is validated using measured data during load rejection transients. • Comparison suggests the accuracy of water level simulation with a mean error of 0.13%. • The model is suitable for online application since each-step simulation takes only 7 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the gradual expansion of the development of sports, the level of sports has been rapidly improved. Athletes have to carry out high-intensity and systemic technical movements in training and competition. Some sports have the greatest burden on the shoulder joint. From the observation and investigation of the injured parts of athletes, it is found that the shoulder joint is the most common sports injury, which is the most typical sports injury. Based on the problem of insufficient strength and endurance reserve after rehabilitation of shoulder external rotator injury, it will cause muscle tension and poor extensibility. To prove the improvement effect of functional training and posture index calibration on the poor posture of the shoulder, considering the measurement of global passive torque, this paper uses a limited set of joint angles and corresponding passive torque data in the upper arm lifting trajectory to train the neural network and uses the trained network to predict the passive torque in other upper arm trajectories. The kinematics model of the shoulder joint is established, and the human-computer interaction experiment is designed on the platform of the gesture index manipulator. The passive and active torque components of the shoulder joint in the human-computer interaction process are calculated by measuring the man-machine interaction force of the subjects in the motion state, which is used as the basis for evaluating the active motion intention of the subjects. Surface electromyography (SEMG) was used to calibrate and verify the attitude index of shoulder active torque. The method proposed in this paper is helpful to achieve more efficient on-demand assisted rehabilitation training exercises, which is of great significance to improve the level of rehabilitation training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Early diagnosis of bacterial infection and tracking of treatment effect are of great importance for developing a "sense-and-treat" integrated system. Herein, we developed a bacteria-triggered, portable, wearable and colorimetric film-based band-aid (FBA) for closed-loop monitoring and light-controlled therapy of wound infection. FBA with high photothermal conversion efficiency of 52.56% was prepared by wrapping Bi 2 S 3 nanoflowers (BS NFs) loaded with rhodium nanoparticles (Rh NPs) and bromothymol blue (BTB) into LB agar film, integrating bacteria-triggered color change, photothermal/photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT) synergistic bactericidal therapy and agar-based band aid in one intelligent system. Initially, FBA effectively simulates the pH sensing mechanism, and monitors the occurrence of bacterial infections within 5 min through color changes of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) from blue to yellow and Escherichia coli (E. coli) from yellow to blue. Additionally, the short-term and controlled antibacterial strategy of "one light dual-mode responses" (photothermal and photodynamic responses) was implemented with the introduce of near-infrared (NIR). Ultimately, the effectiveness of FBA was fully validated in the monitoring and treating of S. aureus -infected mouse wounds. Notably, the designed FBA decisively abandoned off-target side effects maximizing the treatment effect and nakedly tracking therapeutic situation in real time, contributing an effective antibacterial alternative strategy for reducing the use of antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, such integrated system is still unreported on film-fixed model. In view of the advantages of the low cost and convenience of the simple device, the integrated design is expected to provide a solution for the development of a closed-loop biomedical system combining diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the self-organizing maps (SOM) method, we ranked and compared the simulation results of atmospheric circulation and precipitation for 32 global climate models (GCMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) over China, and found that the ranking of the GCM's ability to simulate the frequency of sea level pressure (SLP) weather patterns (WPs) was not correlated with the ranking of its ability to simulate annual precipitation WPs. Then, we attributed the precipitation simulation differences and identified three main components for the differences in the multi-model simulation results: internal variability, frequency differences, and the combined term of the two, with internal variability being the largest of the three components. These three deviations depend ultimately on two factors: the ability to simulate the frequency of WPs and the ability to simulate the corresponding average daily precipitation generated by these WPs, with the second factor playing a decisive role. Then, to address the drawback that the model ensemble results cannot be effectively improved when each single model that makes up the ensemble model is dry or wet, a solution was proposed to correct for the simulation differences: the nodal precipitation differences of each WP were corrected. After the correction of the simulation differences, the simulation capability of all the individual models was greatly improved, which increases our confidence in using the CMIP5 models for future weather patterns and precipitation simulation and forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of regenerative wound healing dressings is to restore tissue function back to normal physiological activity and accelerate skin tissue regeneration at wound sites. The optimal strategy to achieve this purpose requires a balance between material functionality, degradation, safety, and tissue regrowth. Herein, for the first time, an ultrasonic‐triggered irreversible tending to equilibrium self‐assembly and ionic cross‐linking codriven strategy is proposed for producing multifunctional cinnamaldehyde‐tannic acid‐zinc acetate nanospheres (CA‐TA‐ZA NSs), realizing the fusion of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug‐food small molecules. Moreover, a novel "all‐in‐one" chitosan (CS)‐based hydrogel functionalized by introducing drug‐food small molecules self‐assembled CA‐TA‐ZA NSs to the 3D network structures of CS is designed, integrating excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and reducing oxidative stress damage abilities. Additionally, the multifunctional CS‐based hydrogel can realize rapid in situ gelation at wound sites and completely cover the irregular wounds. All of these superiorities enable the CS‐based hydrogel to clean the wound microenvironment, induce skin tissue remodeling, promote blood vessel repair and hair follicle regeneration, restore the immune system back to normal physiological activity, and accelerate wound healing. Therefore, this study offers a new perspective for the design of advanced functional materials with great application potential in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Robust NiSn subnanoclusters are successfully encapsulated within silicalite-1 zeolite. • Synergy of NiSn sites is conducive to selective C–H activation and propylene desorption. • Propylene productivity of Ni 1 Sn 1 @S-1 catalyst is restored after 3 regeneration cycles. • Dehydrogenation mechanism is revealed from in situ FTIR spectra. Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is one of the most effective methods for intentional ("on-purpose") propylene production. Isolated Sn sites on open supports exhibit considerable PDH performance comparable to that of industrial Pt- and Cr-based catalysts, but the loss of Sn is inevitable. Herein, highly dispersed and stable NiSn subnanoclusters encapsulated within the channels of silicalite-1 zeolite are fabricated through a one-step hydrothermal synthesis in this work. The as-prepared Ni 1 Sn 1 @S-1 zeolite catalyst exhibits outstanding PDH performance with considerable propylene formation rate (ca. 12.3 mmol∙g cat -1∙h−1) and high propylene selectivity (>88 %). Most significantly, no Sn loss is detected after three regeneration cycles. Structural elucidation of NiSn sites on catalysts, by HRTEM, H 2 -TPR, FTIR and XPS characterizations confirms that the Ni sites embedded in the geminal silanols of zeolitic framework play a vital role in anchoring Sn species and preventing the active sites from losing and sintering. The cooperative action of robust NiSn subnanoclusters is conducive to the selective C–H activation and the propylene desorption. A plausible dehydrogenation mechanism is revealed by in situ infrared spectroscopy. This study on siliceous zeolite confined NiSn catalysts delivers an insight into the nature of selective and stable NiSn sites involved in the PDH reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Self-supported Al-CoSe 2 nanowire arrays were obtained. • The obtained electrocatalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activities and stability. • Possible enhanced mechanism has been convinced. The development of highly efficient, long-lasting, and earth-rich electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution processes (HER) is crucial to the advancement of hydrogen energy. Due to its improved catalytic activity, extraordinary chemical stability, and low cost, pyrite cobalt selenide (CoSe2) has become an incredibly potential replacement for Pt-based HER electrocatalysts. However, because of limited hydrogen adsorption and accompanying restrictions in its electronic structure, its practical application has run into difficulties. Herein, we have introduced aluminum (Al) into CoSe2/CC nanowire arrays on carbon cloth using a simple hydrothermal and selenization method. The synthesized materials serve as highly effective catalysts for HER, with the optimized Al-CoSe2/CC demonstrating a significantly overpotential reduced by nearly 90 mV compared to pure CoSe2/CC (from 243 mV to 153 mV) at a current density at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 88 mV dec−1. Moreover, these catalysts exhibit exceptional durability, sustaining their performance for 24 h. Based on the experimental results and subsequent density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it has been demonstrated that Al doping can significantly enhance the electronic conductivity, maximize the hydrogen evolution adsorption energy, and improve the charge transfer ability. This work offers a profound insight into the correlation between cation substitution in non-precious metal-based catalysts and the enhancement of intrinsic HER catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Migration regulation of Ca2+ species in the CaNaX zeolite was revealed in detail. • Utilization of hydroxylated Ca2+ species in the supercages of CaNaX zeolite was maximized via low-temperature calcination. • Remarkable CO 2 uptakes and selectivity on the 0.05CaNaX-250 zeolite were achieved. • This new sorbent displayed low heat of adsorption, fast kinetics and superior recyclability. • The formation of Ca(OH)+∙∙∙(CO 2) 2 adducts revealed by CO 2 -dosing FTIR experiments. Ca-FAU zeolite sorbents have been recognized as one of promising CO 2 capture materials, while it is subject to the change in the speciations and locations of Ca2+ species as adsorption sites in the FAU zeolite due to its susceptible migration. In this paper, a facile strategy is reported by tuning calcination temperatures and Ca loadings, to maximize the utilization of Ca2+ species in the supercages of CaNaX zeolites. Detail characterizations of TG-MS, in situ FTIR spectroscopy and XRD Rietveld refinement reveal the changeable regular in the chemical speciations, locations and number of Ca2+ species in the CaNaX zeolites. Synthetic 0.05CaNaX-250 zeolite (calcined at 250 °C and Ca loading of 1.58 wt%) guarantees at least 21 Ca(OH)+ species (depicted as hydroxylated Ca2+ species) in the supercages per FAU cell unit, close to theoretical value. Such sorbent apparently improves the CO 2 uptakes and the separation from CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CH 4 , along with fast kinetics, low heat of adsorption, measured by dynamic and gravimetric adsorption methods, respectively. In addition, it keeps a superior recyclability after 10 times regeneration. CO 2 -dosing FTIR experiments further illustrate that excellent CO 2 adsorption performance are benefited from the formation of Ca(OH)+∙∙∙(CO 2) 2 adducts with an appropriate interaction. This work is of great significance to better understand the role of cations in FAU zeolites, and also provides an important reference value for the directional design of effective adsorption sites in other excellent CO 2 zeolite sorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The deformable drug-loaded peptide nanocarriers PS/Pep1 achieved high penetration. • PS/Pep1 underwent morphological transformation to prolong the retention time of the encapsulated drugs. • In vivo and ex vivo experiments demonstrated that PS/Pep1 inhibits angiogenesis. • PS/pep1 can effectively inhibit tumor metastasis in vivo. Chemotherapeutic drugs have low aggregation rates and short retention times in tumors, severely limiting their clinical application. Additionally, the development and spread of solid tumors is highly dependent on neovascularization. An RGD-modified acid-responsive peptide was designed to encapsulate the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel (PTX) and the antiangiogenic drug sorafenib (SF), enabling them to self-assemble into nanoparticles (NPs) in a physiological environment. In an acidic environment, the release of PTX and SF was achieved when the drug-loaded experimental peptide PS/Pep1 transformed from spherical NPs into aggregates containing nanofibers, which effectively prolonged the retention of the encapsulated drug and increased drug accumulation. Furthermore, in vivo experiments provided compelling evidence of the strong inhibitory effects of PS/Pep1 on tumor growth and metastasis, as well as its effective suppression of angiogenesis. This targeted NP system that undergoes a morphological shift in the tumor microenvironment holds promise for enhancing the efficacy of the combined administration of chemotherapeutic and antiangiogenic drugs to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial contamination and oxidation of nutrients are two main reasons for food spoilage. Bioactive food fresh-keeping films (FFKFs) or functional edible coatings (FECs), which refer to a class of nature polymer-based preservation materials with advantages of green, nontoxic, edible and degradable characteristics, can effectively maintain the freshness of food stuffs and have gained considerable attentions. Two major factors in food spoilage, microbial contamination and nutrient oxidation, are described. Besides, the compositions, preparation technologies, and application range of functional FFKFs and FECs are introduced. This review also emphasizes the classification, preparation methods, modification approaches and application objects of FFKFs, as well as the development bottlenecks of FFKFs and FECs, and elaborating their development trends. Bioactive FFKFs and FECs play vital roles in inhibiting microbial contamination and oxidative deterioration of food products for extending their shelf lives. However, poor mechanical properties, gas barrier properties and heat resistance are the main problems of multifunctional FFKFs. Besides, poor hydrophobicity and bad water resistance of FFKFs make them easy to break when exposed to water, which limit their applications in preservation of some food products with high surface water content or easy to leak water. For FECs, the main problem is that the formulation and application of FECs should be properly performed based on different food stuffs to avoid their unnecessary removal. Future research