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"Iron and Blood, A Military History of the German Speaking Peoples since 1500" by Peter H. Wilson is a comprehensive study that challenges common misconceptions about German military history. Wilson argues that the military history of German-speaking peoples is similar to that of the rest of Europe and the world, and that the idea of a uniquely German way of war is a myth. He explores the decentralized political and war-making systems of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, and rejects the notion of a German 'genius for war' or any connection to 'blood and soil'. The book covers five centuries of history and examines the political, social, and economic factors that influenced military organization. Wilson also discusses Germany's military strategies and failures in World War I and World War II, as well as its post-war rearmament and current role in global arms sales. [Extracted from the article]

Larissa Wegner's book on German occupation during World War I offers a new perspective that challenges existing interpretations. Through extensive research in German archival sources, Wegner argues that the German occupation was not solely a deliberate spiral of terror and compulsion, but rather a result of imprecise legal frameworks, self-fulfilling prophecies, and the German army prioritizing its own interests. The book is structured like a thesis, with five main chapters that examine different aspects of the occupation. While Wegner's work may not convince those firmly entrenched in opposing viewpoints, it is a valuable contribution to the scholarly discourse on German occupation. [Extracted from the article]

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Georg Stammer is certainly not one of those people who are immediately associated with the German military intelligence service. But his private address in Berlin's Courbierestraße became notorious, which soon also presented the English intelligence service with some puzzles and was also used by German agents (including Carl Hans Lody) as a cover address. After the end of World War I, Stammer was immediately involved in the reconstruction of intelligence structures and soonjoined the camouflaged naval intelligence service. Here he was mainly active for the development of counterespionage. From 1926 Stammer built up the industrial espionage of the Navy. After a few years in retirement, Stammer died in 1936 in Berlin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Üsküdar Universitiy Journal of Social Sciences is the property of Uskudar University Journal of Social Sciences (JOSOC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Even after the First World War, the British and German armies remained strongly influenced by Clausewitz, for whom personality rather than mass was the best means to reduce friction. This article explores how this was reflected in their military doctrine between the two world wars. The German regulations showed a clear alignment with Clausewitz's thinking. The British tended to focus on the characteristics Clausewitz had argued were necessary for the troops, rather than for their commanders. The campaigns of 1939/40 caused the Germans to place even greater emphasis on boldness, while the British focused on steadiness and caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the character and development of the Swedish Brigade, a small military volunteer unit in the Finnish Civil War of 1918, in the context of the European counter-revolution. Volunteers in the various civil wars following the Russian Revolution have been studied extensively before, but have largely focused on countries that participated in the First World War. This case study of the 'White' Swedish Brigade aims to highlight the importance of volunteers from neutral countries, and their specific role in the transnational counter-revolutionary movement. The Brigade was an ostensibly politically neutral unit, with a socially heterogeneous make-up. Heavily supported by the Swedish right-wing media, it was widely romanticized as a heroic effort to restore Sweden's honour by supporting the Finnish fight against the old Russian enemy, and defending the former Swedish province as a bulwark of Swedish culture, law and order against barbarism. While its political culture was steeped in a romanticized Finno-Swedish history and culture, shared by many of the volunteers, the brigadiers were quickly confronted by the realities of poor equipment and organization, political division, and above all an exceptionally brutal civil war and the morally degrading violence it entailed. Brigade archive documents and memoirs show that this quickly changed the character of the actual volunteer unit to contrast heavily with the right-wing press's romantic imagination. Additionally, through contacts with the Finnish and German military, and in the face of a Left Swedish critique of the Brigade as reactionary butchers, many of the volunteers reconceptualized their role in the civil war, not as one of heroic and historical significance for Sweden, but as part of a vicious European struggle against Bolshevism. This seems to some extent confirmed by their post-war history, which raises interesting questions about these volunteers' roles among the new Right of interwar Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey requested big and influential military advisory missions against the Russian threat both from Germany in 1913 and America in 1947. Although these missions were charged with revitalising an antiquated armed force to fight a modern war as soon as possible, in reality Turkish leaders saw both missions as the first step towards a comprehensive military alliance against the Russians. