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The investigation delves into the functionality exhibited by ferroelectric BiFe0.95Mn0.05O3 (BFM) nanoparticles (NPs) concerning the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The electrocatalytic activity of BFM NPs undergoes a transformative shift as a consequence of mono‐, di‐, and tri‐valent cation substitution. Notably, the strategic engineering of doping at the Bi site within BFM NPs yields a remarkable outcome, namely the conspicuous reduction of the kinetic overpotential prerequisite for HER. This diminished overpotential in doped BFM NPs arises from the confluence of multifarious factors: diminished charge transfer resistance, augmented specific surface area, a discernible distribution of pore sizes ranging from narrow to broad, particles endowed with a shape boasting abundant active facets, and the integration of dopants as novel active sites on the surface. Furthermore, the presence of surface defects, oxygen vacancies, and amplified microstrain within doped BFM NPs contributes to the reduction in overpotential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field in pharmaceutical research, involving producing unique nanoscale materials with sizes up to 100 nm via physiochemical and biological approaches. Nowadays more emphasis has been given to eco-friendly techniques for developing nanomaterials to enhance their biological applications and minimize health and environmental risks. With the help of green nanotechnology, a wide range of green metal, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles with distinct chemical compositions, sizes, and morphologies have been manufactured which are safe, economical, and environment friendly. Due to their biocompatibility and vast potential in biomedical (antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, analgesic, anticoagulant, biofilm inhibitory activity) and in other fields such as (nanofertilizers, fermentative, food, and bioethanol production, construction field), green metal nanoparticles have garnered significant interest worldwide. The metal precursors combined with natural extracts such as plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria to get potent novel metal, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles such as Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Zr, Zn, Ni, Pt, Mg, Ti, Pd, Cd, Bi2O3, CeO2, Co3O4, CoFe2O4, CuO, Fe2O3, MgO, NiO, TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, Ag-Au, Ag-Cr, Ag-Cu, Ag-Zn, Ag-CeO2, Ag-CuO, Ag-SeO2, Ag-TiO2, Ag-ZnO, Cu-Ag, Cu-Mg, Cu-Ni, Pd-Pt, Pt-Ag, ZnO-CuO, ZnO-SeO, ZnO-Se, Se-Zr, and Co-Bi2O3. These plant-mediated green nanoparticles possess excellent antibacterial and anticancer activity when tested against several microorganisms and cancer cell lines. Plants contain essential phytoconstituents (polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) compared to other natural sources (bacteria, fungi, and algae) in higher concentration that play a vital role in the development of green metal, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles because these plant-phytoconstituents act as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent and helps in the development of green nanoparticles. After concluding all these findings, this review has been designed for the first time in such a way that it imparts satisfactory knowledge about the antibacterial and anticancer activity of plant-mediated green metal, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles together, along with antibacterial and anticancer mechanisms. Additionally, it provides information about characterization techniques (UV–vis, FT-IR, DLS, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, AFM) employed for plant-mediated nanoparticles, biomedical applications, and their role in other industries. Hence, this review provides information about the antibacterial and anticancer activity of various types of plant-mediated green metal, metal oxide, and bimetallic nanoparticles and their versatile application in diverse fields which is not covered in other pieces of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollutants are continually being released into the land, water, and air around the world as a result of the high levels of human activity and urbanisation, which cause a rapid an increase in the growth of pollution. To meet the complex specifications needed for the separation of these contaminants regarding selectivity, sensitivity and limit of detection using various nanoparticles, researchers are modifying the electrodes using different nanoparticles. In this study, silver-doped magnesium oxide nanoparticles are prepared via sol–gel method and fabricated Ag-doped MgO-modified electrodes for investigating its electrochemical determination of resorcinol (RS) and RS degradation as measured with photocatalytic activity in the visible region. A number of characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), UV–Vis spectroscopy, XPS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to confirm the optical properties, composition and morphology of synthesised Ag doped MgO nanoparticles. While the crystalline size of the synthesised nanoparticles was found to be 28 nm, the strong XRD peaks indicate the high crystallinity of the particles. The detection and quantification limits of the fabricated electrode are found to be 20.2 µM and 61.3 µM, respectively. The correlation value (R2) was ~ 0.99. Pure resorcinol exhibits a maximum absorption peak at 283 nm in its UV–visible spectrum. From the discoloration of resorcinol within 60 min, it can be shown that the synthesised material has a capability to degrade resorcinol effectively in the presence of sodium borohydride. The synthesised Ag-doped MgO nanoparticles degraded the RS with 98% efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric ceramic materials are well-recognized in the semiconductor industry because of their exceptional thermal stability, chemical resistance, and crystallinity. Despite their potential applications, these are also demanded in wireless communication. This paper reports the structural, morphological, and dielectric properties of sol-gel-derived CaZnAl2O4 ceramic nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis exhibited the polycrystalline characteristic of the CaZnAl2O4 nanoparticles with their crystallite size of 13 nm. Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the relevant vibration peaks of various functional groups present in the ceramic nanoparticles. Surface morphology study demonstrated the preparation of spherical grains with their mean diameter of 16 nm. The concentric rings also confirm the crystallinity of the nanoparticles as appeared in the selected-area diffraction pattern. Furthermore, dielectric properties investigation showed the variation of dielectric permittivity from 23.76 to 21.67 as a function of increased frequency. Similarly, the dielectric loss is found to decrease from 0.047 to 0.039. As a result, the conductivity increased from 1.324 μS/m to 3.639 μS/m as a function of applied frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the prototype fabrication and characterization of microstrip patch antenna using the sol-gel derived composite nanoparticles of vanadium pentoxide oxide (V2O5) and zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4). The prepared composite nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which exhibited the dominant peaks of ZnAl2O4 and V2O5. The crystallite size of the nanoparticles was estimated to be 16 nm. The sample was also studied using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to examine the functional groups morphology and elemental composition present in the composite nanoparticles. Further, these nanoparticles were employed in fabricating the prototype microstrip patch antenna to evaluate its characteristics. The fabricated antenna showed its return loss of -17.13 dB at a resonant frequency of 4.64 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in powder form is broadly used as bone cement in orthopedic applications due to its expanded mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. In this study, a hybrid PMMA biopolymer nanocomposite is developed by the supplement of graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) powders of nano-size with combined loadings ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 weight %. Both materials were applied uniformly to reinforce commercial bone cement made of polymethylmethacrylate. The findings showed that adding 1.5 wt.% of combined HA and GnP nanoparticles to the powder of PMMA bone cement resulted in the expansion of flexural strength by 49.28%, the flexural modulus by 30.80%, the compression strength by 31.7%, and the compression modulus by 57.41%. The nanocomposite was characterized using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDS), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the distribution of reinforced nanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the prepared samples and fractured surface shows the proper dispersion of nanofillers into the matrix phase and possible reasons behind fracture. The inclusion of GnP and HA in the PMMA enhances the mechanical performances required for biomedical components. Also, the SEM findings of the mechanically tested broken surface of the polymer nanocomposite samples demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed material for joint replacement surgical procedures and orthopedic implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a is a second‐generation, lipophilic, chlorin‐based photosensitizer currently used for various types of solid cancer including breast, esophageal, neck, and head cancer, etc. The aim of the present work was to develop a sensitive and robust reversed‐phase–high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection method for the determination of 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a to explore in vitro‐based applications including encapsulation, loading, drug release, and stability studies, and also could be utilized for the selective analysis of 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a from developed lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticle. The developed reversed‐phase–high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and robustness as per standard guidelines. The developed method exhibited linearity ranging from 50 to 2000 ng/ml with an R2 value of 0.999. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation value of the developed method was found to be 14.03 and 42.80 ng/ml, respectively. Also, degradation studies revealed that 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a degraded quickly under basic conditions compared to other stability conditions (i.e., acidic, oxidative, temperature, etc.). Furthermore, the developed drug‐loaded lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticle showed an average size of 123.03 nm (polydispersity index = 0.253) with an encapsulation efficiency of 70.23%. Cell cytotoxicity assay of lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticle showed significant cancer cell death equivalent to 2‐fold higher than the free drug. In conclusion, the developed reversed‐phase–high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection analytical method was found to be sensitive and reliable for the determination of free 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a and 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a content in loaded lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticle. Thereby, opening the avenues for future research to explore the detailed physiochemical and formulation designing for the 2‐[1‐hexyloxyethyl]‐2‐devinyl pyropheophorbide‐a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ferroelectricity of multivalent codoped Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3; BFO) nanoparticles (NPs) is revealed and utilized for photocatalysis, exploiting their narrow electronic bandgap. The photocatalytic activity of ferroelectric photocatalysts BiFe0.95Mn0.05O3 (BFM) NPs and mono‐, di‐, or tri‐valent cations (Ag+, Ca2+, Dy3+; MDT) coincorporated BFM NPs are studied under ultrasonication and in acidic conditions. It is found that such doping enhances the photocatalytic activity of the ferroelectric NPs approximately three times. The correlation of the photocatalytic activity with structural, optical, and electrical properties of the doped NPs is established. The increase of spontaneous polarization by the mono‐ and tri‐valent doping is one of the major factors in enhancing the photocatalytic performance along with other factors such as stronger light absorption in the visible range, low recombination rate of charge carriers, and larger surface area of NPs. A‐site doping of BFO NPs by divalent elements suppresses the polarization, whereas trivalent (Dy3+) and monovalent (Ag+) cations provide an increase of polarization. The depolarization field in these single domain NPs acts as a driving force to mitigate recombination of the photoinduced charge carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar distillation is a promising self-sustainable technique for achieving potable water in remote locations in an economical and eco-friendly manner. However, low productivity is the drawback of the traditional solar stills to meet the increasing demand of portable water. During the recent past, research, development, and demonstration in several directions including design, climatic and operation parameters have been enumerated to enhance the productivity of solar still. Using the paraffin wax (PCM) incorporated in the stepped design, the productivity has enhancement by 67.18%. Dual slope solar still with paraffin (PCM) and dispersed with Cu nanoparticles yields higher by 125% than the conventional design. An increase in productivity by 21.5% has been reported when nanoparticles are mixed with PCM. Active integration revealed that PVT-FPCs integrated system using CuO-based nanofluid yields ∼ 32% higher than the system operating without nanofluid. The active solar still embedded with U tube evacuated collector (ETC) yields higher by 50.97% and 55.24%, respectively, compared to the PVT-FPC, PVT-CPC integrated system. Adding PCM with still coupled with concentrator shows the increase in yield by 26%. The results reported by researchers revealed that active designs of solar still incorporated with PCMs and nanoparticles could magnify the productivity effectively and a prominent solution to meet scarcity of fresh water. The conclusions drawn from this review would facilitate the future researchers in selecting and incorporating appropriate modifications in the configuration of solar still with new phase change materials (PCMs) with nanomaterials to compete with the existing and future technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in ChemCatChem, explores the electrocatalytic activity of bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanoparticles (NPs) doped with manganese (Mn) for the hydrogen evolution reaction. The researchers found that the activity of the NPs improved when mono-, di-, and tri-valent cations were substituted at the Bi site. This enhancement was attributed to a reduction in charge transfer resistance, increased surface area, and the introduction of novel active sites through the dopants. The unique morphology, varied pore sizes, and surface defects of the NPs also contributed to reducing the kinetic overpotential. For more information, readers can refer to the research article by Astita Dubey et al. [Extracted from the article]

Zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4) is a well-recognized ceramic demanded in several microwave applications. Further, the addition of dielectric materials in ZnAl2O4 improved its dielectric properties, which is promising for the realization of a microstrip patch antenna. This article reports the investigation of ZnAl2O4TiO2 (ZAT) dielectric ceramic nanoparticles synthesized by the sol–gel process. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the prepared nanoparticles, with a tetragonal structure of anatase-, and rutile-TiO2 phases coexisting with the cubic phase of ZnAl2O4. The estimated crystallite size of the dielectric ceramic is 13.3 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs demonstrated the spherical grains with their mean diameter of 14.75 nm, whereas the selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern endorsed the crystallinity of the sample. Raman measurement revealed the vibrational modes in accordance with the TiO2 and ZnAl2O4 compounds. The dielectric properties of the ZAT sample showed the dielectric permittivity in the range of 22.12–21.63, with its minimum loss from 0.056 to 0.041. Finally, a prototype microstrip antenna was fabricated using the prepared nanoparticles, which demonstrated a return loss of − 30.72 dB at the resonant frequency of 4.85 GHz with its bandwidth of 830 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, Ni0.6Cd0.4DyxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed that the pure and dysprosium substituted Ni–Cd ferrites are in single-phase spinel structures, while a trace of DyFeO3 appears as a minor phase for higher concentrations (x = 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20). The Debye–Scherrer's method and Williamson–Hall (W-H) method were used to evaluate the crystallite sizes and lattice strain. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that reduction of grain size with Dy3+ content. Elemental composition features of samples were examined by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The average particles size estimated from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis is in good agreement with results obtained from XRD. The results showed that saturation magnetization (Ms) decreases and coercivity (Hc) increases with an increase in Dy3+ concentrations. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing Dy content in Ni–Cd ferrites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A water soluble Pt(IV) prodrug of cisplatin was synthesized by oxidation of cisplatin followed by treatment with succinic anhydride to achieve easily reducible ester linkage at axial positions which was evidenced from cyclic voltammetric analyses. Because of this modification the Pt(IV) prodrug achieved better physicochemical and pharmacological properties like water solubility and reduced toxicity for normal (non-cancerous) CHO cells respectively, as compared to cisplatin. Later, this Pt(IV) prodrug was loaded on 2-deoxy- D -glucose (2DG) functionalized over silica coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to achieve the desired formulation. It exhibited potency as evidenced from the cytotoxicity evaluation against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines (IC50 ∼ 14 μM). This encouraged us to further study the percentage viability, apoptosis and cell death evaluations on MCF-7, Colo-205 and CHO cells by flow cytometry. The cytotoxic potency of the formulation towards cancer cells, Colo-205 and MCF-7 (22–30% apoptosis), was revealed while the parent formulation was non-toxic to non-cancerous, CHO cell lines (3% apoptosis) as compared to cisplatin. It revealed that the formulation is comparable to cisplatin in its cell killing efficiency. Additionally the FITC labeled MNPs coated with 2DG exhibited efficient cell uptake and fast internalization (within 3 h) accumulating mainly in the cytoplasm and at the cell surface. Besides this, the formulation exhibited heating efficacy suggesting its possible application for hyperthermia treatment also. These results indicate the possible utility of the formulation for site specific delivery of the Pt(IV) prodrug of cisplatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cost effective and environmental friendly sol-gel autocombustion technique has been used to synthesize spinel ferrite nanoparticles of NixZn1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0). They were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). While their magnetic properties have been measured at room temperature using a Magnetic Properties Measurement System (MPMS) quantum design magnetometer, the LCR meter (PSM 1735, NumetriQ 4th Ltd U.K.) has been used to study their dielectric properties with variable frequency in the range, 1 Hz-5 MHz. The XRD analysis suggests the presence of cubic spinel structure of ferrites with an average crystallite size of 45-79 nm. The dielectric constant and loss tangent of the samples show a normal dielectric behavior. The variation of dielectric behavior with the frequency is due to the Maxwell-Wagner type interfacial polarization and hopping of electrons between the Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. The magnetic studies reveal that addition of Zn2+ drastically affects the magnetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study attempt was made to synthesize iron nanoparticles in the presence of alumina (Al-nZVI) by sodium borohydride reduction process. The composite adsorbent has been characterized using various analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy which showed that iron nanoparticles were partially dispersed on alumina surface, with their diameter being in the range 40-100 nm. The batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the effect of different parameters. The maximum removal of fluoride was obtained at optimal condition of pH 5.0 and dose = 1.8 g/L and was observed to be 94% with contact time of 60 min at 40 °C and initial concentration of 2 mg/L. The adsorption data fitted that pseudo second order kinetics and followed Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 10.06 mg/g. Thermodynamic study revealed exothermic nature of adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) in suspension form were reported as very efficient extreme pressure (EP) additive in 150 N API Group II oil in our earlier work. The less stability of a nanosuspension due to agglomeration of NPs beyond 3 wt%, however, was a major issue, which needed to be addressed for its possible industrial exploitation in lubricants. Using another additive, eg polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSI), as a dispersant appeared to be a plausible solution. Its inclusion (1 wt%) increased the stability of the oil by a factor of 4. It was necessary to investigate, however, whether it influenced other properties synergistically or antagonistically. The present paper highlights the positive and negative aspects of inclusion of PIBSI on the tribo‐performance (EP and anti‐wear) of the nano‐PTFE‐based oils. A series of nano‐PTFE oils (1%‐6%) stabilised with PIBSI (1%) were developed and evaluated for EP and anti‐wear performance. The PIBSI‐PTFE combination clearly showed antagonistic behaviour due to competition for film formation on the surfaces. However, with an increase in concentration of NPs, the film formation mechanism was dominated by them. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used for the examination of the topography and surface chemistry of the protective films formed on the steel specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phonon-plasmon interaction in inhomogeneous piezosemiconductor embedded with a nanoparticle cluster is examined using hydrodynamic model of plasma and macroscopic model of piezoelectric media. Present work dealt with the extensive investigation of acoustic wave amplification characteristics. The effects of density gradient δ and non-dimensional parameter l related to nanoparticle cluster on acoustic gain have been studied with varying medium electron density n0e, wave frequency ω and velocity ratio ϑ0/ϑs. The results so obtained, infer that the varying inhomogeneity and presence of nanoparticle cluster within the semiconductor plasma medium play decisive role in depicting the gain characteristics of acoustic wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report the synthesis of cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) nanoparticles modified vertically oriented aligned titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanotube arrays through wet chemical treatment of TiO 2 nanotubes and their multi-functional application as enhanced photo electrochemical and hydrogen generation. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The structural characterization revealed that the admixed Cu 2 O nanoparticles on the TiO 2 surface did not alter its crystalline structure of vertically oriented aligned TiO 2 nanotube. The photocatalytic performance and hydrogen generation of as synthesized Cu 2 O nanoparticles modified aligned TiO 2 nanotube was found to highly depend on the Cu 2 O content. The optical characterizations reveal that the presence of Cu 2 O nanoparticles extends its absorption into the visible region which improves the photocurrent density in comparison to pristine aligned TiO 2 nanotubes electrodes due to enhanced photoactivity and better charge separation. The optimum photocurrent density and hydrogen generation rate has been found to be 3.4 mA cm −2 and 127.5 μmole cm −2 h −1 in 1 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte solution under 1.5 AM solar irradiance of white light with illumination intensity of 100 mW cm −2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment and water purification have always posed challenges to mankind and this problem has become severe with escalating population and industrialization. This topic has attracted the global scientific community. Activated carbon adsorption became popular choice for water purification but its high cost prompted scientific workers to search for its alternates. In that series, several materials including minerals, waste materials, cellulosic materials, etc. were also applied as adsorbents. Recently, especially after advent of nano technology, there was a shift toward application of nano materials as ‘adsorbents’ and the term was coined as ‘nano adsorbents’. Present review has been focussed on the application of common nano materials for the removal of metallic species which are found in aqueous environment. The ‘most common’ metallic species are As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Ni. Sb, Pd, Pt, U and Th are the other miscellaneous metallic species where nano particles are applied for their removal from aqueous solutions and water. We have critically discussed the articles published recently on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electron-electron two-stream instability has been studied in two-valley n-GaAs embedded with nanoparticle (NP) cluster. We considered polar optical phonon as the dominant intravalley scattering mechanism and drifted Maxwellian to approximate the distribution of carriers between each valley. We derived the dispersion relation for electrostatic wave using hydrodynamic model of plasmas. While investigating temporal behaviour, we found two novel modes of propagation. These two novel modes are found to be evanescent by nature and propagate with equal phase velocities, but in opposite directions. The pre-existing modes retained their profile structures even in the presence of NP cluster. On the other hand, in the case of convective instability, no new modes are obtained but the propagation and gain profiles of the preexisting modes are significantly modified by the presence of NP cluster in the host medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the applicability of Box–Behnken design matrix and response surface methodology (RSM) for removal of chromium (VI) over γ-alumina nanoparticles in designing the experiments to evaluate the interactive effects of the three most important process variables namely, pH (2.0–10.0), adsorbent dose (0.2–1.0 mg/l) and initial concentration of metal ions (5–25 ppm) on the removal. The optimal conditions for the three effective parameters, thus identified, were found to be: pH 2.03, initial metal concentration 5 ppm, adsorbent dose 0.9170 g/50 ml with the desirability score of 1.00. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order model were ascertained to be more appropriate for the process of removal. The process of Cr removal by nano-alumina was feasible, exothermic and spontaneous in nature. The response surface methodology provided important information on interactions between the factors and is recommended for similar adsorption systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study of three nanoparticles Zn, ZnO and CuO doped in Nematic Liquid Crystal Polymer System (NLCPS) with different concentration was studied. The NLCPS combines the orientational ordering properties of liquid crystals, polymer and nanoparticles. The investigations were performed using Polarizing Microscopic Studies (PMS) and Fabry Perot Spectroscopic Studies (FPSS). After doping Zn, ZnO and CuO nanoparticles with liquid crystal polymer system, the response was studied at high temperature. The phase transition temperatures obtained by FPSS were confirmed by PMS. LCPS is useful for displays and may also be used for tunable wavelength filters, tunable liquid-crystal lenses and polarization-independent phase modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gemcitabine (2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine; dFdC) is an efficacious anticancer agent acting against a wide range of solid tumors, including pancreatic, non-small cell lung, bladder, breast, ovarian, thyroid and multiple myelomas. However, short plasma half-life due to metabolism by cytidine deaminase necessitates administration of high dose, which limits its medical applicability. Further, due to its hydrophilic nature, it cannot traverse cell membranes by passive diffusion and, therefore, enters via nucleoside transporters that may lead to drug resistance. To