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With the development of new materials and technology, high entropy alloy (HEA) nitride films have attracted much attention of researchers due to their excellent optical properties and mechanical properties. Herein, a novel SS/NbMoTaWN (HEAN)/NbMoTaWON (HEAON)/SiO2 coatings are prepared, which shows a high spectral selectivity of α/e = 0.944/0.12. The preparation and optimization of the coating are studied by combining experiments with ellipsometric program and CODE software. High temperature thermal stability test is performed in depth, which proves that the coating could bear 400 °C in air for 2 h, and 600 °C for 2 h in vacuum. Long-term thermal stability researches indicate that the SSACs still keep good optical properties (α = 0.902, e = 0.106) even after annealing at 600 °C for 100 h. The failure mechanism is analyzed by XRD and Raman spectra. In addition, neutral salt spray test is performed to investigate the anti-corrosion ability, which indicates the coating has a good optical performance after soaking in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for 30 days. Obviously, this work provides a new strategy to construct solar absorber coatings based on NbMoTaW high entropy alloy.

Bonded composite scarf joints with bonding flaws were tested to study their tensile behaviors. Based on the failure modes obtained by various observation methods, an improved numerical methodology with appropriate model width was developed, considering the marginal low stiffness regions in ± 45° plies. The results show that the modelling approach provides accurate predictions on the strength, stiffness, and the failure modes considering variations in scarf angle, flaw size, and flaw location. Marginal low stiffness regions in ± 45° plies influence the stress distributions in the adhesive layer and the failure mode. Adhesive layer failure is the main cause of the final fracture of the pristine and the defective scarf joints, and damages within composite adherend especially interlaminar delamination, may accelerate the growth of the bondline stress at an early stage. The traditional damage tolerance design approach for bonded composite joints needs to be improved to avoid confusing and adventurous results.

High entropy alloys (HEAs), which is at the expense of high cost compared to traditional alloy, should not be confined to the mechanical properties, but should be employed to devise a novel combination with unique functional and mechanical performances. In this work, high entropy alloy nitride (HEAN) is utilized as a novel double absorption layer to improve solar absorption in the high temperature solar selective absorbing coatings (SSACs). Our primary motivation is to lower thermal emittance (e) and enhance solar absorptance (α). In order to realize this goal, coating design (CODE) software is employed to design and optimize the proposed HEAN based SSACs using appropriate dielectric function model. The ultimate as-deposited coating shows good optical properties with a high α value of 0.965 and a low e value of 0.086 (at 82 °C). The estimate of thermal stability tests indicates that HEAN based SSACs has the ability to resist instability in high working temperature, which keeps good optical properties (α = 0.925, e = 0.070) after annealing at 600 °C for 10 h.

Recent advances in high-entropy alloys have spurred many breakthroughs in the fields of high-temperature materials and optical materials and they provide incredible application potentialities for photothermal conversion systems. Solar-selective absorbers (SSAs), as key components, play a vital role in photothermal conversion efficiency and service life. The most pressing problem with SSAs is their inconsistent optical performance, an instability constraint induced by thermal stress. A feasible method of improving performance stability is the introduction of high-entropy materials, such as high-entropy alloy nitrides. In this study, enabled by an intrinsic MoTaTiCrN absorption layer, the solar configuration achieves greatly enhanced, exceptional thermotolerance and optical properties, leading to the formation of a scalable, highly efficient, and cost-effective structure. Computational and experimental approaches are employed to achieve optimum preparation parameters for thicknesses and constituents. The crystal structure of high-entropy ceramic MoTaTiCrN is fully investigated, including thickness-dependent crystal nucleation. High-temperature and long-term thermal stability tests demonstrate that our proposed SSA is mechanically robust and chemically stable. Moreover, a low thermal emittance (15.86%) at 500 °C promotes the photothermal conversion efficiency. In addition, due to the exceptional spectral selectivity (α/ε = 92.3/6.5%), thermal robustness (550 °C for 168 h), and photothermal conversion efficiency (86.9% at 550 °C under 100 sun), it is possible for our proposed SSA to enhance the practical realization of large-area photothermal conversion applications, especially for concentrated solar power systems.

Wormlike micelles (or reverse wormlike micelles) are flexible cylindrical chains that are normally formed in water (or a nonpolar organic solvent) at 25.0 °C or above; the formation of wormlike micelles at lower temperatures is rare. Here, we have reported wormlike micelles formed at low temperature using an ionic liquid surfactant (1-octadecyl-3-nonyl imidazolium bromide) in polar organic solvents (including 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propylene glycol, N,N-dimethylformamide, and glycerol/1,2-propylene glycol mixture) in the absence of any additives. The viscoelasticity and morphology of the wormlike micelles were studied using rheology, small-angle X-ray scattering, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy. The viscoelastic properties of the wormlike micelles in polar solvents are affected by the solvent type (or the weight ratio of glycerol to 1,2-propylene glycol), surfactant concentration, and temperature. Moreover, the G' and G'' crossover twice in the dynamic curves, which is different from the case in water. The first crossover (at low frequency) corresponds to the relaxation time for the alkyl chains to disentangle from the transient network, and the second crossover (at high frequency) is related to the segmental motion of the chains. Furthermore, the tribological performance of these wormlike micelles is investigated at low temperature. It is found that the protective film (formed by the physical adhesion of the wormlike micelles on the surface of friction disk pair) and the tribochemical reaction together lead to good antifriction and antiwear performance, which indicates the application prospects of these wormlike micelles in low-temperature lubrication.

