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In this study, a selective, rapid and sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is prepared for real time detection of tartrazine in fruit juice. Tartrazine imprinted and non-imprinted poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate-N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidine methyl ester) thin films are synthesized onto SPR chip surface using ultraviolet polymerization. The characterization studies of tartrazine imprinted and non-imprinted SPR sensors are performed with contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry. Then, kinetic studies for tartrazine are carried out in the concentration range of 0.5–100.0 $\mu \text{M}$ . The response time for adsorption, desorption and regeneration cycles is approximately about 15 min for the optical sensor system. The limit of detection and quantification are obtained as $0.0076~\mu \text{M}$ and $0.0252~\mu \text{M}$ , respectively. The selectivity studies of the tartrazine imprinted and non-imprinted SPR sensors are determined in the presence of allura red and sunset yellow molecules. In order to demonstrate the applicability, validation studies of tartrazine imprinted SPR sensor are performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a group of highly toxic fungal secondary metabolites, is one of the most common mycotoxins that contaminate a wide range of agricultural products. Herein, we designed a label-free and selective surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensor for detection of OTA contamination in dried fig. The molecularly imprinted polymer film (MIP) was fabricated onto the SPR sensor chip by using light-initiated polymerization of N-methacryloyl-(L)-phenylalanine and 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate in the presence of OTA as a template. SPR chips were characterized by using contact angle, atomic force microscopy, and ellipsometry. OTA imprinted sensor was displayed a broad linear range, between 0.1 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL. The limit of detection was calculated as 0.028 ng/mL. The selectivity studies of the OTA imprinted SPR sensor was performed in the presence of aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1, and citrinin. The imprinting factor was found to be 2.85. The adsorption behavior of the OTA imprinted sensor was found as suitable for the Langmuir model. Results displayed that the OTA imprinted SPR sensor was successfully applied to determine OTA in dried fig samples.

In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors were prepared for the detection of amoxicillin from the commercial and local chicken eggs by using molecular imprinting technique. Amoxicillin imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid) polymeric film was synthesized onto the surface of the SPR and QCM chips by ultra violet polymerization to determine lower concentrations of amoxicillin. Ellipsometry, contact angle analysis, and atomic force microscopy measurements were used for the surface morphology of the polymeric film layer. The ellipsometric thickness of AMOX imprinted and nonimprinted SPR and QCM chip surfaces were measured as 35 ± 0.9 nm, 32.89 ± 1.9 nm, 30 ± 0.6 nm, and 28 ± 0.22 nm, respectively. Contact angles of bare gold surfaces, AMOX imprinted SPR and QCM chip surfaces were measured to be as 82.3° ± 0.15, 79.2° ± 0.14, 75.01° ± 1.07, and 69.11° ± 0.89, respectively. The range of linearity was measured as 0.1 to 10 ng/mL for amoxicillin imprinted SPR and QCM sensors. The maximum residue limit of AMOX in eggs is at 10 µg/kg in accordance with the "Positive List System for Agricultural Chemical Residues in Foods." The response time for the test, including adsorption, desorption, and regeneration, was approximately 45 min. The limit of detections for SPR and QCM sensors were found to be 0.0005 and 0.0023 ng/mL, respectively. The reusabilities of amoxicillin imprinted SPR and QCM sensors were observed by the equilibration-binding-regeneration. Validation studies of the AMOX imprinted SPR and QCM sensors were performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The combination of magnetism and nanotechnology has presented promising materials: magnetic nanoparticles. These materials have been getting more attention due to their “size‐dependent functionality”. There is a critical size for nanoparticles that their properties change. Materials with various functions can be synthesized with the desired properties since a wide range of polymers including natural and synthetic polymers can be utilized in the production of the magnetic nanoparticles. Furthermore, they can be more selective and specific with the conjugation target-specific ligands. This structural and functional diversity enables these materials to be used in a wide range of areas. In this review, we discuss the main components of the magnetic nanoparticles and their examples in biomedical applications. They can be used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging; delivery systems in the controlled release of therapeutic agents; supporting materials for separation, isolation, and purification of biomolecules. They can be also functioned in hyperthermia and magnetofection for gene therapy. However, even though their increasing research interest, magnetic nanoparticles still need to be improved to be more popular in the commercial area. We hope that these functional materials will present promising possibilities in nanotechnology and biomedicine in near future.

