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Objective To investigate the anti-tumor effect of macromolecular fractions of fresh gecko (M-AG) in vivo and their differentiation-inducing activity in Bel-7402 cells in vitro . Methods An H22 hepatocarcinoma-bearing mouse model was used to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of M-AG samples. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was applied to analyze cell viability. Cell morphology was observed by phase contrast microscopy. The quantity of the alpha-fetoprotein was detected by a radioimmunoassay. Chromatometry was used to assay the albumin quantity. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl trans-peptidase were measured by biochemical methods. Finally, western blotting was applied to assess proteins in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Results Macromolecular fractions of fresh gecko exerted a significant anti-tumor effect in mice. The inhibition rate of tumor growth was 63% in the moderate M-AG dose group. Cells treated with M-AG displayed a differentiated state. The treatment lowered alpha-fetoprotein secretion and significantly decreased the activities of γ-glutamyl trans-peptidase and alkaline phosphatase in Bel-7402 cells. In contrast, M-AG increased the amount of albumin in the cell culture medium. All biochemical indices demonstrated that M-AG induced Bel-7402 cell differentiation. Western blotting showed no changes in the quantities of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAPK, or c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1/2. However, M-AG significantly activated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, M-AG had no significant influence on the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B. Conclusion Macromolecular fractions of fresh gecko has an anti-tumor activity in H22 hepatocarcinoma-bearing mice in vivo and inhibits Bel-7402 cell proliferation in vitro by inducing cell differentiation related to activation of ERK1/2.

A novel water-soluble sulfated derivative, kaempferol-3'-sulfonate acid sodium (KS) with the composition of [C15 H9 O9 SNa]·2.5H2 O, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, (1) H NMR, (13) C NMR, and HRMS. Its protective effects on human vascular smooth muscle cells injured by hydrogen peroxide were evaluated by CCK-8 method, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. The experimental results indicated that the KS can significantly increase cell viability and reduce apoptosis on H2 O2 -injured VSMCs, as well as reverse the effects of H2 O2 on Bcl-2, Bad, and caspase-3 expressions. In addition, LDH leakage, MDA levels, and SOD and GSH activities were also measured with spectrophotometry. The results indicated that the KS acted as antioxidant preventing LDH leakage and MDA production, while increasing intracellular SOD and GSH activities. These findings revealed that KS might potentially serve as an effective antioxidant agent for prevention and treatment of vascular disease caused by H2 O2 -injured VSMCs.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by using water-soluble Kaempferol–3′–sulfonate acid sodium (KS) alone as the reducing agent. The UV-vis spectra confirmed the formation of the ks-AuNPs and ks-AgNPs which were stable for up to 3 months without any other stabilizing agents at room temperature. The TEM studies exhibited monodispersed and mainly spherical nanoparticles with the size in the range of 15-30 nm and 20-50 nm for ks-AuNPs and ks-AgNPs, respectively. The XRD revealed crystallinity of nanoparticles. The chemical state of Au and Ag on the surface of nanoparticles was analyzed by XPS. The FTIR analysis indicated that the hydroxyl of KS were responsible for the reduction of Au3+ and Ag+ to ks-AuNPs and ks-AgNPs, respectively. Cytotoxic activity of ks-AuNPs and ks-AgNPs on MCF-7 cells is higher than the KS.

H2Ti12O25 nanorods are successfully prepared via hydrothermal reaction following heat treatment at 260 °C. The D50 value and surface area of H2Ti12O25 nanorods are 0.186 μm and 35.0637 m2 g−1, respectively. For comparison, Bulk-H2Ti12O25 are also prepared by milling assisted soft-chemical method, and the D50 value and surface area of Bulk-H2Ti12O25 are 0.274 μm and 4.3213 m2 g−1, respectively. The electrochemical tests show H2Ti12O25 nanorods deliver higher reversible capacity of 191.3 mAh g−1 (1C) after 100 cycles, 150.5 mAh g−1 (10C) and 132.1 mAh g−1 (20C) after 200 cycles, while for Bulk-H2Ti12O25, its reversible capacity is only 171.2 mAh g−1 (1C) after 100 cycles, 113.7 mAh g−1 (10C) and 83.3 mAh g−1 (20C) after 200 cycles. Meanwhile, H2Ti12O25 nanorods exhibit better rate performance at all rates compared with Bulk-H2Ti12O25. The higher discharge/charge capacity and cycling stability at high discharge/charge rate powerfully suggests that H2Ti12O25 nanorods hold great potential as high rate anode material for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.