The functional application of high entropy alloys, which emerge as a novel multi-principal component alloy, has been constantly expanding in the field of solar photothermal harvesting from optical materials to high temperature materials due to their excellent properties. A solar spectrally selective absorbing coating requires such materials that show not only outstanding optical properties but also prominent thermal stability. It is desirable but challenging to fabricate high performance solar absorbing coatings. A prospective strategy for the preparation of solar absorbing coatings is the introduction of high entropy alloys. In this work, we have developed a simple, cost-conscious, scalable and highly efficient solar selective absorbing coating using a single layer high entropy nitride AlCrTaTiZrN by choosing appropriate elemental compositions. The as-deposited coatings show an outstanding spectral selectivity of α/e = 92.8%/5.1% or 91.6%/5.1%. High temperature thermal stability tests are performed in depth, indicating that the coating could endure annealing treatment at 800 °C for 2 h with insignificant reflectance spectrum variation. A prolonged period of thermal stability characterization presents that this coating could maintain good optical performance after annealing at 650 °C for 300 h. Furthermore, high temperature thermal emittance can be suppressed to as low as 15.4% at 600 °C, which contributes to the state-of-the-art photothermal conversion efficiency under 100 suns (87.7% at 600 °C, and 84.6% at 650 °C). Overall, the high entropy nitride AlCrTaTiZrN based coating contributes to good thermal stability and optical properties, showing great potential for extensive applications in solar energy harvesting.

Connectivity is an important index in evaluating the reliability and fault tolerant ability of interconnection network. However the traditional connectivity is inappropriate for large scale multiprocessor systems. The h-restricted connectivity, as a generalization of traditional connectivity, was proposed to estimate the reliability of interconnection networks more accurately. For an interconnection network G and a positive integer h, the cardinality of a vertex subset F is called the h-restricted connectivity of G, denoted κ h ( G ) , if F is the minimum vertex set subject to that G − F is disconnected and δ ( G − F ) ≥ h . In this paper, we investigate the h-restricted connectivity of the generalized hypercube G ( m r , m r − 1 , … , m 1 ) . Specially, we determine that κ h ( G ( m r , m r − 1 , … , m 1 ) ) = ( h + 1 ) κ ( G ( m r , m r − 1 , … , m 1 ) ) − m max h for 1 ≤ h ≤ min ⁡ { ⌊ m r 2 ⌋ − 1 , m min − 1 , r } , where κ ( G ( m r , m r − 1 , … , m 1 ) ) is the connectivity of the generalized hypercube, m max = max ⁡ { m r , m r − 1 , … , m 1 } and m min = min ⁡ { m r , m r − 1 , … , m 1 } .

In the western regions of China, loess soils are widely used as fill materials in the construction of highways and building foundations. The hydraulic conductivity of this fill material is a significant parameter for initial engineering designs, but currently there are a very limited number of investigations into this aspect. In this study, a series of tests on compacted loess soils was conducted to determine how the dry density and water content affect loess permeability. The test results show that the hydraulic conductivity decreases gradually with the final water content or with increase in the final dry density. The phenomenon is induced by a decrease in cumulative volume or void ratio, which is verified by the results of mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy images. A new mathematical model is proposed for predicting the value of k in compacted loess soils, expressed as a function of water content and void ratio.

Over the years, it has become obvious that simultaneous backfill grouting is of great significance to the design of the tunnel lining and process control of shield construction. It is essential to ...

To investigate the electrochemical reduction mechanism of Ta(V) in ethylene carbonate and aluminum chloride (EC−AlCl3) solvate ionic liquid, cyclic voltammetry experiments were conducted on a tungsten working electrode. Four reduction peaks were observed in the cyclic voltammogram of the EC−AlCl3−TaCl5 ionic liquid. The reduction peaks at −0.55, −0.72, and −1.12 V (vs Al) were related to the reduction of Ta(V) to tantalum metal by three stages including the formation of Ta(IV) and Ta(III) complex ions. The reduction of Ta(III) to tantalum metal was an irreversible diffusion-controlled reaction with a diffusion coefficient of 3.7×10−7 cm2/s at 323 K, and the diffusion activation energy was 77 kJ/mol. Moreover, the cathode products at 323 K were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that tantalum metal and tantalum oxides were obtained by potentiostatic electrodeposition at −0.8 V for 2 h.

Calcium silicate hydrate gel (CSH) was synthesized by calcium acetate and sodium silicate. The structure and morphology of CSH were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption performance of CSH was measured by static adsorption method. The results show that CSH has porous structure and large specific surface area, and the optimum reaction conditions is the reaction temperature of 25°C and calcium-silicon ratio of 1.2. It has the maximum adsorption capacity of more than 150 mg/g and the removal rate of more than 86% with Cu2+. And it shows the excellent adsorption performance, even when the concentration of Cu2+ is less than 200mg/L, the removal rate is above 90%. The research may provide a low-cost and high-efficiency adsorbent.

This paper describes a novel modeling method for determining the thermal deformation coefficient of the moving shaft of a machine tool. Firstly, the relation between the thermal deformation coefficient and the thermal expansion coefficient is expounded, revealing that the coefficient of thermal deformation is an important factor affecting the precision of moving shaft feed systems. Then, thermal errors and current boundary and machining conditions are measured using sensors to obtain the first set of parameters for a thermal prediction model. The dynamic characteristics of the positioning and straightness thermal errors of the moving axis of a machine tool are analyzed under different feed speeds and mounting modes of the moving shaft and bearing. Finally, the theoretical model is derived from experimental data, and the axial and radial thermal deformation coefficients at different time and positions are obtained. The expressions for the axial and radial thermal deformation of the moving shaft are modified according to theoretical considerations, and the thermal positioning and straightness error models are established and experimentally verified. This modeling method can be easily extended to other machine tools to determine thermal deformation coefficients that are robust and self-correcting.

Large amounts of organic wastes, which pose a severe threat to the environment, can be thermally pyrolyzed to produce biochar. Biochar has many potential uses owing to its unique physicochemical properties and attracts increasing attentions. Therefore, this review focuses on the agronomic functions of biochar used as compost additives and soil amendments. As a compost additive, biochar provides multiple benefits including improving composting performance and humification process, enhancing microbial activities, reducing greenhouse gas and NH4 emissions, immobilizing heavy metals and organic pollutants. As a soil amendment, biochar shows a good performance in improving soil properties and plant growth, alleviating drought and salinity stresses, interacting with heavy metals and organic pollutants and changing their fate of being uptaken from soils to plants. Furthermore, combined application of biochar and compost shows a good performance and a high agricultural value when applied to soils. Objectively and undeniably, there are still negative or ineffective cases of biochar amendment on crop yield and heavy metal immobilization, which is worthy of further attention. The medium-long term field monitoring of biochar-specific agricultural functions, as well as the exploration of wider sources for biochar feedstocks, are still needed.

