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Objective(s): MicroRNAs, which are micro-coordinators of gene expression, have been recently investigated as a potential treatment for cancer. The study used computational techniques to identify microRNAs that could target a set of genes simultaneously. Due to their multi-target-directed nature, microRNAs have the potential to impact multiple key pathways and their pathogenic cross-talk. Materials and Methods: We identified microRNAs that target a prostate cancer-associated gene set using integrated bioinformatics analyses and experimental validation. The candidate gene set included genes targeted by clinically approved prostate cancer medications. We used STRING, GO, and KEGG web tools to confirm gene-gene interactions and their clinical significance. Then, we employed integrated predicted and validated bioinformatics approaches to retrieve hsa-miR-124-3p, 16-5p, and 27a-3p as the top three relevant microRNAs. KEGG and DIANA-miRPath showed the related pathways for the candidate genes and microRNAs Results: The Real-time PCR results showed that miR-16-5p simultaneously down-regulated all genes significantly except for PIK3CA/CB in LNCaP; miR-27a-3p simultaneously down-regulated all genes significantly, excluding MET in LNCaP and PIK3CA in PC-3; and miR-124-3p could not downregulate significantly PIK3CB, MET, and FGFR4 in LNCaP and FGFR4 in PC-3. Finally, we used a cell cycle assay to show significant G0/G1 arrest by transfecting miR-124-3p in LNCaP and miR-16-5p in both cell lines. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that this novel approach may have therapeutic benefits and these predicted microRNAs could effectively target the candidate genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the rich background of Persian Medicine in the use of materia medica for the treatment of diseases, the huge burden of oral poisonings in the world, and the urgent need to find scientific solutions, the purpose of this study was to determine Avicenna's approach toward clinical toxicology and his proposed treatments for oral poisonings. In Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb, Avicenna addressed the materia medica for the treatments of oral poisonings after explaining the ingestion of different toxins and also elucidating the clinical toxicology approach toward poisoned patients. These materia medica were from different classes including emetics, purgatives, enemas, diaphoretics, antidiarrheals, inhaled drugs, sternutators, anticoagulants, antiepileptics, antitussives, diuretics, cooling drugs, stimulants, cardiotonic drugs, and heating oils. By applying different therapies, Avicenna endeavored to attain main goals in clinical toxicology that are comparable with modern medicine. They included removing the toxins from the body, decreasing the severity of the deleterious effects of toxins on the body, and counteracting the effects of toxins inside the body. Aside from introducing different therapeutic agents that played an important role in the treatment of oral poisonings, he emphasized the ameliorating effects of nutritive foods and beverages. Further research using other Persian medical resources is recommended to elucidate the applicable approaches and treatments for different poisonings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esophageal cancer (EC), as one of the leading causes of cancer‐associated mortality, influences a remarkable population of subjects globally and is histologically divided into two types, comprising esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Although several therapeutic approaches are present for EC, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, these options have low success with serious side effects, for example, gastrointestinal toxicity, esophagitis, and pulmonary complications. Thus, utilizing an effective tool with low side effects is urgent. Newly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have received special interest for treating diverse diseases, such as cancer. Among different sources of MSCs, human umbilical cord MSCs have notable benefits, and reports expressed that they may be effective in EC treatment. For this purpose, in this review study, we aimed to summarize evidence regarding the effects of human umbilical cord MSCs on EC with a mechanistic insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches against diabetes. • Decoy-based therapy is an emerging strategy that shows promise for diabetes and its complications. • Decoy technologies include decoy oligodeoxynucleotides and decoy peptides. • This review summarizes the therapeutic effects of decoy-based therapies in diabetes. Current therapeutic approaches for diabetes are focused on improving glycemic control to prevent diabetes-related complications, but such approached are not completely successful. Decoy technologies such as decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) and decoy peptides have emerged as therapeutic tools in diabetes. Decoy ODNs carry a DNA recognition motif for the binding of transcription factors in order to trap them and block their effects, whereas decoy peptides mimic the binding structure of the receptor protein, bind to the docking site of the target ligand, and prevent the interaction of the ligand and receptor. This review summarizes the technologies that have been developed to date and the studies that have investigated the therapeutic effects of decoy ODNs and peptides in diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late December 2019, a new kind of Coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was officially identified in Wuhan, China. In March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), and it has infected millions of people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious Coronavirus, which has led to an outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection called "Coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19), resulting in mild to severe respiratory infections in humans. The design of appropriate therapeutic approaches is dependent on the understanding of molecular and cellular pathways of Coronavirus infections. In this study, we summarized the characteristic features of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we considered the recent information regarding COVID-19 molecular immune pathogenesis, diagnosis, and potential treatment, which may provide novel perspectives and therapeutic goals in combating SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that about two years have passed since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is still no curative treatment for the disease. Most cases of COVID-19 have mild or moderate illness and do not require hospitalization. This guideline released by the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital COVID-19 Expert Group to provide a treatment guide for outpatient management of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increase in the number of cancer patients, because of environmental parameters, high stress, low immunity, etc., there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective sensors for early targeted detection of cancerous cells with adequate selectivity and efficiency. Early disease diagnosis is important, as it is necessary to start treatments before disease progression. On the other hand, we need new, more efficient cancer treatment approaches with minimized side effects, more biocompatibility, and easy disposal. Nanobiotechnology is a field that can assist in developing new diagnostic and treatment approaches, specifically in fatal cancers. Herein, a study on the different applications of nanofibers in cancer detection as well as its treatment has been done. Here, a very brief survey on the main structure of biosensors and their different categories has been conducted and will precede the discussion of the study to serve as a reference and guide the reader's understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disease in which gene-environment interactions cause the immune system to unfavorably react to naturally gluten-containing foods. PTPN22 plays a crucial role in regulating the function of various cells of the immune system, particularly T cells. Polymorphisms of the PTPN22 gene have been associated with many autoimmune diseases. The present genetic association study was conducted to investigate the