The effect of LaMnO3 with high electronic conductivity on the fast charge-discharge rate performance of LiMn2O4 is studied. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the existence of LaMnO3 and also indicate LaMnO3 has no influence on the crystal structure of pristine LiMn2O4. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicate that LaMnO3 coating layer, about 15 nm thickness, covers the surface of LiMn2O4 well. The electrochemical performances are evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). At 0.5 C/0.5 C, LaMnO3 coated LiMn2O4 delivers an initial capacity of about 114 mAh g− 1 along with the coulombic efficiency of 95.0%, which are higher than those of uncoated LiMn2O4 (106 mAh g− 1 and 89.1%). Furthermore, LaMnO3 coated LiMn2O4 can exhibit higher capacities at high charge-discharge rates than uncoated LiMn2O4. It can deliver about 90.6 mAh g− 1 at 10 C/10 C and 68.0 mAh g− 1 at 20 C/20 C, but there are only 53.6 mAh g− 1 and 43.3 mAh g− 1 for bare LiMn2O4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrates that LaMnO3 coating layer can effectively reduce the electrodes' resistances and improve the kinetics of electrodes. The improved high rate properties of LaMnO3 coated LiMn2O4 are ultimately ascribed to the easier phase conversion from λ-MnO2 to Li0·5Mn2O4 which is related to LaMnO3 coating layer with high electronic conductivity.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading causes of malignancy-related death in China. Its therapy in clinics is a big challenge. Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the most notable cancer-preventing components from red ginseng and it has been reported that ginsenoside Rh2 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against human hepatoma cells. Rh2 exists as two different stereoisomeric forms, (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and (20R)-ginsenoside Rh2. Previous reports showed that the Rh2 epimers demonstrated different pharmacological activities and only (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 showed potent proliferation inhibition on cancer cells in vitro. However, the in vivo anti-hepatoma activity of (20R)-ginsenoside Rh2 and (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 has not been reported yet. This work assessed and compared the anti-hepatoma activities of (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and (20R)-ginsenoside Rh2 using H22 a hepatoma-bearing mouse model in vivo. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin staining, the deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay, and the semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method were used to further study the apoptosis of the tumors. The results showed that both (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and (20R)-ginsenoside Rh2 suppressed the growth of H22 transplanted tumors in vivo, and the highest inhibition rate could be up to 42.2 and 46.8 %, respectively (p 0.05). Further, hematoxylin/eosin staining and the deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay indicated that both (20R)-ginsenoside Rh2 and (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 could induce H22 hepatoma tumor cell apoptosis, with apoptosis indexes of 3.87 %, and 3.80 %, respectively (p 0.05). Moreover, this effect was accompanied by downregulating the level of Bcl-2 mRNA. In conclusion, both (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and (20R)-ginsenoside Rh2 can suppress the growth of H22 hepatomas without causing severe side effects, and this effect is associated with the induction of apoptosis.

Astaxanthin is an oxygen-containing derivative of carotenoids that effectively suppresses reactive oxygen and has nutritional and medicinal value. The mechanisms underlying the effects of astaxanthin on isoflurane‑induced neuroapoptosis remain to be fully understood. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of astaxanthin to reduce isoflurane‑induced neuroapoptosis and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrated that isoflurane induced brain damage, increased caspase‑3 activity and suppressed the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway in an in vivo model. However, treatment with astaxanthin significantly inhibited brain damage, suppressed caspase‑3 activity and upregulated the PI3K/Akt pathway in the isoflurane‑induced rats. Furthermore, isoflurane suppressed cell growth, induced cell apoptosis, enhanced caspase‑3 activity and downregulated the PI3K/Akt pathway in organotypic hippocampal slice culture. Administration of astaxanthin significantly promoted cell growth, reduced cell apoptosis and caspase‑3 activity, and upregulated the PI3K/Akt pathway and isoflurane‑induced neuroapoptosis. The present study demonstrated that downregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway reduced the effect of astaxanthin to protect against isoflurane‑induced neuroapoptosis in the in vitro model. The results of the current study suggested that the protective effect of astaxanthin reduces the isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Punica granatum possesses strong antitumor properties. In this study, a nude mouse model with a subcutaneous xenograft of human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) was established to observe the in vivo antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of pomegranate peel polyphenols (PP). Levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Quantitative analysis of ellagic acid, gallic acid, and punicalagin in active fraction was conducted using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a photo-diode array (HPLC/PDA). PP decreased tumor volume and weight in tumor-bearing nude mice, and significantly increased the rate of apoptosis (p

We measured serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH) D) in 79 preterm neonates (?32 wk), and correlated it with serum ionized calcium (Ca++) levels at 48-72 h and serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels at 2-3 weeks of age. The mean (SD) 25 (OH)D level was 14.8 (7.0) ng/mL. 25(OH)D levels had a weak positive correlation with Ca++ (r=0.299) and phosphorus (r=0.186), and a negative correlation with alkaline phosphatase (r=-0.523).

Characterization of negative tone and positive tone Photosensitive Dielectric Polymer cured by novel microwave oven, NE, was conducted to apply for Fan-Out-Wafer-Level-Packaging, FOWLP. PIMEL BL-301, negative tone, cured by NE at 180 deg C showed similar properties cured by conventional furnace oven, Furnace, at 200 deg C, and HD-8820, positive tone, cured by NE showed approximately 70 deg C lower than by Furnace. Warpage level and reliability test results of FOWLP showed good enough, when Photosensitive Dielectric Polymer were cured by NE.

An organic-inorganic hybrid compound based on {PMo12} layers, [Ag(pz)2]6[PMo12O40]2·3H2O 1 (pz = pyrazole), has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, TG, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Two crystallographically independent [PMo12O40]3– clusters are arranged in an AB–AB mode to give two kinds of supramolecular layers. The layers are further connected in a special alternating mode by [Ag(pz)2]+ linkers to form complex 3-D supramolecular network. Compound 1 exhibits good electrocatalytic activity in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and shows fluorescence in the solid state at room temperature.

Gecko is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine with remarkable antineoplastic activity. However, undefined mechanisms and ambiguity regarding active ingredients limit new drug development from gecko. This study was conducted to assess anti-angiogenic properties of the aqueous extracts of fresh gecko (AG) or macromolecular components separated from AG (M-AG). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approach was applied to detect the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion of the tumor cells treated with AG or M-AG. The effect of AG or M-AG on vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migratory ability was analyzed by tetrazolium dye colorimetric method, transwell and wound-healing assays. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays were used to ensure the anti-angiogenic activity of M-AG in vivo. The results showed that AG or M-AG inhibited the VEGF secretion of tumor cells, the relative inhibition rates of AG and M-AG being 27.2% and 53.2% respectively at a concentration of 20 μL/mL. AG and M-AG inhibited the vascular endothelial (VE) cell proliferation with IC50 values of 11.5 ± 0.5 μL/mL and 12.9 ± 0.4 μL/mL respectively. The VE cell migration potential was inhibited significantly (p