In this study, quartz crystal microbalance sensors based on molecular imprinting technology were fabricated for real-time detection of insulin in aqueous solution and artificial plasma. This study describes the preparation of insulin imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-N-methacryloyl-( l )-histidine methyl ester based quartz crystal microbalance sensor for insulin determination. Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-N-methacryloyl-( l )-histidine methyl ester based film on chip surface was synthesized by ultra violet (UV) polymerization for the detection of insulin at low concentrations. At the first step, N-methacryloyl-( l )-histidine methyl ester complex was formed with insulin and then, the insulin imprinted film has been prepared. The characterization of the polymeric film has been conducted with ellipsometry, contact angle, Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance and atomic force microscopy measurements. Langmuir, Freundlich and Langmuir-Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were applied for this system. The best fitted model to explain the interactions between molecular imprinted chip and insulin molecules was the Langmuir adsorption isotherm (R2: 0.999). The repeatability of insulin imprinted chip was investigated by using of equilibration-binding-regeneration cycles for four times. The detection limit was found as 0.00158 ng/mL. According to the results, the QCM sensor has showed low-detection limit, high selectivity and sensitivity for insulin assay.

Cryogels are interconnected macroporous materials that are synthesized from a monomer solution at sub-zero temperatures. Cryogels, which are used in various applications in many research areas, are frequently used in biomedicine applications due to their excellent properties, such as biocompatibility, physical resistance and sensitivity. Cryogels can also be prepared in powder, column, bead, sphere, membrane, monolithic, and injectable forms. In this review, various examples of recent developments in biomedical applications of injectable cryogels, which are currently scarce in the literature, made from synthetic and natural polymers are discussed. In the present review, several biomedical applications of injectable cryogels, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, therapeutic, therapy, cell transplantation, and immunotherapy, are emphasized. Moreover, it aims to provide a different perspective on the studies to be conducted on injectable cryogels, which are newly emerging trend.

In this study, we designed a simple, rapid, sensitive and selective surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for detection of L-phenylalaine by utilizing molecular imprinting technology. l-phenylalanine imprinted and non-imprinted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacryloyl-l-phenylalanine) polymeric films were synthesized onto SPR chip surfaces using ultraviolet polymerization. l-phenyalanine imprinted and non-imprinted SPR sensors were characterized by using contact angle, atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry. After characterization studies, kinetic studies were carried out in the concentration range of 5.0&ndash, 400.0 &mu, M. The limit of detection and quantification were obtained as 0.0085 and 0.0285 &mu, M, respectively. The response time for the test including equilibration, adsorption and desorption was approximately 9 min. The selectivity studies of the l-phenylalanine imprinted SPR sensor was performed in the presence of d-phenylalanine and l-tryptophan. Validation studies were carried out via enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis technique in order to demonstrate the applicability and superiority of the l-phenylalanine imprinted SPR sensor.

In this study, a simple, fast, sensitive and selective surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor was prepared using molecular imprinting method for endotoxin detection. Endotoxin imprinted and non-imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidine methyl ester) based nanofilms were synthesized on the SPR chip surfaces using ultraviolet polymerization. Endotoxin imprinted and non-imprinted SPR sensors were characterized by using contact angle, atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry. After characterization studies, kinetic studies was carried out in the concentration range of 0.5-100 ng/mL. The limit of detection and quantification were obtained as 0.023 and 0.078 ng/mL, respectively. The response time for the equilibration, adsorption and regeneration was approximately 14 min. The selectivity studies with cholesterol and hemoglobin of endotoxin imprinted SPR sensor were examined. Validation studies were carried out via limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) in order to demonstrate the applicability of the SPR sensor.

The molecular imprinting method is one of the impressive modification techniques to obtain specific cavities for target molecules identification in the polymeric matrix. This unique method supplies a wide range of versatile for imprinting target molecules with different molecular weight, size, structure, chemical, and physical properties. By the side of the complicated and time-consuming laboratory modification methods, molecular imprinting method proposes a selective, sensitive, reusable, and easy-to-use approach for the detection, adsorption, recognition, and separation of molecules. Molecularly imprinted polymers have excellent properties such as high selectivity, high stability, low-cost, reusability, and so on. They have been applied in a broad application range in different fields. This chapter is organized according to the fundamentals of molecular imprinting method, preparation methods of molecularly imprinted polymers, applications of molecularly imprinted polymers-based systems, and also prospects for the future.

In this work, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based immunosensor was prepared by the immobilization of the amine-functionalized gold nanoparticles (N-AuNPs) on the sensing surface to sense immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in the aqueous solution and artificial plasma. The characterization studies of SPR based immunosensor for IgM detection were performed with scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle measurements, and ellipsometry. Kinetic studies for the IgM immunosensor were carried out in the range of 1.0 to 200 ng/mL IgM concentrations in an aqueous solution. The total IgM analysis time including adsorption, desorption, and regeneration cycles was nearly 10 min for the prepared immunosensor. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found as 0.08 and 0.26 ng/mL, respectively. The reusability of the proposed immunosensor was tested with 6 consecutive adsorption-desorption, and regeneration cycles. Also, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was utilized in the validation of the immunosensor.

