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Climate and land use changes are eroding biodiversity globally, and reptiles are highlighted as being particularly susceptible. In South Africa, global changes threaten the persistence of an assemblage of dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion) located in a biodiversity hotspot. We used ecological niche modelling to assess the combined effect of climate change and habitat transformation on these species and assessed their susceptibility in a vulnerability framework under optimistic and pessimistic change scenarios. Although our models showed a gain in suitable climatic space for all coastal species in some scenarios, considerable losses were predicted for most species under the most pessimistic change scenarios. Bradypodion ngomeense, for example is predicted to incur a complete loss of climatic suitability by 2050. The vulnerability framework predicts inland species to be more adversely affected by climate change than coastal species. However, no species show resilience to the combined effects of climate change and habitat transformation. Our models predicted a loss of climatically suitable habitat for most species in protected areas. These findings highlight the importance of a protected area network design to remain a step ahead of these anticipated changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reptiles are carriers of an array of microorganisms, including significant zoonotic bacteria of the genus Salmonella, which cause a disease referred to as salmonellosis that affects both animals and humans. This study investigated the occurrence of Salmonella serovars in wild reptiles at Timbavati Private Game Reserve in Limpopo Province, South Africa, and examined their virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. A total of 19 wild reptiles were sampled, which resulted in 30 presumptive Salmonella isolates. The isolates were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplifying the invA gene and were further confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Salmonella serovars were detected in chameleons (36.8%), lizards (31.6%), snakes (15.8%), and tortoises (15.8%). The use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Salamae (30%), S. enterica subsp. enterica (16.7%), S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (13.3%), and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Indiana (13.3%) were the four most common subspecies among the investigated 30 isolates. Detected virulence genes included pagN (100%), hilA (96.7%), ssrB (96.7%), prgH (86.7%), and marT (86.7%). The isolates exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid (43.3%) and kanamycin (43.3%), followed by streptomycin (16.7%) and ciprofloxacin (3.3%). Antibiotic-resistant genes were detected as follows: strA, strB, qnrA, qnrS, parC, aadA, aac(6′)-Ib, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr at 33.3%, 6.7%, 16.7, 13.3%, 10%, 23.3%, 6.7%, and 10%, respectively. The findings highlight the necessity of educational initiatives aimed at reducing reptile-related infections. Effective antibiotic treatment appears promising for infection, given the minimal drug resistance observed in reptile Salmonella serovars in the current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnoherpetology improves our understanding of the conservation implications of nature-based cultural practices through investigations of the influence of traditional culture on frog and reptile species (herptiles). Improved understanding of the implications of human activities on these taxa is especially important as herptiles are experiencing global population declines. Furthermore, improved understanding of nature-based cultural practices can better inform conservation planning that includes cultural practices as defined by South African legislation. The herptile-based cultural practices recorded from a sample of 275 online questionnaire respondents and 68 publications show some cultural practices to compel or inspire protection of herptiles. Conversely, other practices were found to pose a conservation risk as they either involve killing herptile species or they perpetuate negative perceptions towards them. Leveraging protective cultural practices as a conservation tool and mitigating culture-motivated threats requires integrating cultural aspects into modern law. Such an integrative approach is possible under South African legislation's provisions for socially inclusive conservation planning and recognition of customary law. Integrative conservation approaches are also in line with international policy such as the Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. In addition to an inventory of herptile-based cultural practices, the study also assesses their feasibility as conservation tools. Furthermore, this study highlights a need for quantification of their conservation implications (both positive and negative) and aligning protective traditional cultural practices with modern means of law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palacrodon, a near-crown stem reptile, is known from several Triassic sites across the globe, and is easily recognized by its dentition characterized by labiolingually expanded molariform teeth coupled with acrodont tooth implantation. Here we explore the nature of tooth implantation and attachment in specimens of Palacrodon from South Africa and Arizona, U.S.A. using µCT. We note the presence of unusual ridges located underneath the tooth crowns in Palacrodon browni. Such ridges are not present in specimens from Arizona, which warrants the naming of a new species P. parkeri. We conducted a broad survey of internal tooth morphology across extant and extinct pan-reptiles (n = 212), and we conclude that homologous ridges like those we observe in P. browni are not present in any other species of reptile. As such, our ability to determine the function of the ridges is limited, though we hypothesize it is related to tooth attachment via unmineralized soft tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolacerta broomi is one of the most important of fossil reptiles. First considered as one of the earliest members of squamates, this basal archosauromorph has been used as a model for diapsid morphological evolution ever since its discovery, playing a pivotal role in hypotheses on the origin of diapsid reptiles. The holotype of Prolacerta broomi (UCMZ 2003.41R) is known from a mostly complete skull, but the original description is limited to the superficial features of the skull roof and palate. Since then, many other specimens of Prolacerta broomi have been recovered that potentially account for this limited access to anatomical information, but it remains unclear whether these aspects correspond well to the known material of the holotype. Here, the skull morphology of the holotype