Background: Current methods of extending the storage time of wild Cordyceps sinensis adversely affect the nutritive and medicinal value of the product. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the effects of heat treatment, a relatively safe storage extension method, on the biological activity of wild C. sinensis. Methods: Samples were heated to 60, 80, or 100°C for 15, 30, or 60 minutes. SOD activity in wild C. sinensis before and after heating was assayed using a standard colorimetric assay. Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity was measured using the plasmid-nicking assay. Cordycepin content was analyzed using HPLC. Polysaccharide content was measured using the phenol-sulfuric method. The Student's t-test was used for comparison. Results: After heating at 60, 80, 100°C for 15, 30, 60 minutes, respectively, no significant reduction in DNase activity or polysaccharide dissolution was noted (P > .05). Interestingly, heating at 80°C for 30 minutes led to a significant increase in the SOD activity of C. sinensis (P .05). Conclusions: These results suggested that heat treatment does not adversely affect SOD or DNase activity, polysaccharide content, or cordycepin dissolution. Thus, heat treatment might be a safe processing method to extend the storage time of wild C. sinensis without compromising biological activity.

Objective To explore the ability of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 in transforming 6-deoxypseudoanisatin. Methods The experiment was performed by incubating 6-deoxypseudoanisatin with the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 under continuous white light at 30°C for 5 days. The crude converted product was detected using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and further analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as HPLC with electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). Results TLC results showed that 6-deoxypseudoanisatin was converted into a less polar product. HPLC and MS data indicated that the retention time of the converted product increased in comparison with the standard of 6-deoxypseudoanisatin. Conclusion Thus, the study appears to demonstrate that Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 can transform 6-deoxypseudoanisatin. The polarity of the converted product is less than that of 6-deoxypseudoanisatin.

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a freshwater cyanobacterium that is widely distributed in nature, was chosen for the transformation of geniposide extracted from the Chinese traditional medicine plant Gardenia jasminoides. After a period of 25 days, two converted products were obtained according to the TLC and HPLC results. NMR was used to identify the products. One was genipin (A), an iridoid compound that possesses various pharmacological effects, and its in vitro anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activity were measured. This compound showed a concentration-dependent and time-dependent inhibitory effect against BEL-7402. The IC50 of genipin after incubation with BEL-7402 for 72 h was 16.0 μg mL-1. The diameter of the inhibition zone of genipin at a concentration of 10 μg mL-1 on a culture of Escherichia coli was 24.2 mm. This manuscript provides the first demonstration of the strong in vitro anti-bacterial activity of genipin. Geniposide also showed inhibitory ability on the growth of BEL-7402 and bacterial cells, but its effects were weaker than that of genipin. In addition, the cytotoxicity of genipin against Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 or another bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis sp. PCC 7806, was evaluated. Genipin exhibited a high level of cytotoxicity against Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Microcystis sp. PCC 7806 with IC50 values of 1.33 μg mL-1 and 66.27 μg mL-1, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicate Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as a potential biocatalyst for the transformation of geniposide into genipin, which not only has valuable pharmacological activities (determined in this study and by other research groups), but also shows potential for water-bloom control (based on the results of assays on two cyanobacteria reported herein).

The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of intravenously (IV) administered cefetamet-Na and per os (PO) administered cefetamet pivoxil were investigated in eighteen healthy dogs at three different dose levels. The three doses for IV cefetamet-Na were 95, 190 and 380 mg, while those for oral cefetamet pivoxil were 125, 250 and 500 mg (both equivalent to 90, 180 and 360 mg of cefetamet). An efficacy predictor, measured as the ratios of the time that the concentration of the free drug is over the MIC90 (T > MIC90) and the dosing interval (f% T > MIC90) of IV and PO administration were calculated. The PK parameters’ maximum concentration (C max), half-life (t 1/2) and area under the curve (AUC0–t ) after three IV doses were 42.85 ± 11.79 μg/mL, 1.66 ± 0.36 h and 80.10 ± 28.92 mg h/L (95 mg); 93.50 ± 30.51 μg/mL, 1.47 ± 0.13 h and 1.47 ± 0.13 mg h/L (190 mg); 185.74 ± 113.83 μg/mL, 1.60 ± 0.38 h and 263.20 ± 73.27 mg h/L (380 mg). After PO administration, the C max, t 1/2 and AUC0–t at three doses were 9.25 ± 1.02 μg/mL, 1.79 ± 0.50 h and 31.90 ± 4.76 mg h/L (125 mg); 9.75 ± 1.77 μg/mL, 1.93 ± 0.65 h and 42.69 ± 8.93 mg h/L (250 mg); 15.55 ± 6.65 μg/mL, 2.02 ± 0.54 h, and 68.72 ± 24.11 mg h/L (500 mg). The IV f% T > MIC90 was greater than PO f% T > MIC90 when MIC90 was within the range of 0.25–256 mg/L.

In order to provide evidence for the adjust of grinding rate, we have did the experimental study on the grinding rate with different grinding concentration of Dahongshan copper, the tests indicate that the best grinding concentration and grinding rate of Dahongshan copper is 70% and 100%.

In order to provide evidence for the adjust of grinding concentration, we have did the experimental study on the grinding concentration of Dahongshan copper, the tests indicate that the best grinding concentration of Dahongshan copper is 70%. Generally, the advantage range of fine grinding concentration is from 65% to 75%,so we choose the acceptable range of grinding concentration from 65% to 70% .

