Search

Increases in aquaculture production due to higher demand for aquatic foods result in an increase in the amount of aquaculture wastewater. This situation highlights the need for the effective treatment of wastewater in sustainable aquaculture. Today, instead of traditional physical and chemical methods in the treatment of wastewater originating from aquaculture, ecosystem-sensitive and by-product-oriented systems have begun to be adopted. The main principle of the zero-waste approach is the recycling of the nutrients in the wastewater to produce another food. In this new innovative approach, the production of other organisms from the different trophic levels using the wastewater of aquaculture in the integrated multi-trophic systems (such as aquaponics) is possible to recycle the nutrients. It has been considered the integrated multi-trophic systems (IMTA) more valuable as these systems can be used both in environment-friendly wastewater treatment and in the conversion of nutrients in wastewater to biomass. The nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater can be utilized to produce two organisms (i.e. fish+mussel) or three organisms (i.e. fish+mussel+seaweed) through IMTA. Aquaculture wastewater can be used to reduce the nutrients in constructed wetlands and plant lagoons representing the reasonable approach for sustainable aquaculture and wastewater treatment.Here, the innovative approach to sustainable aquaculture wastewater treatment was reviewed for the current and innovative technologies. It was emphasized that the need for environment-friendly wastewater treatment Technologies such as aquaponics, enlargement of constructed wetlands, or increase in using the integrated multi-trophic production systems (IMTA) in practice are recommended for sustainable aquaculture., Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğine artan gereksinime paralel olarak artan üretim miktarı, işletmelerin atık miktarında da doğrusal bir artışa neden olmaktadır. Bu durum, yoğun su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde atık suların etkin bir şekilde arıtımı konusunu öne çıkarmaktadır. Günümüzde su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği kaynaklı atık suların arıtımında, geleneksel fiziksel ve kimyasal yöntemlerin yerine, ekosisteme duyarlı ve besin zincirinin farklı seviyelerinde üretimi devreye sokan sistemler daha fazla benimsenmeye başlanmıştır. Atık su içinde bulunan besin elementlerinin farklı bir gıda üretimiyle döngüye katılması, sıfır atık yaklaşımının esasını oluşturmaktadır. Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği yapan işletmelerin çıkış sularını kullanan entegre üretim sistemleri (örneğin; akuaponik) atık içinde bulunan besin elementlerinin tekrar geri kazanımını sağlamaktadır. Entegre sistemler, su ürünleri atık sularının arıtımında hem atık içinde besin elementlerinin biyomasa dönüşümünü sağlamakta hem de çevreyle uyumlu arıtım yöntemi olarak değer kazanmaktadır. Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği çıkış suları, entegre sistemler yardımıyla balık yanında ikili (örneğin; balık+midye) ya da üçlü (örneğin; balık+midye+yosun) yetiştiricilikte kullanılabilmektedir. Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği çıkış sularının yapay sulak alanlarda ya da bitki lagünlerinde belli besin elementlerinin azaltılması amacıyla kullanılması da sürdürülebilir yetiştiricilik ve atık su arıtımı için uygun yaklaşımlar arasındadır.Bu derleme çalışmasında, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinden gelen atık suların arıtımına yönelik mevcut ve ekolojik bazda yenilikçi teknolojiler ele alınmış; sürdürülebilir su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği ve çevreyle uyumlu atık arıtımı için yapay sulak alanlar ve entegre multi-trofik yetiştiricilik sistemlerinin pratikte kullanımının artırılması gereği vurgulanmıştır.

The microbial quality of water is a critical safety aspect that should not be overlooked, especially when considering human consumption in the facilities for healthcare and the treatment of health compromised populations. The present work aimed to study a municipal network for city water within a healthcare facility microbiologically. The implementation of multivariate analysis was conducted over collected data to decipher trends of the microbiological count of samples from different points-of-use. The statistical study involved an Eigenvalue determination, score graph, loading plot study and outlier diagram. Data showed clustering tendency with aberrant values could be observed. The first component appeared to be associated with bioburden density in the water. While the other component showed a link to the relative locations of the distribution points in the facility and the length of the water lines from the source feeding city water to a great extent. The two components explained more than 55% of the variations in data. A property that highlighted a strong agreement between the order of points-of-use in the loading plot with that of ratio factor which was obtained from the Total Viable Count over the hypothetical distance of sampling port from the reference feeding entrance. Thus, there was evidence of variation in the microbial quality affected by the biological stability of the water distribution system that needed attention and an improvement plan for better control of microbial content in city water to prevent possible excursions in the future. The study showed a valuable perspective approach for the quantitative examination of the microbiological stability of the municipal water distribution network system.

Water treatment is essential in the provision of potable drinking water to communities. However, studies have shown that many local conventional drinking water treatment plants in Nigeria are ineffective in removing contaminants. This study evaluated the efficiency of drinking water from Wukari-Ibi plant by assessing water samples before and after treatment and comparing results to national and international drinking water standards. Forty water samples were collected and selected physical and biological parameters were determined according to standard laboratory procedures. The results indicated that after treatment, turbidity (6.74 NTU) and coliform count (17 cfu/100 mL) were still significantly greater than standard guidelines, which suggest that the treatment plant is unable to reduce the concentration of these contaminants to a safe level for consumption. Furthermore, assessing water at consumer taps indicated that broken distribution system is likely serving as a potential pathway for contamination. The plant removal efficiency of colour, turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, hardness, and coliform count was computed as 74.7%, 66.57%, 32.58%, 30.11%, and 59.88% respectively. Overall, the removal efficiency was 52.77% which is considered unacceptable for the supply of potable drinking water. The study concludes that cost and poor skilled personnel are the major factors in the inefficient treatment and therefore we suggest a low-cost treatment using activated carbon from locally sourced plants to be incorporated for effective removal of contaminants. There is also a need for government to invest in infrastructure and equipment so as to upgrade the treatment plant.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 340 million infection cases (as of 21 January 2022) and more than 5.57 million deaths globally. In reaction, science, technology and innovation communities across the globe have organised themselves to contribute to national responses to COVID-19 disease. A significant contribution has been from the establishment of wastewater-based epidemiological (WBE) surveillance interventions and programmes for monitoring the spread of COVID-19 in at least 55 countries. Here, we examine and share experiences and lessons learnt in establishing such surveillance programmes. We use case studies to highlight testing methods and logistics considerations associated in scaling the implementing of such programmes in South Africa, the Netherlands, Turkey and England. The four countries were selected to represent different regions of the world and the perspective based on the considerable progress made in establishing and implementing their national WBE programmes. The selected countries also represent different climatic zones, economies, and development stages, which influence the implementation of national programmes of this nature and magnitude. In addition, the four countries' programmes offer good experiences and lessons learnt since they are systematic, and cover extensive areas, disseminate knowledge locally and internationally and partnered with authorities (government). The programmes also strengthened working relations and partnerships between and among local and global organisations. This paper shares these experiences and lessons to encourage others in the water and public health sectors on the benefits and value of WBE in tackling SARS-CoV-2 and related future circumstances.

This study focuses on developing a novel foam material with ionic functional groups using the most abundant natural resource, cellulose, for the removal of heavy metals. Ionic functionalities were introduced to cellulose-based foam for increased affinity towards heavy metals. Based on the type of cellulose polymer used in the synthesis, four different cellulose based foam material batches were obtained, these are, activated cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and acetylated carboxymethyl cellulose based foam materials. Heavy metal removal capacity of each foam material was tested using cobalt as the model heavy metal. At pH of 6.5, foam dose of 10 g/L, and initial Co2+ concentration of 100 mg/L, heavy metal removal capacities of the foam samples varied between 2% to 36 %, while foam material produced by cellulose acetate revealed the highest removal efficiency, 36%. Co2+ removal efficiency of cellulose acetate based foam increased to 50% when 15 g/L of foam sample was used under otherwise the same experimental conditions. Adsorption behavior of the cellulose acetate based foam material was also studied, which suggested Sips isotherm model as the most suitable adsorption mechanism.

Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are efficient and low-cost adsorbent carbon-based materials for removing Pb(II) ions from wastewater. In this article, the adsorption performance of environmentally friendly graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, which shows high adsorption capacity for Pb(II) ions, has been compared for the first time to our knowledge. Besides, the various characterization techniques are used such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and described in detail as well. In addition, adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic studies are discussed to comprehend the adsorption process as well. From the adsorption isotherms, the maximum adsorption capacities of Pb(II) ions on GO and rGO calculated from the Langmuir (117.6 mg/g) and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms (138.5 mg/g), respectively, higher than reported studies in the literature. By thermodynamic investigation, it was found that the adsorption of Pb(II) ions on GO and rGO was spontaneous and exothermic. This study will be established as a basis for future studies and will be especially valuable in understanding the potential of graphene-based materials, which are rising stars that can be considered as promising and effective adsorbents in the removal of heavy metal ions from large volumes of aqueous solutions.

Monitoring water quality is one of the high priorities for the protection of water resources. Many different approaches are used to analyse and interpret the variables that determine the variance of water quality observed in various sources. Statistical methods, especially multivariate statistical techniques, constitute an important part of these approaches. In this study, ten water quality parameters, which were measured for twelve months from seven stations determined on Filyos River, were evaluated by carrying out principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) from multivariate statistical methods. In addition, dominant quality parameters designating the quality of the water source were determined. According to PCA results, 4 principal components contained the key variables and accounted for 69.49% of total variance of surface water quality from Filyos River. Dominant water quality parameters were observed to be temperature, EC, DO and pH. While the study revealed that the river is exposed to agricultural pollution alongside with the water quality character generated by the climatic conditions, it also suggested that multivariate statistical methods are useful tools in evaluating complex data sets such as water quality data, and monitoring the quality of water resources.

World Economy has been globalizing faster then ever as a result of the technological evolution. Increase of global trade brings the need of higher transportation capacity as bigger ships and port facilities. Port construction and expansion investments can be said to be supply to meet demand. Maritime safety is one of the factors affecting the zoning plan approval process in the port construction and extension investments. These factors mostly caused by the ship maneuver. One of the most widely used models is the Environmental Stress (ES) Model in risk assessment of navigation and ship maneuver. ES Model measures the risk occurring around the ship during the berthing / unberthing maneuvers performed in the simulation environment with the ports and ships that are modeled similar to the port project. But, it is not certain which parameter of the port project will be revised such as ship tonnageand length of the ship, port form and size etc. The main benefit of this study is taking precaution with measuring risk by specifying the risk factors and their weights using both ES Model and fuzzy logic method. Thus, the development plan and project evaluation process, which is under the duty and responsibility of the Turkish Ministry of Transport, will be carried out in terms of safety with the method proposed in this study. Another important contribution of this study is its originalty in terms of clarification of raw outputs of ES model reports by using fuzzy logic method in scientific literature. So, the revised port project will be realized by providing maritime safety. While port projects are approved by the Ministry of Transport within the scope of the legislation that determines the port planning process in question, the evaluation of Modeling Reports with fuzzy logic method will contribute to both fast and safe project design process.