Metal ions play a pivotal role in biological process, which act as an actor to protect the stabilities of enzymes and proteins and help to carry out their functionalities with permissible limits, however, some metal ions such as cadmium, arsenic can lead to enzyme inhibition, induce the oxidative stress and unwanted conditions like the impairment of mismatch mechanism. Hence, the monitoring of metal ions including trace metals is great importance not only living beings but maintain the ecosystem also. Currently available methods for determination of metal ions include inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). While these chromatographic and analytical methods offer high sensitivity and selectivity, these costly instruments require intense technical training because of their time consuming and complicated procedures. In recent years, sensors have several advantages over other analytical methods. Sensors are more preferred compared to analytical methods and have attractive increasing attention because of their high sensitivity, low cost, fast response, portability, simple operation, and on-site operation. In this chapter, we first summarized the importance of metal ions for life-balance for biological processes, after the commonly used methods for detection of metal ions including sensor platforms were discussed with the latest research articles by the combining of molecular imprinting technology.

Plasmonic sensors based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have shown prosperous growth in recent years due to their flexibility in designing it at smaller scale devices. The sensing techniques predominantly include surface-enhanced spectroscopic sensors such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) and surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIR), and SPR sensors which already have good commercial options. This chapter overviews and discusses the plasmonic nanosensors advancement and the most relevant applications in the field of agriculture. We focus on the effects that distinguish plasmonic nanosensors and give them their particular conduct for agrotechnology. We also evaluated the main applications of plasmonic nanosensors developed within the last five years for agriculture sector benefit.

In this study, we reported the design of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors for selective insulin detection. In the first step, N-methacryloyl-(L) 3-histidine methyl ester (MAH) monomer was formed a complex with insulin. Then, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were mixed with MAH:insulin complex. Insulin-imprinted and non-imprinted QCM sensors were synthesized by ultraviolet polymerization for the insulin detection. Insulin-imprinted QCM sensors was characterized by the contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry. Limit of detection (LOD) was found as 0.00158 ng/mL for the insulin-imprinted QCM sensors. Selectivity of insulin-imprinted and non-imprinted QCM sensors was carried in the presence of glucagon and aprotinin. Insulin-imprinted QCM sensor for insulin detection was also examined in the artificial plasma.

Understanding the fundamentals of natural design, structure, and function has pushed the limits of current knowledge and has enabled us to transfer knowledge from the bench to the market as a product. In particular, biomimicry―one of the crucial strategies in this respect―has allowed researchers to tackle major challenges in the disciplines of engineering, biology, physics, materials science, and medicine. It has an enormous impact on these fields with pivotal applications, which are not limited to the applications of biocompatible tooth implants, programmable drug delivery systems, biocompatible tissue scaffolds, organ-on-a-chip systems, wearable platforms, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and smart biosensors. Among them, MIPs provide a versatile strategy to imitate the procedure of molecular recognition precisely, creating structural fingerprint replicas of molecules for biorecognition studies. Owing to their affordability, easy-to-fabricate/use features, stability, specificity, and multiplexing capabilities, host-guest recognition systems have largely benefitted from the MIP strategy. This review article is structured with four major points: (i) determining the requirement of biomimetic systems and denoting multiple examples in this manner; (ii) introducing the molecular imprinting method and reviewing recent literature to elaborate the power and impact of MIPs on a variety of scientific and industrial fields; (iii) exemplifying the MIP-integrated systems, i.e., chromatographic systems, lab-on-a-chip systems, and sensor systems; and (iv) closing remarks.

A molecularly imprinted polymeric nanofilm was prepared for cocaine detection and applied to plasmonic nanosensor for real-time kinetic, selectivity and reusability analyses. The sensing polymeric surface was fabricated by synthesizing a selective and specific nanofilm on the gold plasmonic nanosensor surface. After characterization experiments with atomic force microscopy, ellipsometer, and contact angle measurements, the kinetic studies of cocaine detection in aqueous solutions in a wide concentration range between 0.2-100 μg/mL were applied to plasmonic nanosensor system at 24 °C with a low limit of detection (0.1 μg/L) and quantification values (0.3 μg/L) and the results showed that this molecularly imprinted polymeric nanofilm integrated plasmonic nanosensor is providing a model for the fastest, most accurate and most precise identification of the cocaine molecule which constitutes a large part of the workload of forensic laboratories.