of Prolacerta broomi is revisited through the use of μCT scans. The identifications of some cranial elements have been corrected, such as the left prefrontal and lacrimal, and several new elements are revealed, including the epi- and ectopterygoids, prearticular, coronoid, and braincase bones. The orbitonasal region is described in detail and significantly shows a contribution of the lacrimal to the dorsal alveolar canal. Finally, the addition of the holotype as an independent OTU in recently published analyses indicate conflicts with the current knowledge on Prolacerta broomi phylogenetic affinity and taxonomy. First, it points to potential taxonomic inconsistency since the holotype does not form a monophyletic group with other Prolacerta broomi OTUs in any of the analyses and, second, it suggests a more basal position for the holotype than that recovered in some studies, more basal than rhynchosaurs and close to the origin of Crocopoda. Together, these findings indicate areas of future research interest in the study of early evolving archosauromorphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolacerta broomi is one of the most important of fossil reptiles. First considered as one of the earliest members of squamates, this basal archosauromorph has been used as a model for diapsid morphological evolution ever since its discovery, playing a pivotal role in hypotheses on the origin of diapsid reptiles. The holotype of Prolacerta broomi (UCMZ 2003.41R) is known from a mostly complete skull, but the original description is limited to the superficial features of the skull roof and palate. Since then, many other specimens of Prolacerta broomi have been recovered that potentially account for this limited access to anatomical information, but it remains unclear whether these aspects correspond well to the known material of the holotype. Here, the skull morphology of the holotype of Prolacerta broomi is revisited through the use of µCT scans. The identifications of some cranial elements have been corrected, such as the left prefrontal and lacrimal, and several new elements are revealed, including the epi- and ectopterygoids, prearticular, coronoid, and braincase bones. The orbitonasal region is described in detail and significantly shows a contribution of the lacrimal to the dorsal alveolar canal. Finally, the addition of the holotype as an independent OTU in recently published analyses indicate conflicts with the current knowledge on Prolacerta broomi phylogenetic affinity and taxonomy. First, it points to potential taxonomic inconsistency since the holotype does not form a monophyletic group with other Prolacerta broomi OTUs in any of the analyses and, second, it suggests a more basal position for the holotype than that recovered in some studies, more basal than rhynchosaurs and close to the origin of Crocopoda. Together, these findings indicate areas of future research interest in the study of early evolving archosauromorphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined population ecology parameters for a southern population of the tent tortoise (Psammobates tentorius tentorius) in the Karoo. We found a relatively low density of tortoises (49 tortoises/km2) skewed to adults with a 1:1 sex ratio. The tortoises' contrasting dark and light carapacial patterns create crypsis with the disruptive shadows cast at the base of vegetation (mostly shrubs) where the tortoises seek refuge. The largest female was 14.7 cm, which makes her approximately 42 yrs old. The largest male was 11.6 cm, which makes him approximately 42 yrs old. We can distinguish males and females at carapace lengths of approximately 8–10 cm, when the tortoises are approximately 8–10 yrs old. Psammobates t. tentorius is a sexually size-dimorphic species in which adult females are significantly larger than are males. Selection for body shape and size appears attributable to fitness between the sexes (e.g., egg production and size in females, and opportunities to mate by males). We characterize this first group of nominate tent tortoises for future comparisons with other population. The study provides critical baseline information for the long-term management and conservation of this species, and adds to our understanding of the fauna of the Succulent Karoo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa is recognised for its high reptile diversity and endemism, specifically among lizards. Phylogenetic diversity, endemism, and richness can have clear implications or raise important questions in a range of fields, and most urgently in conservation. Among squamate reptiles, these indices are very commonly associated with high temperatures and topographic heterogeneity. Indeed, mountainous biogeography has been a critical driver in the radiation of the family Gekkonidae within the subregion. Here, we assess the species richness, diversity, and endemism of Gekkonidae species inhabiting South Africa, Lesotho, and Eswatini, accounting for phylogenetic relationships. We also employ the CANAPE method to identify regions that have neo- and/or paleoendemics. Southern African gekkonids appear to be most diverse and show high levels of endemism in three regions of Southern Africa: the northwestern Richtersveld, the escarpment running west to southeast, and the northeastern escarpment in the Limpopo province. Implications for conservation priorities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare the phylogeographic structure of 13 codistributed ectotherms including four reptiles (a snake, a legless skink and two tortoise species) and nine invertebrates (six freshwater crabs and three velvet worm species) to test the presence of congruent evolutionary histories. Phylogenies were estimated and dated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods with combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence datasets. All taxa demonstrated a marked east/west phylogeographic division, separated by the Cape Fold Mountain range. Phylogeographic concordance factors were calculated to assess the degree of evolutionary congruence among the study species and generally supported a shared pattern of diversification along the east/west longitudinal axis. Testing simultaneous divergence between the eastern and western phylogeographic regions indicated pseudocongruent evolutionary histories among the study taxa, with at least three separate divergence events throughout the Mio/Plio/Pleistocene epochs. Climatic refugia were identified for each species using climatic niche modelling, demonstrating taxon‐specific responses to climatic fluctuations. Climate and the Cape Fold Mountain barrier explained the highest proportion of genetic diversity in all taxa, while climate was the most significant individual abiotic variable. This study highlights the complex interactions between the evolutionary history of fauna, the Cape Fold Mountains