To enhance the lean combustion of methane homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine and expand the lean-burn limit, a non-equilibrium plasma kinetic model has been used to study the discharge process of methane-air mixture numerically. The effect of the discharge productions on the methane HCCI combustion are studied numerically by using a CHEMKIN-based multi-zone model. The simulation results show that the discharge produced reactive radicals, such as H, O and CH3. These radicals can enhance the combustion of CH4 fueled HCCI significantly. Introduction of 1% (volume fraction of the fuel) of H reduces the ignition delay time of HCCI combustion (with equivalence fuel / air ratio of Φ = 0.5) by about 13 crank angle degrees (°CA), adding the same amount of O reduces the ignition delay time by about 10°CA. Further research shows that, with the increase in the above radicals, the combustion enhancement becomes stronger.

The SiO/C composite materials were prepared via a solution route and subsequent thermal treatment. The effects of carbon source on the particle morphology of composite, the graphitization degree of carbon component and the electrochemical performance of the prepared SiO/C composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectrometer and electrochemical charge/discharge tests. The results reveal that the SiO/C composite synthesized with the epoxy resin as carbon source exhibits the higher graphitic degree and higher reversible specific capacity (~690 mAhg-1) and excellent cycling stability.

The acaricidal activity of Adonis coerulea extracts was investigated against Psoroptes cuniculi. The aqueous, methanol, acetic ether and petroleum ether extracts all showed marked acaricidal activity in vitro. Especially, the acetic ether extract possessed strong toxicity against mites in vitro with LT50 values 0.743 h, 2.730 h, 5.919 h and 22.536 h at concentrations of 500, 250, 125 and 62.5 mg/ml, respectively. At the same time, the acetic ether extract showed the best effectiveness topically to infested rabbits in vivo. After three times treatment, at the day 20, rabbits treated with A. coerulea extract were observed only small scabs or secretions in ear canal, but no mites. These findings suggested that as a potential insecticide, A. coerulea should be studied further to develop active components or a new acaricidal drug.

The cell suspension cultures of Cudrania tricuspidata could regio-selectively prenylate chrysin ( 1 ) at C-8, while the cell suspension cultures of Morus alba could regio-selectively prenylate genistein ( 2 ), sophoricoside ( 3 ) and diosmetin ( 4 ) at C-6. Eight products ( 5 – 12 ) were isolated, and five of them ( 8 – 12 ) were new compounds. Additionally, the bioconversion of 1 – 4 using microsomes of the cell cultures was performed, and the results showed that the bioconversion patterns were identical to those using cell cultures. These investigations would provide an approach to the selective prenylation and structural diversification of flavonoids.

SiO-based materials as a new anode material has attracted widespread attention in lithium-ion battery industry for their high theoretical specific capacities. In this work, the SiO/C composites were prepared by a modified stöber method with TEOS and organic compounds (epoxy resin and sugar) as raw materials. The electrochemical performance of the prepared SiO/C composites were investigated by electrochemical charge/discharge tests and AC impedance method. As carbon source, epoxy resin can make the SiO/C composite with a higher specific capacity and stable electrode structure during charge/discharge process. The EIS results reveal that the SiO/C composite electrode derived from epoxy resin exhibits a higher lithium ion diffusion coefficient.

A novel supramolecular compound based on three kinds of Keggin polyoxoanions PMo12O403 − with different coordination modes [(phen)4Cu2(PMo12O40)][(phen)2Cu (PMo12O40)]2[PMo12O40][(phen)2Cu(H2O)]2·4H2O (1), has been hydrothermally prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TG, XRD and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is composed of one [(phen)4Cu2(PMo12O40)]+ cation, two [(phen)2Cu(PMo12O40)]− anions, one [PMo12O40]3 − anion, two [(phen)2Cu(H2O)]2 + cations and four lattice water molecules, generating an interesting three-dimensional supramolecular framework via supramolecular interactions, in which there are three kinds of Keggin polyoxoanions PMo12O403 − with different coordination modes. To the best of our knowledge, the title compound represents the first example of a structure containing three kinds of Keggin POMs with different coordination modes up to now. Its electrochemical and electrocatalysis behavior have been investigated in detail.

In this paper, The Copper-bearing minerals Powder (≤2mm) in Dahongshan is used in conical ball grinding, the experimental study shows that the effect of ball material ratio on the grinding efficiency is obvious. The critical value and the optimal value range of the ball material ratio are different on different grinding stages, the feasible ball material ratio of coarse grinding is bigger than the one of fine grinding. In the test conditions, in terms of the ball material ratio, the critical value of ores’ over crushing in coarse grinding is 13, and the optimal range is 6-8, which is beneficial to the next beneficiation; while the critical value in fine grinding is 7 and the optimal range is 5-7. Although the ball material ratios are different, the change rule of grinding fineness corresponding to different particle size fractions is consistent, which can be used as a reference in the site operation optimization.

A numerical study is conducted in a port fuel-injection, spark-ignition engine fuelled with 1-butanol at different fuel/air equivalence ratios and inlet air temperatures. The effect of fuel/air equivalence ratio and inlet air temperature on the engine performance and emission characteristics is analyzed. The modeling results show that the incylinder pressure and temperature increases with the increase of fuel/air equivalence ratio. The slightly lean mixtures offer the maximum level of NOX emissions. In addition, preheating the inlet air can increase the incylinder pressure peak value and NOX emissions.

Notch signaling plays an important role in vascular development and tumor angiogenesis. It has been shown that disruption of Dll4-triggered Notch signal activation effectively inhibits tumor growth, but this treatment also results in the formation of vascular neoplasms. In this study, we investigate the effects of over-expressing Notch ligand Dll1 in B16 melanoma cells on tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that over-expression of Dll1 could activate Notch signaling in tumor cells, and promote tumor cell proliferation in vitro. In contrast, growth of Dll1-over-expressing tumors in vivo was reduced, due to abnormal tumor vessel formation. Impaired tumor vasculature enhanced hypoxia and necrosis in tumor tissues, leading to retarded tumor growth. These results suggest that activation of Notch signaling may serve as an anti-angiogenesis strategy in the treatment of malignant tumors.