In this study, chlorpyrifos (Cps) imprinted nanoparticles based QCM sensor were prepared for the detection of chlorpyrifos pesticide. Cps imprinted poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate- N- metacryloyl- (L)- tryptophan) (PEDMATrp) nanoparticles were prepared and then these nanoparticles were attached to the surface of QCM sensor chip. Also, nonimprinted PEDMATrp QCM sensor was prepared without using Cps molecule to evaluate the imprinting efficiency. Cps imprinted and non-imprinted nanoparticles were characterized by zeta-sizer and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectrophotometer. Cps imprinted and non-imprinted QCM sensors were also characterized by atomic force microscopy, ellipsometer, and contact angle measurements. The prepared sensors were applied for selective Cps detection in aqueous solution for the range of 0.015-2.9 nM. The selectivity studies of the QCM sensor were examined by using competitive pesticide molecules such as diazinon and parathion (2.9 nM), which are similar to Cps in size and shape. The reusability studies of the prepared sensors were investigated by applying the same pesticide concentration (1.45 nM), four times consecutively. Bu çalışmada, kloropirifos (Cps) baskılanmış nanopartikül temelli QCM sensörü, kloropirifos pestisit tayini için hazırlanmıştır. Cps baskılanmış poli(etilen glikol dimetakrilat-N- metakriloil- (L)- triptofan) (PEDMATrp) nanopartikülleri hazırlandıktan sonra nanopartiküller QCM sensör çipinin yüzeyine tutturuldu. Ayrıca, baskılama etkinliğini değerlendirmek için Cps molekülü kullanılmadan baskılanmamış PEDMATrp QCM sensörü hazırlanmıştır. Cps baskılanmış ve baskılanmamış nanopartiküller zeta-boyut ve FTIR-ATR spektrofotometresi ile karakterize edilmiştir. Cps baskılanmış ve baskılanmamış QCM sensörleri atomik kuvvet mikroskobu, elipsometre ve temas açısı ölçümleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. Hazırlanan QCM sensörler, sulu çözeltide seçici olarak Cps tayini için 0.015-2.9 nM aralığında sinyal vermiştir. Hazırlanan PEDMATrp kuvartz kristal mikroterazi sensörün seçiciliği, Diazinon ve Parathion (2.9 nM) gibi boyut ve şekil bakımından kloropirifosa benzer yarışmacı pestisit molekülleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Hazırlanan sensörlerin tekrar kullanılabilirlik çalışmaları aynı pestisit derişiminde (1.45 nM) dört kez art arda uygulanmasıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.

This study reports a sensitive sensor-based measurement technique for selective and sensitive detection of Cd(II) ions at low concentrations using ion-imprinted technology. Heavy metal pollution is an extremely hot topic on scientific research for several decades. Cd(II) is one of the most toxic and carcinogenic heavy metals. The limit of concentration of Cd(II) ions allowed to be found in the drinking water and industrial wastewater has been defined as 3 µg/L by the World Health Organization. Therefore, a simple, reliable and effective method is required for the determination of Cd(II) ions. Surface plasmon resonance sensor is the most commonly used optical sensors due to their unique ability for real-time monitoring the molecular binding events. We have proposed a sensitive experimental platform capable of achieving detection in 6–7 min. In this work, the benefits of three different approaches were compared according to their performance enhancement effects on sensors. Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) thin-film, polymeric nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles were separately used for designing sensors surface for the sensitive detection of Cd(II) ions. Combination of the signal enhancing properties of nanoparticles and ion-imprinting technique provided sensitive and selective detection with a comparatively low limit of detection value to the SPR sensor system. The limit of detection value has been defined as 0.01 µg/L for selective Cd(II) ions detection which is less than the value determined by the World Health Organization. The real time detection of Cd(II) ions from wastewater solutions (SPS Quality Control Material Waste Water Level 2) was also carried out by the SPR sensors.

Profiling at GCs level is an important issue since it is a key factor to determine administration intent for either therapeutic or doping purpose. In this study, the sensing platform which is based on a combination of surface plasmon resonance system with molecularly imprinted nanoparticles was developed for monitoring of prednisolone level as a selected GCs analyte in plasma and urine. Fabricated sensing platform was utilized with ellipsometer and contact angle measurements followed by characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) by the means of structurally (i.e. FTIR and elemental analysis) and morphologically (i.e. TEM and Zeta-sizer analysis). The lowest limit of detection by PIN2 encoded molecularly imprinted nanoparticle was achieved as at 5.5 ppb and 8.9 ppb at pH 6.6 and 7.4, respectively. Competition kinetic assays were performed by using 17-α-ethynyl estradiol (EEST) and estradiol (EST). The reusability studies have been applied to the sensor with the best results and 92.8% recovery is achieved. Validation studies of the system were performed according to the standard procedure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method was successfully applied to monitor PRD levels in body fluids (urine and plasma) as a natural sample.

