Search

The article presents a study that investigates the ecological condition of tidal submergence and chlorinity in Spartina salt marshes in Poole Harbour, England. In the study, samples were collected from three different areas within Poole Harbour where fresh water and sea water meet and mix and manifest evidences of swarding and surface scour erosion as well as by observing its tidal submergence level. The study reveals that tidal submergence factor is essential in suppressing Spartina growth with a maximum height of six inches during active period and can withstand nine hours of tidal submergence with high chlorine tolerance.

The article presents a study that investigates the ecological condition of woodlands that experience seasonal variation and light climate interaction in Salisbury, England. Light variance in different seasons was measured, while the status of actinography and photosite was evaluated. The study reveals that interacting variables cause the different variations in woodland light climate which is essential in biological process, particularly the position of the sun which affects photosynthesis activities, leaf expansion and pattern as well as plant morphogenesis.

The article focuses on integration in the plant community. Ecologists agree that the term "community" should be a non-specific term applying to both small and large groupings of species, free from the precise connotations of others as association or formation. The article also talks about the concept of the community, stressing that competition is crucial to an understanding of the nature of the community and concludes that a stable plant community contains species organized spatially and in their periodicity.

The article focuses on the number of species contributing to the vegetation of an upland grazing on Ffridd, Ddu, Aber in Caernarvonshire, Wales. The study uses an ordination approach technique in the analysis of some plant communities present on the upland grassland of Ffridd Ddu, Caernarvonshire, while the performance of individual plant species has been related to single axis of floristic variation which correlates well with similar single axis variation in some edaphic factors. Moreover, the particular technique of ordination used is described in detail and placed on the potential value of this approach in ecological analysis.

The article focuses on the number of species contributing to the vegetation of an upland grazing on Ffridd, Ddu, Aber in Caernarvonshire, Wales. The study uses an ordination approach technique in the analysis of some plant communities present on the upland grassland of Ffridd Ddu, Caernarvonshire, while the performance of individual plant species has been related to single axis of floristic variation which correlates well with similar single axis variation in some edaphic factors. Moreover, the particular technique of ordination used is described in detail and placed on the potential value of this approach in ecological analysis.

The article presents a study on the influence of edaphic factors on the species compositions of stages of the secondary succession (subsere) of sandy soils. It offers information on the effect of nitrogen and phosphate on the course of succession. Accordingly, the addition of superphosphate had no effect upon the course of succession or the species composition of the seral stages. It is stated that the annual application of nitrogenous fertilizer influenced the rate of succession and the species composition of the seral stages. Moreover, it is concluded that edaphic factors strongly influence the course and nature of the subsere.

The article presents a study on the account of the plant ecology of the Chimanimani Mountains in the borders of Zimbawe and Mozambique. It presents an outline of the main environmental factors influencing these communities, considering the effects of climate, altitude, fire, soils and the type and availability of ground water. It discusses the factor that distinguish the montane flora from the non-montane which is combine the topography and altitude to produce higher total rainfall, higher rainfall in the dry season, lower evaporation rates and cooler temperatures. Moreover, the discussion of the status of the plant communities described are considered based on the concept of fire as a normal factor affecting the vegetation.

The article offers information on the relation of biotic Festuca-Agrostis grasslands and grass-heaths in the environment in Cheviot Hills in England and Scotland. It discusses the chief factors contributing to environmental variation were soil base status, soil moisture regime, grazing pressure and the effects of selective grazing among species. It was found that vegetation vary on the changes in habitat factors. Data are also presented related to the floristic composition, soil profile type and chemical analysis of each vegetation type.

The article presents an analysis of pattern within plant communities. If examined within homogenous vegetation, differences in the factors influencing the performance of species are less likely to associated. There is a greater potential of elucidating the association between species performance and factors controlling it. In order to assess the pattern within homogenous vegetation, techniques sensitive to small differences in species representation are required. The association between patterns exhibited by various species may be studied by correlation techniques calculated for different block size.

The article presents an association and co-variance analysis of plant communities. The co-variance analysis overpowers the difficulty of a quadrat size/association trend interaction. The association analysis is advantageous because the quadrat groupings can be organized on a map and the causal factors studied in the field. Depending primarily on the size of the quadrat used, the quadrat groupings are arbitrary. The association analysis is more valuable in defining the real problems in the field.

The article discusses the stratigraphy of some Irish bogs. It highlights the detailed stratigraphy of selected sections of eight Irish bogs being recorded and the processes by which bog regeneration has been achieved are hazarded from the sequences of plant communities preserved in the peats. Under the move, little evidence is found for regeneration complex involving pools and degenerating hummock as integral stages of a self-perpetuating cyclic system, although a short cycle complex, less certainly self regulating, are frequently represented in peats of more mature phases.