circumvent these limitations, macromolecular prodrugs and nanocarrier-based formulations of Gemcitabine are gaining wide recognition. The nanoformulations based approaches by virtue of their controlled release and targeted delivery have proved to improve bioavailability, increase therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects of the drug. Furthermore, the combination of Gemcitabine with other anticancer agents as well as siRNAs using nanocarriers has also been investigated in order to enhance its therapeutic potential. This review deals with challenges and recent advances in the delivery of Gemcitabine with particular emphasis on macromolecular prodrugs and nanomedicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop PEGylated nanoparticles of bendamustine (BM) to improve therapeutic efficiency of drug and reduce the side-effects. The nanoparticles were prepared by a modified diffusion–emulsification method. The particle size and zeta potential of optimized BM-loaded PEGylated NPs were found to be 256 nm and −29.1 mV. Thein vitrorelease showed biphasic behavior, with initial burst release followed by slow sustained delivery. The anti-tumor activity was determined using the A- 549 cell line, by the MTT assay. The stability study revealed that the nanoparticles prepared were stable for 3 months at both 25°C and 4°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Cisplatin is one of the most potent chemotherapeutic agents acting against a variety of tumors, however, its use is mainly limited due to the dose limiting toxicities and acquired resistance to cisplatin. Folate functionalized albumin nanoparticles were developed for targeted delivery of drug to limit the adverse effects of cisplatin. Main methods Cisplatin loaded nanoparticles functionalized with folate (CP-FA-BSA-NPs) were developed and characterized for various parameters. In order to investigate the targeting ability of folate conjugated nanoparticles, in vitro cellular uptake study was performed in folate receptor over expressing cells (MCF-7). Further, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, plasma creatinine level, body weight and kidney weight of the mice were measured followed by histopathological examination of various tissues to have an insight into the potential of developed formulation in the reduction of drug associated adverse effects. Key findings The cellular uptake studies demonstrated higher internalization of folate conjugated nanoparticles as compared to plain counterpart (CP-BSA-NPs). Following two cycles of cisplatin treatment, a week apart, BUN and plasma creatinine level were found to be significantly higher in case of free cisplatin as compared to saline, CP-BSA-NPs and CP-FA-BSA-NPs treated groups. Body weight and kidney weight of free cisplatin treated mice were significantly reduced as compared to other group. Histopathological examination of kidney from CP-BSA-NPs and CP-FA-BSA-NPs treated groups revealed no kidney damage, however, a sign of nephrotoxicity was observed in the case of free cisplatin. Significance The results demonstrated the potential of developed formulation in reducing the adverse effects of cisplatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gemcitabine is one of the most potent anticancer agents acting on a wide range of solid tumors, however, its use is limited by short half life and high dose leading to serious side effects. The present investigation describes the development and characterization of folate functionalized gemcitabine loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (Fa-Gem-BSANPs). The nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation cross-linking technique and characterized for various parameters including morphology, particle size, zeta potential, drug loading and release profile. The particle size of Gem-BSANPs and Fa-Gem-BSANPs was found to be 159.1 ± 5.29 and 208.7 ± 1.80 nm, respectively. DSC and XRD analysis indicated amorphous nature of the drug within the particles. The encapsulated gemcitabine exhibited less hemolytic properties as compared to native drug. The anticancer activity of Fa-Gem-BSANPs was evaluated in folate receptor over expressing cell lines (Ovcar-5 and MCF-7) and folate receptor deficient cell line (MIAPaCa-2). The Fa-Gem-BSANPs showed superior anticancer activity as compared to Gem-BSANPs in Ovcar-5 and MCF-7 cells while no significant difference in cytotoxicity was found with MIAPaCa-2 cells. Confocal microscopy indicated facilitated intracellular uptake of Fa-Gem-BSANPs in MCF-7, which in turn result in a higher potential for apoptosis. Further, Fa-Gem-BSANPs exhibited improved anti-tumor activity in Ehrlich solid tumor model in mice. In conclusion, our study indicates that folate functionalized nanoparticles confer enhance cellular uptake and cytotoxicity for gemcitabine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper highlights the effect of varying nano-PTFE concentrations (0–6%) in 150 N API Group II oil on physical and tribological properties (based on Four-ball testers and SRV Optimol). The results showed that nano-PTFE particles at 3 wt% can significantly improve the weld load (5 times), as well as anti-wear and friction reduction properties of the virgin oil. The topography and surface chemistry of the specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis. A possible mechanism was proposed to explain the deterioration in performance beyond 3% of PTFE nano-particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The increasing applications of different nanomaterials in the myriad of nano-enabled products and their potential for leaching have raised considerable environmental, health and safety (EHS) concerns. As systematic studies investigating potential anomalies in the morphology and anatomy of crop plants are scarce, herein we report on the developmental responses of two agriculturally significant crop plants, maize (Zea mays L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), upon in vitro exposure to nanoparticles of citrate-coated silver (Citrate–nAg) and zinc oxide (nZnO). Analyses involve histology of the primary root morphology and anatomy using light microscopy, metal biouptake, moisture content, rate of germination, and root elongation. Comparative toxicity profiles of the ionic salts (AgNO3 and ZnSO4) are developed. Notably, we uncover structural changes in maize primary root cells upon exposure to Citrate–nAg, nZnO, AgNO3, and ZnSO4, possibly due to metal biouptake, suggesting potential for functional impairments in the plant growth and development. Citrate–nAg exposure results in lower Ag biouptake compared to AgNO3 treatment in maize. Microscopic evidence reveals ‘tunneling-like effect’ with nZnO treatment, while exposure to AgNO3 leads to cell erosion in maize root apical meristem. In maize, a significant change in metaxylem count is evident with Citrate–nAg, AgNO3, and ZnSO4 treatment, but not with nZnO treatment (p>0.1). In both maize and cabbage, measures of germination and root elongation reveal lower nanoparticle toxicity compared to free ions. As moisture data do not support osmotically-induced water stress hypothesis for explaining toxicity, we discuss other proximate mechanisms including the potential role of growth hormones and transcription factors. These findings highlight previously overlooked, anatomically significant effects of metal nanoparticles, and recommend considering detailed anatomical investigations in tandem with the standard developmental phytotoxicity assays (germination and root elongation) as the latter ones appear less sensitive for screening plant responses to nanomaterial insults. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This article is aimed to extend a simple protocol for preparation of various plant leaves extract and their application to green synthesis of the metallic nanoparticles. Five plant leaves extract showed mild reduction and stabilization ability for silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs) at room temperature. The particle size range varied from 25 to 42nm and 21 to 47nm for AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively. Plant leaves extract-mediated nanoparticles were characterized to confirm the shape, size, crystallinity, and content using different spectroscopic investigations. Differences in stability of nanoparticles at different pH were also measured by zeta potential. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: Neuroendocrine tumors often present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We have aimed to synthesize and develop biodegradable nanoparticles of somatostatin analogue, octreotide for targeted therapy of human neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor. Methods: Direct solid phase peptide synthesis of octreotide was done. Octreotide loaded PCL/PEG nanoparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method and characterized for transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), Zeta potential measurement studies. The nanoparticles were evaluated in vitro for release studies and peptide content. For biological evaluations, receptor binding & cytotoxicity studies were done on BON-1 neuroendocrine tumor cell line. Biodistribution of radiolabeled peptide and nanoparticles, tumor regression studies were performed on tumor-bearing mouse models. Results: We have synthesized and purified octreotide with the purity of 99.96% in our laboratory. PEG/PCL nanoparticles with an average diameter of 130-195 nm having peptide loading efficiency of 66-84% with a negative surface charge were obtained with the formulation procedure. Octreotide nanoparticles have a negative action on the proliferation of BON-1 cells. In vivo biodistribution studies exhibited major accumulation of octreotide nanoparticles in tumor as compared to plain octreotide. Octreotide nanoparticles inhibited tumor growth more efficiently than free octreotide. Conclusions: Thus, it was concluded that the PCL/PEG nanoformulation of octreotide showed high tumor uptake due to the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect and then peptide ligand imparts targetability to the sst2 receptor and there by showing increase tumor growth inhibition. Selective entry of nanoparticles to the tumor also give the reduce side effects both in vivo and in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the potential of surface functionalized gelatin nanoparticles ( f-GNPs) for efficient macrophage-specific delivery of amphotericin B (AmB) in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Further, the effect of spacer for macrophage targeting was also evaluated. Gelatin was functionalized either through conjugation to mannose via direct coupling (mGelatin) or via PEG spacer (m-Gelatin), and the synthesis was confirmed by FTIR. AmB-loaded f-GNPs, that is, mGNPs and m-GNPs prepared from mGelatin and m-Gelatin conjugates, respectively, were characterized. In vitro concanavalin A (Con-A) agglutination assay confirmed the availability of mannose on the surface of these f-GNPs. Kinetics of cellular uptake of AmB-loaded f-GNPs by J774A.1 macrophage cells assessed through flow cytometry demonstrated a steady increase and maximum cell-associated fluorescence was observed at 4h for m-GNPs and 6 h for m-GNPs. Measurement of cytotoxicity using Annexin-V–FITC/PI apoptosis assay delineated marginal changes (7–9%) in treated macrophages following 48 h incubation, establishing the safety of f-GNPs. m-GNPs showed a 5.4-fold reduction in IC50 in comparison with plain AmB suggesting significant enhancement of antileishmanial activity. Our results indicate that f-GNPs could be a promising carrier for specific delivery of AmB to macrophages for effective treatment of VL. Furthermore, spacer contributed significantly in reducing the cytotoxicity as well as increasing the uptake and activity of f-GNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnTe nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical synthesis method, which is based on the chemical replacement reaction between the chemical compounds. Structural analysis of ZnTe nanoparticles has been performed by using x-ray diffraction techniques. It has been found that the average particle size is 2.6 nm using uv-vis spectroscopy. DC and AC electrical conductivities of ZnTe nanoparticles have been studied. Conduction mechanism is described in brief. The activation energies have also been determined. The results indicate that ZnTe behaves as a semiconducting material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a minimally invasive procedure for treating cancer. The two significant prerequisites of PTT are the photothermal therapeutic agent (PTA) and near-infrared radiation (NIR). The PTA absorbs NIR, causing hyperthermia in the malignant cells. This increased temperature at the tumor microenvironment finally results in tumor cell damage. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in PTT, aiding in the passive and active targeting of the PTA to the tumor microenvironment. Through enhanced permeation and retention effect and surface-engineering, specific targeting could be achieved. This novel delivery tool provides the advantages of changing the shape, size, and surface attributes of the carriers containing PTAs, which might facilitate tumor regression significantly. Further, inclusion of surface engineering of nanoparticles is facilitated through ligating ligands specific to overexpressed receptors on the cancer cell surface. Thus, transforming nanoparticles grants the ability to combine different treatment strategies with PTT to enhance cancer treatment. This review emphasizes properties of PTAs, conjugated biomolecules of PTAs, and the combinatorial techniques for a better therapeutic effect of PTT using the nanoparticle platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research herein includes methodology for eco-friendly preparation of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using the broad-spectrum antibiotic, Megamox (Mega.). Characterization of SeNPs was done using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, DLS and TEM imaging. Additionally, the immunomodulatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of both SeNPs and Mega. were checked against different strains of bacteria and fungi. TEM and DLS images showed that SeNPs are polydisperse spheres with mean diameter of 22.4 nm. FTIR analysis indicated that the hydroxyl and nitrogen moieties in Mega. were effective for reduction plus binding manner. According to the results of the nitro blue tetrazolium reduction test, both SeNPs and Mega. presented high intracellular killing activity, which confirmed their immunostimulatory effect. Antioxidant activity of SeNPs and Mega. were 90 and 82 %, respectively. SeNPs presented great activity facing multi-drug resistant bacteria and TB. SeNPs are considered promising cost-effective and eco-friendly anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agents