Kırmızı et tüketimi insanların sağlıklı beslenmesinde ve ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyinin belirlenmesinde önemli bir faktördür. Bu çalışma Siirt ili Merkez ilçede kırmızı et tüketim alışkanlığını ve tüketimi etkileyen faktörleri incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Veriler tesadüfi örnekleme metoduyla belirlenen 161 kişi ile yüzyüze anket yapılarak elde edilmiştir. Deneklerin yaklaşık olarak yarısı kadınlardan oluşmakta ve çoğunluğu Siirt ilinde sadece ikamet ettiklerini belirtmiştir. Araştırmaya katılanların çoğunluğu lise-lisans derecesine sahip, evli ve orta yaşlı insanlardan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar genellikle koyun etini, orta fiyatlı etleri ve alım yeri olarak da kasabı tercih etmektedirler. Katılımcıların kırmızı eti tercih etmesinde alışkanlık başta olmak üzere lezzetli ve sağlıklı olması gibi faktörler de etkili olmuştur. Tüketiciler kırmızı et satın alırken alım yerinin hijyenik olmasına ve ürünlerin etiketli olmasına daha çok dikkat etmişlerdir. Tüketicilerin et tüketim miktarları üzerine ailedeki birey sayısı, aylık ortalama gelir ve aylık ortalama gıda harcaması etkili olmuştur. Sonuç olarak Siirt ilinde daha çok koyun etinin tüketildiği ve bu durumun bölgede küçükbaş hayvancılığın yaygın olmasından ve dolayısıyla alışkanlıktan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir., Red meat consumption is an important factor in healthy eating of people and determining the level of development of countries. This study was conducted to investigate the red meat consumption habits and the factors affecting red meat consumption in Siirt City Center. Data were obtained by surveying face to face from 161 people which are determined with random sampling method. Approximately half of the participants consisted of women and the majority stated that they lived only in Siirt province. The majority of the participants were married and middle-aged people with a high-school degree. Participants generally prefer sheep meat, medium-priced meats and butchers as their place of purchase. Factors such as being delicious and healthy, especially habit, were effective in the participants' preference for red meat. Consumers have paid more attention to the hygienic place of purchase and labeling of products when buying red meat. The number of individuals in the family, average monthly income and average monthly food expenditure were effective on the meat consumption of consumers. As a result, sheep meat is consumed more in Siirt province and this situation is thought to be due to the widespread sheep and goat breeding in the region.

In this paper, a remotely controllable, differentially driven wheeled mobile robot was developed in order to build 2D maps of unknown indoor environments; this system would eliminate the need to pre-explore such environments. Main aim of the study is to develop a system with high accuracy by using minimum number of sensors and a processor with low cost especially for comparatively small indoor areas. The distance traveled was calculated using the wheel odometry method. Obstacles surrounding the robot, the distance traveled, and the robot’s orientation were obtained using an ultrasonic distance sensor, optical encoder, and a 3D orientation sensor (also known as an Attitude and Heading Reference System –AHRS), respectively. In addition, the characteristics of the system hardware components were empirically explored, and the errors resulting from the sensors were evaluated. The non-linearity percentage error arising from the encoder was defined and then compensated for. The hysteresis behavior of the ultrasonic distance sensors was also empirically tested. All of the tasks were conducted by using a low-cost FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) board. This study used the graphical development platform, National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW, and it’s FPGA Module which is used for programming of embedded systems instead of the text-based HDLs (Hardware Description Languages). This distinguishes the proposed system from similar prior studies.

Oil pollution from ships is an important source of marine pollution and becomes an important problem all over the world. For this reason, every effort should be made to prevent oil spills and to remove them effectively as soon as pollution has emerged. In this respect, various computer simulations are used to get well informed about the fate of spilled oil on the seawater. In this study, the grounding accident of ship M/V Lady Tuna causing 75 tons of fuel spills into the sea on December 18, 2016, close to the coast of Çesme in Turkey, was investigated. The aim of the study is to investigate the oil spill accident and evaluate the response operation of M/V Lady Tuna. To achieve this aim, firstly the reports related to the accident were examined and the response operation was evaluated by modelling of the M/V Lady Tuna accident with PISCES II (Potential Incident Simulation, Control and Evaluation System) simulator. Within this scope, two scenarios were prepared by using PISCES II. The first scenario was created without any response resources to observe the movement direction of the oil slick after the accident. The second scenario was reconstructed with the possible response resources after the oil spill. Through simulation, it was possible to obtain the oil spill/pollution statistics; such as the recovered oil rate, the amount of stranded oil to the coast, the amount of floating oil rate, and other oil spill parameters. As a result, it was evaluated that the oil pollution in the M/V Lady Tuna accident could be responded more effectively and the pollution could be much less. It is assessed that the study will contribute to organizations involved in oil spill response operations.

Toprakmikroflorasının önemli bir kısmı Bacilluscinsi bakterilerden oluşur. Bu bakterilerden elde edilen amilazların daha fazlastabilite, yüksek verimlilik ve düşük üretim maliyetine sahip olma gibiözellikleri vardı. Bundan dolayı topraktan izole edilen Bacillus cereus WYS01, Bacillusthuringiensis VITLW1, Bacillusthuringiensis ES2I3P, Bacillus cereusTG16 mikroorganizmalardan α-amilazın izolasyonu ve karakterizasyonunugerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada bütün bakterilerin maksimum enzimüretiminin 36. saatte, pH 7.0 ve 40 ºC’de olduğu tespit edildi.Mikroorganizmalar arasında spesifik aktivitesi en yüksek olan Bacillus cereus WYS01’tur. Enzimaktivitesine sıcaklık ve pH gibi önemli etkisi olan parametrelere bakıldı. Bacillus thuringiensis VITLW1, Bacillus thuringiensis ES2I3P ve Bacillus cereus TG16 bakterilerinin 40ºC de, Bacillus cereus WYS01’in ise60 ºC de maksimum aktiviteyi gösterdiği tespit edildi. Bütün mikroorganizmalaren fazla pH7.0 da α-amilaz aktivitesini gerçekleştirdi. Bu çalışmadaendüstriyel ve biyoteknolojik yönden önemi olan amilazın bakteriler tarafındanelde edildiği belirlendi., An important part of the soilmicroflora is made up of Bacillus bacteria.Amylases obtained from these bacteria are known to have greater stability,higher productivity and lower production costs. Therefore, isolation andcharacterization of α-amylase from Bacilluscereus WYS01, Bacillus thuringiensisVITLW1, Bacillus thuringiensisES2I3P, Bacillus cereus TG16microorganisms isolated from soil was carried out. Inthestudy, the maximumenzyme production of all bacteria was determined to be at pH7.0and 40 ºC at the36th hour. Bacilluscereus WYS01 hadthe highest specific activity among microorganisms. The parameters which haveimportant effects on the enzyme activity such as temperature and pH wereinvestigated. It was seen that Bacillusthuringiensis VITLW1, Bacillusthuringiensis ES2I3P and Bacilluscereus TG16 bacteria showed maximum activity at 40 ºC while this was 60 ºCfor Bacillus cereus WYS01. Allmicroorganisms carried out α-amylase activity at pH7.0. In this study, it wasdetermined that amylase, which is important for industrial and biotechnologicalaspects, was obtained by bacteria.

Buçalışmada Karadeniz’de Sinop yarımadası civarında yakalanan izmarit balığı (Spicara smaris) etinin amino asitiçeriği ve bu balığın boy ağırlık ilişkisi belirlenmiştir. Amino asitiçeriğinin belirlenmesinde; bir karışımdaki istenen maddeyi ileri düzeydeayırıp tanımlayabilir ve ölçebilir özellikteki LC-MS / MS (Sıvı KromatografiKütle Spektrometresi) cihazı kullanılmış ve bu yöntemle izmarit balıkları içinsonuçlar ilk kez rapor edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada esansiyel (EAA) ve esansiyelolmayan (NEAA) toplam 19 adet amino asit tespit edilmiştir. Esansiyel aminoasitler toplam amino asit miktarının %52,44’ünü oluşturmuştur. İzmarit etindeen yüksek oranda tespit edilen EAA miktarları sırasıyla lysin (2,10±0,215 g/100g), leucine (1,68±0,115 g/100 g), arginine (1,18±0,030 g/100 g) ve valine (1,09±0,070g/100 g) şeklindedir. İzmarit etinde en yüksek oranda tespit edilen NEAAmiktarları ise sırasıyla glutamic asit (2,88±0,010 g/100 g), aspartik asit(2,16±0,280 g/100 g), alanine (1,32±0,000 g/100 g) ve glycine (1,05±0,060 g/100g) şeklindedir. Araştırmada incelenen balıkların ağırlık - boy ilişkisi W =0,0044TL3,3423, R2 = 0,990, N = 45, P < 0,05 şeklindehesaplanmıştır. Ağırlık boy - ilişkisi (WLR) denkleminin korelasyon katsayısı (r) istatistiksel olarak sıfırdan farklı(P < 0,05), b değeri iseistatistiksel olarak b = 3 den (izometrik büyüme) farklı bulunmuştur (Pauly ttest P < 0,05). Bu sonuçlarKaradeniz’de uzatma ağlarıyla avlanan izmarit balıklarının AA bakımından zenginve pozitif allometrik büyüme özelliği gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur., In this study, the amino acid content and the weight - lengthrelationship (WLR) of the picarel (Spicarasmaris) caught off Sinop peninsula in the Black Sea were determined.Determination of amino acid content of picarel; the LC-MS / MS (LiquidChromatography Mass Spectrometry) devices was used and the results obtainedfrom this method were reported for the first time for picarel. A total of 19amino acids were identified as essential (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA).The EAAs composed for 52.44% of the total values of amino acids. The highestamounts of EAA detected in the meat of picarel were lysine (2.10 ± 0.215 g / 100 g), leucine (1.68 ± 0.115g / 100 g),arginine (1.18 ± 0.030 g and valine (1.09 ± 0.070 g / 100 g), respectively. Thehighest amounts of NEAA in the meat of picarel were determined as glutamic acid(2.88 ± 0.010 g / 100 g),aspartic acid (2.16 ± 0.280 g / 100 g), alanine (1.32 ± 0.000 g / 100 g ) and glycine (1.05 ±0.060 g / 100 g),respectively. The weight – length relationship (WLR) of the fish was calculatedas W = 0.0044TL3.3423, R2 = 0.990, N = 45, P < 0.05.The correlation coefficient (r) ofthe WLR equation was statistically different from zero (P < 0.05) and also b value was statistically different fromb = 3 (isometric growth) (Pauly ttest P < 0.05). These results show that the picarel caught in the Black Seahave rich AA contents and show positive allometric growth.