Nano-ZnO sol solution was prepared by using Zn(CH3COO)2•2H2O as raw material and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was added into the sol, then cotton fabric was treaded with the sol by pad-dry-cure technique. Moreover, the fixation fastness of the composite sol on the fabric was improved by adding the adhesives. Based on the tests of anti-UV, photocatalysis, antibacterial and weight gain rate after adsorbing essence, the results showed that the treated cotton fabrics added with β-CD had better adsorbability to essence, anti-bacterial activity, photocatalytic degradation to formaldehyde and excellent anti-UV property.

The Macroporous Nanocrystalline TiO2 Thin Film Was Prepared by Dipping-Coating Method. Polystyrene (PS) Microspheres Template Was Used as Pore-Forming Assistant and TiO2 Sol Was Used as Precursor. the Photoelectric Characteristics of the Samples Were Studied Using Surface Photovoltage (SPV) and Photoacoustic (PA) Techniques. the Presence of a Small Amount of Residual Template Damages the Integrity of the Porous TiO2 Film with Inverse Opal Structure, and TiO2 May Be Restricted in Certain Application Fields as Photonic Crystals. a Small Amount of Residual Template Changes the Surface Photovoltaic Properties of the Porous TiO2 Film, Resulting Mainly in the Broadened Scope and the Increased Intensity of SPV Response.

The effects of Fe doping on the structure, electronic transport properties and Raman spectra of GdBa2Cu3-xFexO7-δ(x = 0.00-0.30) systems have been investigated. The analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns shows that the compound undergoes an Orthorhombic–Tetragonal (O-T) phase transition in the doping range of x = 0.05-0.10. The superconducting transition temperature Tc decreases with the increase of Fe doping level, whereas the superconducting transition width increases abruptly with O-T transition. We have discussed the Raman shifts and intensity of the five normal phonon peaks and some other peaks which result from the vibration of Cu(1) and O(1) oxygen for the Fe doped-samples. These investigations reveal that the electronic transport properties and Raman spectra of GdBa2Cu3-xFexO7-δcomposites obviously depend on O-T transition induced by the Fe doping.

A microdynamics study of high-quality CdTe/ligand self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) is significant because it is closely related to the energy transformation among specific quantum states, such as the electron and vibration levels of an elementary reaction. Transient photovoltaic (TPV) technology was used to probe the microdynamics behavior of the photogenerated carriers in the QDs. The TPV polarity of the nanocrystalline CdTe particles depended on the type of capping ligand used [3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) or β-mercaptoethylamine (MA)] because of a quantum tunneling effect. This resulted in a negative TPV polarity of the MPA samples upon illumination with a laser pulse of 532 nm and excitation intensity of 50 μJ, the opposite to the situation for the MA sample. The effect of the concentration of Cd 2+ cations on the separation and recombination rates of the photo-induced free charge carriers of the CdTe/MPA self-assembled QDs was negligible. The different chemical bonds that formed at the interface between the core-CdTe nanoparticles and the capping ligand led to the change in the intensity of the photoacoustic signal in the 550–800 nm region caused by the non-radiative de-excitations as compared to the CdTe QDs capped by MA with that capped by MPA, and to the differences in the Raman scattering between the two samples. The property of those lattice vibration quantum states locating at the Brillouin zone boundary or near the Brillouin zone boundary was associated to a great extent with the formation of the shell-CdS in between the core-CdTe and the capping ligand according to the computer simulation results.

Berberine, a plant alkaloid used in traditional Chinese medicine, has a wide spectrum of pharmacological actions, but the poor bioavailability limits its clinical use. The present aim was to observe the effects of sodium caprate on the intestinal absorption and antidiabetic action of berberine. The in situ, in vitro, and in vivo models were used to observe the effect of sodium caprate on the intestinal absorption of berberine. Intestinal mucosa morphology was measured to evaluate the toxic effect of sodium caprate. Diabetic model was used to evaluate antidiabetic effect of berberine coadministrated with sodium caprate. The results showed that the absorption of berberine in the small intestine was poor and that sodium caprate could significantly improve the poor absorption of berberine in the small intestine. Sodium caprate stimulated mucosal-to-serosal transport of berberine; the enhancement ratios were 2.08, 1.49, and 3.49 in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively. After coadministration, the area under the plasma concentration–time curve of berberine was increased 28% than that in the absence of sodium caprate. Furthermore, both berberine and coadministration with sodium caprate orally could significantly decrease fasting blood glucose and improve glucose tolerance in diabetic rats (P

Ignition timing control is of great importance in homogeneous charge compression ignition engines. The effect of hydrogen addition on methane combustion was investigated using a CHEMKIN multi-zone model. Results show that hydrogen addition advances ignition timing and enhances peak pressure and temperature. A brief analysis of chemical kinetics of methane blending hydrogen is also performed in order to investigate the scope of its application, and the analysis suggests that OH radical plays an important role in the oxidation. Hydrogen addition increases NOx while decreasing HC and CO emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) also advances ignition timing; however, its effects on emissions are generally the opposite. By adjusting the hydrogen addition and EGR rate, the ignition timing can be regulated with a low emission level. Investigation into zones suggests that NOx is mostly formed in core zones while HC and CO mostly originate in the crevice and the quench layer.