should focus on designing suitable preservation strategies for different food stuffs according to their own different spoilage reasons. Importantly, it is necessary to track and deepen the researchers in order to optimize the properties of FFKFs and FECs and understand their action mechanisms, which will be very meaningful to allow these materials for specific applications in food industry. [Display omitted] • Microbial contamination and nutrients oxidation spoilage of different food stuffs. • Classification, preparation, nanomodification and application of FFKFs. • Difference and limitations of FFKFs and FECs for application in food preservation. • Targeted research trend of practical FFKFs and FECs for different food stuffs. • Importance of property optimization and preservative mechanism exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile solvothermal method using glycol as solvent has been developed for the synthesis of BiOI with high intensity ratio (110)/(102) facets and i vacancies. Investigating its adsorption ability and photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). The XRD results show that the high intensity ratio (110)/(102) facets, EDX and XPS prove the existence of i vacancies. The BiOI synthesized by using glycol exhibit higher BET surface area and more negative zeta potential. Although the band gap is slightly enlarged, higher valence band position leads to stronger oxidation ability. Adsorption capacity increased from barely to 31.66 mg/g by investigating the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics. The change of intensity ratio facets and the existence of vacancies make BiOI a promising catalyst for the synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission of the fundamental mode in multi-mode waveguides is an effective scheme for a silicon-based platform to reduce scattering loss. However, the application of the scheme is usually limited to straight waveguides and restricted in multi-mode bending waveguides. This is because the fundamental mode of a straight waveguide is seriously disordered after passing the bend. In this work, we have presented a "matched bending radius" approach, by which an ultra-low loss and negligible modal disorder have been demonstrated in the Si and Si3N4 multi-mode waveguides. The estimated TE0 mode transmission factor is almost 0 dB at the matched bending radius, indicating that the fundamental mode can be re-generated after passing the multi-mode bending waveguide. The proposed approach will contribute to applying the low loss scheme in large-scale photonic integrated circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• HSR introduces additional ecological pressure while promoting urban development. • The impact and mechanism of HSR development on vegetation pattern are revealed. • HSR operation reduces vegetation of locality but increases that of adjacent cities. • HSR changes vegetation cover via affecting land development and pollution emissions. • HSR-induced economic siphon effect underlying reshapes the intercity green pattern. Less attention has been paid to the potential ecological pressures brought about by high-speed rail (HSR) while promoting urban prosperity. Based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and multiple socio-economic and ecological data, this study examines the local effect and spatial spillover effect of HSR operation on green vegetation coverage (GVC) in Chinese cities from 2003 to 2014, using a difference-in-differences design and spatial econometrics. Main findings are: 1) HSR operation has reduced GVC of local cities by about 6.0%. Because HSR-triggered economic agglomeration has intensified the land development and increased the pollution emissions (represented by SO 2 and dust), leading to the degradation of local green vegetation. 2) The local effects of HSR on urban GVC are heterogeneous. HSR operation seriously cuts down the GVC for development-saturated cities, slightly undercuts the GVC for cities with conventional railways, but positively boosts the GVC for ecotourism cities. 3) HSR operation increases the GVC of adjacent cities (cities contiguous to HSR-located cities) by about 3.8%. Because the economic siphoning effect of HSR on adjacent cities reduces their land needs and pollution emissions, thus providing conditions for the vegetation expansion. Note that the HSR's impact on adjacent cities' GVC is influenced by the economic disparity between HSR cities and their neighbors. This study re-identifies the role of the transportation infrastructure in reshaping ecological patterns, providing insights into regional sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel framework was developed to assess ecological benefits. • The effective living vegetation volume is an important indicator in the framework. • The ecological benefits of single trees can be accurately calculated. • The advantages of multi-source data for evaluating ecological benefits were analyzed. • The model based on game theory was used to optimize weights. The rate of urbanization is increasing, and solutions to the pollution issue are desperately needed. Urban street trees are an essential factor in improving the environmental quality of cities. Quantifying precise ecological benefits of individual trees is important for monitoring urban ecology. However, since street tree surveys are time-consuming and expensive, it is challenging to assess the ecological benefits of street trees. Besides, there is still a need for more investigation into the advantages of multi-source data for ecological benefits estimates. Effective living vegetation volume (eLVV) as an urban green space indicator is beneficial for providing the vertical structure of street trees and offering a possibility for estimating the ecological benefits. The objective of this study is to evaluate the accurate ecological benefits of street trees by calculating eLVV. We developed and validated a framework for evaluating the ecological benefits of urban vegetation using point cloud and image processing techniques. Terrestrial laser scanning and unmanned aerial vehicle data were used to predict indicators at the single tree scale and road scale. Models based on game theory were applied to score all the indicators and assess the ecological benefits. The results showed that: (1) The proposed framework demonstrated that multi-source data allowed for the exact indicators of ecological benefits. (2) The eLVV of the street trees on two roads was less on the north side than on the south side, reflecting the difference in the ecology of the street trees in terms of orientation. This paper explores the advantages of multi-source data in measuring detailed ecological benefits, which support the digital management of street trees and the sustainability of regional ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring efficient non-precious metal sulfides as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial. Cobalt disulfide (CoS 2) has gained attention for its favorable intrinsic activity, impressive metal conductivity, and cost-effectiveness. However, the weak adsorption of H* at the sulfur (S) sites on the surface of CoS 2 leaves room for enhancing its HER intrinsic activity. Vacancy engineering emerges as a valuable strategy to modulate the local charge density, optimizing hydrogen adsorption free energy and catalytic performance in HER. Taking advantage of plasma technology, known for its rapid and efficient defect creation, we synthesized porous CoS 2 nanowire arrays enriched with S vacancies (V s -CoS 2 /CC) through Ar plasma treatment. Notably, at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, V s -CoS 2 /CC exhibits a lower overpotential (170 mV) compared to pure CoS 2 /CC (236 mV). Furthermore, V s -CoS 2 /CC demonstrates exceptional electrochemical stability. Experimental data and density functional theory calculations jointly reveal that introducing S vacancies reduces local charge density around S atoms, activating inert sulfur sites and enhancing the