The article discusses the relation of the juncus effusus specie to its environment in North Wales. It highlights the occurrence of the plant specie at 99 communities in the area. It likewise notes the community classification that has been made by using associations between species. It further highlights the construction of a diagram of species relationships based on positive correlations between species. Moreover, it examines the growth rate measurements and growth patterns of juncus effusus and investigates the flora associated with the microhabitat.

The article focuses on the plant ecology of the coastal areas of northern Eritrea that is about 220 miles long and is about 20 miles in width. It accounts the geomorphology of the area together with the soils. It likewise tries to correlate vegetation type with general levels of salinity using figures given for the percentage sodium chloride in a range of soils. Moreover, it classifies the area on geomorphological grounds and divides it according to soil types and plant communities. The basis for the classifications is also discussed.

The article discusses the formations of vegetation located at Antigua in West Indies. It includes the seasonal, dry evergreen, and edaphic vegetations. Seasonal and dry evergreen formations happen in areas where there is seasonal period of rainfall. The factor of rainfall periodicity is dominant in habitats with seasonal formation, while in the areas subject to permanent lack of available moisture is where dry evergreen occurs. Edaphic formation such as the mangrove community is the influence of factors such as the presence of salt spray and the salinity of the soil water. According to the author, since Antigua exemplifies most of the principles of tropical ecology, its vegetation has considerable botanical interest though small and seriously degraded.

The article presents a study which examines the pattern and association within plant communities. Both pattern and the level of association between individuals in a community were detected by a method of analysis. The amplitude of a peak is increased in positive association while the amplitude of a peak is decreased in negative association. The study found that if two species, A and B, are associated together, then an analysis of variance of the grouped data AB when compared with the expected variance will show the trend of correlation at all block sizes.

The article offers information on the multivariate methods in plant ecology. Association-analysis in plant communities was conducted using the method developed by D. W. Goodall in 1953. Goodall developed the utility of interspecific associations for sorting quadrants into groups is based on definition of a homogeneous unit of vegetation as one in which all species-associations are indeterminate or non-significant. Details related to the ecological information obtained from two heathland communities are presented, followed by discussion on the conclusion that a method by Goodall is likely to prove a very useful tool in primary survey.

The article presents a study about plant communities growing in deep peat. This study focuses on the use of radioactive tracers to determine the root-layering in species composed of plant communities in deep peat. It also investigated the characteristics of root development. The methods applied in this study is a modified version where plant absorption is observed and especially designed to adapt to deep peat. Phosphorous radioactive elements like rubidium in aqueous solutions were employed to look for absorption of nutrients and insitu rooting habit. Differences in plant communities are described.

The article looks into the ecology of coastal lands of the Red Sea. The Red Sea coastal belt stretches at about 20 kilometers (12 miles) wide and 125 kilometers (80 miles long. This belt includes a littoral coral beach of about one mile in width and a maritime plain, and has three main ecosystems namely salt marsh, desert plain and hills. The study focuses on the first two ecosystems. The study also looked into the annual rainfall and the geology and morphology of the three zones parallel to the coastline. A description of a number of communities ranging from the mangrove vegetation to the dried saltmarsh adjacent to the desert plain is also presented.

The article examines the vegetation of the Red Sea hills and coastal plain of Saudi Arabia. Based on the analysis of five years' work on the ecology of the desert locust in Saudi Arabia, it was revealed that plant distribution was conditioned by the incidence of rain, the topography and the drainage. Several factors that classify plant formation include the reference to the species, the growth form of its characteristic members and the habitat it occupies. Examples of plant communities that are related to the sea shore include Salsola, Limonium axillare, and Avicennia marina.

The article offers information on the absolute uniformity in vegetation or habitat, which may be selected according to the degree of exactitude required for particular research problem. It is said that one level of uniformity has been chosen to exemplify the use of the plant sociological methods in a study of vegetation of the Breadalbane district of Pertshire. It is mentioned that abstract points of reference called noda above can be established with frequently occuring plant communities. The application of the revised version of the Braun-Blanquet system leads to problems of vegetational classification.

The article offers information on the use of phytosociological methods of the continental plant sociologists in ecological investigations. Practical modifications and refinements are discussed in the light of British criticism of the literature of the Scandinavian and other schools. Plant sociology is defined as the discipline concerning the study of vegetation, composition, structure and development. It is cited that the most notable achievement of the Braun-Blanquet system is the Prodromus der Pflanzengesellschaften, which contains in a number of volumes.

