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ObjectiveIt is believed that intestinal recruitment of monocytes from Crohn’s Disease (CD) patients who carry NOD2 risk alleles may repeatedly give rise to recruitment of pathogenic macrophages. We investigated an alternative possibility that NOD2 may rather inhibit their differentiation from intravasating monocytes.DesignThe monocyte fate decision was examined by using germ-free mice, mixed bone marrow chimeras and a culture system yielding macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs). We next asked whether Nod2 in either monocytes or tissue macrophages have distinct resolving properties in colitis.ResultsDespite a similar abundance of monocytes, the intestinal frequency of mo-DCs from Nod2-deficient mice was lowered independently of the changes in the gut microbiota that are caused by Nod2 deficiency. Similarly, the pool of mo-DCs was poorly reconstituted with mobilized bone marrow Nod2-deficient cells. The use of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that activated NOD2 at an early stage of development dominantly inhibits mTOR-mediated macrophage differentiation in a TNFalpha-dependent manner. These observations were supported by the identification of a TNFalpha-dependent response to MDP that is specifically lost in CD14-expressing blood cells bearing the frameshift mutation in NOD2. Accordingly, loss of NOD2 in monocytes lowers glycolytic reserve, CD115 expression and pro-resolving features. Dietary intake of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists that promotes mo-DCs generation improves colitis in Nod2-deficient mice to the same extent as what is observed upon macrophage ablation of Nod2.ConclusionNOD2 negatively regulates a macrophage developmental program through a feed-forward loop that could be exploited for overcoming resistance to anti-TNF therapy in CD.Significance of this studyWhat is already known about this subject?Loss of NOD2 function is predisposing to Crohn’s disease.Rapamycin, a serine/THR kinase inhibitor of mammalian target (mTOR) has been reported as potentially effective treatment in discrete subset of CD patients with refractory colitis.The NOD2 protein promotes the chemokine CCL2-dependent recruitment of inflammatory monocytes in response to tissue injury.An accumulation of CCR2-expressing monocytes and inflammatory macrophages is observed within the intestinal mucosa of CD patients including those resistant to anti-TNF therapy.Activated NOD2 enhances proinflammatory activity of CX3CR1intLy6Chi effector monocytes.The monocyte fate toward mo-DCs is orchestrated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.What are the new findings?NOD2 has a hierarchically dominant negative role on the mTORC-driven monocyte conversion to inflammatory macrophages independently of the changes in the gut microbiota that are caused by Nod2 deficiency.A defect in monocytes fate at the early stage allow the expansion of pathogenic macrophages in Nod2-deficient mice at the expense of mo-DC.Adoptive transfer of Nod2-deficient monocytes into wild-type mice was sufficient to exacerbate DSS-induced intestinal damage.The glycolytic reserve of monocytes and their ability to respond to M-CSF is lowered upon loss of NOD2 signalling.Deletion of NOD2 in macrophage improves colitis to the same extent as dietary supplementation of AHR agonist in mice.The recognition of the gut microbiota by NOD2 is required for de novo reconstitution of mo-DCs in the lamina propria of the murine intestine, while having minimal effect on the mobilization of their precursors to the intestinal mucosa.How might it impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?This study might contribute to the development of novel mTORC-based therapeutic strategies for improving the response to biologics by restoring the ability of circulating monocytes to reconstitute the pool of mo-DCs during homeostatic turnover and upon tissue injury. It may thereby prevent the accumulation of pathogenic macrophages in patients with loss-of-function NOD2 alleles, which fail to respond to anti-TNF and are at greater risk of developing stricturing disease.

International audience; We report on NMR spectroscopy, CAS based method calculations and X-ray diffraction on An$^V$ and An$^{VI}$ complexes with a neutral and slightly flexible TEDGA ligand. After checking that pNMR shifts mainly arise from pseudo-contact interactions, pNMR shifts have been analyzed considering axial and rhombic anisotropy of the actinyl magnetic susceptibilities. Results are compared to a previous study performed on [An $^{VI}$O$_2$]$^{2+}$ complexes with dipicolinic acid (DPA). It is shown that 5f$^2$ cations (Pu$^{VI}$ and Np$^V$) make very good candidates to obtain the structure of actinyl complexes in solution by $^1$H NMR spectroscopy as shown by the invariance of the magnetic properties to the equatorial ligands, conversely to the Np$^{VI}$ complexes with a 5f$^1$ configuration.

International audience; Over 90% of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis are caused by human Noroviruses (NoV) which are persisting in a substantial subset of people allowing their spread worldwide. It leads to a significant number of endemic cases and up to 70,000 children deaths in developing countries. NoVs are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. To date studies have focused on the influence of the gut microbiota on viral clearance by enteric immunity. In this study, the use of the persistent mouse Norovirus S99 strain (MNoV_S99) allowed us to provide evidence that the norovirus-driven exacerbation of colitis severity relied on bacterial sensing by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2). Similarly, another persistent MNoV_CR6 strain failed to exacerbate colitis severity in Nod2-deficient mice. In parallel, the viremia was heightened in these mice in comparison with control animals. Accordingly, a reduced level of phosphorylation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription1 (STAT1) in Nod2-deficient macrophages infected by MNoV_S99 was measured. By contrast, STAT1 phosphorylation was increased in wild-type macrophages and associated with an induction of NOD2 expression. This in turn enhances myeloid cells response to muramyl dipeptide (MDP) resulting in downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and reduced noroviral production. Hence, our results uncover a previously unidentified virus-host-bacterial interplay that may represent a novel therapeutic target for treating noroviral origin gastroenteritis that may be linked with susceptibility to several common illnesses such as Crohn’s disease.