Background Predicting disease-related genes is helpful for understanding the disease pathology and the molecular mechanisms during the disease progression. However, traditional methods are not suitable for screening genes related to the disease development, because there are some samples with weak label information in the disease dataset and a small number of genes are known disease-related genes. Results We designed a disease-related gene mining method based on the weakly supervised learning model in this paper. The method is separated into two steps. Firstly, the differentially expressed genes are screened based on the weakly supervised learning model. In the model, the strong and weak label information at different stages of the disease progression is fully utilized. The obtained differentially expressed gene set is stable and complete after the algorithm converges. Then, we screen disease-related genes in the obtained differentially expressed gene set using transductive support vector machine based on the difference kernel function. The difference kernel function can map the input space of the original Huntington’s disease gene expression dataset to the difference space. The relation between the two genes can be evaluated more accurately in the difference space and the known disease-related gene information can be used effectively. Conclusions The experimental results show that the disease-related gene mining method based on the weakly supervised learning model can effectively improve the precision of the disease-related gene prediction compared with other excellent methods.

Aerogel has been widely known as a low-density and highly porous material and is closely connected with the complex processing methods, such as freeze-drying or supercritical drying. In this work, using the polymerization-induced aramid nanofiber (PANF) as a building block, we put forward a modified freezing-drying method for the high-efficiency preparation of all-para-aromatic-amide aerogels. In the preparation process, PANF hydrogel is first frozen at -18 °C and then dried at 20-150 °C for the formation of PANF aerogel. The PANF framework formed during the freezing process is crucial for the formation of the PANF aerogel. Moreover, the space-occupying effect of ice crystals is also helpful for the formation of the macroscopic pore structure in the aerogel. Aerogels with large size or well-controlled shape could be successfully obtained by this method. Through the variation of PANF concentration in the hydrogel and drying temperature, aerogels with different densities (20-185 mg/cm3) could be achieved, and the lowest density is reached at 150 °C, with the PANF concentration of 0.7%. The low-density PANF aerogels show high specific compressive strengths and low thermal conductivities, which are comparable to those resulting from the freeze-drying or supercritical drying method. Furthermore, the shrinkage phenomenon in the drying process could be skillfully utilized for the preparation of PANF aerogel-coated objects. The PANF aerogels could be applied as a thermal insulating material or shock absorption material in practical applications.

In order to better understand and analyze the unsaturated stability of loess fillings, it is necessary to study the changes in suction stress before and after the drying-wetting cycles. In this study, the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of compacted loess before and after drying-wetting cycles was tested using the filter paper method. Then, the suction stress was calculated and the microstructure of the loess sample was determined by the scanning electron microscope（SEM）and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed that the drying-wetting cycles had an important influence on the suction stress characteristic curve (SSCC) and microstructure of compacted loess. The change in suction stress before and after the drying-wetting cycles can be explained by the loess microstructure. The drying-wetting cycles did not significantly change the basic trend of the compacted loess's suction stress, but it increased the porosity and the diameter of the dominant pore (i.e., the inter-aggregate pore) of the sample, and reduced the suction stress when the same matrix suction was applied. The main significant change in suction stress with matrix suction occurred within the range of the dominant soil pores. The larger the diameter of the dominant pore, the smaller the suction stress under the same matrix suction. In addition, this study also proposes a new method for calculating suction stress based on the pore size distribution（PSD） parameters, which is more convenient than traditional calculation methods based on SWCC parameters.

How to simultaneously achieve both high open‐circuit voltage (V oc) and high short‐circuit current density (J sc) is a big challenge for realising high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in all‐small‐molecule organic solar cells (all‐SM OSCs). Herein, a novel small molecule (SM)‐donor, namely FYSM−SiCl, with trialkylsilyl and chlorine substitutions was designed and synthesized. Compared to the original SM‐donor FYSM−H, FYSM−Si with trialkylsilyl substitution showed a decreased crystallinity and lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level, while FYSM−SiCl had an improved crystallinity, more ordered packing arrangement, significantly lower HOMO level, and predominant “face‐on” orientation. Matched with a SM‐acceptor Y6, the FYSM−SiCl‐based all‐SM OSCs exhibited both high V oc of 0.85 V and high J sc of 23.7 mA cm−2, which is rare for all‐SM OSCs and could be attributed to the low HOMO level of FYSM−SiCl donor and the delicate balance between high crystallinity and suitable blend morphology. As a result, FYSM−SiCl achieved a high PCE of 13.4 % in all‐SM OSCs, which was much higher than those of the FYSM−H‐ (10.9 %) and FYSM−Si‐based devices (12.2 %). This work demonstrated a promising method for the design of efficient SM‐donors by a side‐chain engineering strategy via the introduction of trialkylsilyl and chlorine substitutions., Superb substitution: A small molecule donor FYSM−SiCl with trialkylsilyl and chlorine substitutions is developed. Compared to its unsubstituted analogue FYSM−H, FYSM−SiCl has a deep‐shifted highest occupied molecular orbital level, improved crystallinity and hole‐mobility, and a predominantly “face‐on” orientation. FYSM−SiCl‐based all‐small‐molecule solar cells achieve a much higher power conversion efficiency of 13.4 % compared to the FYSM−H‐based ones (10.9 %).