and past climatic oscillations during the Mio/Plio/Pleistocene. The congruent east/west phylogeographic division observed in all taxa lends support to the conclusion that the longitudinal climatic gradient within the Greater Cape Floristic Region, mediated in part by the barrier to dispersal posed by the Cape Fold Mountains, plays a major role in lineage diversification and population differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A young female puff adder (Bitis arietans) with an unusual 'speckled' colour pattern was recently found in Bloemfontein, central South Africa. The snake was grey‐brown dorsally with numerous scattered dark markings and very occasional pale flecks, but it lacked the backwards‐pointing, dark‐edged, pale chevrons that characterise this common, widespread and highly venomous species. It also lacked any stripes or bands, but the head was lightly patterned. Although various rare colour morphs have been reported for this species, this is the first record of a puff adder with a 'speckled' dorsal pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viviparity has evolved independently multiple times within squamate reptiles. In the Lacertidae, two genera and several species from the Northern Hemisphere are known to be viviparous. However, although viviparity is present in many African reptiles, all African lacertids were considered exclusively oviparous. The lacertid genus Tropidosaura is restricted to mountainous grassland habitats across central and southern South Africa. Prompted by the dissection of a gravid T. essexi specimen containing well-developed embryos, we dissected additional gravid females from two museum collections to assess parity mode in the four Tropidosaura species. Gravid females of three species contained developing eggs, but all gravid Tropidosaura essexi specimens examined exhibited simple placental development or contained well-developed embryos with the presence of a simple placenta and an absence of any eggshell. The large yolks and simple placentae suggest that viviparity in T. essexi is lecithotrophic. T. essexi thus represents the only known viviparous species of lacertid in Africa and therefore, the first known viviparous lacertid in the Southern Hemisphere, revealing yet another independent case of the evolution of viviparity within the squamates. T. essexi occurs at higher maximum elevations than any of its oviparous congeners, and the recorded litter size in T. essexi was slightly higher than the clutch sizes of other members of the genus. Previously reported oviparity in T. essexi may either be the result of specimen misidentification or potential bimodal reproductive in this species, but this latter explanation is unlikely, given that none of the T. essexi examined in this study showed evidence of oviparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungal genus Basidiobolus is typically associated with ectothermic animals such as amphibians and reptiles. In rare cases, it can cause infections in humans, which are often misdiagnosed. Although usually restricted to tropical and subtropical countries, infections have recently been more frequently reported in hot-dry regions such as Arizona and Saudi Arabia. Reptiles such as geckos are known to shed Basidiobolus spp. via feces and frequently live in close proximity to humans. To establish the frequency and burden of Basidiobolus spp. released by geckos in a suburban location, we regularly quantified viable Basidiobolus units per gram of feces from indoors and outdoors over 3.5 years between 2018 and 2022 using a selective medium. Geckos were shedding Basidiobolus spp. in all seasons, with most counts established ranging between 5.0 and 6.5 log10 cfu per gram. Statistically significant seasonal differences per location were only observed for the outside winter counts and, apparently, correlated to lower temperatures, while inside counts showed no seasonal difference. Overall, counts for droppings collected outdoors were significantly higher than counts for droppings collected indoors. Our data confirm that geckos, which frequently enter homes and are global invaders, are a regular source of this fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms that underpin ecological speciation, morphological convergence and the evolution of ecological morphotypes (ecomorphs) in squamates have allowed for a better appreciation of the speciation process in chameleons. In particular, attention has been drawn to several populations of chameleons (Sauria, Chamaeleonidae, Bradypodion) from the Cape Fold Mountains, South Africa. Previous work suggested that these populations are genetically divergent, but with strong similarities in phenotype. Using an integrative taxonomic approach that accounts for genetic diversity, habitat and morphology, three of these populations are described as species. One population is from an isolated forest patch and is genetically different at the species level, but morphologically similar to Bradypodion damaranum (Boulenger, 1887) from forested areas in the Knysna region. Although not sister species, the two are in the same clade and probably diverged through vicariance of the forest. Two other populations are from fynbos habitat in adjacent mountain ranges (Tsitsikamma/Langkloof/Kouga mountains and Baviaanskloof Mountains) and are also morphologically similar, but genetically divergent at the species level. These two species are not sister taxa and are not in the same clade yet have a virtually identical phenotype presumably as the result of convergent evolution for the fynbos habitat. Within the context of morphological taxonomy, these populations have been difficult to evaluate. However, when viewed in the context of ecological speciation, convergence and morphological conservatism, the species boundaries are apparent, allowing for them to be described as new taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Climate change is causing the geographical ranges of some species to track suitable conditions. Habitat specialists, range-restricted species and species with limited dispersal abilities may be unable to track changing conditions, increasing their extinction risk. In response to changing conditions and species movement patterns, there is a need to account for the effects of climate change when designing protected areas and identifying potential climate refugia. We used ecological niche models projected into future climates to identify potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of 11 rupicolous reptile species in the Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa. Lygodactylus incognitus, Lygodactylus soutpansbergensis, Platysaurus relictus and Vhembelacerta rupicola were identified as being vulnerable to climate change due to substantial reductions in suitable habitat and low spatial overlap between current and future niche