Remote sensing technologies provide very important big data to various science areas such as risk identification, damage detection and prevention studies. However, the classification processes used to create thematic maps to interpret this data can be ineffective due to the wide range of properties that these images provide. At this point, there arises a requirement to optimize the data. The first objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Bat Search Algorithm which has not previously been used for improving the classification accuracy of remotely sensed images by optimizing attributes. The second objective is to compare the performance of the Genetic Algorithm, Bat Search Algorithm, Cuckoo Search Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm, which are used in many areas of the literature for the optimization of the attributes of remotely sensed images. For these purposes, an image from the Landsat 8 satellite is used. The performance of the algorithms is compared by classifying the image using the K-Means method. The analysis shows a 10-22% increase in overall accuracy with the addition of attribute optimization.

This paper contains the molecular parameters, vibrational properties and some theoretical calculations of 1,8-diaminooctane. Bond angles, bond lengths, vibrational properties, dipole moments, frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential of 1,8-diaminooctane were performed with using density functional theory calculations with B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Vibrational properties were interpreted with the by using scaled quantum mechanical force field. This study enables us to figure out the vibrational and structural properties and some electronic properties of the 1,8-diaminooctane by means of the theoretical and experimental studied methods.

Eleven vanillin derivatives was synthesized, characterized successfully and their antibacterial and anticandidal properties were investigated on seven bacterial species and four candida species. These bacterial species are Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis and candidal species are Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis. Most of the synthesized compounds were showed good activity against studied microorganisms compared with Chloramphenicol. Compounds 2c, 2d and 2k were exhibited remarkable antibacterial activities especially on Escherichia coli. In addition, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis were found to be the most susceptible species amongst the investigated microorganisms

Power Quality problems, which have become an important consumer issue in recent years, are defined as changes in voltage, current, or frequency in the power system. Among the factors affecting energy quality in grid-connected PV systems are island mode operation, current and voltage harmonics, transients, flicker, interruption, DC offset, notches, frequency changes, voltage sag / swell, voltage imbalances in the system and power factor. Because of the power quality problems, several transmission and distribution losses can occur due to both the consumers and the generators. Also, the integration of PV power plants to the main grid will cause several power quality problems, and a reliable operation of the grid with PV power plants is a significant issue for distributed generation. Thus, the first step in preparing a reliable algorithm for detecting power quality events occurring in the current grid is to model a power system in which power quality impairments can be analyzed. In this work, the power quality disturbances that occur in the low-voltage grid that is fed through both the main grid and the grid-connected PV system are modeled and investigated. Developed electric power distribution model includes simulation of voltage sags caused by three phase fault, transformer energization and asynchronous motor switching, voltage swells caused by three phase fault, transients due to large capacitor bank switching, harmonics and notches caused by the load connected via the power converter. Examination of the power quality disturbances with simulation clearly revealed the resulting waveforms, the response of the electrical power system to the fault conditions. Another advantage of the realized study is that the developed model can be used to measure the performance of the PV connected distributed generation system in fault detection and classification studies.

It is generally preferred to use of plant species that have a natural spread in a region as a beverage. It is known that, different plants are used in making herbal coffee in our country. Especially in times of war and for economical reasons, it was not possible for our people to reach a cup of coffee made from coffee beans, and in such cases it was tried to benefit from different plants. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L., known as “nohut” in Turkish), which is a member of the Fabaceae family, is one of the most important legumes as a source of vegetable protein and one of those herbal coffees. In this study we compiled the information we obtained about chickpea coffee such as how to make it, how to serve it and its features etc. in Işıkeli village of Biga (Çanakkale). We believe that, this study will contribute to the survival of the chickpea coffee tradition as the traditional usage of chickpea is about to disappear nowadays., Genellikle yerel bir içecek olarak bir bölgede doğal yetişen bitki türlerinin kullanılması tercih edilir. Ülkemizdebitkisel kahve yapımında farklı bitkilerin kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Özellikle savaş zamanlarında ve ekonomiknedenlerle, halkımızın kahve çekirdeklerinden yapılmış bir fincan kahveye ulaşması mümkün olmamış ve bu gibidurumlarda farklı bitkilerden faydalanmaya çalışılmıştır. Fabaceae familyasının bir üyesi olan Nohut (Cicerarietinum L.), bitkisel protein kaynağı olarak en önemli baklagillerden biridir ve bitkisel kahve yapımındakullanılır. Bu çalışmada, Biga’nın (Çanakkale) Işıkeli köyünde nohut kahvesi hakkında elde edilen bilgiler ile nasılyapıldığı ve nasıl servis edildiği hakkındaki bilgiler derlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile günümüzde geleneksel kullanımıyok olmak üzere olan nohut kahvesi geleneğinin hayatta kalmasına katkıda bulunulacağı düşünülmüştür.

Salıncak burçlarına, çaplama işlemi ve ardından kumlama işlemi uygulanmıştır. Yüzey pürüzlülük ve sıkılıkdeğerleri ölçülen burçlar çıkma işlemine tabi tutularak çıkma mukavemetleri belirlenmiştir. Benzetim için SolidWorks programı kullanılarak modellenmiş ve programın simülasyon kısmında çözdürülmüştür. Çelik salıncak ilealüminyum burç arasında ki sürtünme katsayısı 0,61 iken 8681,7 Newton, 0,3 iken 4102, 2 olarak bulunmuştur.Analizde ideal 179 mikron sıkılığında iken çıkan von mises gerilmesi 317,8 ve 370,4 mPa malzemelerin akmagerilmeleri ortalamalarında çıkarak burcun yerinden çıkma kuvvetleri hakkında muhakeme yapmamızı sağlıklıhale getirmiştir. Analizlere bakıldığında sıkılık değerleri kadar sürtünme katsayısının da etkili olduğu ortayaçıkmıştır. Surface roughness and firmness values were determined by bending the measured bushings. It was modeledusing the Solid Works program for simulation and solved in the simulation part of the program. The coefficientof friction between the steel bushing and the aluminum bushing was 0.61, while the 8681.7 Newtons were 0.3and 4102, 2, respectively. In the analysis, von mises stress, which was obtained at an ideal 179 micron, made ithealthy for us to make reasoning about the displacement force of the bushing by averaging the yield stresses of317,8 and 370,4 mPa materials. When the analyzes were examined, it was found that the coefficient of frictionwas as effective as the tightness values.

Bu çalışma, 18 ekmeklik buğday çeşidinin Boluekolojik koşullarında verim, verim unsurları ve kalite özelliklerininbelirlenmesi amacıyla 2016-2017 ve 2017-2018 vejetasyon dönemlerinde tesadüfblokları deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmadaçeşitlerin bitki boyu, başaklanma süresi, başak uzunluğu, başakta başakçıksayısı, başakta tane sayısı, başakta tane ağırlığı, bin tane ağırlığı,hektolitre ağırlığı, protein oranı, yaş gluten oranı ve tane verimi değerleriincelenmiştir. İncelenen tüm özellikler bakımından çeşitler arasındaistatistiki olarak önemli farklılıklar elde edilmiştir. İki yılın ortalamasınagöre çeşitlerin bitki boyları 80.7-112 cm, başaklanma süreleri 135.7-146.1 gün,başak uzunlukları 7.3-10 cm, başakta başakçık sayıları 16.5-21.2 adet, başaktatane sayıları 27.2-49.7 adet, başakta tane ağırlıkları 0.93-2.25 g, bin taneağırlıkları 35.8-47.2 g, hektolitre ağırlıkları 69.3-80.9 kg, protein oranları% 12.6-16.2, yaş gluten oranları % 24.9-34.6 ve tane verimleri 515.2-790.7kg/da arasında değişmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, en yüksek tane verimiLucilla, Rumeli ve Aslı çeşitlerinden elde edilmiştir. &nbsp, This study was conductedduring 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 under the ecological conditions of Bolu with theobjective to determine the yield, yield components and quality traits of 18bread wheat varieties. This study was done according to randomized completeblock design with four replications. In this study, data was recorded onparameters of varieties such as plant height, heading time, spike length,number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight perspike, 1000 kernel weight, hectoliter weight, protein content, wet glutencontent, and grain yield. There was a statistically significant differenceamong the varieties based on the traits recorded. Two years average dataindicated a plant height of 80.7-112 cm, heading time of 135.7-146.1 days,spike length of 7.3-10.0 cm, number of spikelets per spike of 16.5-21.2, numberof grains per spike of 27.2-49.7, grain weight per spike of 0.93-2.25 g,hectoliter weight of 69.3-80.9 kg, protein contents of 12.6-16.2%, wet glutencontents of 24.9-34.6%, and grain yield of 515.2-790.7 kg/da. The highestyielding varieties were Lucilla, Rumeli and Aslı.

Bu çalışmada, sürekli iletim kipinde çalışan azaltan da-da dönüştürücüsü için ikinci mertebeden bir kayma kipdenetleyicisinin tasarımı sunulmuştur. Önerilen denetleyici doğrusal olmayan bir denetim türü olup, sabitanahtarlama frekansında çalışmaktadır. Yük ve giriş gerilimi değişimleri altında önerilen denetleyiciningeçerliliği PSIM benzetim sonuçları ile doğrulanmıştır., In this study, the design of a second-order sliding mode controller is presented for the buck converter incontinuous conduction mode. The proposed controller is a nonlinear control type and operates at a fixedswitching frequency. The validity of the proposed controller under load and input voltage variations is verifiedby the PSIM simulation results

Geleneksel yöntemlerle yapılan tasarım ve çizim teknikleri, bilgisayar teknolojisinin gelişmesiyle hızlı bir şekildedijitalleşmektedir. Bu süreçte özellikle mimari uygulama projeleri, detay çizimleri, üç boyutlu modeller vefotogerçekçi görüntüler (render) bilgisayar destekli tasarım programlarında gerçekleştirilmektedir. “YapıRessamlığı” mimari çizim odaklı eğitim verilen bir ön lisans programı olması sebebiyle bu teknolojikgelişmelerden direkt etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada “Yapı Ressamlığı” ön lisans programında Bilgisayara DestekliTasarım (BDT) derslerinin süreçsel gelişiminden bahsedilerek, yapılan anket çalışmasıyla öğrencilerin BDTdersleri kapsamında öğrendikleri programlarla ilgili izlenimleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Anket sonuçlarına göre derskapsamında öğretilen programların, öğrenci tarafından daha çok benimsenip kullanıldığı görülürken özelliklemezuniyet sonrası kullanacaklarını düşündükleri Autocad, Sketch Up ve Photoshop yazılımlarına daha çok ilgigösterdikleri sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Design and drawing techniques made with traditional methods are rapidly digitalized by the development ofcomputer technology. Within this period, especially architectural application projects, detail drawings, three-dimensional models and photorealistic images (render) are carried out in computer-aided design programs. Since,“Architectural Drafting” is an associate degree program that has a education style focuses on architectural drawing,it is directly influenced by these technological developments. In this study, the process development of theComputer Assisted Design (CAD) courses in the “Architectural Drafting” associate degree program is discussedand the students' impressions about the programs they learned within the CAD courses were revealed by thequestionnaires. According to the results of the questionnaires, it is seen that the programs taught in the course havebeen adopted and used more by the students and they show more interest to the softwares like Autocad, Sketch Upand Photoshop that can be used after graduation.