A spindle feed system is continuously subjected to cutting forces, cutting heat and frictional heat during machining processes, which interact to form a complex, nonlinear and thermal-force coupling field. The coupling field causes deformations and vibrations of the mechanism that affect the machining accuracy. Therefore, determining the thermal-force coupling dynamic characteristics of the mechanism is beneficial, as it lays the theoretical foundations for accurate error compensation and the design and optimization of the spindle feed system. The deformation of the spindle feed system in actual working processes is approached by modeling, simulation and verification. Based on the theory of mechanics and heat transfer, the models for the transient milling force and the temperature field are established to obtain the real-time, dynamic cutting force and the associated heat values. A thermo-mechanical coupling model is also deduced, and the deformations generated by the cutting force and heat are simulated using the finite element method. Moreover, the thermo-mechanical coupling deformations of the system are emulated. The above deformation results are tested and confirmed. This paper establishes the deformation rules under the cutting force and cutting heat as well as their associated coupling effects. When studying thermo-mechanical coupling, the initial deformations of the ball screw are dominated by the cutting forces. The effects of heat on the X-direction deformations gradually exceed the effects of the cutting forces. The Y-direction deformations are primarily caused by the forces, with little influence from the heat. The Z-direction deformations are mainly caused by the heat, with negligible influence from the forces.

Pure tetragonal zirconia nanopowder was prepared via lamellar liquid crystal method combined with a thermal sulfated zirconyl chloride hydrosol. The lamellar liquid crystal region in the so...

To achieve high open-circuit voltage (Voc ) and low acceptor content, the molecular design of a small-molecule donor with low energy loss (Eloss ) is very important for solution-processable organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, we designed and synthesized a new coplanar A-D-A structured organic small-molecule semiconductor with non-fused ring structure π-bridge, namely B2TPR, and applied it as donor material in OSCs. Owing to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the end group and the coplanar π-bridge, B2TPR exhibits a low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital and strong crystallinity. Furthermore, benefiting from the coplanar molecular skeleton, the high hole mobility, balanced charge transport and reduced recombination were achieved, leading to a high fill factor (FF). The OSCs based on B2TPR : PC71 BM blend film (w/w=1 : 0.35) demonstrates a moderate power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.10 % with a remarkable Voc of 0.98 V and FF of 64 %, corresponding to a low fullerene content of 25.9 % and a low Eloss of 0.70 eV. These results demonstrate the great potential of small-molecule with structure of B2TPR for future low-cost organic photovoltaic applications.

The manipulation of nanobuilding blocks into a 3D macroscopic monolith with ordered hierarchical structures has been much desired for broad and large-scale practical applications of nanoarchitectures. In this paper, we demonstrate a fully bottom-up strategy for the preparation of aramid aerogel monoliths. The process starts from the synthesis of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) through the polycondensation of p-phenylenediamine and terephthaloyl chloride, with the assistance of a nonreactive dispersing agent (polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether), which helps the dispersal of the as-synthesized PPTA in an aqueous medium for the formation of p-aramid nanofibers (ANF). Then the vacuum-assisted self-assembly (Vas) technique is skillfully connected with the ice-templated directional solidification (I) technique, and the combined VasI method successfully tailors the self-assembly of ANF to transform the 1D nanofibers into a 3D aerogel monolith with a specific long-range aligned, lasagna-like, multilaminated internal structure. The study of the aerogel microstructure revealed the dependence of the lamina orientation on the direction of the freezing front of ice crystals. This direction should be parallel to the deposition plane of the Vas process if a long-range aligned lamellar structure is desired. The anisotropy of the multilaminated aerogel was proven by the different results in the radial and axial directions in the compression and thermal conductivity tests. As a kind of organic aerogel, the ANF monolith has typical low density, high porosity, and low thermal conductivity. Additionally, the ANF monolith exhibits high compressive stress and excellent thermal stability. Considering its high performance and facile preparation process, potential applications of the ANF aerogel monolith can be expected.

A versatile networking method is reported for conductive polymer/carbon black (CB) composites on the basis of simultaneous dispersion and interaction-induced network assembly during melt compounding via addition of a very small amount (about 1 wt%) of secondary polymer that has stronger interaction with CB than the matrix polymer. Four different systems including polyamide 6 (PA6)-modified polycarbonate (PC)/CB, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-modified polyoxymethylene (POM)/CB, PA6-modified POM/CB and TPU-modified polypropylene (PP)/CB composites were investigated to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. 1 wt% secondary polymer can effectively induce assembly of CB particles, forming higher-structure loosely-packed agglomerates. Even with 0.3 wt% secondary polymer, the percolation threshold could decrease by 30%. The mechanism for the hierarchical morphology of filler arrangement is proposed on the basis of preferential wetting and infiltration of CB by secondary polymer and the assembly of dispersed CB aggregates around/in the small droplets of secondary polymer. The reduced inter-agglomerate tunnelling distance and enhanced secondary electric field are proposed as the mechanisms for improved electrical conductivity.

Interfacial engineering is crucial to improve the photovoltaic performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs). In this study, we demonstrate efficient inverted non-fullerene PSCs with ZnO modified by nontoxic glycine (Gly) as the electron transport layer (ETL). With the modification of Gly, work function of the ETL interlayer was decreased from 4.11 eV for ZnO to 4.02 eV for ZnO/Gly, which effectively increased the built-in electric field and hence improved the electron extraction. Furthermore, the surface energy of interlayer was also reduced from 69.1 mJ/m2 for ZnO to 52.5 mJ/m2, which is beneficial for the enrichment of the acceptor at the interface and hence facilities the electron transport and collection at cathode electrode. Therefore, the device based on PM6:IT-4F with ZnO/Gly as ETL exhibited a remarkably enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.0% relative to 12.9% for the control device with ZnO ETL, indicating a ∼9% increase of the PCE with the simple molecular modification of the ETL. Meanwhile, this strategy can also be successfully applied to other non-fullerene and fullerene based inverted PSCs. Our work provides an effective approach to modify ZnO for high performance PSCs.