envelopes. We identified areas of high conservation importance for the persistence of these species under present-day and projected future conditions. The western Soutpansberg was identified as an area of high conservation priority as it is a potential refuge under future projections. Projecting distributions of vulnerable species into future climate predictions can guide future research and identify potential refugia that will best conserve species with restricted ranges in a world with climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skink Mochlus sundevallii is widespread throughout the African continent, but no detailed research on its ecology, reproduction and sexual dimorphism patterns has been performed yet. Here we address phenotypic and ecological data of M. sundevallii from the southernmost part of its distribution, using multiple populations from Southern Africa (mostly from South Africa) collected throughout different seasons. We aimed to assess the degree of intersexual and seasonal differences in morphological and reproductive aspects, as well as their experienced predation pressure. Morphological analyses confirmed that the species exhibits sexual dimorphism, evidenced by a larger body size for females and larger heads and longer limbs for males. However, tail autotomy (used as an estimation of predation rate) was found to be similar for both sexes and seasonally stable. Overall, the reproductive cycles of males and females were synchronised across the seasons, for an optimal breeding period during spring and summer, but males showed certain spermatogenic activity throughout the whole year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the evolution of vertebrate sociality requires comparative data on social associations across the vertebrate phylogeny. In the case of group‐living lizards (i.e. species that live in stable social aggregations often associated with a shared resource), most work has focused on the Egerniinae in Australia, resulting in a taxonomic and geographic skew to our understanding of reptile sociality. The African cordylid lizards (Cordylidae) are also a promising system to study the evolution of sociality because grouping behaviour varies across the clade. Here, we studied the conspecific grouping behaviour of two crag lizards, Pseudocordylus langi and P. melanotus subviridis that occur at high elevations in the Maloti‐Drakensberg Mountains of South Africa. To better understand their social organisation and mating system, we also present data on their spatial distribution, sexual dimorphism, and bite force. Both Pseudocordylus spp. were sexually dimorphic in morphology (males had larger heads than females of similar body size), colouration (males were more colourful) and female P. langi had a weaker bite force than males. Both P. langi and P. m. subviridis were associated with rocky habitat on the mountainside (e.g. cliffs, rock buttresses, and rock outcrops) and both were spaced apart and rarely in groups (79% of P. langi and 90% of P. m. subviridis were observed alone). Based on our findings, we hypothesise that both Pseudocordylus spp. have a territorial social structure and a polygynous mating system. This novel natural history information about crag lizards supports the assertion that Cordylidae is another model system for examining the evolution of sociality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed genetic differentiation and habitat suitability for Homopus areolatus during current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions. The ND4 locus retrieved two monophyletic mtDNA clades with lower diversity in clade 1, in the west, than in clade 2, in the south-east. Clade 1 showed a north–south and clade 2 a west-to-east genetic divergence, and the clades co-occur in the syntaxis zone of the Cape Fold Mountains. The clades occupy distinct niches with limited overlap. Rainfall seasonality contributed most to habitat suitability, with clade 1 being restricted to winter rainfall and clade 2 to all-year rainfall regions. Precipitation variables contributed 90% and 60%, respectively, to habitat suitability of clades 1 and 2, with temperature, particularly mean temperature of the driest quarter, being of greater importance for clade 2 than clade 1. Suitable habitat shrank from the LGM to current conditions, probably due to reduced rainfall in the west and higher temperatures in most regions. We conclude that patterns of genetic divergence are strongly associated with ecological niche divergence of H. areolatus clades. More studies are needed to assess the taxonomic status of clade 1, particularly in view of its shrinking habitat due to climate change and anthropogenic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

William Roy Branch (1946–2018) was the most prolific Africa-based herpetologist of his era. His 659 herpetological contributions, spanning 47 years, include field and photographic guides, taxonomic revisions, phylogenies, ecological studies, annotated checklists, conservation assessments, type catalogues, notes on natural history, geographical distribution and snakebite, book reviews, editorials, obituaries, tributes and prefaces. Bill authored eight book titles, including his monumental Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa (1988, revised in 1998), The Dangerous Snakes of Africa with Steve Spawls (1995, revised in 2020) and Tortoises, Terrapins and Turtles of Africa (2008). He edited the Red Data Book – Reptiles and Amphibians (1988) and was a co-editor of its successor, the Atlas and Red List of the Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (2014). In addition to a corpus of faunal and systematic works, the topics of his publications also include reptile husbandry, karyology, snake hemipenes, snake venom, reptile diets and reproduction. Appendices presented here include a detailed bibliography of his herpetological publications; a chronological list of all the reptile and amphibian taxa he described; and details of patronyms named in his honour. Bill described 68 new taxa comprising 51 species (37 lizards [18 geckos], 7 chelonians, 4 snakes, 3 frogs), 15 genera (14 lizards, 1 snake), one subfamily (Platysaurinae) and one family (Xenodactylidae). Additional species bearing his name are expected to be published within the next few years. He was the most productive South Africa-based author of reptile names (65) in the modern era. As of 2020, he had been honoured by seven patronyms (one lizard, three snakes and one frog species, and a lizard and snake genus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on Pleistocene large reptile tracks and probable swim traces on South Africa's Cape south coast. Topics include implications for the understanding of Pleistocene palaeo environment and palaeoclimate; and demonstrate the potential for ichnology to complement the traditional body fossil record.