Geçmişimizden bize emanet edilen, günümüzde ise gelecek kuşaklarımıza bırakma borcumuz olan mimari eserleriaraştırmak, onları yaşatmak hepimizin görevidir. Restorasyon konusunda çeşitli örnek mimari yapıları bulunanTaraklı geçmişten günümüze kadar gelen, Osmanlı mimarisine ait örnekleriyle kültürel mirasımızın var olduğuönemli bir yerleşim birimidir. Taraklı’nın sahip olduğu anıtsal ve sivil yapıların etkin bir restorasyonu için fizikselyapısı, tarihsel mimari değerleri ve çevresiyle ile birlikte ele alınıp incelenmiştir. Ali Pektaş Evi’nin rölöve analizçalışmaları yapılarak restitüsyon önerisi doğrultusunda restorasyon çalışmaları proje ve resimlerle desteklenmiş,uygulama aşamasında uygulanan tekniklerle birlikte yapının özgünlüğü bozulmadan gerekli denetim altındakontrolleri yapılarak çalışmalar tamamlanmıştır., It is our duty of all of us to investigate and keep alive the architectural works that have been entrusted to us in ourpast and which we owe to our future generations. Taraklı, which has various examples of architecturalconstructions regarding restoration, is an important settlement unit where the cultural heritage is present withexamples belonging to Ottoman architecture coming from the past to the present day. The physical structure ofTaraklı for the effective restoration of monumental and civil structures is studied and studied together with itshistorical architectural values and surroundings. Ali Pektaş House's restoration analysis works were carried outand the restoration work was supported with projects and pictures by the restitution suggestion and studies werecompleted with necessary controls under the supervision without deteriorating the originality of the constructiontogether with the techniques applied during the application phase. The restoration works of Ali Pektaş House havebeen completed with necessary controls under the supervision without deterioration of the originality of therestoration work done with the projects and pictures and the techniques applied with application techniques.

Bir yayın haberleşme yönteminde bir kaynaktan çoklu kullanıcılara mesaj iletimi için genellikle içerisindeşifreleme yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı şemalardan yararlanılır. Bu şema yapıları anahtar sunucu işlemleri açısındanmerkezi ve de-merkezi olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Bu çalışmada günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan iki merkeziyöntem olan Mantıksal Anahtar Hiyerarşisi (MAH) ve Tek Yönlü Fonksiyon Ağacı (TFA) şemalarınadeğinilmiştir. Yayın haberleşme için bir şema önerilmiş ve kullanıcı ekleme/çıkarma işlemlerinde anahtar iletimsayıları-boyutları ve kullanıcılarda bulunan anahtar sayıları-boyutları açılarından mevcut şemalar ilekarşılaştırılmıştır. In a broadcast communication method,the schemes in which encryption methods are used are often used totransmit messages from a source to multiple users. These schemes are divided into central and de-central interms of key server operations. In this work, two central methods which are widely used nowadays arementioned: Logical Key Hierarchy (LKH) and One Way Function Tree (OFT) schemes. A scheme for broadcastcommunication is proposed and compared with the existing schemes in terms of numbers-sizes of keytransmissions in user joining/removing and numbers-sizes of keys in the user.

Waspaloy gibi işlenebilirliği zor malzemelerin işleme verimliliğini artırmak için, kesme sıvısı kullanımı büyükönem taşımaktadır. Ancak, aşırı kesme sıvısı kullanımı çevre, çalışan sağlığı ve üretim maliyeti gibi konulardaimalatçıları endişelendirmektedir. Bu endişeleri minimuma indirmek için kullanılan alternatif yöntemlerdenbirisi de Minimum Miktarda Yağlama (MMY) sistemidir. Bununla beraber, kesme sıvısı miktarının azaltılmasıiçin çalışmalar artarak devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, MMY sisteminde kullanılan kesme sıvısının içerisinenanopartikül katkı maddesi eklenerek kullanılan kesme sıvısı miktarını daha da azaltmak amaçlanmıştır. Buamaç doğrultusunda, Waspaloy süper alaşımı; kuru, MMY ve NanoMMY (hacimce %1 Al 2 O 3 ) şartları altındaişlenmiş ve soğutma/yağlama yöntemleri arasındaki farklar ortaya konulmuştur. Frezeleme deneyleri esnasındaçıktı olarak takım aşınması seçilmiştir. Kesme parametresi olarak ise üç farklı kesme hızı (20, 40, 60 m/dak) veüç farklı ilerleme hızı (0,05-0,10 ve 0,15 mm/dev) seçilmiştir. Deney sonuçlarının analizine göre, optimumaşınma değeri 20 m/dak kesme hızı, 0,05 mm/dev ilerleme ve NanoMMY şartları altında gerçekleşmiştir. The use of cutting fluids is of great importance in order to increase the machinability efficiency of difficult-to-cut materials such as Waspaloy. However, the use of extreme cutting fluid is concerned by manufacturers in suchissues as the environment, human health and production cost. One of the alternative methods to minimize theseconcern is the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) system. Moreover, researches are continued to reduce theamount of cutting fluids. In this study, it was intended to further reduce the amount of cutting fluid sonanoparticle was added to the contents of the cutting fluid in the MQL system. For this purpose, Waspaloymilling experiment were carried out under dry, MQL and NanoMQL (1 vol% Al 2 O 3 ) conditions and the differences between cooling/lubrication methods have been revealed. Tool wear was selected as outputparameter during milling experiments. Three different cutting speeds (20, 40, 60 m/min) and three different feedrates (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mm/rev) were selected as cutting parameters. According to the analysis of theexperiment results, the optimum wear value was 20 m/min cutting speed, 0.05 mm/rev feed rate and NanoMMYcutting conditions.

Alüminyum alaşımları günümüzde, yüksek dayanım ve ağırlık oranı, iyi korozyon ve yorulma direnci nedeniyle,otomotiv ve havacılık sanayinde, plastik enjeksiyon kalıplarında yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Buçalışmada, 80x80x30 mm ebatlarında 5754-H111 temperlenmiş alüminyumun alaşımına, kaplamalı ve kaplamasızkesici uçlarla yüzey frezeleme işlemi uygulanmış ve yüzey frezeleme işlemi esnasında kesme parametrelerininyüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Deneylerde Taguchi L 27 ortogonal dizini ile üç faklı kesici uç(Kaplamasız, Al 2 O 3 -TiCN-TiN kaplamalı, TiAlN Nano kaplamalı), kesme hızı (250, 350, 550 m/dak), ilerlemeoranı (0.1, 0.2, 0.35 mm/diş) ve üç faklı kesme derinliği (1, 1.5, 2 mm) kullanılmıştır. Deneyler sonunda eldeedilen değerler, sinyal-gürültü oranı (S/N), varyans analizi (ANOVA), üç boyutlu grafikler ve regresyon metodukullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Deneylerden sonra en düşük yüzey pürüzlülüğü; kaplamasız kesici uç, 1 mmkesme derinliği, 350 m/dak kesme hızı ve 0.35 mm/diş ilerleme oranında elde edilmiştir. Bu kesme şartları içinyüzey pürüzlülük değerleri hesaplamalarda 0.26 ?m olarak bulunmuş, doğrulama deneylerinde 0.29 ?m olarakölçülmüştür. Aluminum alloys have been widely used in plastic injection molds in the automotive and aerospace industries dueto their high strength and weight ratio, and good corrosion and fatigue resistance. In this study, 5754-H111tempered aluminum alloy piece with 80x80x30 mm dimensions was machined with face milling operation usingcoated and uncoated inserts. The effects of cutting parameters on surface roughness during face milling wereinvestigated. In the experiments, different inserts (uncoated, Al 2 O 3 -TiCN-TiN coated, TiAlN Nano coated), cuttingspeeds (250, 350, 550 m/min), feed rates (0.1, 0.2, 0.35 mm/tooth) and cutting depths (1, 1.5, 2 mm) — eachhaving three conditions — were used with the Taguchi L 27 orthogonal array. The values obtained at the end of the experiments were evaluated using signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), variance analysis (ANOVA), three-dimensionalgraphs, and regression analyses. The minimum surface roughness was obtained using the uncoated insert at 1 mmcutting depth, 350 m/min cutting speed and 0.35 mm/tooth feed rate. The surface roughness values for these cuttingconditions were found as 0.26 ?m in the calculations and measured as 0.29 ?m in the verification experiments.

Teknolojinin hızla gelişmesiyle birlikte cihazların uzaktan kontrol ihtiyacı hızla artmıştır. Cihazların bir ağüzerinden uzaktan etkileşebilir hale getirilmesi nesnelerin interneti sayesinde mümkündür. Bu çalışmadaüzerinde ESP8266 wifi modül barındıran Nodemcu V3 geliştirme kartı tercih edilerek cihazların uzaktankontrolü sağlanmıştır. Burada NodemCU V3, android yazılım tabanlı uzaktan yönetim uygulaması ve bir prizdenoluşan akıllı bir sistemin entegrasyonu sağlanmıştır. ESP8266 modülü ile yönetilmek istenen cihazlar kontroledilebilmektedir. Kullanılan sensörler ESP8266 aracılığıyla anlık olarak veri iletmektedir. İnsanların çoğugünlük yaşamlarını evleri dışında geçirdiği için ev ortamında karşılaşabileceği gaz kaçağı, cihazların prizdeunutulması, ışıkların açık bırakılması vb. olumsuz durumlarda ister internet tarayıcısı üzerinden isterse mobiluygulama üzerinden prizlerin uzaktan kontrolünü sağlayabileceklerdir. Bu şekilde daha güvenli ve ekonomik biryaşam imkânı sağlanmış olacaktır., With the rapid development of technology, the need for remote control of devices has increased rapidly.Remotely interacting devices over a network is possible through the Internet of Things. In this work, remotecontrol of the devices is provided by using the NodemCU V3 development card. The integration of NodemCUV3, Android software based remote management application and an intelligent system consisting of a socket isprovided. With the ESP8266 module, devices that need to be managed can be controlled. The sensors used,transmits data instantaneously through ESP8266. Since most people spend their daily lives outside their homes,they will be able to remotely control the power outlets through both the Internet browser and the mobileapplication, in cases of gas leakages, plugged in devices, open lights, etc. In this way, a safer and moreeconomical life will be provided.