Calixarene is the third generation of supra-molecular compounds after crown ether and cyclodextrin. Amphiphilic calixarene can be obtained by modulation with both hydrophilic group and hydrophobic alkyl chain. Compared with conventional surfactant, amphiphilic calixarene has much lower critical micelle concentration and is much easier to self-assemble into different morphological aggregates. Calixarene-basedsupra-amphiphile can be designed via noncovalent bonds due to the capability of calixarene to recognize surfactant; the binding of a surfactant with calixarene can decrease the critical micelle concentration of surfactant by several times. The calixarene-surfactant complex can self-aggregate to form spherical micelles, vesicles, and spherical nanoparticles, and the aggregation behavior can be controlled by the structures and the molar ratio of surfactant to calixarene and environmental factors. Calixarene-based amphiphile and supra-amphiphile show low cytotoxicity. They can load drugs and assemble into nanocapsules with drugs. The structure of the calixarene-drug complex can respond to external stimuli, rendering the sustained release of the drug and suggesting its potential application as a drug delivery system. Recently, calixarene has also been found to selectively bind proteins, suggesting its prospect in disease diagnosis and intervention treatment in clinics. This review elaborates on the research progress in the self-assembly behaviors of calixarene-based amphiphile and supra-amphiphile and the applications of the calixarenes in drug delivery and protein recognition. The prospectives for the studies are also provided in this review.

The general contracting projects are developed in China, in the past two decades. In the early stage of a project, because of the lack of specific design drawings and project plans, it is difficult for the general contractor to determine the construction period when signing the contract. However, little research has undertaken on quickly and efficiently estimating construction duration of a general contracting industrial project. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore a suitable model for estimating construction duration of the general contracting industrial project in China. Data for 90 completed projects are collected in a company that undertakes nationwide industrial projects. Four single variable models and fourteen multivariate models are analyzed using statistical method. And the residual modified model integrating wavelet neural network (WNN) is also developed through using a predictive error to amend the statistical model. The results show that the residual modified models obtain more enhanced prediction accuracy than regression models, despite their good fitting performance. The modified model can be used for helping contractors forecast project duration in the early stage of a project.

The development of high drug loading and sustained release nanoparticles by simple and economical methods is significant for the treatment of diseases. Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is an ideal drug delivery system because of its excellent pH responsiveness, biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this work, ACC nanoparticles were successfully precipitated in ethanol–calcium solutions using ammonium carbonate as the internal source of CO2, which exhibited a relatively narrow size distribution in range of 10–200 nm. The microscopic morphology, amorphous characters, porous structure and thermal behavior of resultants were investigated by electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. In vitro drug release assay showed that ACC nanoparticles had high loading capacity of curcumin (Cur) and favorable drug release properties. Furthermore, ACC-Cur showed excellent abilities to scavenge free radicals, protect Cur stability and damage A549 cells, providing a broadened space for the applications of this material in the fields of biomedical or food.

Based on the theory of dispersion characteristics of double-ring photoelectric oscillator and chirped grating, a broadband ultra-low phase noise spectral frequency shift system is constructed. Firstly, the mathematical model is discussed. Secondly, according to the frequency response of the photonic filter formed by the chirped grating interfering with the optoelectronic oscillation circuit, the simulation of the effect of grating dispersion on oscillation frequency is performed. The simulation results show that the oscillation frequency decreases with the increase of grating dispersion value. In the range of 350–4 000 ps/nm, the oscillation frequency varies from 5 GHz to 16.9 GHz, and the phase noise can reach −140.5 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz, which realizes the generation of ultra-low phase noise spectral shift with broadband tuning.

In the present work, a solar selective coating of ZrB2/Al2O3 was deposited onto stainless steel (SS) substrates using a magnetron sputtering system. The coating exhibited an good selective absorbing properties with an absorptance of 0.92 and an emittance of 0.11. To investigate the thermal stability of the coating, the samples were annealed at 500 °C and 600 °C for 100 h, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the coating was thermally stable at 500 °C. The structure and optical properties of the coating is also characterized using ultra-high resolution scanning electron microscope, UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The reflectance spectra of the SS/ZrB2/Al2O3 coating was successfully simulated by CODE software.

Herein, we fabricated all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) based on a fluorinated wide-bandgap p-type conjugated polymer PM6 as the donor, and a narrow bandgap n-type conjugated polymer PZ1 as the acceptor. In addition to the complementary absorption and matching energy levels, the optimized blend films possess high cystallinity, predominantly face-on stacking, and a suitable phase separated morphology. With this active layer, the devices exhibited a high V oc of 0.96 V, a superior J sc of 17.1 mA cm -2 , a fine fill factor (FF) of 68.2%, and thus an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.2%, which is the highest value reported to date for single-junction all-PSCs. Furthermore, the devices showed good storage stability. After 80 d of storage in the N 2 -filled glovebox, the PCE still remained over 90% of the original value. Large-area devices (1.1 cm 2 ) also demonstrated an outstanding performance with a PCE of 9.2%, among the highest values for the reported large-area all-PSCs. These results indicate that the PM6:PZ1 blend is a promising candidate for scale-up production of large area high-performance all-PSCs.

In this work, we designed and synthesized a new acceptor-π-donor-π-acceptor (A-π-D-π-A) type small molecule (SM) donor material, BBDDR, based on thienyl-substituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT-T) as the electron-donating core, the benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione (BDD) along with two thiophene units as π-bridge and rhodanine as the end group. BBDDR exhibits a strong absorption in the visible range of 300–700 nm with an optical bandgap (Egopt) of 1.79 eV, deep-lying HOMO energy level of −5.40 eV and high hole mobility of 1.1 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1. The organic solar cells (OSCs) based on BBDDR: IDIC exhibited an optimized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.8% with a high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.01 V, a short circuit current density (Jsc) of 14.6 mA cm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 53% under the illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm−2.

This paper presents an investigation into the impact of substrate contact structure on the heavy ion-induced current transient in silicon‑germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor (SiGe HBT) based on Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulation. The results show that the size of the heavily doped ring wall used for substrate contact extraction has a significant impact on the collector current transient features. In addition, the impact of the ring size is position-dependent. For the strike positions inside or near the collector-substrate (C S) junction, the variation of transient features is attributed to the shape and volume of the funnel potential. While for the strike positions far from the C S junction, the variation is dominated by the diffusion process of the ion-induced electrons.