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and the Korean War in 1950 provided chances to induce Germany and America to agree upon Turkish desires for long-term military alliance. The military missions had to transform themselves and assumed duties other than those originally contemplated. In both cases a snowballing process of growth started in a relatively short time. The inflow of thousands of military personnel, most of whom were independent of the mission command and pursued different objectives, resulted in fragmentation and sometimes anarchy. There were many similarities between the experiences of both missions. They both suffered from ignorance, insensitivity, and cultural prejudices due to their poor linguistic and cultural preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dennis Showalter's influence on the scholarship of the First World War is unmatched among American historians. His work is especially important for two reasons. First, it studies the German Army using primary sources and original research, a particularly valuable contribution given the mythic and just plain false associations that many amateur scholars place on the German military. Second, Dennis's career involved long stretches of teaching cadets and military officers. His work thus combined an appreciation of the problems of the past with the challenges of the present day. The second half of this essay renders homage to that tradition by examining patterns in Dennis's writings of the First World War that remain relevant to an understanding of war in our own time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi is the property of Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Public security is caused by various factors: from crime prevention to global security needs. Public security includes public relations regarding liquidation of dangerous consequences for human health and lives caused by criminal offences and natural disasters and elimination of reasons causing such consequences. According to A. Maslow, security is a primal need arising after struggle for survival; thus, other needs can be satisfied only after meeting the security need. The First and the Second World Wars as well as dislocation places of Russian military forces are the main reasons of Lithuanian territories contamination with explosives. Military conflicts and armed struggle are key factors in discussion regarding contaminated territories all over the world. Lithuanian territories contamination with explosives has been still a relevant problem because news is coming in of human encountering explosives remaining from war that was 70 year ago. These findings are threatening public security, health and life. Danger to security occurs due to the fact that explosives can be hit while digging ground and sometimes people do not recognize explosives or think that they are not dangerous. These thoughts can be denied by the numbers of dead or injured people, who treated war findings without precaution. Therefore, the aim of this article -- to discuss influence of contaminated territories with explosives on public security. In order to do this, the following objectives are identified: to discuss the concept of explosives and the risk to public; to describe the relevance of the problem in other countries in the world; to estimate the relevance of the problem of contamination with explosives in Kaunas city and Kaunas district. In order to discuss the danger of remaining explosives from war to public, concepts of explosive and explosions are described as well as danger of unexploded ordnances and their occurrences in Kaunas city and Kaunas district. These territories were chosen due to the fact that battles of the First and the Second World Wars took place more or less in these territories; in addition, separate German military troops and Russian military forces were dislocated there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why to go back to 1985 to discuss present-day key concerns of international relations from the perspective of World War II history during the Cold War? The May 5, 1985 Bitburg cemetery celebrations, when US president altogether with German chancellor (Helmut Kohl) paid tribute to WWII veterans (of both sides of the conflict) was an example of the Ronald Reagan administration's public relations fiasco: the "Great Communicator" failed to refer to WWII history in a manner that would save him from harsh criticism. Importantly, the 1985 debate concerning the Bitburg ceremony and the moral aspects of a homage to German (Axis) WWII soldiers gave an incentive to "Historikerstreit" in Germany, a dispute regarding WWII history in a manner comparable to Holocaust responsibility as a collective burden carried by Germans. The Bitburg cemetery, since the 1930s a monument (Kolmeshöhe Ehrenfriedhof) to WWI German military victims, and then to their younger colleagues during WWII (Wehrmacht and, controversially, Waffen-SS) remained a broadly commented upon focal point of Cold War disputes, allowing such questions that might bring about a possibility of ground-breaking change in present-day political rivalries caused by failed (or successful) Cold War propaganda related to WWII choices. The Bitburg case presents itself as a particularly illustrative one and could also shed more light on the post-Soviet Russian effort to increase its influence by relying on the myths of the "Great Patriotic War". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focusing so intently on rescuing German military psychiatrists from what she sees as a one-sided interpretation of their beliefs and actions, Bennette may have missed an opportunity to also look for continuities, and thus to deepen our understanding of the troubling consequences of the pathologizing of dissent. Bennette supports her argument by turning to documents used only sparingly by other historians of German military psychiatry - patient files. [Extracted from the article]

When the German Empire was founded in 1871, the country had one of the highest birth rates in Europe. In particular in contrast to its French neighbour, the German population was massively growing. From a military point of view, this development was seen as a huge advantage. With its population surplus, the German army had more than enough soldiers and was able to conscript only the fittest recruits. But the situation changed in the years before and during the First World War. The German birth rate started to decline and reached an all-time low during the war. This article analyses the army's perception of the change in the demographic development and its influence on pronatalist policies in Imperial Germany with a focus on the First World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