E. Abdalla, G. F. Abellán, A. Aboubrahim et al., The standard Λ Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model provides a good description of a wide range of astrophysical and cosmological data. However, there are a few big open questions that make the standard model look like an approximation to a more realistic scenario yet to be found. In this paper, we list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant H0, the σ8–S8 tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model. In this paper, we focus on the 5.0σ tension between the Planck CMB estimate of the Hubble constant H0 and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the H0 evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we list a few interesting new physics models that could alleviate this tension and discuss how the next decade's experiments will be crucial. Moreover, we focus on the tension of the Planck CMB data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density Ωm, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure (σ8, fσ8). We list a few interesting models proposed for alleviating this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit a full array of data with a single model and not just one parameter at a time. Additionally, we present a wide range of other less discussed anomalies at a statistical significance level lower than the H0–S8 tensions which may also constitute hints towards new physics, and we discuss possible generic theoretical approaches that can collectively explain the non-standard nature of these signals. Finally, we give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space missions and facilities on Earth that will be of crucial importance to address all these open questions., Amin Aboubrahim is supported by the BMBF under contract 05P21PMCAA and by the DFG through the Research Training Network 2149 “Strong and Weak Interactions - from Hadrons to Dark Matter”. Adriano Agnello is supported by a Villum Experiment Grant, project number 36225. Özgür Akarsu acknowledges the support by the Turkish Academy of Sciences in the scheme of the Outstanding Young Scientist Award (TÜBA-GEBİP). Yashar Akrami is supported by Richard S. Morrison Fellowship and LabEx ENS-ICFP: ANR-10-LABX-0010/ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL*. George Alestas is supported by the project “Dioni: Computing Infrastructure for Big-Data Processing and Analysis” (MIS No. 5047222) co-funded by European Union (ERDF) and Greece through Operational Program “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation”, NSRF 2014-2020. Luca Amendola acknowledges support from DFG project 456622116 and from the CAPES-DAAD bilateral project “Data Analysis and Model Testing in the Era of Precision Cosmology”. Luis A. Anchordoqui and Jorge F. Soriano are supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF Grant PHY-2112527). Mario Ballardini acknowledges financial support from the contract ASI/INAF for the Euclid mission n.2018-23-HH.0. Micol Benetti acknowledges the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), sezione di Napoli, iniziativa specifica QGSKY. David Benisty acknowledges the support the supports of the Blavatnik and the Rothschild fellowships. John Blakeslee is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the US National Science Foundation. Thomas Buchert has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement ERC advanced grant 740021–ARTHUS, PI: Thomas Buchert). Erminia Calabrese acknowledges support from the STFC Ernest Rutherford Fellowship ST/M004856/2, STFC Consolidated Grant ST/S00033X/1 and from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 849169). Salvatore Capozziello acknowledges the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche QGSKY and MOONLIGHT2. Javier de Cruz Pérez is supported by a FPI fellowship associated to the project FPA2016-76005-C2-1-P. Peter Denton acknowledges support from the US Department of Energy under Grant Contract DE-SC0012704. Eleonora Di Valentino is supported by a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellowship. Keith R. Dienes was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-13ER41976 / DE-SC0009913, and also by the U.S. National Science Foundation through its employee IR/D program. Celia Escamilla-Rivera is supported by DGAPA-PAPIIT UNAM Project TA100122 and acknowledges the Royal Astronomical Society as FRAS 10147 and the Cosmostatistics National Group (CosmoNag) project. Noemi Frusciante is supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-OUT/29048/2017, CERN/FIS-PAR/0037/2019 and the personal FCT grant “CosmoTests – Cosmological tests of gravity theories beyond General Relativity” with ref. number CEECIND/00017/2018 and the FCT project “BEYLA–BEYond LAmbda” with ref. number PTDC/FIS-AST/0054/2021. Adrià Gómez-Valent is funded by the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) through the project “Dark Energy and Modified Gravity Models in the light of Low-Redshift Observations” (n. 22425/2020). Asta Heinesen has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement ERC advanced grant 740021–ARTHUS, PI: Thomas Buchert). J. Colin Hill acknowledges support from NSF grant AST-2108536. The Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation. Mustapha Ishak acknowledges that this material is based upon work supported in part by the Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Award Number DE-SC0022184. Michael Klasen is supported by the BMBF under contract 05P21PMCAA and by the DFG through the Research Training Network 2149 “Strong and Weak Interactions - from Hadrons to Dark Matter”. Suresh Kumar gratefully acknowledges support from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Govt. of India (File No. CRG/2021/004658). Ruth Lazkoz is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through research projects FIS2017-85076-P (comprising FEDER funds), and also by the Basque Government and Generalitat Valenciana through research projects GIC17/116-IT956-16 and PROMETEO/2020/079 respectively. Benjamin L'Huillier would like to acknowledge the support of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019R1I1A1A01063740) and the support of the Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS) grant funded by the government of Korea. Jackson Levi Said would like to acknowledge support from Cosmology@MALTA which is supported by the University of Malta. Roy Maartens is supported by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory and the National Research Foundation (Grant No. 75415). Valerio Marra thanks CNPq (Brazil) and FAPES (Brazil) for partial financial support. The work of Yuto Minami was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Grants No. JP20K14497. The work of Carlos Martins was financed by FEDER—Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020—Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), and by Portuguese funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia in the framework of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987 and PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017. Olga Mena is supported by the Spanish grants PID2020-113644GB-I00, PROMETEO/2019/083 and by the European ITN project HIDDeN (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019//860881-HIDDeN). Cristian Moreno-Pulido is funded by PID2019-105614GB-C21 and FPA2016-76005-C2-1-P (MINECO, Spain), 2017-SGR-929 (Generalitat de Catalunya) and CEX2019-000918-M (ICCUB) and partially supported by the fellowship 2019 FI_B 00351. Michele Moresco acknowledges support from MIUR, PRIN 2017 (grant 20179ZF5KS) and grants ASI n.I/023/12/0 and ASI n.2018-23-HH.0. Suvodip Mukherjee is supported by the Simons Foundation. Research at Perimeter Institute is supported in part by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Colleges and Universities. Pran Nath is supported in part by the NSF Grant PHY-1913328. Savvas Nesseris acknowledges support from the Research Project No. PGC2018-094773-B-C32 and the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Program No. CEX2020-001007-S. Rafael Nunes acknowledges support from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, São Paulo Research Foundation) under the project No. 2018/18036-5. Eoin Ó Colgáin was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2020R1A2C1102899). Supriya Pan acknowledges the financial supports from the Science and Engineering Research Board, Govt. of India, under Mathematical Research Impact-Centric Support Scheme (File No. MTR/2018/000940) and The Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India, under the Scheme “Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure (FIST)” [File No. SR/FST/MS-I/2019/41]. Santiago E. Perez Bergliaffa acknowledges partial support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)- Código de Financiamento 001, and Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Leandros Perivolaropoulos acknowledges support by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.), under the “First call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Faculty members and Researchers and the procurement of high-cost research equipment Grant” (Project Number: 789). Fabrizio Renzi is supported by the NWO and the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW), and from the D-ITP consortium, a program of the NWO that is funded by the OCW. Nils Schöneberg acknowledges the support of the following Maria de Maetzu fellowship grant: Esta publicación es parte de la ayuda CEX2019-000918-M, financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Anjan A Sen acknowledges the funding from SERB, Govt of India under the research grants no: CRG/2020/004347 and MTR/20l9/000599. Arman Shafieloo would like to acknowledge the support by National Research Foundation of Korea NRF-2021M3F7A1082053, and the support of the Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS) grant funded by the government of Korea. M.M. Sheikh-Jabbari acknowledges the support by SarAmadan grant No. ISEF/M/400122. Joan Solà Peracaula is funded by PID2019-105614GB-C21 and FPA2016-76005-C2-1-P (MINECO, Spain), 2017-SGR-929 (Generalitat de Catalunya), CEX2019-000918-M (ICCUB) and also partially supported by the COST Association Action CA18108 “Quantum Gravity Phenomenology in the Multimessenger Approach (QG-MM)”. Denitsa Staicova is supported by Bulgarian NSF grant KP-06-N 38/11. Glenn Starkman is partly supported by a Department of Energy grant DESC0009946 to the particle astrophysics theory group at CWRU. Brooks Thomas is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant PHY-2014104. Luca Visinelli has received support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement “TALeNT” No. 754496 (H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016 FELLINI). Shao-Jiang Wang is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China Grant No. 2021YFC2203004, No. 2021YFA0718304, the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant No. 12105344, and the China Manned Space Project with NO.CMS-CSST-2021-B01. Weiqiang Yang has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 12175096 and No. 11705079, and Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program under Grant no. XLYC1907098. Gong-Bo Zhao is supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFA0404503), NSFC Grants 11925303, 11720101004, and a grant of CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team.

International audience; Over 90% of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis are caused by human Noroviruses(NoV) which are persisting in a substantial subset of people allowing their spread worldwide. It leads to a significant number of endemic cases and up to 70,000 children death in developing countries. NoVs are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Studies to date have focused on the influence of the gut microbiota on their clearance by enteric immunity. In this study, the use of the persistent mouse Norovirus S99 strain (MNoV_S99) allowed us to provide evidence that bacterial sensing by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2) promotes the noroviral associated pro-inflammatory pathology in a dextran sodium sulphate induced colitis mouse model. By contrast, the establishment of the pathology in the colon is improved in the absence of Nod2. We also show in our cellular models a greater phosphorylation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription1 (STAT1) in macrophages infected by MNoV_S99 when compared with mock-infected cells. This increased STAT1 phosphorylation is associated with an induction of NOD2 expression in macrophages. This in turn enhances myeloid cells response to muramyl dipeptide (MDP) resulting into downstream pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Hence, our results uncover a previously unidentified virus-host-bacterial interplay that is particularly important for protecting against several common illnesses, such as Crohn’s disease.

International audience; For decades, diatoms have been recognized as powerful bio-indicators of modern water quality. They have also been utilized in the design of transfer functions, which can be applied to diatom assemblages in lake sediment cores to infer aspects of past lake hydrochemistry and estimate variables that can be incorporated into paleohydrology models. The Ounianga lakes, in the heart of the Chadian Sahara, possess unique and well-preserved sediment records that extend back beyond the middle Holocene. Today, the lakes display a range of hydrochemical conditions, from fresh to hypersaline. Mainly fed by fossil groundwater that originates in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, measured conductivity across these lakes varies from 217 to 352,000 μS cm −1, values that are influenced by factors such as hydrology, local geomorphology (e.g., depth and area), and aquatic vegetation. Although these lakes have been on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 2012, they have never been studied in detail because they are located on the fringes of the Chadian Sahara. The distribution of diatom taxa in the lakes today is closely linked to water-column physical and chemical conditions, especially conductivity. Whereas each lake has particular features that influence its diatom flora, diatoms across a conductivity gradient enabled identification of three distinct waterbody types, freshwater lakes, meso-saline to hyper-saline lakes, and freshwater springs. Relationships between diatom species distributions and environmental variables were examined using multivariate analysis, which revealed that conductivity is the variable that explains most of the variance in the diatom flora. We used modern diatom assemblages from the lakes to develop a predictive model (transfer function) for conductivity, using the weighted averaging method. Our conductivity prediction model is strong, with a coefficient of determination (R 2) of 0.89 between estimated and measured values, and a value of 0.78 using jackknife estimates of prediction. This study better constrained conductivity optima and tolerance values for diatom species found in the Ounianga lakes, thereby enabling development of a model that will yield better inferences forpast conductivity, using diatoms from lake sediment records in the region.