Creatinine imprinted cryogel (MIP) cartridge was prepared with functional monomer N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidinemethylester (MAH) under frozen conditions. Creatinine adsorption studies and selectivity of MIP cryogel were evaluated in aqueous solution and artificial urine sample. Maximum adsorbed amount of creatinine was calculated as 6.83 mg/g polymer for MIP cryogel. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used to investigate the adsorption behaviour of creatinine. In the artificial urine sample; recovery amounts of creatinine were found 34.7–46.2%. Creatinine imprinted cryogel (MIP) cartridge recognized creatinine, 4.58 and 4.37 times greater competitive molecules. MIP cryogel catridge was repeatedly used many times for adsorption desorption cycles. © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

In this study, implantable and degradable molecularly imprinted cryogel was prepared for pH-responsive delivery of doxorubicin. Cryogel discs were synthesized using amino acid-based functional monomer with HEMA and gelatin. The molecularly imprinted discs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, degradation and swelling tests. In vitro delivery experiments were carried out in order to examine the effects of medium pH and drug content. The degree of degradation of composite cryogels was found to be 83.45 +/- 1.86% after 56days. The release profiles of DOX from molecularly imprinted cryogel discs exhibit a biphasic delivery. It was observed that an initial burst release step from 0 to 12h was followed by a slower and sustained release. Release rate of DOX from cryogel discs increased in more acidic conditions. Kinetic studies showed that a combination of diffusion and erosion control is mainly responsible from the general release behaviors of molecularly imprinted cryogel discs.

WOS: 000399567500002, PubMed: 28105892, In this study, cryogel-based implantable molecularly imprinted drug delivery systems were designed for the delivery of antineoplastic agent. Mitomycin C imprinted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-l-glutamic acid) cryogel membranes were produced by free-radical bulk polymerization under partially frozen conditions. The membranes were characterized by swelling tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, surface area measurements and in vitro hemocompatibility tests. In vitro delivery studies were carried out to examine the effects of cross-linker ratio and template content. Mitomycin C imprinted cryogel membranes have megaporous structure (10-100 mu m in diameter). The cumulative release of mitomycin C was decreased with increasing cross-linking agent ratio and increased with the amount of template in the cryogel structure. The nature of transport mechanism of the mitomycin C from the membranes was non-Fickian., TUBITAK-BIDEB2211-National Ph.D. Scholarship Programme, Kemal Cetin thanks The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for the support by 'TUBITAK-BIDEB2211-National Ph.D. Scholarship Programme'.

Penicillin acylase (PA, EC 3.5.1.11) is used as a raw material in the production of semi-synthetic penicillins. Although there are many methods for PA purification, affinity chromatography is advantageous as it provides efficient one step purification. In this study, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) based cryogel column containing hydrophobic N-methacryloyl-L-tryptophan (MATrp) functional monomer as a ligand was prepared. Interaction of MATrp with amino acids in PA structure is the basis of hydrophobic interaction chromatography in this study. PHEMA and PHEMATrp cryogel columns were characterized by surface area measurements, infrared spectroscopy, swelling tests, elemental analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Initial PA concentration, pH, effect of temperature, amount of ligand, flow rate, ionic strength and time on PA adsorption on PHEMATrp cryogel were investigated. Optimum pH was determined as 5.0 for PA adsorption and maximum adsorption capacity was obtained as 6.40 mg/g. It was ...

In this study, cryogel-based molecularly imprinted composite cartridges were designed for the rapid, efficient, and selective preconcentration of benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP) from water samples. First, a BaP-imprinted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-(L)-phenylalanine) composite cartridge was synthesized under semi-frozen conditions and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and swelling tests. After the optimization of preconcentration parameters, i.e., pH and initial BaP concentration, the selectivity and preconcentration efficiency, and reusability of these cartridges were also evaluated. In selectivity experiments, BaP imprinted composite cartridge exhibited binding capacities 3.09, 9.52, 8.87, and 8.77-fold higher than that of the non-imprinted composite cartridge in the presence of competitors, such as benzo[ b ]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[ k ]fluoranthene (BkF), indeno[1,2,3- cd ]pyrene (IcdP), and 1-naphthol, respectively. The method detection limit (MDL), relative standard deviation (RSD) and preconcentration efficiency (PE) of the synthesized composite cartridge were calculated as 24.86 μg/L, 1.60%, and 349.6%, respectively.

Supermacroporous gels, called cryogels, are unique scaffolds that can be prepared by polymerization of monomer solution under sub-zero temperatures. They are widely used in many applications and have significant potential biomaterials, especially for biomedical applications due to their inherent interconnected supermacroporous structures and easy formation of composite polymers in comparison to other porous polymer synthesis techniques. This review highlights the fundamentals of supermacroporous cryogels and composite cryogels, and then comprehensively summarizes recent studies in preparation, functionalization, and utilization with mechanical, biological and physicochemical features, according to the biomedical applications. Furthermore, conclusions and outlooks are discussed for the use of these promising and durable supermacroporous composite cryogels.