»Die militärischen Ursprünge der Arbeitsschutzgesetzgebung im deutschen Kaiserreich«. Prussia, and since its founding in 1871 the German Empire, were pioneers in the introduction of general conscription and one of the largest military powers in Europe. At the same time, the German Empire was seen as a pioneer in public social policy. Using the example of labor protection, this article examines whether and to what extent connections existed between general conscription, power ambitions of governments, and social protection. It seeks to determine what role military reasons played in the expansion of German labor protection by analyzing the military's influence on legislation between the early 19th century and the end of the First World War. This examination will show that military arguments have gained great importance over time but have never, with the exception of the First World War, been the dominant motive for welfare reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During World War I, African colonial soldiers (askari) of the Schutztruppe für Deutsch Ostafrika fought a difficult campaign in German East Africa. In November 1918, they surrendered to the British alongside their commander, General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. Within a few months, their German officers had left East Africa to return to Germany. Most of the ex-askari found it difficult to make new lives for themselves in Tanganyika, as the former Germany colony came to be known in 1920. In British Mandate Tanganyika, the ex-askari had limited options for making a living commensurate with the status they had occupied before the war. Their paths through British colonial rule from 1918 to 1961, when Tanganyika became independent, took different forms. This article charts some of these paths in order to place the African veterans of the Schutztruppe alongside the experiences of other Black veterans of the First World War, whose responses to postwar indignities led them to radicalize. That African Schutztruppe veterans did not become radicals raises intriguing questions about the factors that shaped military veterans' politics after the First World War, and through the next five decades of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report from a November 14, 2014 conference in Aachen, Germany on the history of technology and science in World War I. Topics of presentations delivered included the use of water as a source of motive power as a result of coal shortages in the war, alleged deficiencies in the distribution of maps and cartography materials by the Imperial German army, and the portrayal of the war in motion pictures and television.

This article takes camouflage as an example in considering the First World War as a conflict that fundamentally transformed the conduct and face of the military, ultimately witnessing the breakthrough of modern warfare. The war was shaped by the large-scale implementation of technology and a permanent reassessment of tactics. Already contemporaries shared the view that these developments signified something new that distinguished this war from all other previous wars and thus made it modern. Camouflage tactics are an example of the influence of modernity on the military as they were premised upon scientific principles and were created on the basis of contemporary technology and tactics. Camouflage tactics were an object of continuous reconsideration throughout the conflict. While working on positions, aerial photographs were taken to test the effectiveness of their camouflage. By examining camouflage, the paper argues that the First World War was a caesura, as it saw a large-scale implementation of camouflage which fundamentally changed the appearance of the armies and their tactical layout. The article deals with the three principles of camouflage: to render invisible, to obscure and to feign. The First World War, which can be labelled a scout war, made it necessary to make entire armies and their infrastructure vanish in the field. Due to their inferiority on the Western Front since 1915, the German Army was under intense pressure to quickly develop efficient and innovative camouflage techniques. But it remains clear that perfect camouflage could rarely be realized in the actual conditions of war. Rather than concentrating on soldiers whose trenches already provided adequate cover, camouflage mainly focused on military positions such as artillery emplacements, equipment and infrastructure which were highly immobile and hard to replace if lost. During the war, camouflage featured on an unforeseen scale and became everyday practice on the front line as early as 1916. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the use of metaphor 'Hun' when referring to Germans. It mentions history of Asian warrior who were called Huns and relates them to Germany armies during the World War. It refers to a poetry, which relates German army to term 'Hun', composed by the author Rudyard Kipling after Germany attacked Belgium during the World War. It also provides historical evidences and events discussing the topic.

The article discusses the history of East African porters during the 1916 and 1917 Allied offensives of World War I using military songs and music of the period. The strategic importance of military mobility in the East African campaign is emphasized, the history of East African porters since the caravans of the 19th century is described, and information is offered on the importance of manpower for military logistics in an area without road or railway infrastructure. Differences in the military logistics of the Belgian, British, and German armed forces are examined and the working conditions and mortality of African porters are analyzed.

The impact of tanks and mechanization on military thought and images of war during the 1920s is generally acknowledged. This article examines the context, both before the Great War and after, of German imagery of battle, and argues that this tended to privilege the moral dimensions of military conduct and behaviour even as commentators grappled with the implications of 'machine age' warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 1917 the German army and navy were able to mount a successful joint operation to seize the Baltic islands in the Gulf of Riga. Although undertaken by each service for motives of its own, and against disintegrating Russian resistance, Operation Albion was the kind of improvised operation at which the German army in particular excelled. The operation featured an interesting employment of aircraft, and marked about the only time in the First World War where the German army and navy were able to co-operate successfully. The landings secured the islands of Oesel, Moon and Dagö, thus giving the Germans the ability to use the port facilities at Riga. After the war, however, the German military establishment quickly forgot about this operation, and paid little if any attention to it in both its professional military publications and in the Kriegsakademie. Thus Albion was an unlearned lesson for the Germans in the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]