intrinsic activity of CoS 2 for HER. This study introduces a novel concept of defect-engineered activation in metal compound catalysts, employing a plasma approach to advance HER performance. [Display omitted] • By introducing V s through plasma treatment, V s -CoS 2 /CC is obtained. • V s -CoS 2 /CC exhibits excellent HER catalytic performance. • The introduction of V s activates the inert S sites in CoS 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Multifunctional BCN-based three-phase O/W CA-εPL PEs were constructed. • CA-εPL PEs into the structures of gelatin matrix to prepare GL-CA-εPL PE films. • GL-CA-εPL PE films showed excellent antioxidant, antibacterial properties, etc. • Cheese were packed in the GL-CA-εPL100 PE film extended shelf life. • GC-IMS showed samples no significant differences between packed film and unpacked. Owing to increasing plastic pollution and concerns about food safety, extensive research attention has been paid to biodegradable active packaging. Herein, we developed bacterial cellulose nanocrystal (BCN)-based three-phase Pickering nanoemulsion gelatin (GL) films. In detail, bacterial cellulose was obtained using Acetobacter xylinum , which was then hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid to prepare BCNs. Carnosic acid (CA) and ε-polylysine (εPL) were incorporated into the BCN matrix through electrostatic complexation and the matrix was ultrasonically triggered as an emulsification self-assembly strategy, forming the multifunctional BCN-based three-phase O/W Pickering nanoemulsions (CA-εPL PEs). Furthermore, a novel active packaging film (GL-CA-εPL PEs) was designed via intermolecular hydrogen bonding and dehydration condensation by introducing CA-εPL PEs into the 3D network structures of a GL matrix; both phases showed good interaction and compatibility, along with excellent antioxidant, antibacterial, UV-shielding, good mechanical, heat-sealing, sustainable release, and biodegradable properties. Additionally, fresh (acid-coagulated) and mozzarella cheese were packed in the GL-CA-εPL100 PE film, and their shelf life was extended due to delayed lipid peroxidation and inhibition of the growth of spoilage microorganisms. Sensorial and flavored (GC-IMS) analyses showed no significant differences between the samples packed in the GL-CA-εPL100 PE active film and the unpacked samples. This study provides scientific insights for designing BCN-based O/W multifunctional three-phase Pickering nanoemulsion delivery systems for active food packaging; the proposed method can be promising for reducing the environmental impact of plastic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The liver microsome sensor was successfully developed for rapid screening of AFB1. • The electrochemical signal was based on the RLM metabolic conversion pathway. • The Au@MXene nanocomposite significantly improved the electro-performance. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) catalyze the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) metabolites, which play an important role in carcinogenesis. In this study, we report a simple electrochemical liver-microsome-based biosensor using a composite of gold nanoparticles adsorbed on MXene (Au@MXene) for rapid screening of AFB1. Rat liver microsomes (RLMs) were directly adsorbed on the Au@MXene nanocomposite. The high conductivity, large specific surface area, and good biocompatibility of the Au@MXene nanocomposite enabled the direct electron transfer between the RLMs and the electrode and maintained the biological activity of the enzyme in the RLMs to a large extent. The metabolic behavior of the RLM biosensor that was developed for the electrocatalyst of AFB1 to its hydroxylation metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was confirmed. Based on the change in the electrical signal generated by this metabolic behavior, we established the relationship between AFB1 content and amperometric (I-t) current signal. When the AFB1 concentration ranged from 0.01 μM to 50 μM, the AFB1 concentration was linearly related to the electrical signal with a limit of detection of 2.8 nM. The results of the recovery experiments for corn samples showed that the recovery and accuracy of the sensor were consistent with the UPLC-MS/MS method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing nanocomposite with multi-level interfaces is an effective approach to improving the microwave absorbing capability of materials. In this study, the urchin-like multiple core-shelled Co/CoS 2 @NC@MoS 2 composites (CCM) are designed and fabricated by high-temperature pyrolysis and solvothermal process, where the structure and phase composition are affected by the migration of Co. Abundant interfaces in the multiple core-shelled structures favor the polarization relaxation loss, defects of MoS 2 and nitrogen doping carbon (NC) matrix induce the dipole orientation polarization loss. The CCM composite exhibits excellent microwave absorption with the strongest reflection loss (RL) of − 43.9 dB. Meanwhile, the broadest effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL<−10 dB) is 4.4 GHz with a thickness of 1.5 mm. Besides, with the thickness of 1.0–3.5 mm, all peaks of RL min < −20 dB (99 % absorptivity). It is believed that this work can provide an effective strategy for the design of tunable multi-interface nanostructures to regulate microwave absorption. • The urchin-like multiple core-shelled Co/CoS 2 @NC@MoS 2 composites (CCM) are fabricated. • The reactivity of Co under the pyrolysis temperature could affect the structure and phase composition. • The intrinsic loss of CCM is dominated by the polarization relaxation loss. • The effective absorption bandwidth is 4.4 GHz with a thickness of 1.5 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, this paper describes a novel label-free and extensibility electrochemical sensing platform based on porphyrin-ionic liquid (Por-IL) aggregate for the detection of antibody. The Por-IL was synthesized with water-soluble porphyrins Zn(II) meso -tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (ZnTPPS)) and the ionic liquid 1-decyl-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C 10 mimBr) under room temperature, which exhibited high singlet oxygen (1O 2) quantum yields and electrocatalytic activity toward hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). In the presence of antibody, the antibody could be introduced on the surface of the electrode on the basis of antigen-antibody biorecognition. Under light illumination, the 1O 2 formed, then water and the formed 1O 2 could be catalyzed by antibody via the antibody catalyzed water oxidation pathway to produce H 2 O 2 which could be detected by the electrode, leading to the electrochemical signal for readout. Using anti -carcinoembryonic antigen (anti -CEA) as a model target, this method displayed a wide linear detection range and a lower detection limit. In particular, Por-IL demonstrated lower detection limit of 1.67 fg/mL. Furthermore, the Por-IL sensors were able to detect antibody in complex samples. The immunosensor platform has the features of label-free, sensitivity, only with air and on/off light switching and could be used to detect of a variety of antibody by using corresponding antigen, showing potential application in medical diagnosis. [Display omitted] • An electrochemical immunosensor platform based on porphyrin (Por)-ionic liquid (IL) aggregate was designed. • The Por-IL aggregate has high catalytic activity toward H 2 O 2 and singlet oxygen quantum yields. • The sensor has the extensibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of lightweight cast magnesium (Mg) alloys capable of operating at elevated temperatures is in strong demand for industrial applications, such as pistons and cylinders. In this work, we focus on a newly developed low-cost Mg–8Al–4Ce-0.2Zn-0.2Mn (wt. %) alloy with higher aluminum contents named AE84. The 8 wt % addition of Al increases the fraction of the Al-containing second phases and the hardenability through