Two new Keggin-polyoxometalate hybrids, {[Cu2(4,4′-bpy)2][PW 10 VI W 2 V O40]}[Cu2(obpy)2]4 · 2 H2O (1) and {[Cu4(2,2′-bpy)4(4,4′-bpy)3][SiW12O40]} · 2H2O (2) (4,4′-/2,2′-bpy = 4,4′-/2,2′-bipyridyl, Hobpy = 6-hydroxy-2,2′-bipyridyl), were hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. Gillard type hydration of 2,2′-bipy is observed during the synthesis of 1, resulting in a new obpy ligand in situ. X-ray structural analyses show that 1 consists of 1D hybrid chain {[Cu2(4,4′-bpy)2][PW 10 VI W 2 V O40]}∞ and [Cu2(obpy)2] dimer, whereas 2 possesses 1D hybrid structure based on Keggin-type [SiW12O40]4− anions and tetra-nuclear copper complexes [Cu4(2,2′-bpy)4(4,4′-bpy)3]4+. Both compounds present interesting supramolecular architectures based on π–π stacking and hydrogen bonds. Compounds {[Cu2(4,4′-bpy)2][PW12O40]}[Cu2(obpy)2]4 · 2H2O (1) and [Cu4(2,2′-bpy)4(4,4′-bpy)3][SiW12O40] · 2H2O (2) were hydrothermally synthesized. 1 features that the [Cu2(obpy)2] dimers based on in situ generated obpy ligands are stumped between the layers where 1D hybrid chain {[Cu2(4,4′-bpy)2][PW12O40]}∞ locates, while 2 exhibits 1D chain-like structure based on anions [SiW12O40]4− and tetra-copper complexes [Cu4(2,2′-bpy)4(4,4′-bpy)3]4+.

The binding of sodium and potassium into cement paste influences the performance of concrete: for example, alkali balances between solid and paste constituents and pore fluid affect the potential for alkali aggregates reaction. However, quantification of the binding potential into paste solids has proven to be difficult, although much empirical data are available from pore fluid analyses. In this study, single-phase homogeneous C-S-H phases have been prepared at Ca: Si molar ratios (C/S) of 1.8, 1.6, 1.3, 1.0 and 0.8 and reacted with four alkali hydroxide concentrations, both NaOH and KOH, between 10 and 300 mM. A steady-state alkali partition is attained in less than 4d at 20°C by flame emission spectroscopy and the ξ potential of C-S-H and C-A-S-H gel unreacted and reacted with alkali hydroxide are measured. The results indicate：alkali binding into the C-S-H and C-A-S-H gel improves as its C/S decreases；Al3+ has been introduced to form C-A-S-H gels, and the influence of Al3+ on alkali sorption properties was determined: the replacement of Si4+ by Al3+ and Na+ or k+ markedly increases alkali binding and decreases the ξ potential of gel；the more Ca:Si ratio，the less alkali binding, the more ξ potential of gel.

The reaction of CuCl(2).2 H2O with trivacant Keggin polyoxoanions K8Na2[A-alpha-GeW9O34].25 H2O or K10[A-alpha-SiW9O34].25 H2O in the presence of 1,2-diaminopropane (dap), ethylenediamine (en) or 2,2'-bipyridine (2,2'-bpy) under hydrothermal conditions afforded five novel hybrid inorganic-organic octa-Cu sandwiched polyoxotungstates (POTs): H4[CuII8(dap)4(H2O)2(B-alpha-GeW9O34)2].13 H2O (1), (H2en)2[CuII8-(en)4(H2O)2(B-alpha-GeW9O34)2].5 H2O(2), (H2en)2[CuII8(en)4(H2O)2(B-alpha-SiW9-O34)2].8 H2O (3), [CuII(H2O)2]H2[CuII8-(en)4(H2O)2(B-alpha-SiW9O34)2] (4), and [CuII2(H2O)2(2,2'-bpy)2]{[CuII(bdyl)]2-[CuII8(2,2'-bpy)4(H2O)2(B-alpha-GeW9-O34)2]}.4 H2O (bdyl=2,2'-bipyridinyl)(5). Additionally, CuCl(2).2 H2O reacts with the mixture of GeO2, Na2WO(4).2 H2O, H2SiW12O(40).2 H2O in the presence of 2,2'-bpy and 4,4'-bpy under hydrothermal conditions leading to another novel mixed-valent octa-Cu sandwiched POT hybrid: [CuI(2,2'-bpy)(4,4'-bpy)]2[{CuI2(2,2'-bpy)2(4,4'-bpy)]2[CuI2CuII6(2,2'-bpy)2(4,4'-bpy)2(B-alpha-GeW9O34)2}].2 H2O (6). 1, 2, and 3 are discrete dimers constructed from two trivacant Keggin [B-alpha-XW9O34]10- (X=GeIV/SiIV) fragments and an octa-Cu cluster whereas 4 displays the 3D (3,6)-connected nets with (4.6(2))(4(2).6(4).8(7).10(2)) topology, which are built by octa-Cu sandwiched polyoxometalate building blocks through copper cation bridges. 5 is a novel 2D layer based on octa-Cu sandwiched POT clusters and [CuII2(bdyl)] units. Interestingly, the rollover metalation of 2,2'-bpy is firstly observed in the system containing the copper complex under hydrothermal conditions. 6 is a discrete mixed-valent octa-Cu sandwiched POT supported by two CuI-complexes [CuI2-(2,2'-bpy)2(4,4'-bpy)]2+ through 4,4'-bpy bridges, which constructs a novel dodeca-copper cluster. Notably, the octa-Cu cluster in 6 is mixed-valent and is different from those in 1-5. To our knowledge, 1-6 represent a rare family of POTs incorporating novel octa-nuclear transition-metal clusters in polyoxometalate chemistry. They were structurally characterized by FT-IR spectra, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The magnetic properties of 1, 4, and 5 were quantitatively analyzed by the MAGPACK software package.