Transition metal titanium diboride (TiB2) is a promising material for the solar selective absorbing coatings due to its favorable spectral selectivity and thermal stability. In this research, spectrally selective TiB2/Al2O3 tandem absorber is deposited on stainless steel (SS), which exhibits a high solar absorptance (αs = 0.93) and a low thermal emissivity (e = 0.11). In this tandem absorber, the TiB2 acts as the main absorber layer and the Al2O3 acts as an antireflection layer. The tandem absorber coating is systematically characterized by ultra-high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV–vis-NIR spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Micro-Raman techniques. The thermal stability in vacuum of the SS/TiB2/Al2O3 tandem absorber coatings is investigated in the temperature range of 400–800 °C for 2 h and 100 h, respectively. SEM and Raman spectra indicate that the change of surface morphology and chemical composition for the coating result in the degradation of optical performance. With the different annealed temperature, the SS/TiB2/Al2O3 tandem absorber coatings exhibit different color, which is further investigated using chromaticity diagram.

In addition to the innovation of nonfullerene acceptors, the development of highly efficient nonfullerene organic solar cells requires the design of new polymer donors and fundamental understanding...

Recently, bismuthene is predicted a room-temperature quantum spin Hall materials, which can conduct dissipationless charge and spin current via the symmetry-protected gapless surface states, and has generated intensive research interest in condensed matter. In order to study the unique properties of ultrathin film, Raman spectroscopy is considered to be the simple detection methods. Herein, we systematically examined the evolution of frequencies and Raman peaks of phonon modes in bismuthene according to the various strain and layer number conditions. Due to the weakening of bond energy under different strains, the biaxial strains lead to clearer frequency shifts than that of uniaxial strains and also make the relative Raman intensity of in-plane modes be higher than that of out-of-plane. Meanwhile, it is important that there are new peaks of Raman scattering spectra in the multilayer structures, corresponding to the shear mode and breathing mode, whose vanish in Raman scattering spectra can detect the monolayer structure. The present results have guiding significance for the experiments of bismuthene.

Recently, metal–organic gels (MOGs) appear as a potential alternative to the well-known metal–organic frameworks due to the easier and more straightforward shaping and other unique features. Howeve...

High-resolution imaging of lipids within the artery is of great value to obtain fundamental knowledge about their roles in atherosclerosis, but ideal probes are still lacking. In this study, we report a smart probe, namely, IND with aggregation-induced emission property for two-photon visualization of lipids within cell lines and arteries. Taking advantage of high lipid specificity, deep tissue penetrability, and excellent two-photon imaging performance, IND is capable of high-resolution imaging of lipids in cultured cells and in situ mapping of three-dimensional lipid distributions in mouse atherosclerotic plaques without tedious histological preparations. Importantly, we find that IND exhibits distinct emissive properties in the molecular monomer and dimer states; also, we uncover its remarkable applications for single-excitation dual-color imaging of lipid/water in the tissue microenvironment to reveal the ultra-structure of atherosclerotic plaques. The findings described herein provide a simple tool with minimal disruptive procedures for studying atherosclerosis at the tissue level and a powerful strategy for the development of imaging-based diagnostic techniques with color switching capability.

In this work, we design and synthesize an acceptor–donor–acceptor structured non-fullerene acceptor (ACS8) with an ultra-narrow bandgap (1.3 eV). It possesses a well-ordered molecular orientation and π–π stacking, and hence exhibits a high electron mobility of 2.65 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on PTB7-Th : ACS8 (1 : 2, w/w) processed using toluene and 0.5% PN (1-phenylnaphthalene) treatment exhibited an optimal power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.2% with an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.75 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 25.3 mA cm−2 and a fill factor (FF) of 69.3% under the illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm−2. This PCE is among the highest values reported in the literature to date for PSCs based on ultra-narrow bandgap acceptors (Eoptg ≤ 1.3 eV). Furthermore, semitransparent devices based on PTB7-Th : ACS8 exhibit an outstanding PCE up to 11.1% with an average visible transmittance of 28.6%.

A novel p-type organic semiconductor (p-OS), P2TBR, based on a non-fused ring structure of thiophene–benzene–thiophene (TBT) as the core and 2D-conjugated benzodithiophene (BDT) units as π spacers and 3-ethylrhodanines as terminal groups, was synthesized and used as the donor material for all-small-molecule organic solar cells (SM-OSCs). P2TBR shows strong absorption, a low-lying HOMO energy level, high hole mobility and good thermal stability. The optimized P2TBR:IDIC film exhibits face-on and edge-on co-existent texture and three dimensional (3D) charge pathway, which is far better than the face-on orientated blend film without any treatment. As a result, a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.5% and a satisfactory fill factor (FF) of 70.1% are achieved. This efficiency is the highest PCE for non-fullerene SM-OSCs reported in the literature so far. Overall, the results indicate that P2TBR is a promising candidate p-OS donor material for use in SM-OSCs, and the molecular design strategy for P2TBR provides the possibility that the simple-structured and easy to chemically modify non-fused unit can also be used as a building block in high performance p-OS donors.

In this work, a novel narrow-bandgap conjugated polymer acceptor (PN1) based on electron-withdrawing 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis[3-((2-hexyldecyl)oxy)benzene]-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene as the core building block and thiophene as the linking unit was developed and applied in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). The PN1 exhibits a broad and strong absorption in the region of 550–800 nm with a high maximum extinction coefficient of 1.28 × 105 cm−1, a high electron mobility of 9.39 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 and more ordered molecular packing. In addition, it also possesses a relatively higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of −3.85 eV, which is beneficial to improve open circuit voltage (Voc) and reduce the energy loss of the device. By matching with the wide bandgap polymer donor PM6, the all-PSCs achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.5% with a large Voc of 1.0 V, a high short circuit current density (Jsc) of 15.2 mA cm−2 and a superior fill factor (FF) of 0.69. Our work demonstrated that PN1 is a promising polymer acceptor for application in all-PSCs.