International audience; L’immensité de notre Univers ne cesse d’intriguer et de stimuler les imaginations.Pour mieux appréhender l’infiniment grand et l’histoire de l’Univers depuis ses tout premiers instants, il faut se tourner vers un autre infini, l’infiniment petit, et ses quarks, leptons et bosons, à la base du modèle standard de la physique des particules. En les étudiant, on cherche à percer le secret de l’organisation de la matière à la plus petite échelle. Sans l’infiniment petit, on ne peut décrire ni le Big Bang, ni le comportement des grandes structures stellaires, ni la naissance de la matière. Et sans ces deux infinis ensemble, on ne peut bâtir les modèles théoriques expliquant la matière noire, l’énergie noire ou fonder la gravitation quantique.Les physiques des infinis sont des physiques hors normes qui se racontent à grand renfort de superlatifs. Elles nécessitent des installations internationales de très grande envergure, et nous entraînent dans des voyages aux confins de la perception où l’on flirte avec la vitesse de la lumière et jongle avec les limites des propriétés de la matière.En trente courts chapitres abondamment illustrés, cet ouvrage rend compte de ce que l’on sait déjà comme de ce que l’on cherche encore.

Aims Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease associated with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. We sought to determine how socioeconomic factors might influence its epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigation and management, and outcome, in a large international multicentre registry. Methods and results The EurObservational Programme (EORP) of the European Society of Cardiology EURO-ENDO (European Infective Endocarditis) registry comprises a prospective cohort of 3113 adult patients admitted for IE in 156 hospitals in 40 countries between January 2016 and March 2018. Patients were separated in three groups, according to World Bank economic stratification [group 1: high income (75.6%); group 2: upper-middle income (15.4%); group 3: lower-middle income (9.1%)]. Group 3 patients were younger [median age (interquartile range, IQR): group 1, 66 (53–75) years; group 2, 57 (41–68) years; group 3, 33 (26–43) years; P < 0.001] with a higher frequency of smokers, intravenous drug use, and human immunodeficiency virus infection (all P < 0.001) and presented later [median (IQR) days since symptom onset: group 1, 12 (3–35); group 2, 19 (6–54); group 3, 31 (12–62); P < 0.001] with a higher likelihood of developing congestive heart failure (13.6%, 11.1%, and 22.6%, respectively; P < 0.001) and persistent fever (9.8%, 14.2%, and 27.9%, respectively; P < 0.001). Among 2157 (69.3%) patients with theoretical indication for cardiac surgery, surgery was performed less frequently in group 3 patients (75.5%, 76.8%, and 51.3%, respectively; P < 0.001), who also demonstrated the highest mortality (15.0%, 23.0%, and 23.7%, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusion Socioeconomic factors influence the clinical profile of patients presenting with IE across the world. Despite younger age, patients from the poorest countries presented with more frequent complications and higher mortality associated with delayed diagnosis and lower use of surgery.

International audience; In Manceau et al. (2021), 1 we measured the mass-dependent fractionation (MDF) of mercury (Hg) stable isotopes, noted as δ 202 Hg, in 22 biological tissues from eight giant petrels (Macronectes spp.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif de s’interroger sur la compréhension en lecture et plus particulièrement la mise en place en classe de la méthode Lectorino & Lectorinette élaborée par Roland Goigoux et Sylvie Cèbe. La première partie porte sur les fondements théoriques de la compréhension en lecture, son évolution, les compétences nécessaires, ses obstacles et difficultés. Ce cadre théorique met également en avant la nécessité d’un enseignement explicite et les méthodes utilisées. La deuxième partie du mémoire développe la méthode Lectorino & Lectorinette, sa mise en place et son analyse en classe de CE1 à travers des enregistrements de séances et des travaux d’élèves.

Les sous-communs, planification fugitive et étude noire est une série d'essais publiée en 2013 par deux amis, Stefano Harney et Fred Moten. Au fil de ces textes, les auteurs proposent une critique du capitalisme racial et de ses outils (gouvernance, crédit, université) ainsi que des modes d'expérimentation sociale en forme de résistance au colonial. La recherche passe par l'étude et se déroule bien au-delà de l'université, au travail, lors d'une pause cigarette, en famille, autour d'un repas, à la lisière de la lutte et de la fuite, à l'intérieur d'un mouvement de tremblement des fondations impérialistes, d'un mouvement de refus des termes du combat tel qu'il est imposé par le système dominant, vers la construction d'un espace social et politique en perpétuel déplacement. Le lieu et l'être sous-communs relèvent de l'incertitude de la création collective, de l'habitation par l'échange, de l'improvisation comme critique.Les sous-communs s'écrit dans le sillage de la tradition radicale noire de manière à la fois théorique et poétique, auprés d'auteur*ices comme Cedric Robinson, Saidiya Hartman, Frantz Fanon et Édouard Glissant .La multitude profite de chaque temps calme, chaque crépuscule, chaque instant de préservation militante, pour planifier ensemble, lancer, composer (dans) son temps surréel.- Moten et Harney, p. 92.Stefano Harney est chercheur en sociologie et enseignant. Co-fondateur de la résidence de lecture Ground Provisions et du collectif d'enseignant*es School for Study, il est l'auteur de The Liberal Arts and Management Education (2020), Nationalism & Identity Culture (2006) et State Work: Public Administration and Mass Intellectuality (2002).Fred Moten est poète et professeur au département de Performance Studies de l'Université de New York, Tisch School of the Arts. Il est l'auteur de la trilogie consent not to be a single being, The Universal Machine (2018) ; Stolen Life (2018) et Black and Blur, (2017) ; The Service Porch (2016) ; B Jenkins (2010) ; In the Break: The Aesthetics of the Black Radical Tradition (2003).

Analyses of the full shape of BOSS DR12 power spectrum using the one-loop prediction from the Effective Field Theory of Large-Scale Structure (EFTBOSS) have led to new constraints on extensions to the $\Lambda$CDM model, such as Early Dark Energy (EDE) which has been suggested as a resolution to the "Hubble tension". In this paper, we re-assess the constraining power of the EFTBOSS on EDE in light of a correction to the normalization of BOSS window functions. Overall we find that constraints from EFTBOSS on EDE are weakened, and represent a small change compared to constraints from Planck and the conventional BAO/$f\sigma_8$ measurements. The combination of Planck data with EFTBOSS provides a bound on the maximal fractional contribution of EDE $f_{\rm EDE}, Comment: 17 + 13 pages, 11 figures. Comments welcome!

Theoretical investigations into the evolution of the early universe are an essential part of particle physics that allow us to identify viable extensions to the Standard Model as well as motivated parameter space that can be probed by various experiments and observations. In this white paper, we review particle physics models of the early universe. First, we outline various models that explain two essential ingredients of the early universe (dark matter and baryon asymmetry) and those that seek to address current observational anomalies. We then discuss dynamics of the early universe in models of neutrino masses, axions, and several solutions to the electroweak hierarchy problem. Finally, we review solutions to naturalness problems of the Standard Model that employ cosmological dynamics.

The symbiont-associated (SA) environmental package is a new extension to the minimum information about any (x) sequence (MIxS) standards, established by the Parasite Microbiome Project (PMP) consortium, in collaboration with the Genomics Standard Consortium. The SA was built upon the host-associated MIxS standard, but reflects the nestedness of symbiont-associated microbiota within and across host-symbiont-microbe interactions. This package is designed to facilitate the collection and reporting of a broad range of metadata information that apply to symbionts such as life history traits, association with one or multiple host organisms, or the nature of host-symbiont interactions along the mutualism-parasitism continuum. To better reflect the inherent nestedness of all biological systems, we present a novel feature that allows users to co-localize samples, to nest a package within another package, and to identify replicates. Adoption of the MIxS-SA and of the new terms will facilitate reports of complex sampling design from a myriad of environments.