Understanding the role of climatic and ecological factors in limiting species to their distributions is becoming ever more important in a world where anthropogenic activities are increasingly threatening species persistence. Species with restricted distributions are often poorly known even though they may be most vulnerable to extinction. We investigated the influences of climate and ecology on the distribution of five understudied, endemic, rupicolous reptiles from the Soutpansberg Mountains in South Africa. Using Maxent, we developed ecological niche models that were used to provide baseline insights into the factors delimiting these species distributions. Results indicated that most species were limited by climatic factors, with the average temperature of the coolest quarter having the most influence on the majority of the species, where they were limited to areas with cooler temperatures. This suggests that they may be negatively affected by climate change in the future. Distribution maps revealed that there were no strong interspecific interactions influencing the distributions between the species investigated and identified potential new localities for two species. There was high endemic richness located in the western Soutpansberg and this is likely to have been driven by past climatic and erosion events. Overall this study highlighted that performing environmental niche models on understudied species can provide essential, baseline information on which to drive future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several additional photographic records of spiders preying on snakes and lizards, including geckos, in South Africa are available at https://www.facebook.com/groups/PredationRecordsReptilesandFrogsSubSaharanAfrica. Arthropods, including spiders, are sometimes overlooked as predators of vertebrates. [Extracted from the article]

Compared to the global average, extinction risk for mainland African reptiles, particularly for South Africa, appears to be relatively low. Despite this, African reptiles are under threat primarily due to habitat loss as a result of agriculture, resource extraction, and urbanisation, and these pressures are expected to increase into the future. South Africa's reptile fauna is relatively well-studied, allowing an investigation of whether threat status assessment limitations are driving the comparably low threat status for the country, a large component of Africa's reptile fauna (ca. 25% of mainland African reptiles are found in South Africa). Extinction risk of South African reptiles was assessed as of 2018 using IUCN criteria and we 'backcast' these assessments to infer extinction risk circa 1990. A Red List Index (RLI: a measure of the extinction risk for a group of species) for 1990 and 2018 was estimated, and the protection level afforded to South African reptiles was investigated by intersecting reptile distributions with the network of protected areas. Finally, a coarse estimate of extinction rate was made. Level of extinction risk for South African reptiles (ca. 5.4%) is lower than the global average, and most currently threatened species would have already been at risk by 1990. The RLI was slightly lower for 2018 than for 1990, and the decrease was more prominent for endemic reptiles than for all reptiles combined. Most South African reptiles fall into the Well Protected category, implying that the protected area network has substantial conservation impact. However, many threatened reptile species are Poorly Protected or Not Protected. The current extent of the protected area network therefore, does not adequately mitigate extinction risk for reptiles. Furthermore, the protected area expansion plan for South Africa would not capture any additional threatened species within its boundaries. Despite the lower level of extinction risk indicated by IUCN assessments, it would be premature to assume that South African reptiles are faring better than reptiles globally based only on this one measure. Notably, two South African reptiles are Critically Endangered and theses are not found in protected areas, two others are already classified as Extinct, and rough estimates of extinction rates are similar to values estimated for other vertebrates. By considering additional metrics that are directly guided by our in-depth knowledge of the species, their distributions and the threats, we demonstrate that South African reptiles are under pressure and that risk of extinction is tangible for several species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study we present data on bone mineral density (BMD) values for the cranial and post-cranial skeleton of the leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis). We found significant inter and intra-skeletal variation in different values of BMD within this species. The intra-skeletal, but not inter-skeletal pattern, was comparable to that of terrestrial mammals of similar size, despite differences in bone structure. Overall, the tortoise has bone density that is intermediate between that of leporids (rabbits/hares) on the one hand and canids (dogs/wolves etc.) and marmots on the other. In this study we have used random effects to test regression models of BMD and demonstrate their value over the simple linear regression models that are currently in use. Finally, we applied the modern leopard tortoise proxy data to test whether different parameters of BMD impact survivorship of tortoise bones in the Holocene strata from Wonderwerk Cave (Northern Cape Province, South Africa). Results indicate that this assemblage has undergone some degree of bone density-mediated attrition, probably influenced by burning and deposition time rather than animal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I tetradactylus i lays 2-4 eggs in summer is unknown, but it is possible that the '4' was in reference to the fact that a specimen examined by him (Branch, 1990) contained two oviductal eggs as well as an enlarged follicle in each ovary. The genus I Tetradactylus i Merrem consists of eight species of serpentiform lizards, six of which are restricted to southern Africa (Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1998) with two species in central and eastern Africa (Spawls et al., 2018). I seps i without oviductal eggs had one distinctly enlarged follicle in each ovary, again indicating a clutch of two eggs (M.F. Bates, unpubl. data). [Extracted from the article]