heat treatment. AE84 alloys at the three conditions (as-cast, T4, and T6) demonstrate outstanding comprehensive tensile performance at room temperature by strong solution hardening and some precipitation of a nanosized phase identified as Al 8 CeMn 4 along with the surface of the Al 11 Ce 3. T4-AE84 possesses an ultimate tensile strength of 181 MPa at 150 °C and 161 MPa at 200 °C, respectively. The existence of Al-containing phases in T4-AE84 can maximize the strengthening effect and reduce the weakening effect, obtaining excellent elevated temperature mechanical properties prior to commercial AE42 and AE44 alloys. This work provides a new idea for the composition design of heat-resistant alloys to seek better performance at elevated temperatures. • Mg–Al–Ce alloy with higher Al content were designed and prepared successfully. • AE84 exhibited superior performances at elevated temperature of 150–200 °C. • The nano-sized precipitation during aging treatment were observed. • Solution treatment enhanced the elevated temperature properties as expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification and quantitation of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) has aroused enormous levels of attention, due to RSNO have many roles in vivo. Here, we synthesized the nanocomposites of ultrafine Cu 2 O/layered double hydroxide (u-Cu 2 O/LDH) by the in situ topotactic reduction of a Cu2+-containing LDH with ascorbic acid under gentle conditions and applied these u-Cu 2 O/LDH to detect and monitor RSNO. Electrochemical signals of u-Cu 2 O/LDH exhibited a wide N-acetyl-S-nitrosopenicillamine detection range from 5.0 nM–4.0 μM and 4.0 μM–400 μM, with a low detection limit of 1.58 nM. The sensor also exhibited good performance for other RSNO, such as S-nitrosoglutathione, S-nitrosocysteine, and S-nitrosohomocysteine with corresponding limits of detection at 1.94 nM, 1.23 nM and 1.62 nM, respectively. The high levels of selectivity and sensitivity to RSNO in complex biological environments can be attributed to the abundance of exposed active sites, and the underlying support structure. In addition, u-Cu 2 O/LDH also exhibited dynamic nitric oxide (NO) monitoring ability from living cells. Collectively, these results reveal that u-Cu 2 O/LDH exhibit a remarkable ability to quantify RSNO levels in complex samples, and could therefore provide new tools for exploring ultrafine nanomaterials as a potential biosensor to investigate biological events. A novel electrochemical sensing platform based on in situ synthesis of ultrafine Cu 2 O on layered double hydroxide was developed for the detection and monitoring S-nitrosothiols. [Display omitted] • The uniformly sized and ultrafine Cu 2 O, with the diameter of 5 nm, was synthesized successfully. • The Cu 2 O was obtained by the in situ reduction of layered double hydroxide (LDH) with ascorbic acid. • The ultrafine Cu 2 O/LDH (u-Cu 2 O/LDH) exhibited high activity in the denitrosylation of S-nitrosothiols. • The u-Cu 2 O/LDH also exhibited dynamic nitric oxide monitoring ability from living cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effects of sodium caseinate on the stability of SNPs were investigated. • The optimal concentration for sodium caseinate decorating SNPs was 0.3%. • SQCNPs were fabricated based on hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions. • The decoration of sodium caseinate improved the functional properties of SNPs. To protect quercetin and address some of the barriers about shellac as a delivery carrier, we investigated the effects of sodium caseinate surface decoration on the formation, stability, and physiochemical properties of shellac nanoparticles (SNPs) for the first time. Herein, 0.3% caseinate was selected to prepare the quercetin-loaded shellac/sodium caseinate complex nanoparticles (SQCNPs), ensuring stable formation of nanoparticles and preventing irreversible aggregation of SNPs in acid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and complex nanoparticle dissociation test indicated SQCNPs were fabricated based hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions among Que, shellac, and caseinate. Besides, the modification of sodium caseinate can address salt instability and low redispersibility and improve encapsulation efficiency of SNPs. Meanwhile, SQCNPs possessed good antioxidant capacity, low cytotoxicity and controlled release in simulated gastrointestinal digestion. In summary, this work might open up a new, green, and sustainable method to design a bioactive substance delivery system by employing shellac as a vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-delivery systems play an important role in the development of nutritional supplements due to their efficient encapsulation and delivery properties for nutrients. Herein, we prepared protein-polysaccharide nanoparticles as a novel amphiphilic nano-delivery system based on gallic acid modified chitosan (GCS) and ovalbumin (OVA) by pH-driven and calcium ion crosslinking. The nanoparticles loaded with hydrophilic riboflavin (Rib) and hydrophobic quercetin (Que) as nutrient models were abbreviated as GCS-OVA-Rib NPs and GCS-OVA-Que NPs, respectively. Their encapsulation efficiencies for Rib and Que. were 66.36 % and 96.61 %, respectively. In addition, GCS-OVA-Rib NPs and GCS-OVA-Que NPs showed antioxidant activity as well as good stability and delivery capacity for Rib and Que. in simulated digestion with release ratios of 78.38 % and 84.15 %, respectively. More importantly, GCS-OVA-Rib/Que. NPs performed good biocompatibility for further applications. Overall, this work provides some useful insights for the design of novel amphiphilic nano-delivery systems based on polysaccharides and proteins. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the trace Ce atoms have been added into the low-alloyed Mg-Al-Ca matrix, and the microstructure and mechanical properties have been investigated. For the Mg-Al-Ca ternary alloy, the tensile yield strength (TYS) would be decreased from ~ 321 MPa at 260 °C (extrusion temperature) to ~ 294 MPa at 290 °C. In contrast, the Mg-Al-Ca-Ce alloy can still exhibit the high YS of ~ 350 MPa and elongation of ~ 12.1% at higher extrusion temperature of 290 °C. Microstructure characterization shows that the Ce addition can effectively induce the solute segregations along both dislocations and grain boundaries in Mg-Al-Ca-Ce alloy, which thus leads to the finer grain size of 0.7 ~ 0.8 µm at a wide range of extrusion temperature. Formation of subgrain with strong texture, residual dislocations due to segregation and profuse nano-precipitations can together contribute to the high yield strength of Mg-Al-Ca-Ce alloy. More importantly, the trace Ce atoms can promote the activation of non-basal dislocations in Mg matrix and also the weakened texture in DRXed grains. As a result, the ductility is also simultaneously improved by the trace addition of Ce atom into Mg-Al-Ca based alloy. The relevant results can shed light on designing the new high strength and low-alloyed Mg alloys. • Simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility is achieved through trace Ce addition into dilute Mg-Al-Ca alloys. • Solute segregations along both dislocations and grain boundaries can be achieved by the addition of Ce. • Finer grain size of 0.7–0.8 µm at a wide range of extrusion temperature is obtained in the new Mg-Al-Ca-Ce alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy parameter formed by multiplying the maximum strain range and the peak stress has the problem that one value may correspond to multiple fatigue damage states. For this issue, a new energy parameter suitable for tension–compression is proposed, which includes an improved strain‐energy model and a strain‐energy ratio. The improved strain‐energy model deduced by judging the volume change of the micro‐element has positive and negative function which can use to distinguish tensile and compressive deformation. The strain‐energy ratio is established to characterize the alternate