possible associations between PTPNTT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and celiac disease in an Iranian population. Materials and methods: The study population consisted of 45 patients with celiac disease and 93 healthy controls. The study genotyped five SNPs of the PTPN22 gene: rs12760457, rs1310182, rs1217414, rs33996649, and rs2476601. Results and conclusions: Control and patient groups did not differ on the genotype distribution of four of five investigated SNPs in the PTPN22 gene, for example, rs12760457, rs2476601, rs1217414, and rs33996649. The only investigated PTPN22 variant, which could be associated with CD, was rs1310182. A significant increase in the carriage of the T allele of rs1310182 in CD patients was observed (OR (95% CI) = 11.42 (5.41, 24.1), p value < 0.0001). The TT genotype of this SNP was significantly associated with celiac disease. Our study suggests that the rs1310182 SNP of PTPN22 gene may be a predisposing factor of celiac disease in the Iranian population. Further studies are required to investigate the issue in other racial and ethnic subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of the most common mental conditions. Proteome profiling may help identifying important proteins and finally shed lights to complexity of OCD underlying mechanisms. Here, by the application gel-based proteomic approach the proteome profile of patients with washing subtype of OCD before and after treatment with Fluoxetine (positive responders) are compared to healthy matched controls. However, only one of the differentially expressed proteins is examined and introduced in this paper. Proteomic analysis was done by the application of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), combined with (MALDI-TOF-TOF MS)-based. Furthermore, network analysis and biological annotation were handled by Cytoscape Plug-in and CluePedia. The proteome comparison between groups identified protein with the significant expression changes (p<0.05 and fold change = 1.5). While the expression level of Ig Kappa Chain C Region is significantly decreased in OCD patients before any treatments, the trend is almost normalized after treatment with Fluoxetine in positive responders. In addition, interaction profile of IGKC shows that the interacting proteins may be affected as the expression pattern of IGKC changes in OCD patients. In conclusion, IGKC may be introduced as potential biomarker in our study; yet, investigation in bigger sample size and application of validation methods is a requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This bioinformatics study aims to identify the potential key genes influenced by cocoa extraction treatment on colon cancer cell line HT-29 after 24h. Background: Cocoa consumption has been claimed to have beneficial effects on human body including protection against diseases such as different types of cancers. However, the mechanisms behind this is still remained to be studied. Methods: The microarray dataset (GSE94154) from GEO, was the source for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) extraction through GEO2R analysis. The comparison was between 3 controls of colorectal cell line HT-29 and 3 ones incubated with 500 ^g cocoa extraction after 24 h. Afterwards, the top significant DEGs were assigned for protein-protein interaction network construction and analysis by Cytoscape v 3.7.0. and the related applications. Results: The findings indicate that there are 222 up-regulated and 28 down-regulated genes among 250 top-ranked DEGs in cocoa incubated group. What is more, centrality analysis of the DEGs network identified 10 hub-bottlenecks that ISG15, MX 1, and STAT1 were among the significant differential expression genes with the contribution in type 1 interferon signaling pathway, positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation, and negative regulation of viral genome replication. Conclusion: In conclusion, the underlying mechanisms of cocoa treatment could be clarified by its up-regulatory and modulatory effect on prominent genes of tumor suppressor family. In other words, valuable clues for future clinical studies of cocoa health benefits are highlighted as anticancer agent in this study once validation studies are carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) is a major modality for the endoscopic management of ureteral stones. Ureteral spasm makes access for ureters difficult, which causes impaction of the ureteroscope, ureteral dislodge, and a low success rate of endoscopic surgeries. This study described the outcomes of a new endoscopic surgical experience by use of 40-degree warm saline irrigation during TUL compaired with routine ambient air irrigation in TUL. Materials and methods: In this randomized clinical trial from 2014 to 2015, 150 patients with ureteral stone with balanced randomization were divided into two parallel groups. Patients underwent TUL in the first group with 20-25 degree saline irrigation and in the second group with 40-degree saline irrigation. One surgical team with the same semi-rigid instrument performed all TULs and the other steps were similar in both groups. Complete stone fragmentation was measured as the primary outcome and the duration of procedure, retrograde stone migration and all and any intraoperative complications were the secondary measurements. Result: While comparing warm saline irrigation with cold saline irrigation, the rate of access to upper ureter was 95% versus 72%, stone retropulsion frequency was 10.7% versus 30.7% and the stone-free rate was 96% versus 76% respectively (P < .05). There was no ureteroscope impaction and ureteral dislodge in both groups. Conclusion: Using warm saline irrigation in endoscopic surgeries results in better surgical outcomes including a lower ureteral spasm rate, greater ureteral muscle relaxation and better access to the upper ureteral zone, and a lower rate of complications, such as ureteroscope impaction, ureteral dislodge and stone retropulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definitive cure for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection is represented by the eradication of the virus from the patient’s body. To reach this result, cells that are infected but do not produce the virus must become recognizable to be killed by the immune system. For this purpose, drugs defined “latency reverting agents” (LRA) that reactivate viral production are under investigation. A few clinical studies have been performed in HIV-infected patients treated with LRA and combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). The strategy is thus to combine cART and LRA to reactivate the virus and unmask latently infected cells that, because of cART, cannot produce a fully competent form of the virus. Unmasked cells can present viral antigens to the immune system, that ultimately recognizes and kills such latently infected cells. This review reports and discusses recent studies that have been published on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) is a key copper-containing metalloenzyme widely distributed in nature and plays determinant role in melanin biosynthesis. The enzyme manifests two unusual catalytic properties including oxidase and monooxygenase activities. Its inhibitors may be applied to efficiently treat of hyperpigmentation and widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, as well as food supplements and insecticides. The present study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of some novel azo-hydrazone tautomeric dyes (4a–e) including bioactive thiazolidinone moiety on the activity of the mushroom tyrosinase. When L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) was used as the substrate for the enzyme, the compounds 4d, 4a, and 4e showed strong inhibitory effects against the activity of the enzyme (61%, 56%, and 49% inhibition in the presence of 60 μM of each compound, respectively). The IC 50 values of the synthetized compounds were measured and their inhibition properties were also visualized by zymography. According to tyrosinase inhibitory activity, the compounds 4a, 4c, 4d and 4e exhibited strong inhibitory activities with IC 50 values of 45.83, 140.25, 37.59, and 42.31 μM, respectively, compared to the positive control kojic acid (29.44 μM). Kinetic study of 4d compound (as the most potent inhibitor) revealed that the compound acts as a reversible competitive inhibitor of the enzyme with the