Many developing countries apply technology-based discharge standards that set quantitative limits on pollutant discharges. These standards do not inherently consider ambient constraints and, therefore, cannot guarantee to protect aquatic life from hazardous pollutants. It is a challenge for developing countries to enforce water-quality-based limits for wastewater discharges and guarantee the intended use of water. This study aims to develop a strategy that suits the needs of developing countries for a transition from technology-based discharge standards to water-quality-based discharge limits. To this end, a pilot monitoring program was carried in the Gediz River Basin in Turkey. Surface water, industrial, and urban wastewater samples were collected and analyzed for 45 priority pollutants identified by the European Union and 250 national river basin specific pollutants. The monitoring results revealed that the environmental quality standards (EQSs) were exceeded for 8 priority, and 28 specific pollutants. This finding indicated that the existing technology-based discharge standards are not satisfactory to guarantee the intended water quality, and there is a need for adopting a new strategy for the implementation of water-quality-based discharge limits in Turkey. As a widely applied approach for determining water-quality-based discharge limits, firstly, conservative mass balance with and without consideration of mixing zone was evaluated. The results indicated that this approach was not applicable due to the receiving environment concentrations being higher than the EQSs. As an alternative approach, the dilution methodology, which considers the level of dilution occurring at the immediate discharge point, was tested. The results proved that the dilution methodology is the most appropriate strategy for developing countries with relatively poor surface water quality to improve the water quality to the level where the conservative mass balance approach can be applicable.

The heat accumulated in the inner parts of the earth's crust is transmitted to the fluid in the geothermal aquifer by means of transportation. The geothermal fluid is transported to the surface either by wells or naturally. In this study, the geothermal fluid in Tuzla geothermal field in Çanakkale city was examined due to its high boron content (10.3 mg L-1). It was aimed to remove boron from geothermal fluid by adsorption in order to prevent possible negative effects on the environment. Fly ash was obtained from Çan thermal power plant. The specific surface area of the fly ash was 14.6 m2 g-1 and the particle size was between 1.45 and 186 µm. According to ASTM C618 standard, fly ash was classified as Class C. Fly ash was composed of anhydrite, lime, hematite, cristobalite, quartz, calcite and feldspar. Various parameters such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature were studied experimentally for the removal of boron from the geothermal fluid. The suitability of pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle kinetic models to experimental data was examined. The data obtained from the isotherm studies were applied to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models.

This study aims to determine the toxic effects of heavy metal pollution on carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Sapanca Lake by biochemical and histological analyses. For this reason, fish and water samples were taken from the lake in 2015. Heavy metal (Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd) analyzes in the water column and tissues (muscle, liver, gill) were determined by ICP-OES. CAT, GSH and MDA levels, which are oxidative stress bioindicators in tissues, were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Histopathological findings in tissues were determined by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. As a result, heavy metal concentrations in water were determined as Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. The accumulation of Cu, Fe and Cd in the tissues of the fish were liver > gill > muscle, and the accumulation of Zn was gill > liver > muscle. CAT activity, MDA and GSH level of the tissues changed with the water temperature. General signs of destruction were observed in the gill tissues of the fish. Necrotic conditions in hepatocytes were observed. In conclusion, the presence of biochemical and histopathological findings in tissues suggests that the lake is not only affected by heavy metals but also by other pollutants.

This study was carried out to determine the leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (SC) and leaf area index (LAI) of cotton crop using subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) and surface drip irrigation (SDI) and different irrigation water levels based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM) during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. The critical LWPs in vegetative period, flowering stage and boll formation stage in SDI for irigation time were -24, -23 and -24 bar, respectively. Considering the same putting in order for the crop development stages in SSDI-40 cm, those were -23, -23 and -24 bar, respectively. The values of LWP in SSDI-30 cm were the same levels in SSD-40 cm. LWP in the boll formation stage were, in general, lower (bigger in minus numerical number) compared to the first two development stages of the crop. The critical SCs in vegetative period, flowering stage and boll formation stage in SDI were 312.8, 201.8 and 198.9 mmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The values of SC in the same putting in order for the crop development stages in SSDI-30 cm and SSDI-40 cm were 368.8, 182.6 and 221.8 mmol m-2 s-1; and 371.7, 185.9 and 186.8 mmol m-2 s-1, respectively. SC decreased from the vegetative period through generative period of the crop. The SCs increased together with increasing amount of irrigation water and it decreased with increasing water stress conditions. The LAIs were 2.99, 3.11 and 3.45 in SDI, SSDI-30 cm and SSDI-40 cm, respectively. The values of LAI increased from the surface drip irrigation and lower irrigation water level applied through subsurface drip irrigation and highest level of amount of irrigation water. Although some plant physiological indicators such as LWP and SC might be used for irrigation scheduling and irrigation time, these indicators are highly affected by soil water status, temperature, light, air humidity and calibration of the devices used.

Geliştirilmesi düşünülen su kaynakları havza temelli bütüncül bir yaklaşım ile planlanmalı, projelenmeli ve işletilmelidir. Havza bazlı yaklaşımlar ile su kaynaklarına ilişkin projelerin geliştirilmesi ve etkin şekilde işletilebilmesi için su kaynaklarının istenilen zaman ve doğrulukta ölçülmesi çok önemlidir. Su kaynağı doğru ve istenilen zaman aralıklarında ölçülmediğinde, geliştirilecek yeni projeler için doğru verilerin sağlanması ve işletilen sulama, enerji, içme suyu ve ekoloji projelerine tahsis edilen su miktarlarının hazırlanan entegre havza su planına göre kullanılıp, kullanılmadığının belirlenebilmesi, hazırlanan havza su planlarının uygulama ile ne derece örtüştüğünü hesaplamak mümkün olmayacaktır. Bu sorunu çözmenin tek yolu gelişmiş yöntemlerin kullanılması olup, bu konuya ilişkin taslak çalışma, plan ve önerilerin hazırlanması ve hızla uygulamaya geçirilmesi entegre havza yönetiminin en önemli unsurudur. Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde tarım, sanayi ve turizm potansiyelinin yüksek olduğu Büyük menderes havzasında; sulama, enerji, içme ve kullanma, taşkın ve ekoloji amaçlı projelerin entegre işletilmesi için havza su kaynaklarının istenen zaman aralıklarında doğru biçimde ölçülüp, izleneceği ve aynı zamanda denetlenebileceği bir ölçüm ve izleme sisteminin nasıl olması gerektiğine ilişkin bir çalışmanın unsurları araştırılmış, düşünülen bu sistemin entegre havza yönetimi için önemi ve nasıl gerçekleştirileceğine ilişkin önerilerde bulunulmuştur. The water resources considered to be developed should be planned, projected and operated with a holistic approach based on the basin. It is very important to measure the water resources at the desired time and accuracy in order to develop and effectively operate the projects related to water resources. When the water source is not measured accurately and at the desired time intervals, it will not be possible to provide accurate data for the new projects to be developed and to determine whether the amounts of water allocated for irrigation, energy, drinking water and ecology projects are used according to the integrated basin water plan prepared, and to calculate the extent to which the prepared basin water plans overlap with the application. The only way to solve this problem is to use advanced methods. For this reason, the draft works on this issue, plans and proposals and the rapid implementation are the most important elements of integrated watershed management. In this study, the elements of a study on how measurement and monitoring system should be able to accurately measure, monitor and control the basin water resources at the desired time intervals for the integrated operation of irrigation, energy, drinking and potable, flood and ecological projects, are investigated. Recommendations have been made about the importance of this system and how to implement in integrated basin management.

Bu çalışmada, bir rüzgâr türbini ve fotovoltaikten oluşan hibrid güç sistemi için, hem şebekeye parelel ve hem de şebekeden bağımsız olarak çalışabilen bir evirici tasarımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tasarlanan tek fazlı evirici için, darbe genişlik modülasyonu kullanarak bir mikrodenetleyici yardımı ile PWM darbeleri üretilmiştir. Tek fazlı evirici devrenin tasarımı yapılmış olup, evirici devreyi kontrol etmek için C32 dilinde, bir kaynak kodu yazılmıştır. Tasarımda, DSP tabanlı bir mikrodenetleyici kullanmanın ana amacı, darbe genişlik modüleli işaretler üretmektir. DSP tabanlı bir mikrodenetleyici kullanımı, devrenin ucuz, boyutlarının küçük olmasını ve donanımda bir değişiklik yapmaksızın kontrol algoritmasında değişiklik yapmaya olanak vermektedir. Evirici çıkışı yüksek verimli olarak tasarlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda, Microchip firmasının, dsPIC32MX795F512L mikrodenetleyicisi kullanılarak, bir laboratuar tipi evirici tasarlanmış ve sonuçlar sunulmuştur. Sistemin simulasyonu, Matlab Simulink kullanılarak yapılmıştır., In this paper, performance assesment was planned to be carried out by making inverter design which can be operated as grid – connected and stand – alone mode for hybrid energy systems. This paper describes the use of a general purpose microcontroller to generate the pulse width modulation (PWM) pulses for single phase inverter. A single phase inverter circuit is implemented with hardware setup and software program in C32 code. the main feature used in DSP and microcontroller is their peripherals to realize Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). This brings low cost, small size and flexibility to change the control algorithm without changes in hardware. Inverter output has been designed to be highly efficient. A laboratory inverter prototype using dsPIC32MX795F512L microcontroller is developed and results are presented. Simulations were carried out using Matlab Simulink software package.

“İş kazası” kavramı; işyerinde işçinin karşı karşıya kaldığı istenmeyen, beklenmeyen, ihmalkârlık, kusur, dikkatsizlik, kasıt ve şanssızlıksonucu meydana gelen olayları kapsamaktadır. İş kazaları açısından Türkiye, dünyada üçüncü ve Avrupa’da ise birinci sırada yeralmaktadır. Bu kazalarının dört temel nedeni vardır ve “4M” kuralı olarak bilinir. Bunlar; insan, makine, ortam/çevre ve yönetim olaraksıralanmaktadır. İş sağlığı ve güvenliği literatüründe yaygın olarak bu kazaların %88’i tehlikeli hareket, %10’u tehlikeli durum ve %2’siise sebebi kaçınılmaz ve bilinmeyen nedenler olarak belirtilmektedir. Ancak iş kazalarının %50’sinin kolaylıkla ve %48’inin ise sistemliçalışmak suretiyle yani genel olarak iş kazaların %98’inin; gerekli tedbirler alındığı takdirde meslek hastalıklarının da %100önlenebileceği gerçeğinden hareketle her yıl iş kazalarının artıyor olması “iş güvenliği, iş kazası, tehlike, risk, tedbir, kader/cilik, teolojikaçıdan kaza, ihmal, kaçınılmazlık, kötü talih, mesleğin/işin fıtratı ve iş cinayeti” gibi kavramların tanım ve içeriklerinin yeniden gözdengeçirilip, değerlendirilmesinin elzem olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu noktada, çalışanların sahip olduğu “sorumluluk, kader, kadercilik,alınyazısı, kaza ve tevekkül” anlayışları/inançları belirleyici olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada daha önce “iş sağlığı ve güvenliği kültürü”ile “iş kazaları ve kader” temalı yapılmış olan çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca iş kazalarının azaltılmasına yönelik yanlış algıla(nıl)an,inanılan ve/ya bilin(il)en geleneksel ve teolojik yaklaşımların olması gereken bilimsel zemine oturtulmasına çalışılmıştır. Bu sayede çalışanların inançlarını da dikkate alarak iş sağlığı ve güvenliği kültürü oluşturulmasına katkıda bulunulmuştur. Definition of occupational accident is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts of violence, arising out of or in connection with work which results in one or more workers incurring a personal injury, disease or death. Turkey, in terms of occupational accidents, is in the third place in the world and ranks first in Europe. These accidents have four main reasons, and "4M" is known as the rule. These are man, machine, media and management. In the occupational health and safety literature, 88% are unsafe acts of persons, 10% are unsafe mechanical or physical conditions, and 2% are unpreventable (i.e. acts of God). However, 50% of the occupational accidents can be prevented easily and 48% of them can be prevented by working systematically. Considering that generally 98% of the occupational accidents and 100% of occupational diseases can be prevented if necessary precautions are taken but on the other hand the fact that number of occupational accidents increase year by year makes it necessary to re-evaluate the concepts such as occupational safety, occupational accident, hazard, risk, precautions, fatalistic belief, fatalism, negligence, inevitability, bad fortune, occupational murder. At this point, the “responsibility, fatalistic belief, fatalism, preordain and truckle” perceptions/beliefs that employees have may be determining. In this study, studies on “occupational health and safety culture” and “occupational accidents & fate/fatalism” studies have been examined. In addition, efforts have been made to place the misunderstood, believed and/or known/provincial traditional and theological approaches to the reduction of occupational accidents/murders on the scientific definitions. In this respect, contribution has been provided about building an occupational health and safety culture, taking the beliefs of employees into account.