Knowledge of the distribution and abundance of crocodilian nests and threats facing them is essential in calculating recruitment and determining population trends. We studied the nesting ecology of the Nile crocodiles ( Crocodylus niloticus) at Ndumo Game Reserve (NGR) in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa from 2009 to 2012. Nesting effort in NGR was comparable to other C. niloticus populations at 18-22%. Historical data suggest that high water levels completely inundate nesting sites within the reserve once every 10 yr, whereas predation destroys on average < 20% of nests annually and can be primarily attributed to water monitor lizards ( Varanus niloticus). The number of crocodile nests located in NGR remained similar from 1964-2012 despite significant increase in population size. Earlier stocking programs increased the number of C. niloticus in the greater Maputo/Phongola floodplain areas, but these numbers may not be sustainable because the majority of C. niloticus nests appear to be outside of the reserve in unprotected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pareiasaurs were an abundant group of large herbivores during Middle and Late Permian times. The habitat of pareiasaurs has proven enigmatic, and ecological interpretations from anatomical and taphonomic data have included aquatic, semi-aquatic to fully terrestrial lifestyles. Insight into the ecology of extinct taxa can also be gained from stable isotope analyses, and interpretations benefit from studies of multiple, coeval groups. Here, we report the first stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses from the enamel, dentine and bone of pareiasaurs and contemporaneous therapsids (dinocephalians and therocephalians), in specimens recovered from the Permian Tapinocephalus to lower Pristerognathus Assemblage Zones of South Africa. Previous ecological inferences for dinocephalians (riparian to terrestrial) and therocephalians (terrestrial) are less ambiguous than reconstructions for pareiasaurs and provide an independent reference for interpreting stable isotope measurements. Oxygen isotopes of enamel carbonate were indistinguishable between pareiasaurs and therocephalians, which had higher values than dinocephalians. The data suggest that dinocephalians and pareiasaurs (megaherbivores) inhabited different ecological niches and that pareiasaurs may have shared a terrestrial habitat with therocephalians (carnivores). Our results agree with earlier suggestions of a terrestrial lifestyle among pareiasaurs and provide evidence of niche partitioning among large coeval Capitanian herbivores of South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although multiple paternity and sperm storage are common in squamates, neither has been conclusively demonstrated in the chameleons (Chamaeleonidae). To examine whether these traits are present in chameleons, the Cape Dwarf Chameleon (Bradypodion pumilum) was investigated. This viviparous species inhabits a temperate climate in southern Africa, has aseasonal breeding, and can produce multiple clutches annually. Given this reproductive schedule, we hypothesised that females may mate opportunistically and store sperm, and that single clutches may have multiple sires. To examine this, six females and their clutches were genotyped using microsatellite markers, and assessed for multiple paternity. In addition, 46 females were assessed for sperm storage structures and presence of sperm in the oviduct. Multiple paternity was found in all six clutches, based on the presence of multiple alleles at all loci that could not be assigned to the mother. No evidence of specialised sperm storage structures was found, but sperm was present in the lumen of the posterior oviduct in 74% of females. While sperm storage cannot be concluded with finality, it seems likely to occur, rather assuming that three out of four of the females in the sample had mated just prior to capture. Furthermore, two post-partum females retained sperm in the oviducts after the delivery of a clutch, but in the absence of additional copulation. Given that this species has aseasonal reproduction, if sperm is indeed stored long-term, this combination of traits would be advantageous given the lack of defined breeding season and presumably low rates of mate encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis) is the largest of southern Africa's 13 tortoise species, and occurs in a variety of habitats from arid and semi-arid areas to mesic grassveld, savanna and bushveld. Seasonal activity patterns of S. pardalis were investigated as a function of rainfall, sex, time of day, temperature and time after sunrise on farmland in the semi-arid Nama-Karoo, South Africa. We predicted that because of seasonal rainfall, and subsequent increase in the food available, activity patterns of leopard tortoises would vary greatly among seasons, but that the primary constraint on activity levels within a season would be ambient temperature. Type of activity, time of day that the activity was performed, and the frequency that each activity was performed, differed among seasons. There was no overall seasonal difference in the level of activity with sex, but in certain seasons and with regard to specific activities, there were significant differences between the sexes. Diel activity was primarily bimodal in summer and autumn, and unimodal in winter and spring, with nonthermoregulatory activities being performed primarily in the afternoon. There was a positive correlation between number of tortoises caught and rainfall per season, but activity levels and number of tortoises walking and feeding was not correlated with seasonal rainfall. Leopard tortoise activity behaviours responded to ambient temperature, but results indicate that activity is also initiated by the time since sunrise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dicynodonts are an extinct group of herbivorous non-mammalian therapsids ('mammal-like'reptiles) that are widely known from terrestrial Permo-Triassic strata throughout Pangaea.Dicynodont fossil remains are common within the Late Permian Beaufort Group of theKaroo Basin in South Africa. A large, partially articulated dicynodont skeleton recoveredfrom the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone is taphonomically important in having an unusualdisarticulation pattern, bone surface punctures and a broken tooth of an unidentifiedcarnivore associated with it. Here we report on the nature of the bone damage, and theidentity of the carnivore that lost a canine tooth whilst scavenging the dicynodont carcass.The morphological characteristics of the serrations on the unidentified tooth were comparedwith those of contemporaneous carnivores, the gorgonopsians and therocephalians. Scanningelectron microscopy analysis of a silicone cast of the unidentified tooth revealed distinctive0.5-mm square-shaped serrations. Our comparative assessment of the tooth size, curvature,cross-sectional shape and morphology of the serrations revealed that the unidentified caninemost closely matched Aelurognathus, a gorgonopsian known from the same assemblage zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atlas-axis complex has been described in few Palaeozoic taxa, with little effort being placed on examining variation of this structure within a small clade.Most varanopids, members of a clade of gracile synapsid predators, have well preserved atlas-axes permitting detailed descriptions and examination of morphological variation. This study indicates that the size of the transverse processes on the axis and the shape of the axial neural spine vary among members of this clade. In particular, the small mycterosaurine varanopids possess small transverse processes that point posteroventrally, and the axial spine is dorsoventrally short, with a flattened dorsal margin in lateral view. The larger varanodontine varanopids have large transverse processes with a broad base, and a much taller axial spine with a rounded dorsal margin in lateral view. Based on outgroup comparisons, the morphology exhibited by the transverse processes is interpreted as derived in varanodontines, whereas the morphology of the axial spine is