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Production of granulated sugar from sap of nipa palms in South Kalimantan Province is a new innovation. The purpose of this study was to find out the chemical compounds contained in granulated sugar made from sap of nipa palms growing in 3 different places, which was expected to benefit wider community as a source of alternative sweetener. The chemical compound test of granulated nipa palm sugar was conducted at the Laboratory of Institute for Research and Standardization of Industry, Banjarbaru. Chemical parameters tested were water, sucrose, reducing sugar, fat, protein, phosphorus, and potassium content. The test results showed that the water content of granulated nipa palm sugar in treatment A1, A2, and A3 was 3.69%, 4.04%, and 2.31%, respectively; the protein content 0.65%, 2.19%, and 1.10%; the fat content 0.27 %, 0.34 %, and 0.20 %; the reducing sugar content 2.39%, 0.51%, and 0.52%; the sucrose content 75.14%, 68.15%, and 88.46%; the phosphorus content 1.1342%, 1.1196%, and 1.138%; and the potassium content 1.60%, 1.40%, and 1.58%, respectively. The test parameters of granulated nipa palm sugar that met the Mandatory Indonesia National Standard (SNI) 01-3743-1995 were the water content of granulated sugar from sap of nipa palms growing in dry place (land), the reducing sugar content and sucrose content in all treatments. It can be concluded from the three required parameters that granulated nipa palm sugar is able to become the source of new sweetener in addition to block arenga palm sugar and crystal cane sugar for the community in South Kalimantan.

Background: This study introduced a novel approach for predicting occupational injury severity by leveraging deep learning-based text classification techniques to analyze unstructured narratives. Unlike conventional methods that rely on structured data, our approach recognizes the richness of information within injury narrative descriptions with the aim of extracting valuable insights for improved occupational injury severity assessment., Methods: Natural language processing (NLP) techniques were harnessed to preprocess the occupational injury narratives obtained from the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) from January 2015 to June 2023. The methodology involved meticulous preprocessing of textual narratives to standardize text and eliminate noise, followed by the innovative integration of Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) and Global Vector (GloVe) word embeddings for effective text representation. The proposed predictive model adopts a novel Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) architecture and is further refined through model optimization, including random search hyperparameters and in-depth feature importance analysis. The optimized Bi-LSTM model has been compared and validated against other machine learning classifiers which are naïve Bayes, support vector machine, random forest, decision trees, and K-nearest neighbor., Results: The proposed optimized Bi-LSTM models' superior predictability, boasted an accuracy of 0.95 for hospitalization and 0.98 for amputation cases with faster model processing times. Interestingly, the feature importance analysis revealed predictive keywords related to the causal factors of occupational injuries thereby providing valuable insights to enhance model interpretability., Conclusion: Our proposed optimized Bi-LSTM model offers safety and health practitioners an effective tool to empower workplace safety proactive measures, thereby contributing to business productivity and sustainability. This study lays the foundation for further exploration of predictive analytics in the occupational safety and health domain., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024 Khairuddin et al.)

Implementation of outdoor photobioreactors has been challenged by an extremely oversaturated daily peak of solar irradiance. This study aims to understand the role of column size and paranet shading as well as to investigate the most convenient light control in outdoor cyanobacterial culture. The photobioreactor (PBR) consisted of plastic columns with a diameter of 12.74 cm (PBRd-20) and 31.85 cm (PBRd-50) laid outdoors and inclined at 158.22° upwards against solar radiation, while paranet shading was provided at 0%, 50%, 70%, and 90% shading capacity. A semi-continuous culture of cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis was conducted for 6 weeks with weekly monitoring of the growth parameter as well as the proximate and pigments content, while the daily irradiance and culture maximum temperature were recorded. The result shows that the column diameter of 12.74 cm had a lethal risk of 44.7% and this decreased to 10.5% by widening the column diameter to 31.85 cm. This lethal risk can be eliminated by the application of a paranet at a 50% reduction level for the column diameter of 31.85 cm and a 70% reduction level for the column diameter of 12.74 cm. The highest culture productivity of 149.03 mg/(L·day) was achieved with a PBRd-20 with 50% shading treatment, but a PBRd-50 with 90% shading treatment led to an increase in the protein and phycocyanin content by 66.7% and 14.91%, respectively.

This study aimed to examine the characteristics of HCWs infected with COVID-19 and factors associated with healthcare-associated infection. A cross-sectional study, using secondary data of COVID-19 HCW cases from a registry developed by the Occupational and Environmental Health Unit (OEHU) in Kedah State Health Department, Malaysia, was analysed using Excel and STATA version 14.0. Descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression were conducted to identify the factors for healthcare-associated COVID-19 infection. A total of 1679 HCWs tested positive for COVID-19 between 1 January 2021 and 19 September 2021. The infection was mainly non-healthcare-associated (67.0%), with healthcare-associated cases contributing to only 33% of the cases. The significant factors associated with healthcare-associated transmission were the following: doctor (aOR = 1.433; 95% CI = 1.044, 1.968), hospital setting (aOR = 1.439; 95% CI = 1.080, 1.917), asymptomatic (aOR = 1.848; 95% CI = 1.604, 2.130), incompletely or not vaccinated (aOR = 1.400; 95% CI = 1.050, 1.866) and CT-value ≥ 30 (aOR = 2.494; 95% CI = 1.927, 3.226). Identifying factors of healthcare-associated infection would help in planning control measures preventing healthcare-associated transmission in the workplace. However, more than half of COVID-19 cases among HCWs involved non-healthcare-associated COVID-19 infection, and, thus, requires further study to identify high-risk behaviours.