The aim of the present study was developing a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) nanosensor to detect Escherichia coli (E. coli) for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections by using surface imprinted Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a recognition element. In order to realize imprinting, Cu(II) ions were used to provide interaction between E. coli cell wall and amine functionalized AuNPs forming cavities on the surface of nanosensor. E. coli surface imprinted AuNPs nanosensor was characterized by using ellipsometry, contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The real time detection of E. coli was evaluated by using E. coli suspensions in the concentration range of 1 × 103–0.5 × 101 CFU/mL. Combination of the signal enhancing properties of AuNPs and surface imprinting technique provided ultrasensitive detection with a comparatively low limit of detection value (1 CFU/mL) to the SPR nanosensor system. Selectivity experiments were performed by using Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The highest response was recorded for E. coli, as expected. Additionally, the recognition of E. coli even in a complex medium such as artificial urine sample was achieved by the developed nanosensing system. Also, this chip can be used repeatedly without seen signal reducing for four-time consecutive. In the view of these results, it was emphasized that this novel sensing system has a potency for the selective, very sensitive, rapid and real time detection of causative agent in order to diagnose E. coli caused infections.

WOS: 000471359400002, Molecular imprinting technique is used to design artificial creatinine receptor on the gold surface of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chip using N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidine methyl ester (MAH), as a functional monomer. Surface characterization of SPR sensor chip is performed with atomic force microscope (AFM), ellipsometry and contact angle measurements. Creatinine imprinted SPR sensor is characterized with a linear range between 1 and 100 mM and limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of creatinine are found 57 mu M and 190 mu M, respectively. N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and creatine molecules are selected to examine the selectivity of creatinine imprinted SPR sensor. Reusability studies of SPR sensor is determined in urine mimic samples., Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology [0505_TGSD.2015_2], This study was funded and supported by Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (Grand No. 0505_TGSD.2015_2).

The application of interconnected supermacroporous cryogels as support matrices for the purification, separation and immobilization of whole cells and different biological macromolecules has been well reported in literature. Cryogels have advantages over traditional gel carriers in the field of biochromatography and related biomedical applications. These matrices nearly mimic the three-dimensional structure of native tissue extracellular matrix. In addition, mechanical, osmotic and chemical stability of cryogels make them attractive polymeric materials for the construction of scaffolds in tissue engineering applications and in vitro cell culture, separation materials for many different processes such as immobilization of biomolecules, capturing of target molecules, and controlled drug delivery. The low mass transfer resistance of cryogel matrices makes them useful in chromatographic applications with the immobilization of different affinity ligands to these materials. Cryogels have been introduced as gel matrices prepared using partially frozen monomer or polymer solutions at temperature below zero. These materials can be produced with different shapes and are of interest in the therapeutic area. This review highlights the recent advances in cryogelation technologies by emphasizing their biomedical applications to supply an overview of their rising stars day to day.

Özgür, Erdoğan ( Aksaray, Yazar ), A novel Zn(II) ions imprinted poly (2-hydroxyethyl Methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidine methyl ester) poly(HEMAH) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) nanosensor were designed for detection of Zn(II) ions in aqueous solution and artificial plasma providing a low cost, rapid and reliable results compared to other techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer, X-ray fluorescence with synchrotron radiation. Zn(II) ions imprinted nanofilm on the SPR chip surface was synthesized by bulk polymerization. Characterization of Zn(II) ions imprinted nanosensor was performed by contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy (AFM), ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR). Designed nanosensor was applied for selective detection of Zn(II) ions in aqueous solution within the range of 0.5–1.0 mg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 0.19 and 0.64 ng/mL, respectively. Association kinetics analysis, Scatchard, Langmuir, Freundlich, Langmuir–Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms were analyzed to the experimental data in order to identify the adsorption behavior. The selectivity of the SPR nanosensor was examined by using competitive metal ions such as Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Fe(II). To evaluate the imprinting effect of Zn(II) ions imprinted (MIP) and non-imprinted (NIP) nanosensor was also prepared as the control. Repeatability of the response signal was tested by four times adsorption–desorption–regeneration cycle.

Biophysical properties of nanoscale objects like high surface area, high diffusivity to cells, efficient uptake, high capacity to be used in biological interfaces, etc. make them very useful tools. Bionanotechnology or nanobiotechnology overlaps nanotechnology in terms of generation of bio-inspired hybrid materials derived from chemical or biological synthesis to fabricate functional macromolecules. Microbial cells are ideal producers for such structures because of their controlled culturability, easily genetic manipulability, and wide diversity.

WOS: 000457568600001, PubMed: 30686053, Herein, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor is prepared for the detection of L-histidine by attachment of L-histidine imprinted poly(EGDMA-MAH/Cu(II)) nanoparticles on QCM electrode. The imprinted nanoparticles with the size of 86.43 nm were synthesized via miniemulsion polymerization reaction. Prepared QCM sensors were characterized with ellipsometer, contact angle measurements and FTIR. The thickness measurements demonstrated that the particle thin films were almost mono-layer. L-histidine solutions with a concentration range between 6.44 mu M and 225.6 mu M were introduced to QCM system to determine the adsorption kinetics. Selectivity of the L-histidine imprinted nanoparticles were examined using D-histidine and L-tryptophan as competitor molecules. L-histidine imprinted QCM biosensors was also used for RNAase, lysozyme, cytochrome-C and BSA to investigate the competitive adsorption of surface histidine exposed proteins.