Liver sinusoid (LS) endothelial cells (LSECs) support hepatocytes in resting livers and proliferate during liver regeneration to revascularize regenerated liver parenchyma. We report that recombination signal-binding protein-Jκ (RBP-J), the critical transcription factor mediating Notch signaling, regulates both resting and regenerating LSECs. Conditional deletion of RBP-J resulted in LSEC proliferation and a veno-occlusive disease–like phenotype in the liver, as manifested by liver congestion, deposition of fibrin-like materials in LSs, edema in the space of Disse, and increased apoptosis of hepatocytes. Regeneration of liver was remarkably impaired, with reduced LSEC proliferation and destroyed sinusoidal structure. LSEC degeneration was obvious in the regenerating liver of RBP-J–deficient mice, with some LSECs losing cytoplasm, and organelles protruding into the remnant plasma-membrane of LSs to hamper the microcirculation and intensify veno-occlusive disease during liver regeneration. Hepatocytes were also degenerative, as shown by dilated endoplasmic reticulum, decreased proliferation, and increased apoptosis during liver regeneration. Molecular analyses revealed that the dynamic expression of several related molecules—such as vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2, interleukin-6, and hepatocyte growth factor—was disturbed. Conclusion: Notch/RBP-J signaling may play dual roles in LSECs: in resting liver it represses proliferation, and in regenerating liver it supports proliferation and functional differentiation. (HEPATOLOGY 2009;49:268-277.)

Background and objectives The mechanisms that trigger gallbladder evacuation dysfunction, the key risk factor for gallstone formation, have not yet been fully elucidated. The sphincter of Oddi (SO) plays important roles in the regulation of gallbladder evacuation and maintenance of normal hydraulic pressure of the biliary tract The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of hypercholesterolemia on the motility function of SO and the underlying mechanisms of SO dysfunction (SOD). Methods Forty New Zealand white rabbits were divided randomly into the control group fed with standard chow and the experimental (Ch) group fed with a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. Changes in the maximal gallbladder emptying rate, gallbladder evacuation with cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) stimulation and SO functions of both groups were measured in vivo; B ultrasound examination was used for dynamic observation of peristaltic movements in vivo; SO pressure was measured using manometry; morphological characteristics were observed by electronic microscope; laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to identify changes in [Ca 2+ ]i and Ca 2+ oscillation in primary SO smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Results Gallbladder cholestasis was observed during early stages of gallstone formation in Ch rabbits. CCK-8 could not improve the gallbladder cholestatic state in Ch group. Passive dilation of SO significantly improved the cholestatic state in Ch rabbits (P

The hydrothermal reaction of Co(COO)2 · 4H2O, MoO3, H3PO4 and 4,4′-bipyridine yields bipyridine-ligated cobalt dimolybdate [CoMo2O7(4,4′-bipy)1.5] (1) (4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine) in the triclinic system with space group of P 1 and cell parameters of a = 7.1951(8) A, b = 11.1708(17) A, c = 11.4514(11) A, α = 98.545(7)°, β = 90.315(2)°, γ = 105.777(5)°, V = 874.88(19) A3, and Z = 2. Its structure consists of Co/Mo/O bimetal oxide layers with {Mo2O7} building blocks, linked by the coordination of 4,4′-bipy ligand with Co and Mo atoms, into a 3D porous hybrid framework.

To investigate the mechanism of resistance to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) powdery mildew, suppression subtractive hybridization was conducted between an isogenic resistant line carrying Pm21 and its recurrent parent Yangmai 5 to isolate the resistance relative genes. A cDNA fragment specifically expressed in the resistant line was obtained and its full length was cloned by in silico cloning and RT-PCR. This gene encoded a deduced protein of 219 amino acids with a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif, often found in plant resistance genes, and was designated as Ta-LRR2. Ta-LRR2 had an increased expression level in the resistant line after inoculation with Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. tritici Marchal. PCR analysis with different cytogenetic stocks suggested that Ta-LRR2 was specifically associated with chromosome arms 6VS and 6AS. Linkage analysis further showed that Ta-LRR2 could be used as a resistance gene analog polymorphism marker of Pm21 for marker-assisted selection in germplasm enhancement and breeding practice. Moreover, how to isolate Pm21 based on the information obtained for Ta-LRR2 is discussed. (Managing editor: Li-Hui Zhao)

The hydrothermal reaction of VOSO4, As2O3, CoC2O4·2H2O and 2,2′-bipy yields a novel arsenic-vanadate [CoII(2,2′-bpy)2]2[AsIII8VIV 14O42(H2O)]·H2O (1), which is characterized by IR, elemental analysis, TGA, magnetic susceptibility and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. X-ray diffraction shows that compound 1 is the first example of tubular arsenic–vanadium cluster containing infinite {[Co(2,2′-bpy)2]2[As8V14O42(H2O)]}∞ chain constructed from [As8V14O42(H2O)] clusters interconnected through [Co(2,2-bpy)]2+ units. Crystal data: 1, orthorhombic, P 212121, a=12.1401(2) A, b=15.8722(1) A, c=39.9533(5) A, Z=4. Graphical Abstract: A novel polyoxoarsenicvanadate, [CoII(2,2′-bipy)2]2 [AsIII8VIV 14O42(H2O)]·H2O, is depicted along with a tubular hybrid solid with a rhombic tube formed within the chain.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether Huisheng oral solution (HSOS) has an inhibitory effect on the development of pulmonary thrombosis and metastasis in mice with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), and to explore the possible mechanisms involved. A mouse model of LLC was developed, and model mice were divided into either a treatment group or a control group to undergo treatment with HSOS or normal saline. Normal mice treated with saline were used as normal controls. On day 25 after treatment, blood samples were drawn from the eyes of half the mice in each group to determine blood cell counts and plasma levels of D-Dimer and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while heart blood samples were collected from the remaining mice to measure the rate of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. For all mice, pathological analyses of the cerebrum, lung, mesentery, femoral vein, external iliac vein and spleen were performed. Tumors were weighed to assess the impact of HSOS treatment on tumor growth, and the number of thrombi, metastatic nodules and neovessels in the tumor tissue were counted. In addition, 24 normal New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups and treated with either HSOS or normal saline to determine the rates of ADP-, collagen- or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Compared with the model group, HSOS treatment decreased the incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism and metastasis, the number of metastatic nodules, the plasma levels of D-dimer and VEGF, the rate of collagen-induced platelet aggregation in rabbits and the numbers of leukocytes and tumor neovessels (P