The article offers information on various studies of the development of woodland conditions under different trees. It states that the woodland community, with its various strata, organizes a complex relationship in which the reactions of the different members are closely interrelated. In this study which was conducted in July and August 1952 fifty quadrants were dropped at random along regular lines through each plot in order to attain a representative sample of the ground flora. The plots then were visited regularly over a 2-year period, so that it was possible to identify and evaluate the abundance of plants which were invisible at the time of sampling. Various tables which illustrate the findings of the studies were presented.

The article describes the plant and animal ecology of the Upper Moorland and Alpine Desert zones. It offers various observation about the subject which was given by the author. According to the report, the Shira Plateau, located in the Upper Moorland zone, on Kilimanjaro has an area of about 24 square miles between 11,800 and 13,800 feet of altitude. It discussed the vegetation of a route up the western side of the mountain, between 5,500 and 12,000 feet; and also the change of vegetation above the Shira Plateau between 13,800 and 16,000 feet.

The article presents a discussion about the environmental factors which effect Skokholm as a plant habitat in Pembrokeshire Islands. The article explores the principal types of communities, vegetation, and ecology of the said island and offers knowledge regarding topography, soil, geography, climate, biotic factors, influence of wind, and rabbit activity. The article is also supplemented with details about major and minor land-surface, major cliff-face communities, presence of sylvestral species, and abundance of common species. It ends with a summary stating that animal occupation would probably destroy grazed vegetation and show marked changes upon cessation of animal activity.

The article presents studies in the quantitative morphology and ecology of Eriophorum angustifolium. It underscores the part played by the species in various plant communities, its characteristic as a colonizer, and the effects of this species with other plant species. It also offers information on the communities in which Eriophorum Angustifolium occurs. These include the Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum vaginatum, Trichophorum caespitosum, and Potentilla palustris among others. The sites where these species are prevalent are also discussed.

The article reports on the formulation of a method to describe the appearance of vegetation communities through symbols in Northern Australia. The method has been discovered to be an accurate, convenient and rapid method for recording observations on plant communities. It alters the variation in the structure of a community and the variation in floristics to be adequately recorded. Moreover, the method has been tested to be a reliable system of recording voluminous data for consequent collation and analysis.

The article presents a study that examines the vegetation environment in Cairngorms, Scotland. Researchers Alex S. Watt and E. W. Jones analyzed the relationships of the environment, where Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium uliginosum and V. myrtillus are abundant, to neighboring communities on the mountains, specifically to terrain formation. They then described the four major plant communities, which include the typical and mossy facies Empetreto-Vaccinietum, the Rhacomitrietum, and the Nardetum. A discussion on each plant community is offered.

The article presents a study about soil aeration in relation to Pteridium Aquilinum, conducted at Ballochraggan, Port of Menteith, Perthshire, the bracken eradication experimental area of the West of Scotland Agricultural College. Results show that although the advance of Pteridium is arrested by waterlogged soil, small groups of fronds may occur in apparent isolation in marshy areas. It then reveals that irrigation of Pteridietum with spring water leads to death of existing fronds and to a marked decrease in the number and stature of subsequent ones. In addition, the effects of irrigation on the rhizomes are very slow to appear. Other significant information relative to the matter is provided.

The article presents a statistical study of plant distribution during the colonization and early development of vegetation on clay residues in China. A brief review of the recent literature on the distribution of individuals of a given species suggests that data collected under relatively simple habitat conditions would be of interest. According to the author, virgin areas of white mica, a waste product of China-clay manufacture, form sites for plant colonization, and distribution of the individuals can be plotted. In this article, results are given for a number of plants, and the agreement with Poisson, Neyman and Thomas series is examined. Other significant information relative to the matter is provided.

The article describes the calcicolous communities and peat formation in Nowegian Lappland. Data were collected by the authors on the Cambridge Expedition to west Finnmark in Norwegian Lappland during 7 weeks in July and August 1947. In this article, discussion on the communities on well-drained dolomite, wet calcicolous communities, communities of flushes and other occurrences of calcicolous vegetation is provided. In addition, it also discusses the peat formation and the restriction of the calcicolous flora on dolomite outcrops, the peat formation and the restriction of the calcicolous flora in Betula woodland on dolomite, and the acid-peat formation in calcareous swamps and marshes.