Cryogels have been extensively utilized in multiple biomedical and bioengineering approaches due to their high adsorption capacity, macroporosity, high flexibility, and long durability. In particular, composite cryogels hold great potential in terms of easy fabrication, high selectivity, specificity, and reusability parameters. Herein, molecularly imprinted magnetic silica microspheres are prepared and embedded in cryogels to develop a new composite carrier for adsorption of tyrosine-a crucial chemical in umpteen cellular mechanisms including brain regulation, mood control, stress level reduction, melanin pigment production, and thyroid functions regulation-. Through surface-sensitive characterizations, composite cryogel carriers are performed to obtain optimum tyrosine adsorption conditions, and the maximum adsorption capacity is reported as 62.27 mg/g in pH 8.0 phosphate buffer solution. The reusability is tested with serial adsorption–desorption steps using 0.1 M NaCl presenting that the composite cryogel carrier can be used more than eight times without losing the performance. Competitive binding tests with different amino acids demonstrate high selectivity of the composite cryogel carrier. Langmuir isotherm model is well fitted to the adsorption data.

l-Phe-imprinted cryogel cartridge was prepared for the chiral separation of l-Phe. N-Methacryloyl l-phenylalanine (MAPA) was used as a functional monomer for complexing with l-Phe. The selectivity of the membranes was investigated by using d-Phe, l-Trp, and d-Trp as competitor molecules. The PHEMAPA-l-Trp membranes were 6.4, 4.3, and 5.5 times more selective for l-Phe than d-Phe, l-Trp, and d-Trp, respectively. The PHEMAPA-l-Phe cryogel cartridge was incorporated into the fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) equipment and was able to separate D,l-Phe racemic mixture efficiently. The PHEMAPA-l-Phe membranes were shown to be reusable many times without significant loss of the adsorption capacity.

In this work, poly(HEMA-MAPA) membranes were prepared by UV-polymerization technique. These membranes were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and swelling studies. Synthesized membranes had high porous structure. These membranes were used for controlled release of curcumin which is already used as folk remedy and used as drug for some certain diseases and cancers. Curcumin release was investigated for various pHs and temperatures. Optimum drug release yield was found to be as 70% at pH 7.4 and 37 °C within 2 h period. Time-depended release of curcumin was also investigated and its slow release from the membrane demonstrated within 48 h.

Monodisperse magnetic acrylate based particles (5.0 µm in diameter) containing histidine were synthesized using a modified suspension polymerization method for the purification of immunoglobulin G from human plasma in a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed. N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidine methyl ester (MAH) was used as pseudo-specific ligand/co-monomer. MAH content of the magnetic particles was calculated as 55.3 µmol MAH/g polymer using elemental analysis. Immunoglobulin G binding amount of the magnetic particles decreased with increase of the flow-rate. The maximum immunoglobulin G binding was observed at pH 7.4 (phosphate buffer). Immunoglobulin G binding amount onto the magnetic poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [mPEGDMA] particles was found to be almost negligible due to the hydrophilic polymer structure. High binding values were obtained from aqueous solutions (1646 mg/g). Higher immunoglobulin G binding was observed when human plasma was used (2169 mg/g). Purity of the separated immunoglob...

The aim of this study is to prepare megaporous dye-affinity cryogel discs for the purification of plasmid DNA (pDNA) from bacterial lysate. Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [PHEMA] cryogel discs were produced by free radical polymerization initiated by N,N,N',N'-tetramethylene diamine (TEMED) and ammonium persulfate (APS) redox pair in an ice bath. Cibacron Blue F3GA was used as an affinity ligand (loading amount: 68.9μmol/g polymer). The amount of pDNA adsorbed onto the PHEMA-Cibacron Blue F3GA cryogel discs first increased and then reached a plateau value (i.e., 32.5mg/g cryogel) at 3.0mg/mL pDNA concentration. Compared with the PHEMA cryogel (0.11mg/g cryogel), the pDNA adsorption capacity of the PHEMA-Cibacron Blue F3GA cryogel (32.4mg/g polymer) was improved significantly due to the Cibacron Blue 3GA immobilization onto the polymeric matrix. pDNA adsorption amount decreased from 11.7mg/g to 1.1mg/g with the increasing of NaCl concentration. The maximum pDNA adsorption was achieved at 4°C. The overall recovery of pDNA was calculated as 90%. The PHEMA-Cibacron Blue F3GA cryogel discs could be used five times without decreasing the pDNA adsorption capacity significantly. The results show that the PHEMA-Cibacron Blue F3GA cryogel discs promise high selectivity for pDNA.