A polyoxometalate-based inorganic–organic hybrid compound [CoII(2, 2′-bpy)2]2[Mo8O26] (1) was synthesized by hydrothermal methods and structurally characterized by IR spectrum, TG analysis and X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n, a = 10.0681(2), b = 16.4467(2), c = 15.7838(3) A, β = 100.046(1)°, V = 2573.52(8) A3, Z = 2. The structure of 1 is built up from β-[Mo8O26]4− subunits covalently linked via [CoII(2, 2′-bpy)2]2+ fragments into a infinite 1D {[CoII(2, 2′-bpy)2]2[Mo8O26]}∞ polymer.

Three new organic-inorganic hybrid compounds based on PMo12O40(n-) (n = 3 or 4) polyanions and Cu(I)-pz/Cu(I)-pz-Cl porous coordination polymers: [Cu(I)(pz)]3[PMo(VI)12O40] (1), [Cu(I)(pz)1.5]4[PMo(V)Mo(VI)11O40]·pz·2H2O (2), [Cu(I)3(pz)3Cl][Cu(I)2(pz)3(H2O)][PMo(V)Mo(VI)11O40] (3) (pz = pyrazine) have been hydrothermally prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, TG, XRD, XPS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 presents a three-dimensional Cu(I)-pz framework with cube-like chambers, into which PMo(VI)12O40(3-) Keggin ions are incorporated. Compound 2 shows a three-dimensional sandwich-like framework, and PMo(V)Mo(VI)11O40(4-) polyanions are located in the octagonal voids of every two-dimensional Cu(I)-pz 4(1)8(2) network structure. Compound 3 exhibits a two-dimensional Cl-bridged Cu(I)-pz-Cl double-layer structure, and two kinds of PMo(V)Mo(VI)11O40(4-) polyanions as bridging linkers connect two adjacent double-layers to form a three-dimensional organic-inorganic framework through Cu(I)-O bonds. Additionally, their electrochemical characters, electrocatalytic behaviors and solid state fluorescent properties at room temperature have been investigated in detail.

Endothelial dysfunction is a critical factor during the initiation of cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Berberine can ameliorate endothelial dysfunction induced by diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of berberine on palmitate-induced endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The cell viability of HUVECs was determined by MTT assays. Nitric oxide (NO) level and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined in supernatants or in the cultured HUVECs. The mRNA level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was measured by RT-PCR, and the protein levels of eNOS, p-eNOS, Akt, p-Akt, AMPK, p-AMPK, and NADPH oxidase (NOX4) were analyzed. The results demonstrated that berberine significantly elevated NO levels and reduced the production of ROS. The expressions of eNOS were significantly increased, while NOX4 protein expression was decreased in berberine-treated HUVECs. Moreover, berberine upregulated the protein expression of AMPK and p-AMPK in palmitate-treated HUVECs, but had no effect on the levels of Akt. Therefore, berberine ameliorates palmitate-induced endothelial dysfunction by upregulating eNOS expression and downregulating expression of NOX4. This regulatory effect of berberine may be related to the activation of AMPK.

Berberine can improve insulin resistance, lower blood glucose, and regulate lipid metabolism disorders which cause endothelial dysfunction, leading to vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of berberine on endothelial dysfunction of aortas in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats and its mechanism. Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: diabetic rats, control rats, diabetic rats treated with berberine (100 mg/kg), and control rats treated with berberine. The serum fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and nitric oxide (NO) levels were tested. Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation and sodium nitroprusside induced endothelium-independent relaxation were measured in aortas for estimating endothelial function. The expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA was measured by RT-PCR, and the protein expressions of eNOS and NADPH oxidase (NOX4) were analyzed by western blot. The results showed that berberine significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats. Berberine also improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation impaired in aorta. The expressions of eNOS mRNA and protein were significantly increased, while NOX4 protein expression was decreased in aortas from diabetic rats with berberine treatment. Moreover, serum NO levels were elevated after berberine treatment. In conclusion, berberine restores diabetic endothelial dysfunction through enhanced NO bioavailability by up-regulating eNOS expression and down-regulating expression of NADPH oxidase.

AIM: To determine the pathological characteristics of gastric leiomyoblastoma. METHODS: All tissues were obtained during surgery or gastroscopy. Tissue specimens for examination by light microscope were 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm in size, fixed in 40 g/L neutral buffered formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The fresh tissues obtained for electron microscopy were 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm in size, and fixed in phosphate buffered 30 g/L glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 10 g/L osmium tetroxide and dehydrated in graded alcohol, embebbed in Epon 812. Ultrathin sections of 50 nm were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined under a JEM-2000 EX transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: The most important histopathological feature of leiomyoblastoma was the predominance of large, rounded or polygonal cells with characteristic perinuclear clear zone in cytoplasms. The tumor cells arranged in patch, cell junction or junctional complex could be found occasionally between cells under electron microscope. Most of the neoplastic cytoplasms were filled with myofilaments, dense bodies, and dense patches. Rough endoplasmic reticulum dilatated as lakes, and large quantities of protein secretions of intermediate electron density were found in the dilated cisternae. Intracisternal segregation could also be found. The nuclei were round or oval, and anomalous nuclei were found in part of cells. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of gastric leiomyoblastoma can be confirmed by electron microscopy. The clear appearance of tumor cells is due to the dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, not fat droplets, glycogens or mucus in cytoplasm.