The article discusses the biological flora of Sinapis arvensis L. in the British Isles. Sinapis arvensis L. is abundant in all cultivated parts of the region and its range extends through most of the temperate regions of the world including Europe, Iceland and Asia Minor. It is most prevalent on clays and calcareous soils and are most infrequent on light soils. An important feature of its habitat seems to be high light intensity and it is frequently seen in shaded situations. Furthemore, it is more abundant in artificial communities and occurs exceptionally in those semi-natural or natural. It is noted that the activities of man are first among the biotic factors affecting Sinapis arvensis L.

The article discusses the use of the logarithmic series in determining the relative abundance of plant species in an ecological community. According to the author, in order to select a sample, a plant-unit should be determined according to its behavior as an individual in the point of view of distribution. It is shown that by determining the number of quadrants and the number of plant species in each quadrant, a mathematical equation can be derived in order to determine the frequency distribution of plants in a given area. Diagrams and tables demonstrating the derived mathematical methods, as well as an appendix for a possible treatment for the problems, are also included.

The article offers information on the effects of grazing on the balance between Erica cinerea and Calluna vulgaris in upland heath and their morphological responses. It states that the effects of sheep-grazing on the vegetation of a subseral stage in the recolonization of an area of upland heath are studied experimentally, as an example of the operation of a biotic factor upon plant community structure. It also forwards that the general performance of the two species taken together is illustrated to be directly associated to the intensity of grazing. Moreover, the branching systems of these two plants are also identified.

The article presents a study that examined the logarithmic series and its possible application to biological problems. It discusses the mathematical properties of the series and the various methods used that fit a logarithmic series to a particular known biological data. The author also notes the importance of knowing that random sampling may occur by units of by groups. Moreover, a summary of biological application of the logarithmic series and formulae connected with the series are also provided.

The article discusses the biological flora in Great Britain, specifically focusing on the species Juncus macer. The author describes the characteristics of J. macer's leaves, flowers, perianth segments and capsules. Also, the geographical and altitudinal distribution of the species is discussed, as well as its communities, habitat and reception to biotic components. J. macer species has the ability resist to trampling by man, animals, rolling by wheels, cutting or grazing since the rootstock is deeply extended on the ground. Details and illustrations related to the plant are also presented.

The article reports on the study conducted on the vegetation of Western Palestine. Studies show that the flora of the Mediterranean territory in Palestine is affected by man to the extent that the climax vegetation is strongly intermixed with the lower successional stages. They found that the primary vegetation covers extensive stretches within the territory. The segetal vegetation constitutes a series of floristically and ecologically fairly well-defined plant communities that may add important features to the character of the vegetation areas considered.

The article discusses the Juncus filiformis in a stony lake habitat in the British Isles. The author provides information on the species' rhizomes, stems, pinth, perianth segments and capsules. According to him, J. filiformis is a member of the fringing flora and tolerable of moderate grazing. Moreover, the seeds are covered with a layer of mucilage, that breaks causing them to stick together when wet, while the root system grows on the surface of the soil having continuous root hairs. Facts relating to J. filiformis' geographical and altitudinal distribution, communities, habitat and gregariousness are presented.

The article offers information on the studies in the ecology of Wicken Fen, a former natural fenland vegetation eleven miles to the north-east of Cambridge. Ecological studies of its plant communities has indicated control by human activities of varying magnitude. It had been suggested that on Wicken Fen, litter communities had been produced by yearly autumn cutting of fen vegetation for cattle bedding. Changes in the vegetation where viewed that litter communities are stages in deflected successions.

The article presents a study of the charcoals obtained from the recent excavations on the Maiden Castle, England and their significance in relation to the vegetation and climatic conditions in prehistoric period. A few specimens of charcoal collected from the site indicated that the wood was partially decayed before carbonizing. The specimens of charcoals were examined from Neolithic, Early Iron Age and Late Iron Age deposits from the site. It was evident that in Neolithic times, the chalk of Dorset was clothed with a closed plant community of woodland. It was observed that composition of plant species were changing slightly in all the three periods and the soil conditions were becoming less favorable for the growth of oak.

The article presents a study that investigates the ecology of river as well as the growth and distribution of sessile algae at the River Hull in England. The study was administered by collecting the different types of algae that grows in the calcareous and non-calcareous areas within the river for more than two and a half years and its data were analyzed using qualitative observation. The study reveals that algae in calcareous water recorded the highest prevalence of growth wherein Cocconeis placentula and Ulvella frquens are dominant within the community wherein bountiful supply of nitrates and mineral salts are also present.