Acoustic analysis is the most basic method used for speech emotion recognition. Speech records are digitized by signal processing methods, and various acoustic features of speech are obtained by acoustic analysis methods. The relationship between acoustic features and emotion has been investigated in many studies. However, studies have mostly focused on emotion recognition success or the effects of emotions on acoustic features. The effect of spoken language on speech emotion recognition has been investigated in a limited number. The purpose of this study is to investigate the variability of the relationship between acoustic features and emotions according to the spoken language. For this purpose, three emotions (anger, fear and neutral) of three different spoken languages (English, German and Italian) were used. In these data sets, the change in acoustic features according to spoken language was investigated statistically. According to the results obtained, the effect of anger on the acoustic features does not change according to the spoken language. For fear, change in spoken language shows a high similarity in Italian and German, but low similarity in English.

Chemical composition and fumigant insecticidal activities of essential oils obtained from oregano ( Origanum syriacum L.), lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia L.), sage ( Salvia officinalis L.,), fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and laurel ( Laurus nobilis L.) plants were investigated against the adults of cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Based on GC-MS analysis, total number of compounds determined in oregano, lavender, sage, fennel and laurel essential oils were 25, 33, 23, 23, 42, respectively. Carvacrol (66.66%), trans -anethol (79.17%), 1,8- cineole (50.0%), camphor (30.46%) and linalyl acetate (35.66%) were found as the most abundant compounds, respectively. Bioassay results revealed that essential oils, at 30.0 or 40.0 ?g ml -1 air, resulted in 100% adult mortality of C. maculatus . Insecticidal activity was increased in response to increased concentration of essential oil. Among the essential oils tested, oregano showed the highest fumigant toxicity at relatively lower concentration (30.0 ?g ml -1 ). Complete adult mortality (100%) caused by fennel, laurel, sage and lavender essential oils at the concentrations of 40.0 ?g ml -1 air. The LC 50 and LC 90 values for each essential oil were estimated by using probit analysis. The lowest LC 50 value was estimated for sage essential oil (8.79 ?g ml -1 ) followed by oregano (11.17 ?g ml -1 ), lavender (11.64 ?g ml -1 ), laurel (13.59 ?g ml -1 ) and fennel (17.46 ?g ml -1 ), respectively. The results revealed that plant essential oils might be used in research aiming the development of new environmental friendly control agents against stored-product pests such as cowpea weevil., Origanum ( Origanum syriacum L.), lavanta ( Lavandula angustifolia L.), adaçayı ( Salvia officinalis L.), rezene ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) ve defne ( Laurus nobilis L.) bitkilerinden elde edilen uçucu yağların kimyasal bileşenleri ve fümigant insektisit etkinliği bakla tohum böceği Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) erginlerine karşı araştırılmıştır. GC-MS analiz sonucuna göre, origanum, lavanta, adaçayı, rezene ve defne bitki uçucu yağlarında sırasıyla 25, 33, 23, 23, 42 adet bileşen belirlenmiştir. Carvacrol (%66.66), trans -anethol (%79.17), 1,8- cineole (%50.0), camphor (%30.46) ve linalyl acetate (%35.66) bu bitkilerin uçucu yağlarında ana bileşenler olarak belirlenmiştir. Biyolojik etkinlik çalışmaları tüm uçucu yağların 30.0 ve 40.0 ?g ml - 1 hava konsantrasyonları C. maculans erginleri üzerinde %100 ölümlere neden olduğunu göstermiştir. Uçucu yağların insektisit etkinliği artan konsantrasyonlara bağlı olarak artış göstermiştir. Test edilen uçucu yağlar arasında, origanum uçucu yağı daha düşük konsantrasyonda (30.0 ?g ml -1 hava) en yüksek etkinlik göstermiştir. Rezene, defne, adaçayı ve lavanta uçucu yağları ise 40.0 ?gml -1 hava konsantrasyonunda %100 ergin ölümlerine neden olmuştur. Her bir uçucu yağın LC 50 ve LC 90 değerleri probit analizi ile belirlenmiştir. En düşük LC 50 değeri adaçayı (8.79 ?g ml -1 ) için belirlenmiş olup, bunu sırasıyla origanum (11.17 ?g ml -1 ), lavanta (11.64 ?g ml -1 ), defne (13.59 ?g ml -1 ) ve rezene (17.46 ?g ml -1 ) uçucu yağları takip etmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar bitki uçucu yağlarının börülce tohum böceği gibi depolanmış ürün zararlılarının kontrolünde yeni çevre dostu aktif maddelerin araştırıldığı çalışmalarda kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.

In this study, it was aimed tocharacterize the feeding and diet composition of the most common pelagicchaetognath Flaccisagitta enflata.Zooplankton samples were collected using a WP-2 zooplankton net (200 µm) atthree stations in the İskenderun Bay in October 2016, December 2016 and March2017. F. enflata was the mostabundant chaetognath in all samples and its proportion varied from 42 to 94%.Younger stages (I and II) dominated the population of F. enflata. Intotal, 1663 specimens were examined, but only 185 contained prey in their guts.The total food-containing ratio and the number of prey items for this chaetognath specieswere 11% and 0.1, respectively. These values varied for different maturitystages. Most food items were unidentified due to digestion. Copepods were the main food resource (36.8%) forthe species. Cannibalism was also observed.Thisstudy is the first to describe F. enflatafeeding behaviour in the coastal area of İskenderun Bay. The preliminaryresults show that the feeding ratios were within the ranges reported for otherregions in the eastern Mediterranean Sea., Mevcut çalışmada, en yaygın pelajik ketognat olan Flaccisagitta enflata’nın beslenmesi ve besin kompozisyonukarakterize edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Zooplankton örnekleri, İskenderunKörfezi’nde Ekim ve Aralık 2016, Mart, 2017 periyotlarında 3 istasyonda WP-2zooplankton kepçesi (200 µm) ile toplanmıştır. Ketognatlar içinde, F. enflata,tüm periyotlarda baskın tür olarak gözlenmiş olup, oranı %42–94 arasındadeğişim göstermiştir. Erken olgunluk aşamaları (I ve II) F. enflata populasyonunda baskın olarak gözlenmiştir. Toplam 1663birey incelenmiş olup, bunlardan sadece 185 bireyin bağırsağında besinerastlanmıştır. Bu tür için toplam besin içerme oranı (FCR) ve ketognat başınadüşen besin miktarı (NPC) sırasıyla %11 ve 0.1 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu değerlerolgunluk aşamalarına göre farklılık göstermiştir. Çoğu besin sindirilmiş olduğundandolayı tanımlanamamıştır. Tanımlanan besin canlılar arasında kopepodlar anabesin kaynağını oluşturmuştur (%36.8). Bununla birlikte kannibalizm’degözlenmiştir.Bu çalışmada ilk kezİskenderun Körfezi’nin kıyısal alanında F.enflata’nın beslenmesi ile ilgili bilgiler elde edilmiş ve ilk gözlemlerbeslenme oranlarının Doğu Akdeniz’in diğer alanlarından elde edilen sonuçlarile benzer olduğunu göstermiştir.

In this study, a research was conducted to determine the protease enzyme activity and the volatile organic compounds of passion flower (P. incarnata L.) to determine the usability of the plant in the pharmaceutical sector. In order to determine the activity of the protease enzyme in passion flower, measurements were taken according to the method of casein digestion in the presence of 1% casein. In the light of the absorbance values, it is determined that the plant has proteolytic activity. In addition, volatile organic compounds of the plant were analyzed by headspace GC/MSD. 5 g fresh plant was taken and put into 20 ml headspace vial. The plant was extracted and analyzed with 6890 GC-5975C MSD using the HP-5 MS UI column. According to the results obtained, it has been scientifically determined that the plant can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Bu çalışmada, çarkıfelek çiçeğinin (P. incarnata L.) proteaz enzim aktivitesi ile uçucu organic bileşenleri belirlenerek bitkinin ilaç sektöründe kullanılabilirliğinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Çarkıfelek çiçeğinde bulunan proteaz enziminin aktivitesini tayin etmek için %1’lik kazein varlığında kazeinin sindirimi metoduna göre ölçüm alınmıştır. Okunan absorbans değerleri ışığında bitkide proteolitik aktivite olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca bitkinin uçucu organik bileşikleri headspace GC/MSD cihazı ile analiz edilmiştir. 5 g taze bitki alınarak 20 ml headspace vialine konulmuştur. Bitki ekstraksiyon ve HP-5 MS UI kolonu kullanılarak 6890 GC-5975C MSD ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre bitkinin ilaç sanayinde kullanılabilir olduğu bilimsel olarak belirlenmiştir.

In this study, the buck converter circuit which is the topology of the power electronic circuit has been investigated to obtain the desired output voltage. The state variable of the circuit that is also used output of the system have been optimally controlled. The PI controller which is the basic structure and widely used in the practical applications has been run in discrete time. The PI controller parameters can be calculated by using a method based on the rootlocus, pole placement or Ziegler–Nichols method. However, these methods can not provide a solution with highe fficiency signal output voltage. In order to obtain the minimal cost value of the control process, Kp and Ki control parameters are optimized by using the Fire Fly (FF) algorithm based on swarm intelligence. The Matlab-Simulink program has been utilized for the simulations. The results show that the FF algorithm may observe the optimal values for the controller parameters.