In recent years, the use of organic polymer monolithic capillary columns in separation science has gained popularity due to the fact that they are easy to fabricate and do not require retaining frits. These materials have been applied in different fields including foods, proteomics, and pharmaceuticals. The interest in food analysis still needs to develop in order to increase the sensitivity towards micro/nano-scale food applications for food samples of < 5 μg (e.g., foodomics). In this regard, polymer monolithic capillary columns offer great separation capability in the food analytical separation science. We review the most important applications in food analysis using polymer monolithic capillary columns. In addition, several examples of the use of capillary separation methods combined with mass spectrometry detection in food analysis are summarized.

The main objective of this study was to prepare a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for uric acid (UA) detection by using molecularly imprinted nanoparticles as a molecular recognition element. For imprinting, metal ion mediated preorganization was performed to interact between template molecules (UA) and functional monomer by using Fe 3+ ions. UA-imprinted poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate methacryloyl- l -cysteine methyl ester)-Fe 3+ [poly(HEMA-MAC)-Fe 3+ ] nanoparticles were synthesized by emulsion polymerization in the presence of MAC-Fe 3+ -UA pre-polymerization complex. The characterization of UA-imprinted poly(HEMA-MAC)-Fe 3+ nanoparticles was conducted by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta size analysis. The SPR sensor was prepared by gold surface modification of the sensor with UA-imprinted poly(HEMA-MAC)-Fe 3+ nanoparticles. Characterization of the SPR sensor surface was performed with atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle (CA) and optic profilometer measurements. UA sensing ability of the prepared sensor was determined by interacting UA solutions in different concentrations (0.5–40 mg/L) with the SPR sensor. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for the prepared SPR sensor were calculated as 0.247 and 0.825 mg/L for aqueous solution, respectively. The UA-imprinted sensor was also used for UA detection in urine. The results showed the SPR sensor has high selectivity and sensitivity for UA.

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate) [p(HEMA-GMA)] cryogel discs were prepared under sub-zero temperatures. Gelatin was attached covalently on the p(HEMA-GMA) cryogel discs and reversible immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was performed. The p(HEMA-GMA) cryogel discs were characterized by swelling tests, scanning electron microscopy, and surface area measurements. HRP immobilization capacity of p(HEMA-GMA)/gelatin cryogel discs was 24.8 mg/g. Removal of phenol from aqueous solutions was performed using HRP immobilized p(HEMA-GMA)/gelatin cryogel. It was observed that within 2 h of contact time, the percentage of phenol removal reaches up to 91% in the presence of H2O2.

Poly(methyl methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate) [Poly(MMA-GMA)] cryogels were synthesized using monomers of methylmethacrylic acid and epoxy group bearing GMA via radical cryopolymerization technique. Synthesized cryogels were used for the immobilization of amyloglucosidase to the cryogel surface using epoxy chemistry. Characterizations of the free and immobilized amyloglucosidase were carried out by comparing the optimum and kinetic parameters of enzymes. For this, pH and temperature profiles of free and immobilized preparation were studied and, it was found that, optimum pH of enzyme was not change upon immobilization (pH 5.0), while optimum temperature of the enzyme shifted 10 °C to warmer region after immobilization (optimum temperatures for free and immobilized enzyme were 55 and 65 °C, respectively). Kinetic parameters of free and immobilized enzyme were also investigated and Km values of free and immobilized amyloglucosidase were found to be 2.743 and 0.865 mg/mL, respectively. Vmax of immobilized amyloglucosidase was found to be (0.496 µmol/min) about four times less than that of free enzyme (2.020 µmol/min). Storage and operational stabilities of immobilized amyloglucosidase were also studied and it was showed that immobilized preparation had much more stability than free preparation. In the present work, amyloglucosidase immobilized poly(MMA-GMA) cryogels were used for continuous glucose syrup production from starch for the first time. Efficiency of immobilized enzyme was investigated and released amount of glucose was found to be 2.54 mg/mL at the end of the 5 min of hydrolysis. The results indicate that the epoxy functionalized cryogels offer a good alternative for amyloglucosidase immobilization applications with increased operational and thermal stability, and reusability. Also, these cryogels can be used for immobilization of other industrially valuable enzymes beyond amyloglucosidase.

Poly-L-histidine immobilized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) cryogel discs were used for the removal of heavy metal ions [Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Cu(II)] from aqueous solutions. In the first step, PGMA cryogel discs were synthesized using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as a basic monomer and methylene bisacrylamide (MBAAm) as a cross linker in order to introduce active epoxy groups through the polymeric backbone. Then, the metal chelating groups are incorporated to cryogel discs by immobilizing poly-L-histidine (mol wt ≥ 5000) having poly-imidazole ring. The swelling test, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize both the PGMA and poly-L-histidine immobilized PGMA [P-His@PGMA] cryogel discs. The effects of the metal ion concentration and pH on the adsorption capacity were studied. These parameters were varied between 3.0–6.0 and 10–800 mg/L for pH and metal ion concentration, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of heavy metal ions...