derived in mycterosaurines. The axial spine anatomy of Middle Permian South African varanopids is reviewed and our interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that at least two varanopid taxa are present in South Africa, a region overwhelmingly dominated by therapsid synapsids and parareptiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new basal sauropodomorph dinosaur, Arcusaurus pereirabdalorum, sp. nov., is named and described on the basis of a partial, disarticulated but associated skull and dispersed cranial and postcranial elements from at least two individuals. Arcusaurus is part of a distinctive local fauna from the upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) in the Senekal District, Free State, South Africa. It can be diagnosed by various details of the premaxilla, nasal, and dentary in the skull and the shape of the distal caudal vertebrae. The taxon displays an unusual mix of characteristics. It lacks several synapomorphies of Plateosauria (Plateosaurus + Massospondylus and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor) but does display other derived characteristics that are otherwise known only from less inclusive clades within Plateosauria. In a cladistic analysis a position outside Plateosauria as the sister group of the clade of Efraasia + more-derived sauropodomorphs is supported; however, this position was not found to be a significantly better explanation of the data as a relatively derived position within Plateosauria. If the basal position for Arcusaurus is accepted, then a divergence from other sauropodomorphs in the middle Norian and a ghost lineage up to 35 Ma is implied. No other non-plateosaurian sauropodomorphs are known from the Jurassic, making Arcusaurus a potentially relictual taxon in the Early Jurassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogeographic patterns in wide-ranging species in southern Africa remain largely unexplored, especially in areas north of South Africa. Here, we investigate population structuring, demographic history, and the colonization pattern of the western rock skink ( Trachylepis sulcata), a rock-dwelling species with a range extending from southwestern South Africa into Angola. Using 1056 bp from the mitochondrial marker ND2 and > 2.5 kb from three nuclear genes ( EXPH5, KIF24, RAG-1), we constructed allele networks, generated extended Bayesian skyline plots and performed population clustering analyses. Analyses of historical demographic patterns show an overall southward range expansion from Northern Namibia into Southern Namibia and South Africa, although we find contrasting genetic breaks across these geographic regions using nuclear and mitochondrial data. We suggest that mtDNA has introgressed across a nuclear break corresponding to the Knersvlakte region of South Africa, a previously proposed biogeographic barrier for rupicolous species. This pattern of mitochondrial variation contrasts sharply to that of other South African taxa previously investigated, which all show significant mtDNA differentiation across the Knersvlakte region. Additionally, while other taxa show divergences dating to the Pliocene, T. sulcata appears to be a recent arrival in southern Africa, having crossed this barrier and colonized South Africa in the mid-Pleistocene. The complex phylogeographic history of T. sulcata corroborates the intricate patterns of genetic variation found in South African taxa and provides novel insight into historical processes affecting species distributed across Namibia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global trade in reptiles for pets has grown rapidly in recent decades. Some species introduced by the pet trade have established and become invasive, for example the Burmese python in Florida. Although there are currently no invasive alien reptiles in South Africa, the last 30 years has seen an exponential increase in the number of introductions of an increasing number of species from an increasing number of countries. We determine and analyse the presence and abundance of species in the South African reptile trade. This serves as a background to efforts to overhaul the management and regulation of this trade, particularly given the need for increasingly objective risk-assessment protocols. We show that introduced species tend to come from specific families including Boidae, Chameleonidae, Elapidae, Pythonidae, Testudinidae and Viperidae. Moreover, within specific families (e.g. chameleons), species of larger body size are more likely to be introduced. As the risk of a species becoming invasive may be increased by higher propagule pressure, it is also important to characterize the volume of trade. Here we analyse data on the abundance of reptiles in South Africa using generalized, additive models and show that venomous and expensive species are traded in low numbers, whereas species that are easy to breed and handle or are large, colourful or patterned are preferred. These human imposed preferences have the potential to cause significant taxonomic changes to the reptile fauna of South Africa, which still largely reflects natural biogeographic and evolutionary processes. Elucidation of import and trade patterns enables us to estimate the probable propagule pressure of any particular species. Because the dispersal pathway defined by trade influences the likelihood of invasion, this information is important for informing policy development and directing management efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The evidence of several forms of arthritis has been well documented in the fossil record. However, for pre- Cenozoic vertebrates, especially regarding reptiles, this record is rather scarce. In this work we present a case report of spondarthritis found in a vertebral series that belonged to a carnivorous archosaurian reptile from the Lower Triassic (~245 million years old) of the South African Karoo. Methodology/Principal Findings: Neutron tomography confirmed macroscopic data, revealing the ossification of the entire intervertebral disc space (both annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus), which supports the diagnosis of spondarthritis. Conclusions/Significance: The presence of spondarthritis in the new specimen represents by far the earliest evidence of any form of arthritis in the fossil record. The present find is nearly 100 million years older than the previous oldest report of this pathology, based on a Late Jurassic dinosaur. Spondarthritis may have indirectly contributed to the death of the animal under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a study designed to compile a list of preliminary species such as Soutpansberg reptiles and endemic species. It states that the study involves conducting visual search and assessment of hiding places including rock cracks, leaf litter, and caves during daytime and at night between April and September 2005, February and March 2006, and April to December 2007. Results show that the Lajuma Research Centre has recorded 38 reptile species, which represent 18 snake and 20 lizard species that belong to 32 genera and 13 families. Moreover, it states that the species list increased to 53 species because of 12 additional species found in Soutpansberg east of Lajuma including one chelonian, one amphisbaenian, and 25 lizards.