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on narrow bandgap (NBG) photovoltaic materials have attracted significant attention due to their unique applications in semitransparent devices and organic tandem solar cells. In this work, we design and synthesize a new NBG polymer PBTT based on 2-(2-ethylhexyl)-thienyl substituted benzodithiophene (BDT-T) and n-octyl-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate (TT) as donor material for the applications in non-fullerene PSCs. Compared with the widely used NBG polymer PTB7-Th, PBTT exhibited higher film extinction coefficient of 9.27 × 10 4 cm−1, higher-lying energy levels, more ordered molecule packing and higher hole mobility of 2.13 × 10 −3 cm2 V−1 s −1. The PSCs based on PBTT: IEICO obtained a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.5% with a Voc of 0.86 V, a Jsc of 17.9 mA cm−2 and a FF of 61.3%, which is significantly enhanced over that (7.3%) of the corresponding devices with PTB7-Th as donor. The significantly improved PCE could be attributed to the higher charge mobility and the improved morphology of the PBTT: IEICO blend film. These results demonstrate that PBTT is a very promising NBG polymer donor material for the applications in non-fullerene PSCs.

Solution-processed perovskite films inevitably have a number of ionic defects, regarded as non-radiative recombination centers, which limit the overall efficiency and the stability of perovskite solar cells (Pero-SCs). Passivation of these defects has been proven to be an efficient strategy to suppress the charge recombination and thus improve the performance of Pero-SCs. Herein, for the first time, a π-conjugated and alcohol-soluble small molecule with bilateral carboxyl and thiophene groups, namely 2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)terephthalic acid (DTA), was introduced into the MAPbI3-xClx (MA = CH3NH3) film to passivate the defects and enhance the performance of the corresponding planar p-i-n Pero-SCs. With high electron density, the symmetric carboxyl groups on both sides of DTA can effectively coordinate with unsaturated Pb2+ cations to passivate the defects in the perovskite. This efficient defect passivation can reduce the charge trap density and increase the carrier lifetime, which leads to a significant enhancement of the open-circuit voltage from 1.07 V for the control Pero-SC to 1.17 V for the passivated one, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.45%. The highest achieved Voc reaches 1.19 V, with a PCE of 21.40%, and the corresponding loss of Voc is only 0.38 V. In addition, the DTA passivated devices exhibit a photovoltaic performance with high reproducibility, as well as a significant improvement in environmental stability and thermal stability. This work demonstrates the great potential of DTA as an effective and promising additive to passivate the perovskite defects for the high performance of Pero-SCs.

A new planar A-D-A structured organic small molecule semiconductor (O-SMS) with dialkyl-thiophene substituted benzodithiophene (BDT) as central electron-rich core flanked by relatively electron-deficient units of [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine (PTz) and terminated with alkyl-bithiophene as π-conjugated end-caps, BDTDPTz, was designed and synthesized for the application as donor material in organic solar cells (OSCs). BDTDPTz possesses wider absorption spectra with an optical bandgap of 1.65 eV, lower the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of −5.42 eV and highly crystalline structures in solid films. The OSCs based on BDTDPTz:PC71BM blend film with a lower PC71BM content of 40% demonstrate a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.28% with a relatively higher open-circuit voltage of 0.868 V and short circuit current density of 12.83 mA cm−2. These results indicate that highly coplanar and crystalline structure of BDTDPTz can effectively reduce the content of fullerene acceptor in the active layer and then enhance the absorption and PCE of the OSCs.

In this work, a new non-fullerene small molecule acceptor (NF-SMA) named BP-4F, based on benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]di(cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene) with 4-(2-ethylhexyl)phenyl conjugated side chains (BDTP) as an electron-donating core, flanked with a strong electron-withdrawing 2-(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)-malononitrile (2FIC) unit, is designed and synthesized for polymer solar cell applications. BP-4F exhibits strong absorption in the 550 to 830 nm region with a narrow optical band gap of 1.49 eV, suitable energy levels with a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of −3.90 eV and an effective electron mobility of 2.10 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1. When blended with the wide bandgap polymer PM6 as the active layer, the polymer solar cells (PSCs) achieve an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.9% with an energy loss (Eloss) as low as 0.59 eV, which is of benefit to overcome the trade-off between Jsc and Voc. Furthermore, the BP-4F-based PSCs achieve an excellent PCE of 12.3% with a device area of 1.10 cm2. Notably, the devices show an excellent storage stability and photo-stability by retaining nearly 90% of the initial PCE in air under dark conditions and 93.5% in a glovebox under continuous illumination for 720 hours, respectively. These results indicate that BP-4F is an effective electron acceptor for high efficiency and stable polymer solar cells.

A new n-type organic semiconductor (n-OS) acceptor with (E)-5-(2-(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)-thiophene-2-yl (TVT) functional group as π-bridge to link indacenodithiophene (IDT) core and 3-(dicyanomethylidene)indan-1-one (IC) terminals, named ITVT, was synthesized and applied in polymer solar cells (PSCs). It is the first time employing TVT unit in n-OS small molecule acceptor. Benefited from the conjugated TVT side groups, the small molecule ITVT shows a strong absorption at the short wavelength range (300–500 nm). In addition, ITVT exhibits a low optical band gap (Egopt) of 1.48 eV and a medium electron mobility of 1.85 × 10−4 cm2 V-1 s-1. A wide band gap polymer PBZ was chosen as donor to fabricate an inverted BHJ PSCs because of the complementary absorption and matched molecular energy levels. The as-cast PSCs yield a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.84% with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.96 V and a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14.22 mA cm−2 under the illumination of AM 1.5 G at 100 mW cm−2.