Ki value of 31.0 μM. We also simulated the molecular docking with the compound 4d and the results confirmed that the compound strongly interacts with the mushroom tyrosinase residues. All results totally suggest that thiazolidine derivatives, especially 4d, 4a, and 4e, can be considered as safe and efficient tyrosinase inhibitors. They also have the potential to be used in the correspond fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment has many advantages such as esthetic improvement and self-esteem enhancement; yet it has some disadvantages such as increasing the risk of formation of white spot lesions, because it makes oral hygiene more difficult. It is rational to implement procedures to prevent these lesions. The present study was aimed to assess the effect of CO2 laser and fluoride varnish on the surface of the enamel surface microhardness around the orthodontic braces. Methods: Eighty extracted premolar teeth were selected, scaled, polished with nonfluoridated pumic and metal brackets were bonded to them. Then, they were randomly allocated to 5 groups: control (neither fluoride nor laser is used on enamel surfaces), fluoride (4 minutes fluoride varnish treatment of the enamel surfaces), CO2 laser (10.6 μm CO2 laser irradiation of the teeth), laserfluoride (fluoride application after laser irradiation) and fluoride-laser (fluoride was applied and then teeth were irradiated with laser). After surface treatment around brackets on enamel, the samples were stored in 0.1% thymol for less than 5 days and then they were exposed to a 10-day microbiological caries model. Microhardness values of enamel were evaluated with Vickers test. One sample of each group (5 teeth from 80 samples) was prepared for SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and the data from 75 remaining teeth were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square tests (α = 0.05). Results: Microhardness mean values from high to low were as follow: fluoride-laser, laser-fluoride, laser, fluoride and control. Microhardness in fluoride-laser group was significantly higher compared with that of the control group. Distribution adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were significantly different between groups and most of bond failures occurred at the enamel-adhesive interface in groups 2 to 5 and at the adhesive-bracket interface in the control group. Conclusion: Combination of fluoride varnish and CO2 laser irradiation can reduce enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have evaluated the association between interleukin-6 (IL-6) -174 G/C polymorphism and Graves' disease (GD); however, the results have been inconsistent. In the current study, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the association of IL6 -174 G/C polymorphism with Graves' disease. Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify all eligible studies published before August 2016. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of association in dominant, recessive, allelic, homozygotes contrast, and heterozygotes contrast models. A total of four case-control studies with 554 GD cases and 1201 healthy controls were included in this meta-analysis. In the combined analysis, the results showed significant association between the IL6 -174 G/C polymorphism and the risk for GD in dominant model (OR=1.39, 95% CI: 1.07-1.80), recessive model (OR=2.75, 95% CI: 1.01-7.55) and homozygote contrast model (OR=3.25, 95% CI: 1.1-9.58). No publication bias was found in the current study (all P>0.05). The meta-analysis results suggested that the IL6 -174 G/C polymorphism was indicated to be associated with the risk of GD. Further studies are warranted to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinacea purpurea has been reported as a source of bioactive compounds and essential elements. Cichoric acid is a caffeic acid derivative known as appropriate marker for the quality of E. purpurea containing products. We have developed an efficient method of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of cichoric acid from roots of E. purpurea and optimized the process parameters. Comparison of the UAE and maceration techniques for the extraction of cichoric acid from of E. purpurea root was carried out. The concentration of cichoric acid in extracts was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimum extraction parameters are 50% (v/v) ethanol - water mixture as solvent, sonication time of 10 min, solute to solvent ratio of 1/10, and extraction temperature of 30°C. The advantageous effect of ultrasonic waves on extraction of cichoric acid in comparison to maceration technique is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus, as a chronic metabolic disease, is associated with a wide range of kidney and liver disorders. The goal of this study was to indicate the effects of selenium nanoparticles on the function of kidney and liver enzymes in stereptozocin induced diabetic rats. Methods: In this study, 35 male wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=7): control, diabetic control and three experimental groups receiving selenium nanoparticle solutions at doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg/BW respectively. To induce diabetes in rats, a single dose of streptozocin (60 mg/kg/BW) was injected intraperitoneally. After the experimental period, blood samples were collected from all groups and the blood factors associated with the liver enzymes and kidney factors were measured and analyzed. Results: The results indicated that the levels of fasting blood sugar in all groups treated with selenium nanoparticles had a significant reduction compared to the diabetic group (P≤0.05). Aspartate amino transferase had a significant reduction at the maximum dose compared to the diabetic group (P≤ 0.05). Also a significant decrease in the level of albumin was seen in the group treated with selenium nanoparticle (P≤ 0.05). Selenium nanoparticle treatment made a significant decreases in the levels of urea and ceratinine at the maximum dose (P≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The consumption of selenium nanoparticles in proper dosages may have beneficial effects on diabetic complications by lowering blood sugar as well as reducing the increased levels of the liver enzymes and kidney factors, albumin and cratinine resulting in the better function of kidney and liver [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Prediabetes is a dysglycemic state and is associated with subtle myocardial injury and dysfunction. We evaluated atrial conduction times (ACTs) and atrial electromechanical delays (EMDs) in prediabetic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: In the present study, we recruited 128 consecutive patient candidates (40 euglycemic, 48 prediabetic, and 40 diabetic patients) for coronary artery bypass grafting. ACTs were measured using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). The time intervals between the beginning of the P wave in the surface electrocardiogram and the peak of the a′ wave in TDI (PA) in the septal and lateral mitral annuli and the lateral tricuspid annulus were measured and termed as "septal PA," "lateral PA," and "right ventricular (RV) PA," respectively. The differences between lateral and septal PA, septal and RV PA, and lateral and RV PA were termed as "left intra-atrial EMD," "right intra-atrial EMD," and "inter-atrial EMD" respectively. Results: Septal PA, lateral PA, RV PA, left and right intra-atrial EMDs, and inter-atrial EMD were not statistically different between these three groups. Furthermore, multivariable linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, showed that glycemic state was not associated with ACTs, left and right intra-atrial EMDs, and inter-atrial EMD. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the euglycemic, prediabetic, and diabetic patients with CAD regarding ACTs and atrial EMDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The role of thalidomide in induction and long-term maintenance therapy in patients with multiple myeloma not eligible for stem cell transplantation remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of low-dose thalidomide as induction therapy and as maintenance therapy for 24 months in patients with a complete remission after the induction chemotherapy and to monitor the survival and relapse rates. Methods Between October 2005 and September 2013, 50 patients with multiple myeloma received six courses of Cyclophosphamide-Vincristine Adriamycin and Dexamethazone (c-VAD) and pamidronate, and thalidomide 100 mg daily during induction, then thalidomide 100 mg daily for 24 months as maintenance. The effects of thalidomide were assessed objectively and subjectively. Whenever necessary, electromyography and nerve capacity volume were performed monthly for 6 months, then once every 3 months until the end of treatment. Results Primary response was 96% (CR or very good PR in 48/50 patients). Fifteen out of the remaining 48 patients relapsed during the follow-up period. Nine out of the 15 patients who relapsed showed very good partial response to treatment and four patients showed partial response. Survival rate was 81% in these patients. The primary outcome measures showed a mean and median progression-free survival of 33 and 27 months, respectively, and a mean and median overall survival of 43 and 39 months, respectively. Conclusion Low-dose thalidomide during induction therapy combined with conventional chemotherapy and a 2-year maintenance may be effective in preventing the relapse and improving the overall survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the extract of Zataria multiflora ( Z. multiflora ) on IFN-γ, FOXP3, IL-4, TGF-β, and IL-17 gene expression was evaluated in cultured splenocytes obtained from control, nontreated asthma or sensitized mice (group S), Sensetized animals treated with dexamethasone or three concentrations of Z. multiflora extract (200, 400 and 800 μg/ml) (n = 6, for each group). IFN-γ and FOXP3 gene expressions were significantly decreased ( P < 0.001 for both cases) but IL-4 ( P < 0.001) and IL-17 ( P < 0.05) were increased in group S compared to control group. Z. Multiflora extract 800 μg/ml, significantly upregulated IFN-γ gene expression ( P < 0.01) and its 400 and 800 μg/ml concentrations increased FOXP3 gene expression ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively) compared to group S. Z. multiflora extract at all concentrations (200, 400 and 800 μg/ml) decreased TGF-β gene expression and its lowest concentration significantly reduced IL-17 gene expression compared to group S ( P < 0.001 for all cases). Only IL-4 and TGF-β gene expression was significantly decreased following treatment with dexamethasone ( P < 0.001 for both cases). The results indicated an increase in IFN-γ and FOXP3 but decrease in TGF-β and IL-17 gene expression profile in sensitized splenocytes treated with the extract, which might be partially due to the presence of one of its constituent, carvacrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Carbapenems is on second line therapy of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and are the last defense line in critical infections Enterobacteriaceae family but Carbapenems resistance is increased so there are some problems when Carbapenems resistance is increased. Therefore, a new study about carbapenem resistance is necessary. Materials and Methods: This study collected 196 isolated bacteria of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae family from Hospitals patient of Tehran and evaluates them by phenotypic and biochemical methods. Also, the researcher studies the disk diffusion method and use it to determine antibiotic sensitivity of all bacteria according to the CLSI standard table.Results: From the total of 196 bacteria collected, the resistance to Meropenem is %39.79 and Imipenem is %45.91 and 30.10 percent to Meropenem and Imipenem resistance so that the percent resistance of bacteria is as follows: Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to Meropenem is %39.62 and Imipenem is %43.39. Meropenem and Imipenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae family are as follows: Salmonella resistance to Imipenem and Meropenem is %0 and %50, Citrobacter koseri the resistance to Imipenem and Meropenem %0 and %50, Citrobacter freundii Meropenem resistance of %28.57 and Imipenem %28.57, Escherichia coli resistance to Meropenem %39.70 and Imipenem %47.05, Klebsiella oxytoca resistance to Meropenem %46.6 and %40 Imipenem and Meropenem resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae %34.14 and Imipenem %53.65, respectively. Conclusion: There is an increasing resistance to Meropenem and Imipenem antibiotics in treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae family in our country. Hence, it should be properly and reasonably use these antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common fungal infection among women during reproductive ages. Although, Candida albicans is accounted as the main etiologic agent of vaginitis, non-albicans species have arisen during last years. Resistant to antifungal drugs especially, fluconazole has been more reported by researchers from around the World. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis among suspected patients with vaginitis, the frequency of Candida species, and the susceptibility profiles of isolates to caspofungin, fluconazole and clotrimazole. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty suspected women with vaginitis were examined by specialist physician and sampled using moisture swabs. Swabs were inoculated on CHROMagar Candida plates, incubated at 35°C and detected all isolated Candida species using morphological, microcopy and molecular methods. The antifungal susceptibility tests with caspofungin, fluconazole and clotrimazole were applied using microdilution and Resazurin dye methods against all isolated yeasts. Results: The cultures were positive for 34(28.3%) samples and three Candida species including; C. albicans (88.2%), C. glabrata (8.8%) and C. kefyr (2.9%). Our study shows that only one isolate of C. albicans was resistant to caspofungin at the concentration of 2 µg/ml after 24h incubation that increased to 2 isolates after 48h incubation. All isolates were sensitive to fluconazole at the MIC ranges of 1-0.25 µg/ml, while 88.2% of them were inhibited at 0.25 µg/mL of clotrimazole. Candida albicans remains the most common agent of fungal vaginitis. Conclusion: Although all of Candida isolates were susceptible to fluconazole in vitro, it should be used with caution for empirical therapy due to more resistant rates in clinic. In addition, due to valuable sensitivity of all tested strains to caspofungin, it potentially can be presented as the first line therapy for Candida vaginitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic alcohol ingestion is associated with pronounced detrimental effects on the renal system. In the current study, the protective effect of ginger extract on ethanol-induced damage was evaluated through determining 8-OHdG, cystatin C, glomerular filtration rate, and pathological changes such as cell proliferation and fibrosis in rats’ kidneys. Male wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups and were treated as follows: (1) control, (2) ethanol and (3) ginger extract treated ethanolic (GETE) groups. After a six weeks period of treatment, the results revealed proliferation of glomerular and tubular cells, fibrosis in glomerular and peritubular and a significant rise in the level of 8-OHdG, cystatin C, plasma urea and creatinine. Moreover, compared to the control group, the ethanol group showed a significant decrease in the urine creatinine and creatinine clearance. In addition, significant amelioration of changes in the structure of kidneys, along with restoration of the biochemical alterations were found in the ginger extract treated ethanolic group, compared to the ethanol group. These findings indicate that ethanol induces kidneys abnormality by oxidative DNA damage and oxidative stress, and that these effects can be alleviated using ginger as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are thought to be the main mechanism of T-2 toxin toxicity. T-2 toxin is the most potent trichothecene mycotoxin which is present in agricultural products. L-carnitine, besides its anti-oxidative properties, facilitates the transportation of long-chain fatty acids in to mitochondrial matrix.Objective: In this study we tested whether L-carnitine, an antioxidant and a facilitator for long-chain fatty acid transportation across mitochondrial membranes, could protect rat hepatocytes against toxicity induced by T-2 toxin.Materials and methods: L-carnitine in low and high doses (50 and 500 mg/kg) was administered for five consecutive days to male Wistar rats. Hepatocytes