International audience; The effects of mental fatigue on both cognitive and physical performance are well described in the literature, but the recovery aspects of mental fatigue have been less investigated. The present study aimed to fill this gap by examining the persistence of mental fatigue on behavior and electrophysiological mechanisms. Fifteen participants performed an arm-pointing task consisting of reaching a target as fast as possible, before carrying out a 32-min cognitively demanding task [Time Load Dual Back (TLDB) task], and immediately, 10 and 20 min after completion of the TLDB task. During the experiment, electroencephalography was continuously recorded. The significant increase in mental fatigue feeling after the TLDB task was followed by a decrease during the 20 min of recovery without returning to premeasurement values. Brain oscillations recorded at rest during the recovery period showed an increase in both theta and alpha power over time, suggesting a persistence of mental fatigue. Arm-pointing movement duration increased gradually over time during the recovery period, indicating that behavioral performance remained impaired 20 min after the end of the cognitively demanding task. To conclude, subjective measurements indicated a partial recovery of mental fatigue following a cognitively demanding task, whereas electrophysiological and behavioral markers suggested that the effects of mental fatigue persisted for at least 20 min. While the subjective evaluation of mental fatigue is a very practical way to attest the presence of mental fatigue, electrophysiological and behavioral measures seem more relevant to evaluate the time course of mental fatigue effects.Introduction

International audience; Recent literature suggests that when prolonged, motor imagery (MI) induces mental fatigue and negatively impacts subsequent physical exercise. The aim of this study was to confirm this possibility with neurophysiological and self-reported measures. Thirteen participants performed 200 imagined isometric knee extension contractions (Prolonged MI condition) or watched a documentary (Control condition), and then performed 150 actual isometric knee extensions. Electroencephalography was continuously recorded to obtain motor-related cortical potential amplitude at Cz electrode (MRCP, index of motor area activity) for each imagined and actual contraction. Electromyography of the vastus lateralis muscle as well as the perceived effort required to perform prolonged MI, watch the documentary, and perform the actual contractions were measured. During prolonged MI, mental fatigue level, the effort required to imagine the contractions and MRCP amplitude increased over time. The increase in the effort required to imagine the contractions was significantly correlated with the MRCP amplitude. During the physical exercise, a significant condition × time interaction revealed a greater increase over time in perceived effort in the prolonged MI condition compared to the control condition, as well as a specific alteration in EMG RMS of the vastus lateralis muscle. These alterations observed in the presence of mental fatigue during actual contractions, combined with those observed during prolonged MI, suggest that prolonged MI may impair the motor command required to perform imagined or actual contractions. While the observed effect of mental fatigue on MRCP amplitude was clear during MI, future studies should tailor the physical exercise to minimize the exercise-induced decrease in force production capacity and control for its confounding effects on MRCP amplitude in the presence of mental fatigue.

International audience; Bioengineering techniques have been encouraged over "hard" civil engineering such as riprap for recovering naturalness on stabilized riverbanks, but their effectiveness in reproducing the plant species diversity and vegetation succession present on non-stabilized (natural) riverbanks has rarely been assessed. Here, we compared alpha and beta diversity and successional trajectories of plant communities along the vertical profile of natural (40 sites), bioengineered (51) and riprap (33) riverbanks, in 55 streams of the second- to seventh-order in the province of Quebec (eastern Canada). Richness of total, hydrochorous and native species was higher on natural riverbanks than on those stabilized by riprap techniques along all riverbank elevations (upper, middle and lower parts of the riverbank). Bioengineered sites showed intermediate values. Natural sites contributed most to beta diversity on the upper bank, riprap sites on the middle bank. Temporal changes in species richness were observed only on the upper and middle banks, with an increase on riprap sites and a decrease on bioengineered sites. Beta diversity was mainly stable through time. Plant composition on bioengineered sites converged to that on natural sites for all bioengineering techniques at all bank levels, whereas for ripraps it did so only on the lower bank. For all bioengineering techniques, plant succession was driven by increasing native and hydrochorous species at all bank levels. Bioengineering is an effective alternative to riprap on stabilized riverbanks that leads to plant diversity and succession that most resemble those on natural riverbanks.

Mental fatigue impairs both cognitive and physical performance. Bioactive substances (e.g., caffeine) have been used to counteract mental fatigue but could have side effects. The present study aimed to test two non-bioactive strategies to counteract mental fatigue: physical activity and listening to music. The participants first performed an arm-pointing task, then carried out a 32-min cognitively demanding task to induce mental fatigue (TLDB task), followed by another arm-pointing task at the end of the experiment. Between the end of the cognitively demanding task and the last arm-pointing task, 20 min went during which participants performed either 15 min of physical activity, of listening to music or of discussion (control). The subjective feeling of mental fatigue was assessed before each arm-pointing task and after the cognitively demanding task. For “physical activity” and “listening to music” groups, EEG was recorded at rest after each evaluation of subjective feeling of mental fatigue and during the cognitively demanding task. An increase in alpha power during the cognitively demanding task evidenced the presence of mental fatigue, without recovery during the following 20-min period. In the control condition, the arm-pointing task performance was deteriorated 20-min after the cognitively demanding task, while it remained stable after both physical activity and listening to music. Furthermore, recovery on the subjective feeling of mental fatigue was similar for both groups. The present results suggested that practicing physical activity and listening to music could be efficient strategies to counteract the negative effects of mental fatigue on motor performances.

International audience; A prerequisite for environmental and toxicological applications of mercury (Hg) stable isotopes in wildlife and humans is quantifying the isotopic fractionation of biological reactions. Here, we measured stable Hg isotope values of relevant tissues of giant petrels (Macronectes spp.). Isotopic data were interpreted with published HR-XANES spectroscopic data that document a step-wise transformation of methylmercury (MeHg) to Hg-tetraselenolate (Hg(Sec)4) and mercury selenide (HgSe) (Sec = selenocysteine). By mathematical inversion of isotopic and spectroscopic data, identical δ 202 Hg values for MeHg (2.69 ± 0.04 ‰), Hg(Sec)4 (−1.37 ± 0.06 ‰), and HgSe (0.18 ± 0.02 ‰) were determined in 23 tissues of eight birds from the Kerguelen Islands and Adélie Land (Antarctica). Isotopic differences in δ 202 Hg between MeHg and Hg(Sec)4 (−4.1 ± 0.1 ‰) reflect mass-dependent fractionation from a kinetic isotope effect due to the MeHg → Hg(Sec)4 demethylation reaction. Surprisingly, Hg(Sec)4 and HgSe differed isotopically in δ 202 Hg (+1.6 ± 0.1 ‰) and mass-independent anomalies (i.e., changes in Δ 199 Hg of ≤0.3 ‰), consistent with equilibrium isotope effects of massdependent and nuclear volume fractionation from Hg(Sec)4 → HgSe biomineralization. The invariance of species-specific δ 202 Hg values across tissues and individual birds reflects the kinetic lability of Hgligand bonds and tissue-specific redistribution of MeHg and inorganic Hg, likely as Hg(Sec)4. These observations provide fundamental information necessary to improve the interpretation of stable Hg isotope data and provoke a revisitation of processes governing isotopic fractionation in biota and toxicological risk assessment in wildlife.

The design activity mobilises high-level cognitive functions that have been widely studied in recent years. However, in order to improve innovation and creativity and to reduce communication barriers between designers and non-designers during product co-design meetings, design support tools are deployed, all with different objectives. In particular, the SPARK platform using the properties of Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) is a tool developed to facilitate interactions and understanding between design experts and non-experts in the design review phases. It is in this context that we propose a multimodal analysis of the co-design activity in a SAR environment. We used an ergonomic approach throughout this research by observing co-design sessions at our industrial partner's premises and then by carrying out a larger-scale laboratory experiment accompanied by questionnaires and self-confrontation interviews with end-users. This approach allowed us, on the one hand, to identify the influence of this technology on the different cognitive activities and gestures performed by the actors. It was shown that the SAR technology has no influence on design activities except for idea generation where the results reveal a significantly higher number of ideas when using this tool. This technology also seems to have an influence on the mobilised gestures because it solicits more manipulation or pointing of the artefact in the scene. On the other hand, we analysed the relationships between the gestures performed and the cognitive activities mobilised in the verbal protocol. For example, one of the main results of this study showed that the activity of simulating the context of use is significantly associated with iconic gestures. The results of this research work allow us to put forward some recommendations for the use of this technology, the advantages of which are proven in the product design review phase and where the tangibility of the artefact is a success factor.; L’activité de conception mobilise des fonctions cognitives de haut niveau largement étudiées depuis ces dernières années. Cependant, dans un souci d’améliorer toujours plus l’innovation, la créativité et de réduire les barrières de communication entre les designers et les non-designers pendant les réunions de co-conception du produit, des outils d’aide à la conception sont déployés, tous poursuivants des objectifs différents. La plateforme SPARK utilisant les propriétés de la Réalité Augmentée Spatialisée (SAR) est notamment un outil développé pour faciliter les interactions et la compréhension entre les experts et les non-experts de la conception dans les phases de revue. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit ce travail de thèse où nous proposons une analyse multimodale de l’activité de co-conception dans un environnement SAR. Nous avons employé une démarche ergonomique tout au long de cette recherche en procédant à l’observation de séances de co-conception chez notre partenaire industriel puis en effectuant une expérimentation en laboratoire à plus grande échelle accompagnée de questionnaires et d’entretiens d’auto-confrontation avec les utilisateurs. Cette démarche nous a permis, d’une part, d’identifier quelle était l’influence de cette technologie sur les différentes activités cognitives et les gestes réalisés par les acteurs. Il a été montré que la technologie SAR n’a aucune influence sur les activités de conception sauf pour la génération d’idées où les résultats révèlent un nombre significativement plus important d’idées lorsqu’on utilise cet outil. Cette technologie semble également avoir une influence sur les gestes mobilisés car elle sollicite davantage la manipulation ou le pointage de l’artefact dans la scène. D’autre part, nous avons analysé les relations entre les gestes réalisés et les activités cognitives mobilisés dans le protocole verbal. Par exemple, un des résultats principaux de cette étude a montré que l’activité de simulation du contexte d’usage est significativement associée à des gestes iconiques. Les résultats de ce travail de recherche nous permettent d’avancer quelques préconisations d’usage de cette technologie dont les avantages sont avérés dans la phase de revue de la conception du produit et où la tangibilité de l’artefact est un facteur de réussite.