The necessity for reduction of fossil fuel consumption and the increasing energy costs drives the interest in development of alternative renewable energies during past years. OFMSW (Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Wastes) is a valuable source, while it can be converted to biogas via anaerobic digestion. In this study The anaerobic digestibility and methane generation potential of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) sampled during three seasons (autumn, winter and summer) of a year were determined using batch bioreactors with varying initial dry solid matter ratios (DM:5-35 %). Batch experiments were carried out both with and without anaerobic inoculum. On the basis of the laboratory results, biogas production potentials were determined to be in the range of 229 - 484 m3/tonDM for experiment using anaerobic inoculum and 84 – 176 m3 /ton DM for experiments without inoculum. The best organic matter combination belongs to autumn season and the best concentration was observed as 20% DM.

Truffles are very precious and expensive mushrooms owing to their distinctive aroma and great flavor. The present study was carried out to survey the nutritional value of Tuber nitidum, a wild edible mushroom belonging to Tuber genus. It was analyzed for fatty acid content, phenolic and volatile compounds and amino acid profile. The chemical composition of the studied mushroom species showed that this wild edible fungus is one of a rich phenolic and amino acid source. The characteristic mushroom odor compounds, 1-octen-3-ol (14.81%) and 1-octen-3-one (11.19%), have been also detected. However, it has been reported that p-hydroxy benzoic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid were found in ethyl acetate extract as phenolic ingredient. In the lipidic extract, it has been determined that 76.94% linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), 12.38% palmitic acid (C16:0), 6.38% oleic acid (C18:1n9c), 2.54% stearic acid (C18:0). The wild edible mushroom, Tuber nitidum, a wild edible mushroom, may be of value and importance in the food and pharmaceutical industry as a natural healthy product source. Trüfler, karakteristik aromaları ve leziz tadı nedeniyle çok değerli ve pahalı mantarlardır. Bu çalışma Tuber cinsine ait yabani yenilebilir bir mantar olan Tuber nitidum'un besin değerini araştırmak için yürütülmüştür. Yağ asidi içeriği, fenolik ve uçucu bileşikleri ve amino asit profili analiz edildi. Çalışılan mantarın kimyasal bileşimi, bu yabani yenilebilir mantarın zengin fenolik ve amino asit kaynağı olduğunu gösterdi. Karakteristik mantar koku bileşikleri, 1-okten-3-ol (%14.81) ve 1-okten-3-on (%11.19) da tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, fenolik bileşen olarak etil asetat ekstraktında p-hidroksi benzoik asit, gentisik asit, vanilik asit bulunmuştur. Lipid özütünde, %76.94 linoleik asit (C18:2n6c), %12.38 palmitik asit (C16:0), %6.38 oleik asit (C18:1n9c), %2.54 stearik asit (C18:0) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yabani yenilebilir mantar olan Tuber nitidum, doğal sağlıklı bir ürün kaynağı olarak gıda ve ilaç sektöründe bir değer olarak önemlidir.

Aptamers are selective molecules against to various sizes of targets from small molecules to mammalian cells. Here, we reported QDs containing electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of E. coli O157:H7. the electrode surfaces were modified by cysteamine (CysN), which has amine and thiol groups, via self-assembled monolayer formation. the carboxyl-functionalized quantum dots (QD) and aptamers (Apt) were conjugated to cysteamine modified gold electrodes. Linear range for E. coli O157:H7 was from 1 to 102 CFU/mL after incubation on CysN/QD/Apt modified Au surfaces. QDs provide fluorescence surface, so that adhesion of cells was followed using fluorescence microscope. Adhered cells were also imaged by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, cell analysis was carried out in real samples., Aptamerler, küçük moleküllerden memeli hücrelerine kadar çeşitli boyutlardaki hedeflere karşı seçici moleküllerdir. Burada, E. coli O157:H7 dedeksiyonu için QD içeren elektrokimyasal aptasensör rapor edilmiştir. Yüzeyler, amino ve tiyol grupları içeren sisteamin (CysN) ile kendiliğinden oluşan tek tabaka meydana gelişi ile modifiye edildi. Karboksil ile fonksiyonelleştirilen quantum noktalar (QD) ve aptamerler (Apt), sisteaminle modifiye edilmiş altın elektrotlara konjuge edildi. CysN/QD/Apt modifiye edilen Au yüzeylerde inkübasyon sorasında, E. coli O157:H7 için doğrusal aralık 1 to 102 CFU/mL idi. QD floresans yüzeyler sağlar, böylece hücrelerin adezyonu floresans mikroskop kullanılarak takip edildi. Adezyon sonrası hücreler aynı zamanda taramalı electron mikroskobu ile görüntülendi. Son olarak, hücre analizi gerçek örneklerde gerçekleştirildi.

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Tip 2 diyabetle indüklenen testis hasarındaoksidatif stresin baskılanmasında sulu çam çıra ekstresinin olası etkileriniaraştırmaktır. Çalışmada 49 adet 2,5 aylık erkek sıçanlar tercih edildi. Sıçanlar;kontrol, diyabet ve farklı dozlardan oluşan diyabetçam çırası olmak üzeregruplara ayrıldı (DÇ100, DÇ200, DÇ400). Kontrol grubu dışındaki sıçanlara 45mg/kg streptozotozin (STZ) intraperitonal olarak verilerek Tip-2 diyabetoluşturuldu. Diyabet oluşumundan sonra sıçanların içme sularına farklı dozlarda(100 g/L, 200 g/L, 400 g/L) çam çıra ekstresi eklenerek suya serbest olarakerişimleri sağlandı. Deneysel uygulamalar 10 hafta sürdü. Kontrol grubu ilekarşılaştırıldığında, diyabet grubunda MDA seviyesinin kayda değer düzeydearttığı (p0.001), total protein düzeyinin ise önemli düzeyde azaldığı (p0.05)belirlendi. Diyabet grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında çıra suyu verilen gruplarda MDAdüzeyinin önemli düzeyde azaldığı (p0.001), protein seviyesinin ise önemlidüzeyde yükseldiği (DÇ100) (p0.05) belirlendi. İncelenen diğer parametrelerde(?-tokoferol, palmitik, oleik, linoleik asit ve doza bağlı diğer parametreler) iseistatistiksel açıdan anlamlı değişiklikler tespit edildi (p0.05, p0.01, p0.001).Sonuç olarak, sulu çam çıra ekstresinin oksidatif stres seviyesini azaltaraktestiküler hasarı azaltmada potansiyel olarak yararlı olduğu gözlenmiştir The primary targets of this study were to scrutinize the probable effectsof watery extract of pine extract in prohibiting oxidative stress in Type 2 diabetesgenerated testicular damage. In this study, we used 49 male rats of 2.5 months.Rats were assigned to groups including control, diabetes and diabetespine extract(DÇ100, DÇ200, DÇ400). Type-2 diabetes was generated by givingintraperitoneally streptozotocin (STZ) at 45 mg/kg to rats except the controlgroup. After the formation of diabetes, rats were given free access to the water byadding pine extract (100 g/L, 200 g/L, 400 g/L) to the drinking water at differentdoses. Experimental applications lasted for 10 weeks. It was ascertained thatMDA level was significantly decreased (p0.001), total protein level wassignificantly increased (p0.05), in the testicular tissue of diabetes group whencompared to the control group. It was identifyed that MDA degree was significantlydecreased (p0.001), total protein level (DÇ100) was significantly raised(p0.05), in the testicular tissue of diabetes pine extract groups when comparedto the STZ group. It was ascertained statistically significant changes in examinedthe other parameters (?-tocopherol, palmitic, oleic, linoleic acid and other dosedependentparameters) (p0.05, p0.01, p0.001). In conclusion, it was observedthat aqueous extract of pine extract is potentially useful in shortening testiculardamage by descending oxidative stress grade.

In this study, ZrN coatings are applied on glass and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite materials by magnetron sputtering method to gain an improved understanding of the solid particle erosion (SPE) wear resistance. The tests were carried out by selecting two different impact velocities (34, 53 m/s), four different impingement angles (30°, 45°, 60°, 90°) and two different abrasive (SiO2) particle sizes (approximate 250, 500 m). The thickness of ZrN coating material was 0.15 m. Protective coatings produced by using Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) method can increase the life time of the components. All test specimens regardless of their various parameter properties exhibit maximum erosion rates at 45 impingement angle and thus exhibiting similar behavior as that observed for semi ductile materials. Optic microscopic views were performed on the surfaces in order to characterize the erosion mechanism. The erodent particles of the both coating layer and composite matrix were found of main role in governing the wear progression. The measured erosion rates were sensitively correlated with the material removal process in order to explain the changes within the coated interfaces. Moreover, an erosion test facility at room temperature and Taguchi’s orthogonal arrays were used for experimentation. The expression derived from the results of Taguchi experimental design is proposed as a predictive equation for estimation of erosion rate of these composites. It is demonstrated that the predicted results from this equation are consistent with the experimental observations. Finally, an optimal parameter combination was determined, which led to minimization of erosion rate (ER).

Both knee joint bonesand other structures of knee joint have more important role in walking cycle.Walking cycle of clinically normal human done with integration of locationalchanges of tibia and femur bones. In this study, the biological structuresconsisting of human knee joint are kinematical analyzed. In addition, thekinematic analyses of knee joint bones in human walking cycle are done.Both knee joint bones and other structures of knee joint have more important role in walking cycle. Walking cycle of clinically normal human done with integration of locational changes of tibia and femur bones. In this study, the biological structures consisting of human knee joint are kinematical analyzed. In addition, the kinematic analyses of knee joint bones in human walking cycle are done., Diz eklemini oluşturan tüm yapılarnormal hareket edilmesinin sağlanmasında önemli rol oynarlar. Ortopedik olaraknormal bir insanın yürüme döngüsü femur ve tibia kemiklerinin bir dizi konumdeğişim entegrasyonu ile ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, normal bir altekstremite dizilimine sahip bir insanın yürümesindeki dinamik kuvvet analiziyapılmış ve diz eklemi kinematik çözümlemesi ele alınmıştır. Diz eklemi yatay eksen etrafında fleksiyon ve ekstansiyon yaparken ön düzlemde içe doğru kayma adı verilen abdüksiyon hareketi ile dışa doğru kayma olarak tanımlanan addüksiyon hareketini yapar. Tıbbi terminoloji olarak medial-lateral olarak tanımlanmış olan iç ve dış düzlemde ise sınırlı dönme yapar [6-12]. Kabul edilen bir terminoloji ile anlık dönme merkezi, diz eklemine aktarılan yükün dik olarak etkime yapmasını ve bağlar üzerine aşırı kuvvet aktarılmasını engelleme görevi görür. Diz aktif olarak 140°, pasif olarak 160° fleksiyon yapabilir [5-10].