were isolated and freshly exposed to appropriate concentration of T-2 toxin for 2 h followed by oxidative stress and cell death evaluations.Results: Glutathione depletion, ROS overproduction and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse were determined under T-2 toxin exposure. Pretreatment with L-carnitine particularly at high-dose reduced toxicity and prevented the hepatocytes from abnormal caspase-3 activity and apoptosis.Conclusion: Low toxicity of L-carnitine and its mitochondrial protective effects promises an effective way to reduce or prevent the toxicity induced by certain environmental pollutants, including T-2 toxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of combining extremely low frequency–pulsed electromagnetic field (ELF-PEMF) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on alkali-burned rabbit corneas. Fifty alkali-burned corneas of 50 rabbits were categorized into five groups: ELF-PEMF therapy with 2 mT intensity (ELF 2) for 2 h daily; LLLT for 30 min twice daily; combined ELF-PEMF and LLLT (ELF + LLLT); medical therapy (MT); and control (i.e., no treatment). Clinical examination and digital photography of the corneas were performed on days 0, 2, 7, and 14. After euthanizing the rabbits, the affected eyes were evaluated by histopathology. The clinical and histopathologic results were compared between the groups. On days 7 and 14, no significant difference in the corneal defect area was evident between the ELF, LLLT, ELF + LLLT, and MT groups. Excluding the controls, none of the study groups demonstrated a significant corneal neovascularization in both routine histopathology and immunohistochemistry for CD31. Keratocyte loss was significantly higher in the MT group than in the ELF, LLLT, and ELF + LLLT groups. Moderate to severe stromal inflammation in the LLLT group was comparable with that in the MT group and was significantly lower than that in the other groups. In conclusion, combining LLLT and ELF was not superior to ELF alone or LLLT alone in healing corneal alkali burns. However, given the lower intensity of corneal inflammation and the lower rate of keratocytes loss with LLLT, this treatment may be superior to other proposed treatment modalities for healing alkali-burned corneas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Obesity with the growing trend in children and adolescents is a global health problem and food habits have an important role in obesity of children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of obesity and its relationship with food habits among 10-14 years old school boys in Birjand. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 on 270 boys of the fourth, fifth and sixth grades of primary schools of Birjand who were selected through cluster random sampling. Data collection was carried out using Food Frequency Questionnaire with questions about food habits and demographic variables, through interviews and measurements of height and weight. Data was analyzed using chi-square test, t test and one- way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Ten percant of the students suffered from overweight and 5.6% were obese. The findings showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and the number of daily intake of bread and cereals (r=0.17, p=0.006), milk (r=0.21, p=0.001) and meat substitutes (r=0.24, p<0.001) and there was a significant relationship between BMI and age of students (r=0.13, p=0.037), mothers' educational level (p=0.038) and fathers' job (p=0.018). Conclusion: Given the considerable prevalence of overweight and obesity in students, planing and implying appropriate interventions in order to modify food habits and prevent of growing trend of overweight and obesity, seems necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In order to select a better antibiotic choice for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, this study was conducted to determine the frequency of resistance to some antipseudomonal β-lactams in P. aeruginosa isolates from patients in Tehran, Iran. In addition, the relation between presence of genes known to be responsible for resistance to β-lactams (ampC, mexC1,2, and mexC3,4 genes) and resistance phenotype among P. aeroginosa isolates was evaluated. Methods: P. aeruginosa strains were isolated and identified by routine methods and PCR for oprL gene. Disk diffusion method was employed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern according to CLSI recommendations. PCR was used to detect the resistance genes. Results: Among 100 isolates of P. aeruginosa, 82% had ampC, 86% mexC1,2 and 89% mexC3,4 genes and combinations of these genes were seen in most of isolates and only 3% of isolates had none of these genes. Resistance to mezlocillin, cefepime, ceftazidime and piperacillin/ tazobactam was seen in 46%, 41%, 36% and 29% of isolates, respectively. Significant relation (P value =0.05 by Chi-square or Fisher Exact test) was observed between the presence of ampC gene and resistance to all the studied β-lactams in this study. No relation was observed for mexC genes, although many of isolates containing these two genes were phenotypically resistant. Discussion: This study had shown for the first time, the presence of ampC and mexC genes in significant percent of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Tehran, Iran, and relation between presence of ampC gene and resistance to β-lactams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation reactions in edible oils and fats are regarded as a cause of spoilage. Use of antioxidants can prevent oxidation. In this research, effects of adding three essential oils (cumin, savory and cardamom) at three different concentrations (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 %, v/v) on acid value, peroxide value, induction period and flavor of soybean oil were evaluated at different storage times and temperatures according to Taguchi's experimental design. Based on the results of this study, type of essential oil, its concentration, storage temperature and storage time indicated significant effects (probability (P) <0.05) on acid value, peroxide value and induction period. However, savory and cardamom showed the highest impact on the evaluated parameters having the most effect on the induction period. Also, based on the results obtained for acid value, all the essential oils from this study indicated significant effects on the acid value. Cumin and savory showed significant effects on the peroxide value. Soybean oil containing the essential oils from this study had good flavor and high desirability with no clear preference among the three essential oils on the flavor and desirability by the sensory panel (P>0.05). In addition, two concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6 (%, v/v) can be regarded as suitable concentrations for reducing free fatty acids as well as peroxide value and enhancing the induction period of soybean oil. Concentration of essential oil within the studied range did not show any significant effect on the flavor of soybean oil. Two temperatures of 20 and 30oC were found to be optimal temperatures for enhancing induction period and reducing the peroxide value of soybean oil. Effects of storage time and temperature on the acid value were also significant (P < 0.05). Storage times of 2 and 4 months were found to be appropriate storage times for optimum induction period of soybean oil, but storage times of 2 and 6 months were optimal times for minimum peroxide value. Increase in the storage time and temperature caused a decrease in the flavor and desirability of the oil. The results of this study showed that the essential oils can be suggested as natural antioxidants in oil industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. There are many documents about the effects of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease etiology. Angiotensin II activates NADPH dependent oxidases and causes superoxides formation. Peganum harmala L. extract, which has angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory effect, is considered to evaluate oxidative stress inhibition and Parkinson's disease improvement. Male rats weighting 200-250 g were divided into 5 groups: Control, Neurotoxin (injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into left hemisphere substantia nigra), Peganum harmala's seeds aqueous extract (10 mg/kg) and captopril (5 mg/kg). Peganum harmala