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium has several biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This strong antioxidant herb can be used as a drug for hypertension. FasL and cytochrome c expression play roles in the apoptotic pathway in the placenta. This study focused on the histological change in apoptosis via cytochrome c and Fas ligand expression by investigating whether Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (ZA) fruits affect apoptosis. The present study consisted of five treatments: Normal pregnant rats (C), Hypertension rats (C + ), hypertension rats + extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) (T1), Hypertension rats + ZA (T2), and hypertension rats + EVOO + ZA (T3). Hypertension was induced in rats by injecting 3 mlml of 6% NaCl. Nanoherbal of ZA (100 mg/kg BW) and EVOO (1 ml) were given on the 13th-19th days of pregnancy. Pregnant rats were dissected on the 20th day of pregnancy by cervical dislocation. ELISA assays were performed for the analysis of HSP-70 expression. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assays were used to analyse the histological changes in placental tissue. The results showed that cytochrome c and FasL protein exposure levels in the labyrinth, basal, and yolk sac zones were increased during hypertensive pregnancy (P < 0.0001) in rats. The administration of nanoherbal of ZA decreased the expression of cytochrome c and FasL. A significant difference was found in the combination of nanoherbal of ZA and EVOO., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 The Authors.)

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of Picria fel-terrae Lour on Nitric Oxide production toward RAW 264.7 cells., Methods: The extraction was obtained by maceration method using n -hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol solvents and then nitric oxide (NO) production was obtained using Griess reagent., Results: Extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour herbs can reduce the NO production toward RAW 264.7 cells with induced by lipopolysaccharide has obtained nitric concentrations 12.5 and 25 μg/mL from n -hexane extract (72.50 ± 4.51 and 10.42 ± 1.82), ethyl acetate extract: (88.33 ± 6.51 and 30.83 ± 6.86), ethanol extract: (75.00 ± 1.91 and 22.08 ± 2.53)., Conclusion: n -hexane extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour Herbs has a high potential to reduce the NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells compared to ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Picria fel-terrae Lour Herbs., (Copyright: © 2019 Novycha Auliafendri, Rosidah Rosidah, Yuandani Yuandani, Sri Suryani, Denny Satria.)

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate cytotoxic activity towards T47D, 4T1, MCF-7, HeLa, and Raji cells of alkaloid fractions of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruits. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC., Methods: The fruit was extracted by maceration. The ethanol extract was fractionated with liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane, chloroform at pH 3, 7, and 9 to obtained alkaloid fractions. Cytotoxic activity for fraction chloroform at pH 7 and 9 was determined with MTT assay., Results: The IC 50 of fraction chloroform at pH 7 and 9 was (92.67 ± 1.37; 71.87 ± 1.04; 159.87 ± 0.63; 123.39 ± 0.81; and 103.09 ± 0.58 µg/mLfor pH 7) and (451.29 ± 25.48; 247.18 ± 2.82; 318.46 ± 5.40; 303.96 ± 8.75; and 181.45 ± 1.35 µg/mL for pH 9) respectively., Conclusion: The results reveal that alkaloid fractions at pH 7 and 9 of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruits have cytotoxic activity. Our further study is to isolate and assesses anticancer activity from alkaloid compounds., (Copyright: © 2019 Dina Maya Syari, Rosidah Rosidah, Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun Hasibuan, Ginda Haro, Denny Satria.)

Background: Andaliman ( Zanthoxylum acanthopodium ) is a spice traditional Northen Sumatera, Indonesia and these fruits contain alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) contains antioxidants. Combination of this plant have activities to reduce preeclampsia., Aim: To know the safety of the combination of nano herbal andaliman and Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on preeclampsia patients' liver., Methods: Pregnant rats were made to have preeclampsia with 3 ml of NaCl 6% injections. This research consists of 5 groups: K- (negative control): normal pregnant rats, K+: preeclampsia rats; P1: PE rats were given nano herbal andaliman 1 ml EVOO / day / 20 gBW from the 13th to the 19th day of pregnancy, P2: PE rats were given nano herbal andaliman 100 mg/day / 200 gBW from the 13th to the 19th day of pregnancy, P3: PE was given the combination of 1 ml EVOO/day / 200 gBW and andaliman nano herbal 100 mg/day/200 gBW on the 13th day of pregnancy to the 19th day given orally. Then on the 20th day of pregnancy, the subjects were dissected., Results: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) on the value of SGOT, SGPT, and the average damage of the hepatocyte cells except parenchymatous degeneration after being given the nano herbal andaliman and EVOO. The compared mean of normal hepatocytes cell, hydropic degeneration and necrosis value between all groups were p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 compared to (K-). The non-significant difference was found in the mean of parenchymatous degeneration between the groups (p = 0.058)., Conclusion: The combination of nano herbal andaliman ( Zanthoxylum acanthopodium ) and EVOO affected the level of necrosis in hepatocyte cells on preeclampsia rats., (Copyright: © 2019 Putri Cahaya Situmorang, Syafruddin Ilyas, Salomo Hutahaean, Rosidah Rosidah.)