International audience; Despite recent advances, it remains unclear whether monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (moDCs) represent alternative context‐dependent fate in the gut. We found here that Nod2‐ dependent sensing of bacteria lowers the ability of circulating monocytes to respond to M‐CSF for generating moDCs. Such inhibitory effect on monocyte‐to‐macrophage transition was prevented upon blockade of TNF‐α. Recognition of the gut microbiota by Nod2 was sufficient to promote the expansion of moDCs within the colonic mucosa. A competitive bone marrow transplant model further demonstrated that Nod2 promotes the conversion of monocytes into dendritic cells. Equally of importance, tumours with the highest transcript levels of NOD2 were associated with a favorable prognosis and characterized by an enrichment of a gene signature related to moDCs. This study implicates that Nod2‐dependent sensing of the gut microbiota influences monocytic lineage commitment into dendritic cells, which sets the stage for future investigations to achieve accurate outcome prediction in colorectal cancer.

International audience; La végétation marine des îles Kerguelen, inventaire de la flore et première analyse de ses affinités biogéographiques.Conçu comme une base de référence indispensable à la gestion et à la conservation de la flore marine dans l’aire marine protégée des Terres australes françaises (réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes françaises), l’inventaire de la flore marine des îles Kerguelen a été mis à jour sur la base d’un examen approfondi de la littérature et des bases de données scientifiques, du premier rapport de l’expédition Ross, en 1840, jusqu’aux travaux les plus récents. Ce travail a aussi pour objectif de constituer un point de départ pour de futures investigations utilisant les outils de la systématique moléculaire, et pour le suivi des effets du changement global sur les écosystèmes marins subantarctiques. Après un bref historique des campagnes scientifiques menées, une liste de 166 espèces a été établie (103 Rhodophyta, 35 Chlorophyta et 28 Ochrophyta [Phaeophyceae]). Les travaux récents ont montré l’existence de divergences récurrentes entre la taxinomie actuelle, établie sur des caractères morphologiques et la délimitation moléculaire des espèces, préconisant une révision de la systématique des macroalgues. Une première analyse des affinités biogéographiques de la flore marine des îles Kerguelen a été cependant réalisée et les résultats préliminaires se sont révélés en partie congruents avec les grandes régions actuellement reconnues dans l’océan Austral, suggérant l’importance du phénomène de dispersion sur de longues distances pour expliquer les motifs de distribution observés.; Conceived as a baseline for the management and conservation of the marine protected area of the French Southern Territories (réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes françaises), the checklist of marine macroalgae of the Kerguelen Islands was updated based on an extensive review of the literature and scientific databases, from the first report of the Ross expedition, in 1840, to the most recent works. This work was also conceived as a starting point for forthcoming investigations using molecular systematics tools and for monitoring the effects of global change on sub-Antarctic marine ecosystems. After a brief history of scientific campaigns, a list of 166 species was established (103 Rhodophyta, 35 Chlorophyta and 28 Ochrophyta [Phaeophyceae]). Molecular systematics studiess have shown the existence of recurrent discrepancies between the established, morphology-based taxonomy and molecular species delimitation, calling for a revision of systematics. Nevertheless, a first analysis of biogeographical affinities of the marine flora of the Kerguelen Islands is carried out and preliminary results are partially congruent with the main regions currently recognized in the Southern Ocean suggesting the importance of long-distance dispersal to explain the observed distribution patterns.

We revisit the impact of early dark energy (EDE) on galaxy clustering using BOSS galaxy power spectra, analyzed using the effective field theory (EFT) of large-scale structure (LSS), and anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from Planck. Recent studies found that these data place stringent constraints on the maximum abundance of EDE allowed in the Universe. We argue here that their conclusions are a consequence of their choice of priors on the EDE parameter space, rather than any disagreement between the data and the model. For example, when considering EFT-LSS, CMB, and high-redshift supernovae data we find the EDE and $\Lambda$CDM models can provide statistically indistinguishable fits ($\Delta \chi^2 = 0.12$) with a relatively large value for the maximum fraction of energy density in the EDE ($f_{\rm ede} = 0.09$) and Hubble constant ($H_0 = 71$ km/s/Mpc) in the EDE model. Moreover, we demonstrate that the constraining power added from the inclusion of EFT-LSS traces to the potential tension between the power-spectrum amplitudes $A_s$ derived from BOSS and from Planck that arises even within the context of $\Lambda$CDM. Until this is better understood, caution should be used when interpreting EFT-BOSS+Planck constraints to models beyond $\Lambda$CDM. These findings suggest that EDE still provides a potential resolution to the Hubble tension and that it is worthwhile to test the predictions of EDE with future data-sets and further study its theoretical possibilities., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, comments welcome

The emergence of three-dimensional (3D) printing promises a disruption in the design and on-demand fabrication of smart structures in applications ranging from functional devices to human organs. However, the scale at which 3D printing excels is within macro- and microlevels and principally lacks the spatial ordering of building blocks at nanolevels, which is vital for most multifunctional devices. Herein, we employ liquid crystal (LC) inks to bridge the gap between the nano- and microscales in a single-step 3D printing. The LC ink is prepared from mixtures of LCs of nanocellulose whiskers and large sheets of graphene oxide, which offers a highly ordered laminar organization not inherently present in the source materials. LC-mediated 3D printing imparts the fine-tuning required for the design freedom of architecturally layered systems at the nanoscale with intricate patterns within the 3D-printed constructs. This approach empowered the development of a high-performance humidity sensor composed of self-assembled lamellar organization of NC whiskers. We observed that the NC whiskers that are flat and parallel to each other in the laminar organization allow facile mass transport through the structure, demonstrating a significant improvement in the sensor performance. This work exemplifies how LC ink, implemented in a 3D printing process, can unlock the potential of individual constituents to allow macroscopic printing architectures with nanoscopic arrangements.

International audience; Micro energy storage devices are appealing, and highly demanded for diverse miniaturized electronic devices, ranging from microelectromechanical system, robotics, to sensing microsystems and wearable electronics. However, making highenergy microcapacitors with currently available printing technologies remains challenging. Herein, we show the possibility to use latex polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as aqueous ink for making dielectric capacitors on the microscale. The dielectric properties of printed microcapacitors can be optimized based on a novel approach, i.e., mixing PVDF latex with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to realize dielectric organic nanocomposites. The PVA prevents the coalescence of PVDF nanoparticles and serves as a continuous matrix phase with high dielectric breakdown strength. While the well-dispersed PVDF nanoparticles serve as highly polarizable and isolated domains, providing large electric displacement under high fields. Consequently, a high discharged energy density of 12 Jcm-3 is achieved at 550 MVm-1 .

International audience; Most often, piezoelectric generators are connected to a AC-DC converter, also called rectifier, to obtain a continuous energy which can be regulated and stored. In the case of low power generators, the choice of the rectifier is critical since the losses into this circuit are not negligible and should be as low as possible. In this paper, different topologies of rectifier using different diode references are studied to rectify the output voltage of a piezoelectric generator. We show that the differences between the fullwave rectifier and a voltage doubler are quite small in terms of output power. The main differences are visible on the final voltage value and the optimal load. On the contrary, the choice of diodes is critical, especially the reverse leakage current which must be limited since it largely affects the output power for low power generators. The internal capacitance of the generator also plays an important role since it changes the capability of the generator to provide current. We show that low threshold voltage diodes are more appropriate for generators presenting a high internal capacitance while low leakage current are preferable for generators presenting a low internal capacitance value.