and captopril were injected intraperitonealy -144, -120, -96, -72, -48, -24, -2, 4 and 24 h relative to 6-hydroxydopamine injection time. Muscle stiffness, apomorphine induced unilateral rotation, amount of brain's protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, ACE activity and histology of substantia nigra were assayed in all groups. Peganum harmala improved Muscle stiffness and one-direction rotation behavior significantly. It also reduced brain's lipid and protein oxidation levels in neurotoxin-injected rats significantly. In Peganum harmala group compared to control group, brain's ACE activity was significantly inhibited. In histological study, Peganum harmala prevented degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, too. In conclusion, aqueous extract of Peganum harmala could prevent symptoms and reduced oxidative stress markers in rats with Parkinson's disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in pediatric patients with autoimmune disorders is an area of particular concern since autoimmune diseases can increase the risk of complications from the virus. However, as the infection rates were significantly higher in adults compared to children, this at-risk group of children was relatively underrepresented in COVID-19 research. The underlying inflammatory basis of autoimmune diseases and medications that affect the immune system, such as corticosteroids, could increase the risk of severe infection in this group of patients. COVID-19 could reportedly lead to a variety of alterations in the immune system. These alterations are plausibly dependent on the underlying immune-mediated diseases or prior use of immunomodulatory drugs. Patients administrating immunomodulatory agents, especially those with severe immune system dysregulation, can experience severe symptoms of COVID-19. Nonetheless, receiving immunosuppressive medications can benefit patients by preventing cytokine storm syndromes and lung tissue damage, threatening outcomes of COVID-19. Conclusion: In this review, we sought to evaluate the currently available literature on the impact of autoimmune disease and its related therapeutic approaches on the COVID-19 infection course of disease in children and reflect on the gaps in the evidence and the need for further research in this field. What is Known: • The majority of children infected with COVID-19 demonstrate mild to moderate clinical manifestations compared to adults, whereas those children with pre-existing autoimmune conditions are at a greater risk for severe symptoms. •There is currently limited understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in pediatric patients with autoimmune disorders due to scattered reports and inadequate evidence. What is New: • Generally, children with autoimmune disorders have more unfavorable outcomes than healthy children; yet, the severity is not extreme, and is highly dependent on their autoimmune disease type and severity, as well as the medication they are taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the synthesis of Quinolines by Friedlander annulations which is promoted by Polymer-bound Sulfonic Acid. Topics include application of Quinolines as anti-malerial, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory agent, Friedlander annulations being the simplest methods for synthesis of Quinolines, and significance of Poly (AMPS-co-AA) catalyst in the process of synthesis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) and cyclophosphamide (CYC) as a therapeutic regimen for interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Thirty-six selected patients included in this retrospective cohort and received one of the two drugs; the first group consists of 15 patients who were treated with AZA (1.5-2 mg/kg/day) and the second group with 21 patients received oral CYC (up to 2 mg/kg/day). Both groups received additional low dose of prednisolone (≤10 mg) for 6 months. Forced vital capacity (FVC), diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and skin score were assessed as outcome measures. Modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS), pulmonary function test and DLCO were evaluated at entry and at the end of study after 12 months. The mean (SD) FVC percentages obtained at baseline and post-treatment in AZA-treated patients were 62.8 ± 9.8 and 71.1 ± 20.9 with mean difference of FVC% +7.6 ± 13.1, p = 0.05, and in CYC-treated patients 59.5 ± 10.7, 63.1 ± 16.2 and +2.9 ± 11.5, respectively, p = 0.19. Baseline and post-treatment DLCO% in AZA-treated patients were 61.4 ± 25.8 and 76.7 ± 24.0 with mean difference of +15.0 ± 14.5, respectively, p = 0.01. In CYC-treated patients, those measures were 67.7 ± 27.5 and 60.0 ± 22.9 with mean difference of −8.0 ± 23.7 ( p = 0.12). Following 12 months of treatment in AZA-treated patients, mean difference of changes in mRSS was −2.9 ± 3.7 and −1.4 ± 4.5 in CYC-treated patients. Our results indicated that AZA can be effective in ameliorating or stabilizing lung function in selected SSc patient groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin wound healing is very significant physiological procedure. It is quite obvious that promoting this healing is important too. One of the most popular compounds used ever for skin care is Vaccinium arctostaphylos essential oil. In this study we tried to compare the effects of V. arctostaphylos and zinc oxide on secondary intentioned openwound healing in rats Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 75 male rats included in 5 groups: eucerin, zinc oxide, Vaccinium extract 10 and 20%, not treated. The whole operation was taking place under general anesthesia circumstances. Took photos continuously 21 days after wound creation and catch biopsy intervals were 3, 7, 14 and 21 days. Wounds areas are measured by Scion Image™ software. At last, all data were analyzed using SPSS-17. Results: As a result V. arctostaphylos with dose of 20% has significant healing properties compared to zinc oxide. These data were validating under confidence surface of 99% (p<0.01). Conclusion: Base on earned data it will be suitable to use of zinc oxide ointment for healing reason but there is opportunity to researcher to survey higher dose of this plant extraction in contrast of zinc oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide as a hypocalciuric diuretic on stone-free rate of renal pelvic calculi after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Materials and Methods: A double blind, placebo controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted and 52 patients with renal pelvic calculi (diameter ⩽2 cm) were enrolled from February 2010 to September 2010. ESWL protocol was performed by 2,500 shocks per session. The patients were randomized into two groups: (1) 26 patients who were given 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide twice daily; and (2) 26 patients who received placebo. The stone-free rate was defined as residual calculus size ⩽4 mm in controlled ultrasound on 2nd week, 1 month and 3 months after ESWL. Results: 19 (78%) of the first group and 9 (42.9%) of the second group were stone-free after one session of ESWL (P = 0.02). 88% of the group 1 and 47.8% of the group 2 were stone-free on 1 month after ESWL (P = 0.003); however, this effect of hydrochlorothiazide was not related to the patients' body mass index, age and gender. The accessory treatment procedures were applied in 24% of the group 1 compared with 19% of the group 2 during 3 months (P = 0.68). All patients in both groups were stone-free on 3 months following lithotripsy. Conclusions: Hydrochlorothiazide did not impact on the stone free rate and using accessory procedure within 3 months; however, it decreased duration of stone free status and number of ESWL sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of tolterodine on early storage symptoms following transurethral resection of the prostate. Materials and Methods: Seventy patients over 55 years of age who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate owing to benign prostatic hyperplasia were randomly assigned to receive either 2 mg of tolterodine twice daily (treatment group) or matched placebo during a 1-month study period. Before and 1 month after the procedure, they were asked to complete the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire and quality of life subscale to assess their symptoms. Also, analgesic use and adverse drug events were determined