tensile and compressive deformation under asymmetric cyclic loading. Then, applying fatigue test data, a modeling approach for fatigue life estimation based on the strain‐energy ratio is proposed, and three example models are also exhibited. Finally, according to the example model, the case of a cantilever beam under asymmetric cycle loading is carried out. The results illustrate the feasibility of the improved energy parameter in characterizing tension–compression state and the applicability of the strain‐energy ratio‐based model in fatigue analysis. Highlights: The energy parameter has a problem that one value may correspond multi‐state.The improved strain‐energy model has positive and negative properties.Strain‐energy ratio can represent tension–compression cyclic characteristics.Fatigue life model based on strain‐energy ratio exhibits E–N curve group.Under heavy load, fatigue damage should fully consider alternating deformation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-extruded and as-annealed Mg-0.8Ca-xMn-0.2Ce (x = 0.4, 0.7) wt% alloys, which are named as XME04 and XME07, have been investigated. An ultra-high strength of ~428 MPa can be achieved in as-extruded XME04 sample due to the high proportion of as-deformed grains and also high density of residual dislocations. The high Mn addition in as-extruded XME07 alloy can promote the dynamical recrystallization and induce more nano-precipitations. More nano-Mn precipitates in XME07 alloy can effectively hinder grain growth during extrusion and contribute to the finer grains. As a result, more precipitation of nano-phases, finer grains, and lower density of residual dislocations together account for the higher thermal stability in XME07 alloy than that in XME04 alloy. A novel Mg-0.8Ca-0.7Mn-0.2Ce wt% alloy with an excellent thermal stability has been developed. After annealing at 300 °C for 6 h, the yield strength of this alloy can still maintain at ~322 MPa. The relevant results can provide important guidance for developing novel Mg wrought alloys with both ultra-high strength and also high thermal stability. • Ultra-high strength of ~428 MPa was achieved in the low-cost Mg-0.8Ca-0.4Mn-0.2Ce (wt%) wrought alloy. • The Mn addition can promote dynamical recrystallization and induce more nano-precipitations. • A novel Mg-0.8Ca-0.7Mn-0.2Ce wt% alloy with an excellent thermal stability has been produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Houttuynia cordata Thunb., a plant belonging to the family of Saururaceae, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for more than 1500 years. Because of its various pharmacological activities, it was widely used as antipyretic, detoxification, anti-inflammatory drugs. Houttuynia cordata (HC) injection was prepared using contemporary methods to extract effective components from H. cordata Thunb. However, the adverse event reports of HC injection are accumulating remarkably with the HC injection clinical applications increased. Previous studies demonstrated that the major side effects of HC injection were anaphylactoid reactions. Our work might shed the light on the role of Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) in modulating drug-induced anaphylactoid reactions. We aimed to investigate the role of the mouse Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor B2 (Mrgprb2) (the orthologous gene of human MRGPRX2) in anaphylactoid reactions induced by HC injection. Mrgprb2 related anaphylactoid reactions induced by HC injection were investigated by histamine/β-hexosaminidase releasing, mast cell degranulation, and hind paw swelling assays by using a Mrgprb2 knockout mouse model. Furthermore, the transcriptomic profiles of the anaphylactoid reaction induced by HC injection was analyzed by RNA sequencing. Mice without Mrgprb2 exhibited significantly decreasing in mast cell degranulation, serum histamine release, and hind paw swelling degrees. The RNA sequencing results indicated that Mrgprb2 could play a pivotal role in HC injection induced anaphylactoid reaction mediated by mTOR/AMPK pathway. Intriguingly, our results showed that Mrgprb2 might involve in Compound 48/80 induced anaphylactoid reactions mediated by Reelin/E-cadherin axis, which suggested different roles of Mrgprb2 in anaphylactoid reactions induced by HC injection and C48/80. Our studies reported effects and underlying mechanisms of Mrgprb2 in the anaphylactoid reaction induced by HC injection. [Display omitted] • A Mrgprb2 knockout mouse model was successfully generated. • The Mrgprb2 KO attenuated anaphylactoid reactions induced by H. cordata in mice. • The anaphylactoid reaction mechanisms of H. cordata and C48/80 were different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature-derived bioactive components and photothermal synergistic therapy bring potential strategies for fighting bacterial infection and accelerating would healing by virtue of their excellent therapeutic efficiencies and ignorable side effects, where photothermal property not only acts as sterilization energy but also as a doorkeeper to control the natural component release. Herein, by integrating the excellent antibacterial property of cinnamaldehyde (CA) and the outstanding photothermal performance of copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs), a multifunctional nanoplatform of SiO 2 @CA@CuS nanospheres (NSs) is constructed with silica nanosphere (SiO 2 NSs) as carrier. SiO 2 @CA@CuS NSs exhibit photothermal property, bacterial absorption capacity, extraordinary antibacterial activity and antioxidant property. Mechanism characteriazation and antibacterial experiment indicate that positive charged SiO 2 @CA@CuS can adhere to the negative charged surface of bacteria, and quickly kill bacteria through the synergistic action of the released CA and heat produced under near infrared light (NIR) irradiation at 980 nm. The sterilization efficiencies for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and S. aureus reach 99.86% and 99.84%, respectively. Furthermore, NIR-regulated SiO 2 @CA@CuS perform great biocompatibility, as well as effective effects for accelerating S. aureus -infected wound healing at a low photothermal temperature (45 °C) relying on synergistic sterilization and anti-oxidation. [Display omitted] • Mesoporous silica loaded with CA performs electropositive. • Photothermal energy: antibacterial energy and a doorkeeper of cinnamaldehyde. • NIR-induced cinnamaldehyde release and photothermal synergistic therapy. • Promoting blood vessel growth and accelerating infected-wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2%Yb addition into Mg-4Sm-0.6Zn-0.4Zr alloy improves the heat resistance, with a reduction of the minimum creep rate by nearly one order of magnitude, in comparison to Yb-free alloy. And tensile strength at both room and high temperature is also increased by Yb addition and the increment is more than 50 MPa. At the duration of creep, both basal and prismatic plates dynamically precipitated in the Mg matrix of Yb-modified alloy, whereas only basal plate formed in Yb-free alloy. The co-precipitation of prismatic and basal plates to form a closed space goes against dislocation motion more effectively, which is one of the crucial reasons for enhanced heat resistance via Yb. Moreover, basal stacking faults only created in Yb-modified alloy are capable of blocking dislocations motions, contributing to the improved heat resistance. Finally, RE atoms can intrinsically offer stable atomic size-dependent solute hardening at high temperature, while a large atomic radius of Yb is expected to provide a more strengthening effect in favor of the high-temperature strength of Yb-modified alloy. This work sheds a light on developing creep-resistant cast Mg-RE-based alloy containing low RE alloying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid, efficient, and objective evaluation of active antioxidant components is of great significance for the basic research of natural products and food quality. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system-based electrochemical biosensor for H 2 O 2 detection based on the relationship between the H 2 O 2 extracellular level and the current signal response was developed, which could be used for evaluating the antioxidant activity of active compounds. To increase the analytical selectivity and the response specificity, an A549 cells/hydrogel@carbon nanofibers (CNFs)/manganese dioxide nanowires (MnO 2 NWs)/gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-modified electrochemical biosensor was successfully prepared based on the catalytic reaction between the response of H 2 O 2 and MnO 2 to the current signal. Under the optimized modification parameters of the working electrode surface, a good linear correlation was found between the oxidation peak current (Ip) value and the H 2 O 2 concentration induced by paraquat. The linear equation was Ip(μA) = 58.199C H2O2 +5.825 (C H2O2 for H 2 O 2 concentration) with R2 = 0.993, and the detection limit of H 2 O 2 was 0.02 μM, which indicated high sensitivity, satisfactory reproducibility, and stability of this method. The biosensor was successfully used to evaluate and grade the antioxidant activity of 16 anthocyanins and their glycosidic derivatives, indicating the feasibility of this method for the antioxidant evaluation of natural products. This proposed method provides a new way for evaluating the in vitro efficacy of natural products based on their physiological activities and for designing a new sensing platform. • A novel electrochemical biosensor based on MnO 2 NWs catalytic property to detect extracellular H 2 O 2. • Gelatin methacryloyl was used to construct a 3D hydrogel scaffold with pore microstructure and biocompatibility. • The correlation between the electrochemical signal response and antioxidant activity was established based on H 2 O 2 level. • This biosensor was successfully applied to the antioxidant activity evaluation of anthocyanins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-functional intelligent food packaging film for maintaining and monitoring food freshness has gained a growing number of attentions in food field. Herein, we introduced a smart gelatin-based packaging film integrating real-time monitoring and maintaining food freshness. In detail, through a two-step de-solvation method, gelatin particles were fabricated and further used for preparing oil-in-water (O/W) lavender essential oil Pickering emulsions (LEOPs). LEOPs and Alizarin (ALI) were integrated into the gelatin matrix of the three-dimensional (3D) network via intermolecular hydrogen bonding and dehydration condensation, respectively, to develop intelligent active packaging films (GL-ALI-LEOPs). GL-ALI-LEOPs exhibited excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties and a sensitive, reversible, and rapid response to pH/NH 3. Benefiting from good mechanical properties, light barrier properties and hydrophobicity of modified gelatin-based films, GL-ALI-LEOPs are readily processed into food packaging bags and smart tags. GL-ALI-LEOPs were successfully employed as an eco-friendly, low-cost, bacteriostatic and pH/NH 3 quick-responsive smart trademark for real-timely monitoring and maintaining the freshness of shrimp. [Display omitted] • Pickering emulsions stabilized by gelatin particles (LEOPs) were fabricated. • Gelatin (GL) films embedding LEOPs and alizarin (ALI) were fabricated. • GL-ALI-LEOPs exhibited excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties. • GL-ALI-LEOPs exhibited a sensitive, reversible and rapid response to pH/NH 3. • GL-ALI-LEOPs realized real-time monitoring and maintaining the freshness of shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasingly serious problem of antimicrobial resistance and the lack of clinical response strategies, the development of new antibacterial materials is imminent. Herein, a VIS/NIR co-irradiation photodynamic-photothermal and oxidase-like synergistic antibacterial platform of transition metal sulfide/TiO 2 nanofibers (TMSs/TiO 2 NFs) is proposed to fight bacterial infection. On one hand, three-dimensional (3D) MoS 2 nanoflowers load can quickly capture the photogenerated electrons of two-dimensional (2D) TiO 2 nanofibers, inhibit the recombination of electron-hole pairs and greatly increase the yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby overcoming the UV sterilization defects of pure TiO 2 , endowing TiO 2 excellent photodynamic antibacterial ability in the long-wavelength region. On other hand, with the combination of MoS 2 and TiO 2 , the photothermal effect of the 3D/2D heterostructure (MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs) was significantly enhanced and the local temperature rose to above 50 °C in a short time, which was enough to induce the inactivation of bacterial protein, thereby providing an efficient secondary sterilization effect. In addition, MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs has fascinating oxidase-like activity, which further accelerated the oxidation of physiologically relevant antioxidants in bacteria. In the end, MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs exerted outstanding antibacterial efficiencies against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) through the synergy of photodynamic-photothermal and oxidase-like performance. Meanwhile, MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs antibacterial platform effectively accelerated the healing of S. aureus -infected wounds and showed negligible toxicity and hemolysis on normal cells and tissues. Hence, this study contributed an effective alternative strategy for reducing the use of antibiotics, providing new ideas for application of semiconductor nanomaterials in collaborative combination therapy. [Display omitted] • The 3D/2D TMSs/TiO 2 NFs (MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs) heterojunctions are successfully prepared in situ. • MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs heterojunctions are demonstrated to increases the yield of ROS. • MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs show enhanced photodynamic-photothermal and oxidase-like properties. • MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs process charming sterilization activity. • MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs antibacterial agent accelerate S. aureus- infected wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the strong electron‐withdrawing nature and high lipophilicity of trifluoromethoxy group (OCF3), methods for introducing OCF3 into organic molecules are in high demand. However, the research area of direct enantioselective trifluoromethoxylation is still in the embryonic stage, with limited enantioselectivity and/or reaction types. Here, we describe the first copper‐catalyzed enantioselective trifluoromethoxylation of propargyl sulfonates using trifluoromethyl arylsulfonate (TFMS) as the trifluoromethoxy source in up to 96 % ee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the strong electron‐withdrawing nature and high lipophilicity of trifluoromethoxy group (OCF3), methods for introducing OCF3 into organic molecules are in high demand. However, the research area of direct enantioselective trifluoromethoxylation is still in the embryonic stage, with limited enantioselectivity and/or reaction types. Here, we describe the first copper‐catalyzed enantioselective trifluoromethoxylation of propargyl sulfonates using trifluoromethyl arylsulfonate (TFMS) as the trifluoromethoxy source in up to 96 % ee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, nanozyme-photothermal therapy (NPT) has attracted enormous interests owing to their enhanced therapeutic effects and less adverse effects in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, the development of nanozyme-photothermal agents (NPAs) that can rapidly, efficiently and synergistically combating pathogenic bacteria remains a huge challenge due to the limitation of size effect. Herein, by decorating platinum nanozymes on Zn-based photosensitizer, we