International audience; Public libraries are becoming a third place dedicated to community life, with new spaces promoting exchanges and co-creation, such as Fab Labs (digital creation activities) and Art Hives (artistic activities). This participatory research, using a Living Lab approach, aimed to identify key elements that promote inclusive leisure experiences of people living with disabilities in creative workshops. Data were collected during four Fab Lab workshops and four Art Hives artistic workshops in two public libraries, with eight participants living with disabilities, using video recordings, photos, and two focus groups. Findings suggest that inclusive leisure experiences involve the physical access to places and activities (e.g., signalling of accessible entrances); opportunities for experiencing positive interactions (e.g., quality of reception on arrival); and engagement in meaningful activities. This experience is built before (e.g., organizing transport), during and after the activity. Suggestions for concrete actions for the various stakeholders are derived from these results.; Les bibliothèques publiques deviennent un tiers lieu dédié à la vie communautaire avec de nouveaux espaces d’échanges et de co-création, dont des Fab Labs, (activités de création numérique) ou des Ruches d’art (activités artistiques plus traditionnelles). Cette recherche participative, par laboratoire vivant, s’intéresse aux éléments favorisant l’expérience inclusive de loisir des personnes vivant avec des incapacités dans ces ateliers. Les données furent recueillies dans deux bibliothèques publiques durant quatre ateliers au sein d’un Fab Lab et quatre ateliers dans une Ruche d’art, avec huit personnes vivant avec des incapacités, à l’aide d’enregistrements vidéo, de photos, et de deux groupes de discussion focalisés. Les résultats suggèrent que l’expérience inclusive de loisir implique plusieurs dimensions incluant l’accès physique aux lieux et aux activités (ex.: signalisation des entrés accessibles); la possibilité d’y développer des interactions positives (ex. : qualité de l’accueil) à travers l’engagement dans des activités signifiantes. Cette expérience se construit avant (ex. : transport), pendant puis après l’activité. Ces résultats des pistes d’actions destinées aux différentes parties prenantes.

Summary Carbon suspension electrodes are promising for flow-assisted electrochemical energy storage systems. They serve as flowable electrodes in electrolyte solutions of flow batteries, or flow capacitors. They can also be used for other applications such as capacitive deionization of water. However, developments of such suspensions remain challenging. The suspensions should combine low viscosity and high electronic conductivity for optimized performances. In this work, we report a flowable aqueous carbon dispersion which exhibits a viscosity of only 2 Pa.s at a shear rate of 5 s−1 for a concentration of particles of 7 wt%. This suspension displays an electronic conductivity of 65 mS/cm, nearly two orders of magnitude greater than previously investigated related materials. The investigated suspensions are stabilized by sodium alginate and arabic gum in the presence of ammonium sulfate. Their use in flowable systems for the storage and discharge of electrical charges is demonstrated., Graphical abstract, Highlights • Fluid and highly conductive carbon-based suspensions are reported • The suspensions are potentially useful for flow-assisted electrochemical applications • Charge and discharge of flowable electrodes is quantitatively demonstrated, Electrochemical energy storage; Energy storage; Physical chemistry

International audience

The $\Lambda$CDM prediction of $S_8\equiv\sigma_8(\Omega_m/0.3)^{0.5}$-- where $\sigma_8$ is the root mean square of matter fluctuations on a 8 $h^{-1}$Mpc scale -- once calibrated on Planck CMB data is $2-3\sigma$ lower than its direct estimate by a number of weak lensing surveys. In this paper, we explore the possibility that the '$S_8$-tension' is due to a non-thermal hot dark matter (HDM) fractional contribution to the universe energy density leading to a power suppression at small-scales in the matter power spectrum. Any HDM models can be characterized by its effective mass $ m_{sp}^{\rm eff}$ and its contribution to the relativistic degrees of freedom at CMB decoupling $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$. Taking the specific example of a sterile particle produced from the decay of the inflaton during a matter dominated era, we find that from Planck only the tension can be reduced below $2\sigma$, but Planck does not favor a non-zero ${m_{sp}^{\rm eff},\Delta N_{\rm eff}}$. In combination with a measurement of $S_8$ from KIDS1000+BOSS+2dfLenS, the $S_8$-tension would hint at the existence of a particle of mass $ m_{sp}^{\rm eff} \simeq 0.67_{-0.48}^{+0.26}$${\rm eV}$ with a contribution to $\Delta N_{\rm eff} \simeq0.06\pm0.05$. However, Pantheon and BOSS BAO/$f\sigma_8$ data restricts the particle mass to $m_{sp}^{\rm eff} \simeq 0.48_{-0.36}^{+0.17}$ and contribution to $\Delta N_{\rm eff} \simeq 0.046_{-0.031}^{+0.004}$. We discuss implications of our results for other canonical non-thermal HDM models -- the Dodelson-Widrow model and a thermal sterile particle with a different temperature in the hidden sector. We report competitive results on such hidden sector temperature which might have interesting implications for particle physics model building, in particular connecting the $S_8$-tension to the longstanding short baseline oscillation anomaly.

14 pages; International audience; Irregular urchins exclusively live in marine soft bottom habitats, dwelling either upon or inside sediments and selectively picking up sediment grains and organic particles, or swallowing bulk sediment to feed on the associated organic matter. The exact food source and dietary requirements of most irregular echinoids, however, remain incompletely understood. The schizasterid species Abatus cordatus (Verrill, 1876) is a sub-Antarctic spatangoid that is endemic to the Kerguelen. The feeding behaviour of A. cordatus was investigated using simultaneously metabarcoding and stable isotope approaches. Comparison of ingested and surrounding sediments by metabarcoding revealed a limited selective ingestion of prokaryotes and eukaryotes by the urchin. Compared to surrounding sediments, the gut content had (i) higher carbon and nitrogen concentrations potentially due to selective ingestion of organic matter and/or the sea urchin mucus secretion and (ii) δ15N enrichment due to the selective assimilation of lighter isotope in the gut. Feeding experiments were performed using 13C and 15 N-enriched sediments in aquariums. The progression of stable isotope enrichment in proximal and distal parts of the digestive track of A. cordatus revealed that all particles are not similarly transported likely due to siphon functioning. Ingestion of water with associated dissolved and particulate organic matter should play an important role in urchin nutrition. A. cordatus had a gut resident time fluctuating between 76 and 101 h and an ingestion rate of 36 mg dry sediment h−1 suggesting that dense populations of the species may play a key ecological role through bioturbation in soft bottom shallow-water habitats of the Kerguelen Islands.

International audience; Using a hydrothermal synthesis method, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) have been grown on ZnO/Au/Ti/Si substrates. This method shows a low temperature (70 °C) approach for growing ZnO NWs on a ZnO seed layer. ZnO films of about 50 nm thickness were deposited by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering at various sputtering powers (150, 100 and 65W). The formation of ZnO seed layers and ZnO NWs was clarified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the surface microstructure of the prepared ZnO NWs and ZnO films was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The results show that the growth behavior of ZnO NWs is strongly impacted by the sputtering power of ZnO seed layers. The decrease of RF sputtering power leads to a diminution in the grain size of ZnO seed layers and a smaller lattice mismatch between seed layers and NWs, thus inducing a morphological improvement and a better alignment of the obtained ZnO NWs. These works aim at optimizing the integration of ZnO NWs for mechanical energy harvesting applications, and to enhance the performance of such piezoelectric devices.

International audience; Well aligned crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) on ZnO/Au/Ti/Si substrates were grown by the so-called “hydrothermal synthesis”. ZnO seed layers with different thicknesses ranging from 5 to 100 nm, by controlling the deposition time, were prepared by radio-frequency sputtering followed by a post-annealing treatment in air at 400°C. The effects of deposition time and annealing treatment of ZnO seed layers on the subsequent growth of ZnO NWs were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results reveal that the quality and growth behavior of ZnO NWs are strongly dependent on both the thickness and the heat treatment of the ZnO seed layers. This work is an optimization step of the facile, cost-effective and industrially scalable process flow recently developed for the fabrication of a high performance nanocomposite-based stretchable nanogenerator (SNG) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The morphological improvement of hydrothermally grown ZnO NWs may therefore lead to higher performance SNGs for the targeted application of mechanical energy harvesting in order to supply flexible and wearable electronics.