Bu çalışmanın amacı, güç dönüştürücüleri için kapalı döngü içerisinde etkili bir benzetim ortamı oluşturmaktır.Kullanılan benzetim gerçek zamanlı olup, geleneksel benzetim yazılımlarından farklıdır. Gerçek zamanlıbenzetimlerde yüksek hassasiyetli sonuçlar elde edebilmek için örnekleme zaman aralığının oldukça küçükolması gerekmektedir. Bu ise sistemin maliyetinin artmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, açık kaynaklı birişletim sisteminde, güç dönüştürücülerinde durum uzay ortalama yaklaşımını kullanarak gelişmişmikrodenetleyiciler için çok düşük maliyetli gerçek zamanlı bir donanım test ortamının ayrıntılı bir uygulamasısunulmuştur. Örnek olarak, AA (Alternatif akım)-DA (Doğru akım) güç faktörü düzeltme dönüştürücüsünündenetleyicisi tasarımı için gerçek zamanlı bir benzetiminin test yaklaşımı uygulanmıştır. Önerilen gerçek zamanlıbenzetimin geçerliliği MATLAB/ Simulink benzetim sonuçları ile karşılaştırılarak doğrulanmıştır. The purpose of this study is to create an effective hardware in the loop simulation platform for power converters.The simulation used is real-time and is different from traditional simulation software. In order to obtain highprecision results in real-time simulations, the sampling time interval must be very small. This leads to anincrease in the cost of the system. In this study, a detailed implementation of a very low cost real-time hardwaretest environment is presented by using state space averaging approach in power converters in an open sourceoperating system for advanced microcontrollers. For example, the testing approach of a real-time simulation ofthe controller design of the AC-DC power factor correction converter has been implemented.The validity of the proposed real-time simulation is verified by comparing with simulation results inMATLAB/Simulink

Bu çalışmada, Kablosuz Algılayıcı Ağlar’ın (KAA), iletişim kurabilme, algılanan verileri iletme ve kendiaralarında kolayca organize olabilme gibi avantajlarından yararlanılmıştır. KAA’ın bu faydaları ile madenocaklarında oluşan ve çalışan maden işçileri için hayati tehlikeye sebep olan metan gazının yoğunluğubelirlenmiştir. Belirlenen yoğunluğun, maden işçilerini zehirlemesi veya maden ocağında patlama düzeyinegelmesi durumlarından önce uyarı vererek maden işçilerine önlem almaları için zaman kazandırmak amacı ileMaden Güvenlik Bilgi Sistemi benzetimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada bundan önce yapılmış olan madengüvenlik sistemlerine ek olarak; fazla sayıda düğüm kullanmak yerine, az sayıda ve hareket kabiliyetikazandırılmış algılayıcı düğümler kullanılarak, harcanan toplam enerjiyi en az seviyeye indirilmesi sağlanmıştır.Ayrıca, BSC-MAC protokolü kullanılarak kullanılan toplam enerjinin IEEE 802.15.4 protokolüne göre daha azseviyeye getirilmesi sağlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, Kablosuz Yer altı Algılayıcı Ağlar (KYAA) alanındayapılan çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacına uygun olarak KYAA’ın maden ocaklarında ne şekildeve hangi uygulamalarda kullanıldıkları ele alınmış ve elde edilen sonuçlara göre daha uygun bir sonuçönerilmiştir. Önerilen çalışma için Network Simulation-2 (NS-2)’de farklı topolojiler kullanılarak benzetimgerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen sonuçlar açıklanmıştır. In this study, some advantages of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) like communication, transmission of thesensed data and easy self-organization among each other are utilized. Density of the methane gas which exists inmines and is life-critical for miners has been determined. A Mine Security System simulation has beenperformed to save time to miners for taking precautions as an early warning before the pre-determined density ofthe gas reaches to critical level that poisons the miners and causes explosion. In addition to the existing minesecurity systems, mobile and less number of sensor nodes have been used instead of large number of stationarynodes to minimize the total energy consumption in this study. Also, using BSC-MAC protocol provides less theenergy consumption than IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. The existing studies in the field of Wireless UndergroundSensor Networks (WUSN) have been examined in the scope of this paper. How and in which applications theWUSN are used in mines are tackled parallel to the purpose of this paper and an optimal solution has been proposed according to the obtained results. Several simulations have been performed with different topologies inNetwork Simulation-2 (NS-2) tool for the proposed study and the results are explained.

Yapılan çalışma ile 2017 yılında Düzce Üniversitesi merkez kampüsünde çalışan akademik ve idari personelinçalıştıkları ofisler ve ofis ortamları analiz edimiştir. Çalışma kapsamında DÜ merkez kampüsünde 12 farklımerkezde 523’ü akademik, 275’i idari personel olmak üzere toplam 798 çalışan çalışmanın evreninioluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri elde etme aracı olarak anket formundan yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada yararlanılananket formu araştırmacılar tarafından literatüre bağlı kalınarak geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan anket formu2 farklı bölümde 17 soru ve 62 yargıdan oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında %95 güven düzeyi ve %5 hatapayına göre ulaşılması gereken denek sayısı 260 olarak hesaplanmış ve çalışma kapsamında 316 çalışanaulaşılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında katılımcıların %12,7’sinin ergonomik bilgisayar kullanımı hakında bilgi sahibiolduğu, %43’ünün de ergonomik bilgisayar kullanımı hakkında bilgi sahibi olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmakapsamında kullanılan ofislerin gerek doğal gerekse de yapay aydınlatılma bakımından iyi olduğu, hava kalitesibakımından iyi olduğu, ses yalıtımı bakımından çok iyi olduğu, özellikle ofislerin temizliği ve düzenliliğinin veçalışma alanlarının alansal olarak yeterliliğinin iyi olduğu ve kullanılan masa ve sandalyelerin de antropometrikolarak çalışanlara uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. In this study offices and office environments of the academic and administrative staff working on the DuzceUniversity central campus in 2017 is analyzed. Within the scope of the study, totally 798 employees, 523academic and 275 administrative personnel are working in 12 different centers on DÜ center campus. Thequestionnaire was used as a means of obtaining data in the study. The questionnaire form used in the study wasdeveloped by the researchers in accordance with the literature. The questionnaire used in the study consisted of17 questions and 62 judgments in 2 different departments. Within the scope of the study, the number of subjectsto be reached according to 95% confidence level and 5% error rate was calculated as 260 and 316 employeeswere reached within the scope of the study. It was determined that 12.7% of the participants had knowledgeabout ergonomic computer use and 43% of them did not know about ergonomic computer usage. The offices used in the scope of the study are good both in terms of natural and artificial lighting, good in terms of airquality, very good in terms of sound insulation, especially in areas where cleaning and tidiness of the offices andspace is good and the tables and chairs being used are suitable for anthropometric workers

Antiseptik etkili klorheksidini, antienflamatuar etkili enoksolonu velokal etkili benzokaini bir arada içeren ve bu içeriğiyle ağız-boğazbölgesindeki lokal irritasyonlara bağlı rahatsızlıkları ortadan kaldırmayayardımcı olarak kullanılan Anzibel pastillerin maliyet,iş yükü ve zaman açısından daha ekonomik olması nedeniyle miktar tayinianalizinin tek bir HPLC yöntemi geliştirilerek, gerekli validasyon çalışmalarıtamamlanmıştır. Analizlerde 25°C'de ACE 5 C18 4.6 x 150 mm, 5mm kolon, 250nm’dedalga boyunda 0.01 M KH2PO4 ‘ın fosforik asit ile pH 3.0±0.05’e ayarlanmış tampon çözeltisi ve asetonitril kullanılmıştır. Sistem uygunluk,doğruluk ve doğrusallık parametreleri çalışılmış ve kabul edilebilir sonuçlarelde edilmiştir., In this study, Anzibel pastilles are used in the treatment of the diseases related to the local irritation in oropharyngeal area with the antiseptic effect of a chlorhexidine, antiinflammatory effect of an enoxolone and locally anesthetizing effect of benzocaine. Because of economic reasons such as cost, workload and time, a new simultaneous HPLC method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of anzibel pastilles and the validation studies have been completed. Analysis were performed at 25°C by using ACE 5 C18 4.6 x 150 mm, 5 mm column, mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 0.01 M KH2PO4/H3PO4 buffer (pH = 3.0± 0.05) and acetonitrile and PDA dedector set at 250 nm. System suitability,accuracy and linearity parameters were studied and acceptable results were obtained.

Aralama, ormanların yönetimi ve işletilmesinde en uzun süre kullanılan silvikültürel müdahale yöntemidir.Aralamalardaki genel amaç kaliteli ve kalın çaplı gövdeye sahip bireylerin üretilmesidir. Ancak, meşe gibibirçok yapraklı ağaç türlerinde aralamalar nedeniyle gövde üzerinde su sürgünü oluşabilmekte buda gövdekalitesini düşürebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Düzce yöresindeki 22 yaşındaki saf sapsız meşe (Quercuspetraea Liebl.) meşceresinde uygulanan farklı aralama şiddetlerinin su sürgünü oluşumuna beş yıllık etkisiniaraştırmaktır. Aralama öncesi meşceredeki birey sayısı 2665 adet ha-1, ortalama göğüs yüksekliği çapı 7.7 cm vemeşcere göğüs yüzeyi (GY) 14.0 m2 ha-1 dır. Aralama ile GY’nin %0 (kontrol), %18 (mutedil) ve %32 (kuvvetli)çıkartılmıştır. Aralamadan beş yıl sonra deneme sahasındaki dokuz farklı parseldeki farklı sosyal ve çapsınıflarını temsil eden 30’ar ağaçta su sürgünü sayımları yapılmıştır. Varyans analizi sonuçlarına göre;aralamadan beş yıl sonra tüm işlemlerde su sürgünü sayısını benzer bulunmuştur. Ancak, ağaçlarda çap sınıfıinceldikçe ve galip tabakadan mağlup tabakaya doğru gittikçe su sürgünü miktarı artmıştır. Sonuç olarak istikbalağacı özelliği taşıyan galip tabakadaki en kalın çaplı ağaçlarda %32’ye varan kuvvetli aralamalar, su sürgünüoluşturma riski düşük olduğu için, önerilebilir Thinning is the longstanding silvicultural intervention method most frequently used in the management andoperation of forests. The overall aim of thinning is to produce individuals with high-quality, thick-diametertrunks. However, in many broadleaved tree species such as oak, thinning may generate epicormic branching onthe stem and this can reduce the quality of the trunk. The aim of this study was to investigate the five-year effectof different thinning intensities on epicormic branching formation. The treatments were applied in a 22-year-oldpure sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) stand in the Düzce region. Before thinning, the number of trees was2665 ha-1, with a mean diameter of 7.7 cm and stand basal area of 14 m2 ha-1. Selective thinning was applied byremoving 0% (control), 18% (moderate) and 32% (heavy) of the initial basal area. Five years after thinning, epicormic branching counts were made of 30 trees representing different social and diameter classes in the nineparcels. According to the variance analysis results, five years after thinning, the amount of epicormic branchingwas similar in all thinning treatments. However, the epicormic branching increased as the diameter class becamesmaller and from the dominant trees to the suppressed trees. As a result, heavy thinning of up to 32% may berecommended in sessile oak stands, especially for crop trees, since the risk of epicormic branching is low.