report a novel metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived hybrid nanozymes antibacterial strategy for enhanced NPT. This strategy can not only prevent the aggregation of platinum nanozymes and effectively reduce the mass transfer resistance during the kinetic reaction, but also inhibit the photoelectron-hole recombination in the process of photothermal therapy (PTT) and improve the photothermal conversion performance. In the presence of a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), the superior nanocatalytic activity of the MOF-derived hybrid nanozymes can effectively catalyze the release of H 2 O 2 to generate toxic hydroxyl radical (•OH), resulting in the increase of bacterial membrane permeability and thermal sensitivity. Once the near-infrared laser is introduced, the nanozyme-photothermal antibacterial platform can play the role of "nanoknife" to further induce the death of the damaged bacteria by physical cutting. In vitro and vivo in antibacterial assays confirm that the MOF-derived hybrid nanozymes have excellent antibacterial properties, which can serve as an antibacterial candidate with negligible adverse effect. Therefore, this work will open a new avenue for MOF-derived hybrid nanozymes in biomedical application. [Display omitted] • The MOF-derived hybrid nanozymes antibacterial strategy was used to enhance the nanozyme-photothermal therapy. • The PEG@Zn/Pt–CN nanozyme-photothermal antibacterial platform processed excellent ROS-released and NIR-responsive property. • The PEG@Zn/Pt–CN nanozyme-photothermal antibacterial platform could kill 98.74% E. coli and 99.63% S. aureus. • Wound infection model experiments confirmed the antibacterial activity and the rapid tissue repair effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A statistical downscaling method based on Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), of which the SOM Precipitation Statistical Downscaling Method (SOM-SD) is named, has received increasing attention. Herein, its applicability of downscaling daily precipitation over North China is evaluated. Six indices (total season precipitation, daily precipitation intensity, mean number of precipitation days, percentage of rainfall from events beyond the 95th percentile value of overall precipitation, maximum consecutive wet days, and maximum consecutive dry days) are selected, which represent the statistics of daily precipitation with regards to both precipitation amount and frequency, as well as extreme event. The large-scale predictors were extracted from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) daily reanalysis data, while the prediction was the high resolution gridded daily observed precipitation. The results show that the method can establish certain conditional transformation relationships between large-scale atmospheric circulation and local-scale surface precipitation in a relatively simple way. This method exhibited a high skill in reproducing the climatologic statistical properties of the observed precipitation. The simulated daily precipitation probability distribution characteristics can be well matched with the observations. The values of Brier scores are between 0 and 1.5 × 10−4 and the significance scores are between 0.8 and 1 for all stations. The SOM-SD method, which is evaluated with the six selected indicators, shows a strong simulation capability. The deviations of the simulated daily precipitation are as follows: Total season precipitation (−7.4%), daily precipitation intensity (−11.6%), mean number of rainy days (−3.1 days), percentage of rainfall from events beyond the 95th percentile value of overall precipitation (+3.4%), maximum consecutive wet days (−1.1 days), and maximum consecutive dry days (+3.5 days). In addition, the frequency difference of wet-dry nodes is defined in the evaluation. It is confirmed that there was a significant positive correlation between frequency difference and precipitation. The findings of this paper imply that the SOM-SD method has a good ability to simulate the probability distribution of daily precipitation, especially the tail of the probability distribution curve. It is more capable of simulating extreme precipitation fields. Furthermore, it can provide some guidance for future climate projections over North China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaking table is a device to simulate the vibration environment, which is used to test the reliability and seismic resistance of many products. However, the control performance of the shaking table is restricted by the serious output coupling caused by eccentric load. In order to solve the coupling problem, a new control strategy, modal space three-state feedback and feedforward control, is proposed. For a 2-DOF electro-hydraulic servo shaking table, its kinematics model and dynamics model with eccentric load are built. And then, the dynamic coupling is analyzed, which makes it impossible for each channel to be controlled independently. To avoid the effect by coupling, a modal space control framework is established based on the vibration theory and the decoupling characteristics of the modal space are researched. In modal space, although a controller of each channel can be designed dependently, the ultimate requirements are decoupling for channels in the degree of freedom space, so it is necessary to discuss the mapping relation between traditional physical space and the presented modal space. The effect of modal channel consistency on the decoupling for physical space is revealed. Furthermore, the correlation of the frequency responses between the two spaces is also analyzed. To meet the obtained conclusions of modal space, a modal space three-state feedback and feedforward controller is designed for improving the dynamic performance and the consistency of modal channels. The experimental results show the correctness of the theoretical analysis, and validate that modal space three-state feedback and feedforward control method is effective, which can significantly reduce the output coupling for the 2-DOF electro-hydraulic servo shaking table with eccentric load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been implicated as a risk factor for severe consequences from COVID-19. We evaluated the genetic architecture shared between AMD and COVID-19 (critical illness, hospitalization, and infections) using analyses of genetic correlations and pleiotropy (i.e., cross-phenotype meta-analysis) of AMD (n = 33,976) and COVID-19 (n ≥ 1,388,342) and subsequent analyses including expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL), differential gene expression, and Mendelian randomization (MR). We observed a significant genetic correlation between AMD and COVID-19 infection (rG = 0.10, p = 0.02) and identified novel genome-wide significant associations near PDGFB (best SNP: rs130651; p = 2.4 × 10−8) in the pleiotropy analysis of the two diseases. The disease-risk allele of rs130651 was significantly associated with increased gene expression levels of PDGFB in multiple tissues (best eQTL p = 1.8 × 10−11 in whole blood) and immune cells (best eQTL p = 7.1 × 10−20 in T-cells). PDGFB expression was observed to be higher in AMD cases than AMD controls {fold change (FC) = 1.02; p = 0.067}, as well as in the peak COVID-19 symptom stage (11–20 days after the symptom onset) compared to early/progressive stage (0–10 days) among COVID-19 patients over age 40 (FC = 2.17; p = 0.03) and age 50 (FC = 2.15; p = 0.04). Our MR analysis found that the liability of AMD risk derived from complement system dysfunction {OR (95% CI); hospitalization = 1.02 (1.01–1.03), infection = 1.02 (1.01–1.03) and increased levels of serum cytokine PDGF-BB {β (95% CI); critical illness = 0.07 (0.02–0.11)} are significantly associated with COVID-19 outcomes. Our study demonstrated that the liability of AMD is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19, and PDGFB may be responsible for the severe COVID-19 outcomes among AMD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]