at follow-up. Results: Of 70 allocated patients, 64 patients (91.4%), including 33 in the treatment group and 31 in the placebo group, completed the study. The mean age of the patients was 67 years. None of the patients' basic clinical characteristics were significantly different. At the end of the follow-up period, the total IPSS and quality of life score had significantly improved in the patients receiving tolterodine compared with those receiving placebo (p=0.001 and p=0.036, respectively). The treatment group compared with placebo demonstrated significant improvements in frequency and urgency but not in nocturia. The amount of consumed painkiller was also significantly lower in the tolterodine group than in the placebo group (p=0.0001). The rate of side effects was not significantly different between the groups. Conclusions: Administering 2 mg of tolterodine twice daily is an effective and well-tolerated regimen to relieve early storage symptoms, quality of life, and the amount of analgesic consumption following transurethral resection of the prostate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nardostachys and hypericum due to the effects of sedation, anticonvulsant, analgesic and anti-depressants has especial place in traditional medicine. Principal component and the alkaloid extract of valerian and isovalerate, valeric acid and the extract of hypericum is hypersin and hyperforin. Materials and Methods: We conducted this study, valerian rhizome by chloroform: methanol (70:30) was extracted in order to obtain total extract produced the N-hexane and studied chemically have been took by Gc-Ms. Hydro-alcoholic extract of aerial valerian tea was prepared for study. In order to study the comparative effects of soothing extracts of valerian and hypericum in different groups of female rat extract of valerian with doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and extracts of hypericum with a dose of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and DMSO (control) with the same volume of 15 minutes prior to the assessment of sedative and sleep (sleep duration induced with ketamine dose and 40 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally). Results: The results indicate a significant increase in sleep time induced by ketamine in the treatment groups with high and low doses of valerian extracts and the hypericum is significant at the 0.01 level. Conclusion: The results show that the extract of valerian in the dose of 200 mg/kg in compress of dose of hypericum 500 mg/kg contains the significant anesthetic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To compare the analgesic efficacy of intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl added to bupivacaine after cesarean section. Methods. Ninety patients scheduled for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to one of the three following groups to receive bupivacaine 10mg combined with 75 μg clonidine (group C), bupivacaine 10mg combined with 0.5mL fentanyl (group F), and bupivacaine 10mg combined with 0.5mL distilled water (group P), intrathecally. The time to first analgesic request, analgesic requirement in the first 24 hours after surgery, sensory and motor blockade onset time, duration of sensory and motor blockade, the incidence of hypotension, ephedrine requirements, bradycardia, and hypoxemia were recorded. Results. The duration of anesthesia in clonidine group (275.10 ± 96.09) was longer compared to the placebo (211.73 ± 74.80) and fentanyl (192.33 ± 30.36) groups. This difference between group C versus F (p = 0.006) and P groups (p < 0.001) was significant. Similarly, the mean time to first analgesic request was also longer in group C (519.44 ± 86.25) than in groups F (277.88 ± 94.25) and P (235.43 ± 22.35 min).This difference between group C versus F (p < 0.001) and P groups (p < 0.001) was significant. Conclusion. Intrathecal clonidine 75 μg with bupivacaine prolonged the time to first analgesic request compared to fentanyl; however, the total analgesic consumption within the first 24 h postoperative was similar in fentanyl and clonidine groups following cesarean section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: The primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common problem that women complaint about and at least 50% of them experience it during the productivity period. The goal of this study was to compare the effect of Dill (Anethum graveolens) with mefenamic acid consumption on treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in students of Iranshahr Universities, 2010. Methods: This study is a clinical trial that conducted on 100 students with moderate severity and primary dysmenorrhea who were educating in Iranshahr Universities. They were randomly divided into two groups (mefenamic acid and Anethum graveolens). In the beginning of the cycle Dillsun was prescribed (10gtt q8hours) for Anethum graveolens. 1 capsul 250mg per 6 hours was prescribed for another group one day after starting the pain. Severity of pain wascompared in pre intervention cycle and three cycles post intervention in both 2 groups. Results were analyzed by SPSS through chi square, ANOVA and t-test in 0.5 level of significancy. Results: The mean of dysmenorrhea severity was not significant in pre intervention cycle between two groups (P=0.42), but pain reduction in each three cycles after interventions in both groups was reported. This reduction was more in mefenamic acid group and it was more significant in secondary and tertiary cycles (P<0.05). Conclusion: Mefenamic acid and Anethum graveolens are effective in dysmenorrhea. Although this affect was more obvious in mefenamic acid group but as Anethum graveolens is an herbal combination, which has less side effects and people's interest to herbal treatments is considerable, so it is recommended to use it for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate refractive, visual, topographic, and wavefront outcome of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism with two different excimer laser systems: Technolas 217z and Lasersight LSX excimer lasers. Methods: 183 eyes of 95 patients enrolled in this clinical trial. Patients underwent PRK in a Sadra refractive surgery center with Technolas or Lasersight system by a single surgeon between 2007 and 2011. For PRK we used Technolas 217z in one group and Lasersight LSX excimer laser in another group. Subjects examined before and 24 months after surgery evaluating vision, refraction, Orbscan topography, and Wavefront analysis. Data collected, analyzed with SPSS 16. We used Student t-test for statistical data analysis. Findings: 83 eyes were in the Lasersight group and 100 eyes in the Technolas group. Pre-op spherical equivalent refraction was not different in two groops. After surgery it was -0.93 ± 0.73 in Technolas and -0.19 ± 0.40 in Lasersight group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Post-op difference vector of astigmatic correction was 0.44 ± 0.58 in Technolas and 0.41 ± 0.26 diopters in Lasersight group (P = 0.04). Post-op LogMAR Acuity was 0.015 ± 0.027 in Technolas and 0.0005 ± 0.005 in Lasersight group (P < 0.001). Post-op Q value of asphericity was 0.24 ± 0.33 in Technolas and 0.46 ± 0.37 in Lasersight group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Post-op spherical equivalent refractive outcome, best corrected distance visual acuity and satisfaction were better in Lasersight group. We did not find any difference regarding post-op wavefront analysis between groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Considerable amount of biochemical data supports the potential involvement of protein kinase C in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder. The aim of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of tamoxifen as an adjunct to lithium for the treatment of acute mania in hospitalized bipolar patients. Methods: Eligible participants were 40 inpatients, between the ages of 19 and 49 years with current manic episode. Patients were randomly allocated to lithium (1–1.2 mEq/L) + tamoxifen 80mg/day (group A) or lithium (1–1.2 mEq/L) + placebo (group B) for a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The principal measure of outcome was the Young Mania Rating Scale. The raters used standardized instructions for Young Mania Rating Scale. Results: Young Mania Rating Scale scores improved with tamoxifen. The difference between the two protocols was significant as indicated by the effect of the group, the between-subjects factor (F =5.41, df =1, p =0.02). A significant difference was observed on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score at week 6 in the two groups. The difference between the two groups in the frequency of side effects was not significant except for fatigue that occurred more often in the tamoxifen group. Limitations: Tamoxifen is an antagonist of estrogen receptor as well. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the combination of tamoxifen with lithium was superior to lithium alone for the rapid reduction of manic symptoms. The combined use of tamoxifen with lithium was well tolerated in these acutely manic patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of primary immunodeficiency diseases. Cytokine production could be affected in CVID patients, whereas its alteration could be due to genetic polymorphisms within coding and promoter regions of the cytokine genes. This study was performed to analyse the proinflammatory cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms in CVID. The allele and genotype frequencies of a number polymorphic genes coding tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-1R, IL-1RA and IL-6 were investigated and compared between two groups of CVID patients and controls. The IL-6 GA genotype at position nt565 was significantly over-represented in the patient group ( P < 0·001), while the IL-6 GG genotype at position −174 ( P = 0·006) and the GG genotype at position nt565 ( P < 0·001) were significantly lower than controls. The TNF-α AG genotype at position −308 in the patient group was increased significantly in comparison with controls ( P = 0·027), but the GG genotype at the same position was significantly decreased ( P = 0·011). IL-6 CA and GA haplotypes were the most frequent haplotypes in the patients ( P < 0·005), whereas TNF-α GA ( P = 0·002) and IL-6 GG ( P < 0·001) haplotypes were decreased significantly in the patients in comparison with controls. Cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms could have a role in pathophysiology of CVID. High production of TNF-α is expected in some CVID patients based on the frequency of genotypes/haplotypes of these cytokine gene polymorphisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metronidazole (MTZ) and its derivatives have been extensively used to treat infections caused by protozoa and anaerobic bacteria. In this investigation several novel imidazole and nitroimidazol derivatives namely: 2-(1H-1-imidazolyl)-1-phenyl-1-ethanol 1a, 2-(2-methyl-1H-1-imidazolyl)-1-phenyl-1-ethanol 1b, 2-(2-methyl-4-nitro-1H-1-imidazolyl)-1-phenyl-1-ethanol 1c, 2-(1H-1-imidazolyl)-1-cyclohexanol 2d and 2-(2-methyl-4-nitro-1H-1-imidazolyl)-1-cyclohexanol 2e were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding imidazoles with styrene oxide or cyclohexene oxide respectively and their biological activity against Giardia lamblia cyst in compareison with MTZ were determined by flotation technique based on Bingham method. These compounds were less active than metronidazole but showed significant antigiardiasis activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical and histopathological findings of a congenital ocular dermoid cyst, located at the lower eyelid of a river female buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) calf were presented. A soft, fluctuant, non-tender, hyperaemic cystic mass was detected overlaying the left eye. Fine needle aspirate revealed filamentous debris with no malignant cells. The cyst was treated surgically by orbital exenteration and subsequently subjected to histopathological examination. The histopathological study disclosed a conjunctival dermoid cyst. This report is novel, in that; such ocular cyst has not previously been described in river buffalo calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Innate immune system could recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors like Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (NOD) protein. Information regarding the structure and signalling pathways of TLRs and NODs could provide opportunities for new therapeutic approaches to modulate the innate immunity. Therapeutic targeting could be done by prevention of ligand binding to leucine-rich repeats domains of receptors, blocking the interactions between receptors (like Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains of TLRs) and adaptors in signalling pathways, blocking the enzymes in signalling pathways, and immunostimulation with vaccine adjuvants. These therapeutic approaches could be useful in the treatment of different human diseases like immunological disorders, infections, and cancers. Further research on these receptors and their signalling pathways could help scientists to identify new candidates for therapeutic targeting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The immune checkpoint molecules are involved in the regulation of T cells in order to prevent them from attacking to sell tissues and play a role in the immune response homeostasis. Application of the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has provided a promising therapeutic approach in pathologies where the immune system is suppressed. The extended utilization of ICIs in several cancers has caused immune-related side effects in the cardiovascular system like cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Cardiac toxicity, one of the main side effects of the ICIs-based therapeutic approach, has less been concerned; however, during the last years, many cases of fatal heart failure and myocarditis have been reported in patients treated with ICIs. In this review article, we attempted to discuss the cardiac adverse effects of inhibiting different immune checkpoint molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel reduction-responsive hyaluronic acid–chitosan–lipoic acid nanoparticles (HACSLA-NPs) were designed and synthesized for effective treatment of breast cancer by targeting Cluster of Differentiation 44 (CD44)-overexpressing cells and reduction-triggered 17α-Methyltestosterone (MT) release for systemic delivery. The effectiveness of these nanoparticles was investigated by different assays, including release rate, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), caspase-3 activity, Rhodamine 123 (RH-123), and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). In vitro experiments revealed that Methyltestosterone/Hyaluronic acid–chitosan–lipoic acid nanoparticles (MT/HACSLA-NPs) illustrated a sustained drug release in the absence of glutathione (GSH), while the presence of GSH led to fast MT release. HACSLA-NPs also showed high cellular internalization via CD44 receptors, quick drug release inside the cells, and amended cytotoxicity against positive CD44 BT-20 breast cancer cell line as opposed to negative CD44, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell line. These findings supported that these novel reduction-responsive NPs can be promising candidates for efficient targeted delivery of therapeutics in cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia is one of the most severely debilitating mental disorders that affects 1.1% of the world's population. The exact cause of the disease is not known, but genetics, environmental factors (such as infectious agents, season and region of birth, exposure to viruses, low birth weight, advanced paternal age, and tobacco), and immune system dysfunction can all contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Recently, the role of the immune system in schizophrenia has received much attention. Both acquired and innate immune systems are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and facilitate the disease's progression. Almost all cells of the immune system including microglia, B cells, and T cells play an important role in the blood-brain barrier damage, inflammation, and in the progression of this disease. In schizophrenia, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is reduced and then the immune cells are recruited into the endothelium following an increase in the expression of cell adhesion molecules. The entry of immune cells and cytokines leads to inflammation and antibody production in the brain. Accordingly, the results of this study strengthen the hypothesis that the innate and acquired immune systems are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]