The article presents a study that evaluates the effect of soil temperature during forest fires in the survivability of vegetation in Australia. The study was administered by measuring and analyzing the implications of soil temperature using a small tube which contains organic compounds and placing it under the ground with one inch deep and experience constant burning for more than eight hours. The study reveals that fires are not capable of killing the vegetation and does not provide any effect on the physical properties of the soil because of its water content that lessen the heat conductivity, in addition, some vegetation are capable of regenerating itself as well as resist high temperature.

The article presents a study that investigates the physiological and ecological factors of vegetation in Jan Mayen Island. The Imperial College Expedition administered the study in 1938 by analyzing the different factors and elements found in the island which includes the collection of plant specimens, ecological description and climatic data. In addition, the author notes that the study focuses on two aspects, including the levels of soil nutrients and its relation to vegetation growth as well as the impact of short growing season on carbohydrate metabolism. The study reveals that the distribution of vegetation is affected by its exposure to wind, nitrogen and water supply that are necessary in the development of plants which are classified into 22 variations.

The article presents a study that investigates on the role of bryophytes in the formation of calcareous fens in Oxford, England. The study was conducted by assessing the different types of water accumulated in calcareous peat wherein its essence depend on the content level of oxygen and nitrate. The study reveals that bryophytes assume an essential role in the succession of open water carried though the calcareous fens in the district as well as the formation of phanerogamic seedlings in different stages of soil. It also discusses the zonation characteristics of tussocks and the procedure in the establishment of fens.

The article presents a study that asserts the ecological condition of central Iceland. The study was conducted at Snaefell area, an extinct glacial volcano with outstanding topographical features, by comparing its animal and plant populations from the surrounding highlands to observe the different problems and association with northern elements of British fauna and flora. The study reveals that Snaefell manifest similar condition and specie populations from the semi-glaciated areas of Great Britain, however, the scarcity in the area is not the cause of the absence pf more than 30 species and does not provide any difference in vegetation. It also described climactic, physiographic condition of the area, principal plant communities succession interrelationships.

The article presents a study that investigates the ecological status of Breckland in Great Britain. The study was administered by analyzing the essence and characteristics of the different types of soil which corresponds to the different developmental stages of podsol and grass-heath as well as the physiognomic communities of its vegetation. The study reveals that grass-heath depicts various variable quality of floristic composition and physiognomy which is caused by the elements of soil and other factors wherein the different stages of soil shows traces of acid and calcium carbonate. It also presents a description and characterization of vegetation based on different soil types as well as evidences on the different factors of grass-heath.

The article reports on the Rivularia bullata-balanus community. The occurrence of this community gives rise to a number of ecological considerations especially as featuring an instance of biotic reactions and as emphasizing the relevance of considering the sea shore as a biotic community or biome. The Rivularia genus propagates both by hormogones and spores and the hormogones provides an effective method for increasing the size of the colony and the formation of new colonies. This report of the Rivularia-Balanus community gives evidence of a study of both adelophycean stages and biotic relationships in attempting to clarify problems connected with marine ecology of the littoral region.

The article examines the soil composition of plant communities relative to the characteristic of woodland soils. The study describes soils on which certain characteristic of plant communities in the north of England are found. It also attempts to throw some light on the nature of the soil complex as it is related to natural vegetation. In relation to the distribution of natural types of woodland vegetation within the area regarding soil characters, the study tentatively recognized five soil types.

The article examines the soil composition among plant communities relative to the oxidation-reduction potentials in soils. It attempts to analyze the content of bacterial and fungal systems, present in fertile soils, which are capable of breaking down the soil organic matter, and is known for transformation which produce commonly involved oxidations. Using a comparatively simple technique, which involved the measurement of the electrical potential of the soil, may be interpreted as representing the oxidation-reduction potential.

The article presents a discussion on the communities of warm temperate rain forest located in Magamba, West Usambara, and Tanganyika territory. A map and a successional diagram are given which explain the possible relationship of the communities of the forest such as the Ocotea-Podocarpus-Ficalhoa, Podocarpus-Ocotea, and the Podocarpus-Ocotea-Chrysophyllum. The article is supplemented with information regarding geography and soils, primary successional changes including hydrosere and xerosere, and the secondary successional changes which include the edaphic and biotic subsere. A description of relevant communities of the forest is also contained in the article.

The article focuses on the origin and geographical relationships which exist between the flora of the British Isles and that of the Continent. The distribution of plants over the earth's surface lies at the very foundation of all ecological investigations, since the structure and development of plant communities depend on the interaction of various factors. The article attempts to examine the close connection between detailed studies of the distribution of different plant species and the ecological problems affecting their geographical range. The admixture of geographical types composing the British flora has long been recognized, though not fully analyzed. It was found out that climate plays a significant role in the distribution of these species.