Fluorine and alkylsilyl substitutions are two important strategies to reduce the energy levels and increase the absorption coefficient and hole mobility of photovoltaic materials simultaneously. Similar to fluorination, chlorination can also induce the intermolecular non-covalent interactions of Cl-H/S/Cl. Moreover, because chlorine (Cl) atoms contain empty 3d orbitals that can hold π-electrons from the conjugated skeleton, chlorination can decrease the molecular HOMO level more effectively than fluorination. Herein, we developed two wide bandgap polymer donors PBZ-Cl and PBZ-ClSi based on the Cl atom, and combined the Cl atom and alkylsilyl substituted thienyl benzodithiophene (BDTT-Cl and BDTT-ClSi) as donor units, respectively. From the control polymer PBZ to PBZ-Cl and then to PBZ-ClSi, the polymers show a gradually reduced HOMO level, increased absorption coefficient and improved charge mobility. As a result, the PBZ-ClSi:IT-4F-based PSCs fabricated by the nonhalogen solvents achieved a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.8% with a high open-circuit voltage (V oc ) of 0.93 V, short-circuit current density (J sc ) of 19.2 mA cm -2 , fill factor (FF) of 71.5% and a low energy loss of 0.57 eV, while the PSCs based on PBZ and PBZ-Cl only obtained lower PCEs of 6.4% and 9.7%, respectively. The PCE of 12.8% is one of the highest values recorded for nonhalogen solvent-processed PSCs to date. The results indicate that the combination of Cl atoms and alkylsilyl substituents is a simple and effective method for designing high efficiency polymer photovoltaic materials.

In the study, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoparticles were prepared by the coprecipitation method to optimize release profile of curcumin (Cur) and avoid burst releases, which were used to overcome the weakness of Cur, such as poor chemical stability and bioavailability. To find the best preparation condition, the influence of reaction concentration, temperature, time and pH on crystal phase of the samples was investigated by XRD and FTIR. The results showed that amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was obtained, when pH value and the concentration of PO43− were 8 and 0.024 mM, prepared at 30 °C for 10 min. In vitro drug release assay, ACP nanoparticles showed high loading capacity of Cur and favorable pH-responsive drug release properties. Furthermore, the Cur-load ACP nanoparticles showed an excellent ability to scavenge free radical and damage A549 cells, resulting in a high antioxidant properties and low cell viability. Therefore, the as-prepared nanoparticles have promising applications in the food and biomedical fields.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a prevalent and lethal adverse event that severely affects cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. It is correlated with the collateral damage to renal cells caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Currently, ROS management is a practical strategy that can reduce the risk of chemotherapy-related AKI, but at the cost of chemotherapeutic efficacy. Herein, we report catalytic activity tunable ceria nanoparticles (CNPs) that can prevent chemotherapy-induced AKI without interference with chemotherapeutic agents. Specifically, in the renal cortex, CNPs exhibit catalytic activity that decomposes hydrogen peroxide, and subsequently regulate the ROS-involved genes by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. These restore the redox homeostasis for the protection of kidney tubules. Under an acidic tumor microenvironment, CNPs become inert due to the excessive H+ that disrupts the re-exposure of active catalytic sites, allowing a buildup of chemotherapy-mediated ROS generation to kill cancer cells. As ROS-modulating agents, CNPs incorporated with context-dependent catalytic activity, hold a great potential for clinical prevention and treatment of AKI in cancer patients., Reactive oxygen species management is a practical strategy that can reduce the risk of chemotherapy-induced acute kidney injury, but at the cost of chemotherapeutic efficacy. Here the authors report catalytic activity tunable ceria nanoparticles as context-dependent reactive oxygen species scavengers, which can prevent chemotherapy-induced acute kidney injury without interfering with chemotherapeutic agents.

Z-pinned/bonded joints are great potential connection components that have been used in the 2D C/SiC composite structures, however, the hybrid joints present complex failure mechanism considering the secondary deposited SiC matrix in the clearance. Therefore, the mechanical performance and failure mechanism of the joints are investigated through experimental and numerical methods in this paper. Experiment results show that two peaks exist in the load–displacement curves. The first load peak is 2891–4172 N with the corresponding displacement of 0.10–0.15 mm, and the second load peak is 2670–2919 N with the corresponding displacement of 0.21–0.25 mm. Besides that, the secondary deposited SiC matrix exhibits discrete distribution, and it has significant effects on the failure mechanism. Validated by experimental data, the proposed three-dimensional numerical model based on modified Hashin’s criterion and fastener element can predict the mechanical performance and failure process. The numerical results indicate that the first load peak is dominated by the deposited SiC matrix near the edge, while the second peak is dominated by the z-pin and the SiC matrix near the z-pin. Moreover, the effects of the deposited SiC matrix’s strength and distribution are discussed, which is meaningful to the optimal design of C/SiC composite z-pinned/bonded hybrid single-lap joints.

Developing a high-performance donor polymer is critical for achieving efficient non-fullerene organic solar cells (OSCs). Currently, most high-efficiency OSCs are based on a donor polymer named PM6, unfortunately, whose performance is highly sensitive to its molecular weight and thus has significant batch-to-batch variations. Here we report a donor polymer (named PM1) based on a random ternary polymerization strategy that enables highly efficient non-fullerene OSCs with efficiencies reaching 17.6%. Importantly, the PM1 polymer exhibits excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility. By including 20% of a weak electron-withdrawing thiophene-thiazolothiazole (TTz) into the PM6 polymer backbone, the resulting polymer (PM1) can maintain the positive effects (such as downshifted energy level and reduced miscibility) while minimize the negative ones (including reduced temperature-dependent aggregation property). With higher performance and greater synthesis reproducibility, the PM1 polymer has the promise to become the work-horse material for the non-fullerene OSC community., The batch reproducibility of polymer donor materials limits the performance of polymer solar cells. Here Wu et al. develop a polymer donor PM1 by random terpolymerization strategy with a high efficiency of 17.6% in the device and excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility.

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has completed the constellation deployment and started to provide global services. After achieving the capabilities of global coverage, global first-class accuracy for Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT), global Inter-Satellite Links (ISL) networking, and global featured services, BDS will promote the construction of the comprehensive PNT infrastructure in the new era and play a more active role in international cooperation with other Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) providers to better serve humankind and the world.