International audience; From the multitude of nanostructures under active research, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) have attracted enormous attention due to the materials’ unique electrical, optical, mechanical and piezoelectric properties. Since 10 years, piezoelectric nanocomposites based nanogenerators (NGs) have gained extensive attention for their applications in mechanical energy harvesters and self-powered tactile sensors. Hydrothermal approach is used for the synthesis of ZnO NWs and is a low cost manufacturing process, compatible with large area substrates. We present here a flexible and stretchable nanogenerator (SNG) which is manufactured thanks to a facile, cost-effective and industrially scalable process, on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The SNG exhibits excellent performance with a 35 μW peak output power achieved from a 8 cm2 device under a pressure of 100 kPa. The key issues of efficient NGs will be presented, in order to maximize the performance of these devices dedicated to low frequency mechanical energy harvesting.

International audience; We demonstrate that vertical well-aligned crystalline ZnO nanowires (NWs) arrays were grown on ZnO/Au/Ti/Si substrates by a hydrothermal method. Different thicknesses of ZnO seed layers were prepared by radio-frequency sputtering followed by a post-annealing treatment in air at 400°C. The effects of deposition time and annealing treatment of ZnO seed layers on the subsequent growth of ZnO NWs were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In this work it was found that the morphology of ZnO NWs strongly depends on both the thickness and the heat treatment of the ZnO seed layers. The improved control of the morphology of ZnO nanowire arrays may lead to an enhanced performance of the resulting piezoelectric energy harvesting devices based on ZnO.

International audience; Bulk piezoelectric cantilever beams are mostly assembled under serial bimorph topologies where the piezoelectric material is laminated around an inner shim material. The two PZT layers exhibit an individual thickness ranging from few tens to hundreds of micrometers according to the targeted application and its miniaturization requests. Designing such devices becomes a challenge and one needs FEM (finite element model) to properly define material thicknesses and overall piezoelectric energy harvester geometries. Unfortunately, bulk piezoelectric material are characterized using thicker samples which provide results slightly different from the actual characteristics of thinned-bulk piezoelectric materials. Previous works have addressed an approach to study the thin piezoelectric material layer relying on the electrical admittance analysis. Then, the effective coefficients of thinned-bulk piezoelectric material are identified and entered in a 3D FEM of the PZT layer. The electrical admittance is calculated, showing a good agreement with the experimental measurements.

International audience; Les préoccupations liées à la récupération et à la conservation de l’énergie pour aider au développement de réseaux microélectroniques autonomes sont aujourd’hui au coeur des problématiques de recherche. Le développement des techniques de récupération d’énergie basées sur la thermoélectricité, le solaire ou l’éolien, cherchant à répondre aux enjeux énergétiques actuels, font cependant face à de nombreuses limitations, notamment la disponibilité intermittente de la source d’énergie. Par ailleurs, depuis plusieurs années, le développement de récupérateurs d’énergie mécanique attire l’attention des chercheurs du fait de la disponibilité de cette énergie dans l’environnement humain ou industriel. Ainsi, différents systèmes ont vu le jour en s’appuyant notamment sur les principes de triboélectricité [1] et de piézoélectricité [2]. Dans ce contexte, les nanogénérateurs (NGs) piézoélectriques [3], développés à partir d’une matrice composite de nanofils (NFs) de ZnO et de parylène, présentent aujourd’hui un grand potentiel pour la récupération d’énergie. La structure 1D des NFs de ZnO, matériau piézoélectrique, permet un accroissement de la sensibilité aux faibles sollicitations mécaniques [4] et laisse présager des performances électriques intéressantes lorsque intégrés dans les dispositifs de récupération d’énergie. Les caractéristiques prometteuses de ce matériau, alliées à sa non toxicité pour l’environnement ainsi qu’à la facilité des étapes de fabrication du NG, font de ce système un candidat idéal à l’industrialisation de ce type de générateur piézoélectrique.Nous présentons dans ce poster le développement et les performances associées à l’intégration des NFs de ZnO synthétisés par croissance hydrothermale [5] et encapsulés dans du parylène pour la fabrication de NGs piézoélectriques. Cette étude vise à la fois à l’amélioration des performances des NGs et à l’optimisation de leur design pour différentes applications.Références[1] Y. Yang, G. Zhu, H. Zhang, J. Chen, X. Zhong, ZH. Lin, Y. Su, P. Bai, X. Wen, et Z.L. Wang (2013) « Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Wind Energy and as Self Powered Wind Vector Sensor System », ASC Nano, 7 (10), pp. 9461-9468.[2] Z.L. Wang, X. Wang, J. Song, J. Liu, et Y. Gao, (2008), « Piezoelectric nanogenerators for sel-powered nanodevices », IEE, 7(1), pp. 49-55.[3] Z. L. Wang, J. Song (2016) « Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays », Science, 312 (5771), pp. 242-246.[4] Z.L. Wang (2008) « Towards self-powered nanosystems: From nanogenerators to nanopiezotronics », Advanced Functional Materials, 18, pp.3553–3567.[5] S. Boubenia, A.S. Dahiya, G. Poulin-Vittrant, F. Morini, K. Nadaud, D. Alquier (2017) « A facile hydrothermal approach for the density tunable growth of ZnO nanowires and their electrical characterizations », Scientific Reports, 7, pp. 1-10.

International audience; Members of the trochoidean genus Margarella (Calliostomatidae) are broadly distributed across Antarctic and sub-Antarctic ecosystems. Here we used novel mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences to clarify species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships among seven nominal species distributed on either side of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF). Molecular reconstructions and species-delimitation analyses recognized only four species: M. antarctica (the Antarctic Peninsula), M. achilles (endemic to South Georgia), M. steineni (South Georgia and Crozet Island) and the morphologically variable M. violacea (=M. expansa, M. porcellana and M. pruinosa), with populations in southern South America, the Falkland/Malvinas, Crozet and Kerguelen Islands. Margarella violacea and M. achilles are sister species, closely related to M. steineni, with M. antarctica sister to all these. This taxonomy reflects contrasting biogeographic patterns on either side of the APF in the Southern Ocean. Populations of Margarella north of the APF (M. violacea) showed significant genetic variation but with many shared haplotypes between geographically distant populations. By contrast, populations south of the APF (M. antarctica, M. steineni and M. achilles) exhibited fewer haplotypes and comprised three distinct species, each occurring across a separate geographical range. We hypothesize that the biogeographical differences may be the consequence of the presence north of the APF of buoyant kelps – potential long-distance dispersal vectors for these vetigastropods with benthic-protected development – and their near-absence to the south. Finally, we suggest that the low levels of genetic diversity within higher-latitude Margarella reflect the impact of Quaternary glacial cycles that exterminated local populations during their maxima.

International audience; Aim: Delimiting recently diverged species is challenging. During speciation, genetic differentiation may be distributed unevenly across the genome, as different genomic regions can be subject to different selective pressures and evolutionary histories. Reliance on limited numbers of genetic markers that may be underpowered can make species delimitation even more challenging, potentially resulting in taxonomic inconsistencies. Rockhopper penguins of the genus Eudyptes comprise three broadly recognized taxa: northern (E. moseleyi), southern (E. chrysocome) and eastern rockhopper (E. filholi). Their taxonomic status has been controversial for decades, with researchers disagreeing about whether E. chrysocome and E. filholi are distinct species or conspecific. Our goal is to evaluate genome-wide patterns of divergence to evaluate genetic differentiation and species delimitation in rockhopper penguins, and to assess which mechanisms may underlie previous discordance among nuclear versus mitochondrial analyses.Location: Sub-Antarctic and temperate coastal regions of the Southern Hemisphere.Methods: We generated reduced-representation genomic libraries using double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing to evaluate genetic differentiation, contemporary migration rates and admixture among colonies of rockhopper penguins.Results: The extent of genetic differentiation among the three taxa was consistently higher than population-level genetic differentiation found within these and other penguin species. There was no evidence of admixture among the three taxa, suggesting the absence of ongoing gene flow among them. Species delimitation analyses based on molecular data, along with other lines of evidence, provide strong support for the taxonomic distinction of three species of rockhopper penguins.Main conclusions: Our results provide strong support for the existence of three distinct species of rockhopper penguins. The recognition of this taxonomic diversity is crucial for the management and conservation of this widely distributed species group. This study illustrates that widespread dispersive seabird lineages lacking obvious morphological differences may nevertheless have complex evolutionary histories and comprise cryptic species diversity.