that can represent a new potential nano-platform in both medical and infectious diseases control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schematic illustration of the effects of inhibiting miR-17 in microglia of 5XFAD mouse brains in vivo. Anti-17 MLNPs injected through the cisterna magna in 5XFAD mice are attached to mannose receptors on the surface of microglia and internalized. This leads to a significant and specific downregulation of miR-17 in microglia. Notably, Amyloid-beta loads in the brain are significantly reduced. MiR-17 inhibition in turn, decreases immune cell activation and infiltration, dampens neuroinflammation and reduces microglial ASC expression. Subsequently, the expression of synaptic genes is improved in 5XFAD mouse brains. Importantly, the behavior and memory of 5XFAD mice are improved. [Display omitted] • Mannose lipid nanoparticles selectively deliver miR-17 inhibitor, antagomir, to the microglia of 5XFAD mice when injected via intracisternal magna. • Inhibition of miR-17 in microglia decreases microglia and immune cell activation in the brains of 5XFAD mice. • Inhibition of miR-17 in microglia dampens neuroinflammation and decreases amyloid beta deposition. • Microglial miR-17 inhibition in 5XFAD mice improved synaptic function and resulted in better anxiety and spatial memory behavioral tests performance. Neuroinflammation and accumulation of Amyloid Beta (Aβ) accompanied by deterioration of special memory are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Effective preventative and treatment options for AD are still needed. Microglia in AD brains are characterized by elevated levels of microRNA-17 (miR-17), which is accompanied by defective autophagy, Aβ accumulation, and increased inflammatory cytokine production. However, the effect of targeting miR-17 on AD pathology and memory loss is not clear. To specifically inhibit miR-17 in microglia, we generated mannose-coated lipid nanoparticles (MLNPs) enclosing miR-17 antagomir (Anti-17 MLNPs), which are targeted to mannose receptors readily expressed on microglia. We used a 5XFAD mouse model (AD) that recapitulates many AD-related phenotypes observed in humans. Our results show that Anti-17 MLNPs, delivered to 5XFAD mice by intra-cisterna magna injection, specifically deliver Anti-17 to microglia. Anti-17 MLNPs downregulated miR-17 expression in microglia but not in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Anti-17 MLNPs attenuated inflammation, improved autophagy, and reduced Aβ burdens in the brains. Additionally, Anti-17 MLNPs reduced the deterioration in spatial memory and decreased anxiety-like behavior in 5XFAD mice. Therefore, targeting miR-17 using MLNPs is a viable strategy to prevent several AD pathologies. This selective targeting strategy delivers specific agents to microglia without the adverse off-target effects on other cell types. Additionally, this approach can be used to deliver other molecules to microglia and other immune cells in other organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comprehensive review of iron nanoparticle transport through porous media. • Multiple concurrent phenomena may be responsible for nanoparticle retention. • Continuum modelling tools helps in designing robust remediation plan. Injection of surface modified zero valent iron nanoparticles for in situ remediation of soil, contaminated with an array of pollutants has attracted great attention due to the high reactivity of zero valent iron towards a broad range of contaminants, its cost effectiveness, minimal physical disruption and low toxicity. The effectiveness of this technology relies on the stability and mobility of injected iron nanoparticles. Hence the development of a modelling tool capable of predicting nZVI transport is indispensable. This review provides state of the art knowledge on the mobility of iron nanoparticles in porous media, mechanisms involved in subsurface retention of nZVI based on continuum models and field scale application. Special attention is given to the identification of the influential parameters controlling the transport potential of iron nanoparticles and the available numerical models for the simulation of laboratory scale transport data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the cubic spinel manganese‐zinc ferrite nanoparticle is synthesized by the sol–gel auto combustion method. It is the simple chemical route and low‐cost method for the formation of manganese zinc ferrite nanoparticles. Structural and morphological studies of the synthesized manganese‐zinc ferrite nanoparticles are done by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microsccopy (SEM). The X‐ray diffraction results indicate that the ferrite sample has a cubic spinel type structure with Fd3m space group. The average crystallite size of the synthesized manganese zinc ferrite nanoparticles is found to be 34 nm as determined by Debye–Scherrer equation. Two well‐known absorption bands at 467 and 558 cm−1, in FTIR spectroscopy data also confirm the cubic spinel structure in the prepared samples. Morphological studies by SEM exposed formation of largely agglomerated and well‐defined nanoparticles of the sample. From the magnetization data, parameters like magnetization, coercivity, remanance magnetization, and squareness ratio are calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products have been widely explored since ancient times to heal human diseases. Due to their biological activities and relative safety, natural products have found applications in functional foods, medicine, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. However, applications are often limited by poor aqueous solubility, instability and poor bioavailability following oral administration. For instance, many natural products exhibit excellent in vitro pharmacological activity, and no or less in vivo activity as a result of poor gastrointestinal absorption. Here we review techniques and materials for bioavailability enhancement such as particle size reduction, surfactant use, pH change, solid dispersion, cyclodextrin complexation, phytosome technology, solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposome and polymeric nanoparticles. Natural substances include quercetin, naringenin, curcumin, hesperetin, andrographolide, ellagic acid, resveratrol, bilobalide sinomenine, genistein, ginkgolide and glycyrrhizin. The clinical use of piperine as bio-enhancer with rifampicin is key achievement in the treatment of tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental implantology has witnessed substantial progress in recent years, driven by a growing emphasis on optimizing bone regeneration around dental implants. Nanoparticles have emerged as a potential tool for enhancing osseointegration and bone tissue regeneration. Materials and Methods: This human clinical trial enrolled 60 adult participants requiring dental implants. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a control group receiving conventional dental implants, and an experimental group receiving dental implants with nanoparticle-coated surfaces. Radiographic imaging, histological analysis of bone biopsies, and implant stability assessments were conducted at three and six months post-implantation. Results: Histological examination of bone biopsies revealed a statistically significant increase in new bone formation in the experimental group compared to the control group at both three and six months (P < 0.05). Radiographic assessment demonstrated a 25% higher bone density around nanoparticle-coated implants (P < 0.01) at the six-month mark. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) measurements indicated a 20% greater stability in the experimental group (P < 0.05) at the same time point. Conclusion: This human clinical trial provides strong evidence that the incorporation of nanoparticles on dental implant surfaces enhances bone regeneration and osseointegration in a human population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru NPs) of different sizes prepared using leaf extracts of fishtail fern (Nephrolepis biserrata), sago palm (Cycas revoluta), rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) and holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) in methanol exhibited pronounced antifungal (against Aspergillus flavus) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, SO, OH). The synthesized Ru NPs were characterized using FTIR, UV-visible spectra, fluorescence and XRD. A tentative synthetic mechanism of NPs has been hypothesized via redox mechanism. A correlation between size of nanoparticles and plant groups has also been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present research, etoricoxib nanoparticles were prepared using newly developed ultrasonication assisted solvent-antisolvent method. Neem gum (NGP) and their semisynthetic derivatives NGP-g-Am (acrylamide graft copolymer of neem gum) and CMNGP (carboxymethylated neem gum) were used to provide stability to drug nanoprecipitates. In this research response surface methodology based on 3 2 factorial design was utilized to evaluate the effect of two independent variables (concentration of drug and polymer) over size and entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles (dependent variables). When compared with pure drug nanocrystals, polymer stabilized molecular composite nanoparticles were of smaller size and spherical shape. CMNGP stabilized composite nanoparticles shown smaller size hence better performance in terms of solubility and dissolution rate as compared to NGP and NGP-g-Am. As shown by zeta seizer analysis for the same concentration of drug and stabilizer, size of nanoparticles were found in the range of NGP-g-Am > NGP > CMNGP and reverse case was observed for dissolution rate. Contact angle determination easily predict better hydrophilicity of CMNGP than NGP followed by NGP-g-Am. DSC thermogram predict the amorphous nature of CMNGP than NGP and NGP-g-Am. SEM revealed spherical shaped and non-aggregation of nanoparticles. Prepared nanosuspension show no aggregation and Ostwald repining after 45 days when ultrasonicated for 5 s. t 90% of optimized formulations of NGP (N9), NGP-g-Am (A8) and CMNGP (C1) was found to be 249.46 min, 296.63 min and 223.39 min and followed 1° order, Higuchi and 1° order kinetics of drug, respectively. Similarity factor analysis predict that release pattern of drug from three different polymer stabilized nanoparticles are significantly differ to each other. Particle size of nanoparticles was studied in presence of solvent and findings showed no change in size after 45 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as cutting-edge technology with multifarious applications in a wide array of fields. Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNP) are an upcoming cost effective and eco-friendly technique and recently gained significant importance. In the present study, green FeNPs were prepared using leaf litter which is one of the major seasonal waste contributors in urban built-up areas. Shedding trees during winter months (January – March) were selected. Most abundant trees were Pongamia pinnata (Indian beech), Morus alba (mulberry), Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) and Kigelia africana (sausage tree). Synthesized FeNPs were further used for degrading two commercial dyes, eosin yellow and fuchsin basic, via Fenton's mechanism. The study showed that the prepared nanoparticles were of iron oxides, but also reported presence of polyphenols as a capping agent. Dye degradation efficiency of nanoparticles synthesized by P. pinnata leaf litter was recorded to be highest, whereas the efficiency of nanoparticles synthesized by K. africana leaf litter was lowest. Chances of iron leaching during dye degradation process was also tested and observed that Fe was present in treated water below the standard guidelines. Thus, FeNPs can serve as a low-cost solution to remediate water pollutants with a green approach. Implications: Nanoparticles prepared in the study were showed as a promising adsorbent and demonstrating high surface area and well-developed porosity. The prepared adsorbent will have a great impact on wastewater treatment technology and possible applications at a large scale. There are several applications of nanoparticles in pollution remediation and at the same time it can solve solid waste issues as it required to prepare nanoparticles. One of the major applications at policy level can be water pollution remediation which is urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of nanotechnology, many different forms of nanoparticles (NPs) are created, which specifically enhance anticancer drug delivery to tumour cells. Albumin bio-macromolecule is a flexible protein carrier for the delivery of drugs that is biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. As a result, it presents itself as an ideal material for developing nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery. Toxicological investigations demonstrated that this novel drug delivery technique is safe for use in the human population. Furthermore, drug compatibility with the albumin nanoparticle is remarkable. The robust structure of the nanoparticle, high drug encapsulation, and customisable drug release make it a promising carrier option for the treatment of lung cancer. In this review, we summarise human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin in the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to lung cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles from non-chemical resources has increased the drive toward understanding infection biology. Accordingly, we aimed to address the symbiotic antibiofilm effect of biogenic copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles with antimicrobials against multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) at the range from 2 to 128 µg/ml was calculated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria using a broth dilution method. Both nanoparticles have prime antibacterial activity compared with standard antibiotics (excluding against P.aeruginosa MTCC 741). A qualitative assessment of biofilm formation and collegial effect was performed using a modified test tube and the microtiter plate-based method by measuring the optical density and time kill of nanoparticles. The results demonstrated efficient antibiofilm activity of CuNPs in its lowest concentration than ZnONPs and antibiotics itself. In addition, significant enhancing antibiofilm effect was also shown by CuNPs in the presence of third generation antibiotics against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to investigate the effect of the nanoparticles on morphological changes of Staphylococcus aureus. Current data highlights, biogenic CuNPs and ZnONPs could be used as an adjuvant for antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]