Early Dark Energy (EDE) contributing a fraction $f_{\rm EDE}(z_c)\sim 10 \%$ of the energy density of the universe around $z_c\simeq 3500$ and diluting as or faster than radiation afterwards, can provide a resolution to the Hubble tension, the $\sim 5\sigma$ discrepancy between the $H_0$ value derived from early- and late-universe observations within $\Lambda$CDM. However, it has been pointed out that Large-Scale Structure (LSS) data, which are in $\sim3\sigma$ tension with $\Lambda$CDM and EDE cosmologies, might alter these conclusions. We reassess the viability of the EDE against a host of high- and low-redshift measurements, by combining LSS observations from recent weak lensing (WL) surveys with CMB, Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO), growth function (FS) and Supernova Ia (SNIa) data. Introducing a model whose only parameter is $f_{\rm EDE}(z_c)$, we report a $\sim 2\sigma$ preference for non-zero $f_{\rm EDE}(z_c)$ from Planck data alone and the tension with SH0ES is reduced below $2\sigma$. Adding BAO, FS and SNIa does not affect this result, while the inclusion of a prior on $H_0$ from SH0ES increase the preference for non-zero EDE to $\sim3.6\sigma$. After checking the EDE non-linear matter power spectrum predicted by standard semi-analytical algorithms via a set of $N$-body simulations, we show that current WL data do not rule out EDE. We also caution against the interpretation of constraints obtained from combining statistically inconsistent data sets within the $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. In light of the CMB lensing anomalies, we show that the lensing-marginalized CMB data also favor non-zero $f_{\rm EDE}(z_c)$ at $\sim2\sigma$, predicts $H_0$ in $1.4\sigma$ agreement with SH0ES and $S_8$ in $1.5\sigma$ ($0.8\sigma$) agreement with KV (DES) data. Alternatively, we discuss promising extensions of the EDE cosmology that could allow to fully restore cosmological concordance., Comment: 28 pages, 13 figures, 11 tables

Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, display advanced physical and chemical properties, which has led to their widespread applications. One of these applications includes the incorporation of CBNs into cementitious materials in the form of aqueous dispersions. The main issue that arises in this context is that currently no established protocol exists as far as characterizing the dispersions. In the present article, an innovative method for quick evaluation and quantification of graphene oxide (GO) dispersions is proposed. The proposed method is electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with an impedance sensor. The novelty lies on the exploitation of a small sensor for on-site (field) direct dielectric measurements with the application of alternating current. Five different concentrations of GO dispersions were studied by applying EIS and for various accumulated ultrasonic energies. The low GO concentration leads to high impedance values due to low formed current network. Two opposing mechanisms were revealed during the accumulation of ultrasonic energy, that are taking place simultaneously: breakage of the agglomerates that facilitates the flow of the electric current due to the formation of a better dispersed network, nevertheless the surface hydrophilic structure of the GO is damaged with the high accumulated ultrasonic energy. The dielectric measurements were exploited to express an appropriate quantitative ‘quality index’ to facilitate with the dispersion control of the nanostructures. An intermediate concentration of GO is suggested (about 0.15 wt% of the binder materials) to be optimal for the specific engineering application, ultrasonicated at approximately 30 to 65 kJ. The investigated methodology is highly novel and displays a high potential to be applied in-field applications where CBNs must be incorporated in building materials.

In this paper we fit two models of Early Dark Energy (EDE) (an increase in the expansion rate before recombination) to the combination of Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) with data from either the WMAP or the Planck satellite, along with measurements of the baryon acoustic oscillations and uncalibrated supernovae luminosity distance. We study a phenomenological axion-like potential ('axEDE') and a scalar field experiencing a first-order phase-transition ('NEDE'). We find that for both models the 'Planck-free' analysis yields non-zero EDE at > 2 sigma and an increased value for $H_0 \sim 70-74$ km/s/Mpc, compatible with local measurements, without the inclusion of any prior on $H_0$. On the other hand, the inclusion of Planck data restricts the EDE contribution to an upper-limit only at 95% C.L. For axEDE, the combination of Planck and ACT leads to constraints 30% weaker than with Planck alone, and there is no residual Hubble tension. On the other hand, NEDE is more strongly constrained in a Planck+ACT analysis, and the Hubble tension remains at $\sim 3\sigma$, illustrating the ability for CMB data to distinguish between EDE models. We explore the apparent inconsistency between the Planck and ACT data and find that it comes (mostly) from a slight tension between the temperature power spectrum at multipoles around $\sim 1000$ and $\sim 1500$. Finally, through a mock analysis of ACT data, we demonstrate that the preference for EDE is not driven by a lack of information at high-$\ell$ when removing Planck data, and that a LCDM fit to the fiducial EDE cosmology results in a significant bias on $\{H_0,\omega_{\rm cdm}\}$. More accurate measurements of the TT power spectra above $\ell\sim 2500$ and EE between $\ell \sim 300-500$ will play a crucial role in differentiating EDE models., Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, comments welcome; v2: corrected minor typos, added references, updated results and discussion of NEDE, new appendices on ACT vs. ACT+WMAP residuals and the chi-squared per experiment; conclusions unchanged

International audience; Riparian zones have disproportional ecological importance relative to their size, encompassing a large biodiversity and fulfilling major ecological functions. Despite their high ecological value, riparian zones have been widely degraded around the world through urbanization, channelization or damming. When channel mobility cannot be restored, and when erosion control measures are necessary to protect human stakes, different solutions exist to stabilize riverbanks. Civil engineering techniques such as riprap have been widely used along riverbank leading to high human impacts on these ecosystems. Soil bioengineering techniques have been shown to advantageously replace or complete civil engineering techniques, providing compromise solutions to simultaneously ensure protection against erosion and support riparian biodiversity. However, how similar are banks stabilized by soil bioengineering techniques compared to natural banks and to those stabilized by civil engineering is still poorly known. During the last two decades, research efforts have been made to understand how and how much soil bioengineering techniques could increase riparian habitat quality to foster aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. Here we present results from more than one hundred riparian zones including natural and stabilized riverbanks in France and Quebec in which we assessed biodiversity. We choose a human impact gradient ranging from natural bank to riprap, including pure soil bioengineering techniques and mixed techniques (mixing civil and bioengineering). For riparian plants and benthic macroinvertebrates, soil bioengineering techniques showed higher taxa diversity than civil engineering techniques, mostly related to an increase in habitat quality. Species composition on soil bioengineering techniques was also closer to the one of natural banks, with an increase in native benthic macroinvertebrates richness from civil engineered to soil bioengineering techniques. Considering ecological succession, riprap showed extremely low dynamics, whereas soil bioengineering techniques triggered a secondary ecological succession with an increase of native and hydrochorous riparian plant species over time. Regarding exotic species, the trend was less pronounced, but some evidence of a higher cover of terrestrial invasive plant species on riprap techniques was found. Overall, our results support previous studies showing positive effects of soil bioengineering on fishes and birds communities as compared to civil engineering. Further studies are needed to evaluate how soil bioengineering can affect other biodiversity components such as terrestrial insects, small mammals or amphibians. It would be also interesting to see if the positive effects of soil bioengineering on riparian biodiversity shown in temperate zones occur under other climatic influences.

We explore the cosmological signals of theories in which the neutrinos decay into invisible dark radiation after becoming non-relativistic. We show that in this scenario, near-future large scale structure measurements from the Euclid satellite, when combined with cosmic microwave background data from Planck, may allow an independent determination of both the lifetime of the neutrinos and the sum of their masses. These parameters can be independently determined because the Euclid data will cover a range of redshifts, allowing the growth of structure over time to be tracked. If neutrinos are stable on cosmological timescales, these observations can improve the lower limit on the neutrino lifetime by seven orders of magnitude, from $\mathcal{O}(10)$ years to $2\times 10^8$ years ($95\%$ C.L.), without significantly affecting the measurement of neutrino mass. On the other hand, if neutrinos decay after becoming non-relativistic but on timescales less than $\mathcal{O}(100)$ million years, these observations may allow, not just the first measurement of the sum of neutrino masses, but also the determination of the neutrino lifetime from cosmology., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

International audience

It is commonly assumed that the energy density of the Universe was dominated by radiation between reheating after inflation and the onset of matter domination 54,000 years later. While the abundance of light elements indicates that the Universe was radiation dominated during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), there is scant evidence that the Universe was radiation dominated prior to BBN. It is therefore possible that the cosmological history was more complicated, with deviations from the standard radiation domination during the earliest epochs. Indeed, several interesting proposals regarding various topics such as the generation of dark matter, matter-antimatter asymmetry, gravitational waves, primordial black holes, or microhalos during a nonstandard expansion phase have been recently made. In this paper, we review various possible causes and consequences of deviations from radiation domination in the early Universe - taking place either before or after BBN - and the constraints on them, as they have been discussed in the literature during the recent years., 67 pages, 18 figures. v2: Discussion and references added. Accepted for publication in The Open Journal of Astrophysics

Co-creation with end-users is gaining an increasing interest in the design industry today. This study investigates the mechanisms by which spatial augmented reality (SAR) technology can affect soci...