A small skull collected from the base of the Katberg Formation of South Africa represents a new Early Triassic procolophonid parareptile. Phonodus dutoitorum, gen. et sp. nov., is diagnosed by a roughly straight ventral temporal margin, prefrontals that contact each other along the dorsal midline, presence of a large posterior maxillary tooth, an edentulous pterygoid, a reduced transverse flange of the pterygoid, and other autapomorphies. A cladistic analysis identifies P. dutoitorum as a basal member of the procolophonid clade Leptopleuroninae. The presence of large maxillary teeth, their positioning ventral to strongly developed antorbital buttresses, and the loss of the ventral temporal emargination are suggestive of a durophagous diet. Phonodus dutoitorum is recognized as the oldest known leptopleuronine. Optimization of geographic distributions onto procolophonid phylogeny indicates that the presence of P. dutoitorum in the Karoo Basin of South Africa is explained most parsimoniously as the result of migration from Laurasia. Phonodus dutoitorum is the fifth procolophonoid species to be described from the Induan of the Karoo Basin, providing further support for the hypothesis that procolophonoid evolution was not greatly perturbed by the end-Permian extinction event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Point distribution data were used to evaluate the biogeographical influence of the arid Tankwa Karoo Basin on the distribution of reptiles in the south-western districts of South Africa. Under-representation of the Tankwa Karoo in the dataset required an additional field survey of this region. Prior to the survey, available records from the Tankwa Karoo Basin represented only 13 reptile species. A total of 36 species (24 lizards, nine snakes, three chelonians) was recorded during our survey of this area. Turnover across the Basin is high, species richness is lower than in surrounding mountainous areas and there are no species endemic to the area. The Tankwa Karoo Basin acts as a dispersal barrier for many reptile species occurring in the surrounding more mesic areas. At the same time, the ranges of a number of typical northern, arid-adapted species extend southward along the Tankwa plains. A number of species range extensions in the region are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Southern African Reptile Conservation Assessment (SARCA) for the 2005-2009 period. SARCA aims to collect and analyze information on reptile species found in South Africa, Swaziland and Lesoto. The project is a collaboration between the University of Cape Town's Animal Demography Unit and the South African National Biodiversity Institute. The creation of a reptile distribution database is one of the results of SARCA. SARCA also aims to create an Atlas and Red Data Book of Reptiles.

The article offers information on the Permian dicynodont Colobodectes cluveri. It notes that the holotype, which was collected near the boundary between the Ecca and Beaufort groups of the Karoo Basin in South Africa, has a distinctive combination of primitive, derived, and autapomorphic characters. It states that the occurrence of the Colobodectes cluveri specimens in a narrow interval above the Ecca-Beaufort contact in the northwestern and western portions of the Karoo Basin suggests that the species may be a useful marker for the lowermost Beaufort in areas where the Eodicynodon zone is not preserved.

The article presents a study that deals with the effects of land-use on reptile populations in the grasslands of Gauteng, South Africa. It highlights the role of past cultivation in fragmentation of reptile population which can lead to the extirpation of species. A survey was conducted that covered reptiles in primary grassland with little or no rock cover, primary grassland with large quartzite outcrops and scattered rocks, and secondary grasslands that were historically ploughed and cropped. Based on their findings, the authors cited the negative impact of habitat transformation associated with cultivation on the species richness and composition of the local reptile assemblages.

Subterranean herpetofauna comprise an estimated 20% of the world's amphibians and reptiles but are one of the least studied groups of terrestrial vertebrates. Monitoring population trends and threats to these species is dependent in part on quantitative historical data, which are generally lacking. One exception is a 1970 study conducted in Ndumu Game Reserve, South Africa. We revisited this area in 2004 and carried out comparative quantitative sampling in deciduous broad-leaf woodland and sand forest habitats. Our results show a 79% reduction in density of subterranean herpetofauna, as well as a reduction in diversity. Mann- Whitney tests show that the amphisbaenian Zygaspis vandami has undergone a significant reduction in density in both habitats sampled.We relate reductions in subterranean herpetofaunal densities to an increased density of theReserve's ungulate grazers, suggesting a link between reduction in leaf-litter and soil macrofauna prey of the fossorial reptiles. This study highlights the need for quantitative surveys of subterranean herpetofauna to support future conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study which investigated the effects of predicated climate change on the endemic South African dwarf chameleons, Bradypodion. To predict the suitable climatic habitat for most the chameleon species and for their phylogenetic clades, a niche-based modelling technique was employed. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate change scenarios were also used in the study. All models showed responses to predicted climate change but the degree and extent of these responses were individualistic. Most of them responded with a contraction in predicated climatic suitability while some registered an expansion or a shift.

The article focuses on a study which examined ecological patterns of fossorial herpetofaunal species in South Africa. To determine the underlying trends in diversity of the species, the absolute and relative fossorial herpetofaunal species richness in the region was mapped. Quantitative surveys of the species were also conducted at a site in Zululand, KwaZuluNatal, South Africa. Two methods were employed to do this with one involving two investigators excavating clusters of pits and second involved the use of heavy-duty, earthmoving machinery to systematically excavate pits.

The article discusses the highlights of the ninth Conference and General Meeting of the Herpetological Association of Africa (HAA), held at Sterkfontein Dam, Free State, South Africa, from November 26 to 29, 2008. A workshop titled "Science, Pets and Permits: Collecting and Keeping Herps in South Africa" was conducted. Three special events also took place, including the Banquet, the Award for Exceptional Contribution to African Herpetology, and an auction of books, papers and artwork.

The partial skeleton of a small reptile, from the Middle Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa, is described as a new parareptile. Australothyris smithi gen. et sp. nov. is diagnosed by contact between the postfrontal and the supratemporal, a relatively large pineal foramen, a small interpterygoid vacuity, the presence of teeth on the ventral surfaces of the basipterygoid processes, and several other autapomorphies. Phylogenetic analysis of an augmented data matrix from the literature positions A. smithi basally within Parareptilia, as the sister taxon of Ankyramorpha. Our results indicate that the presence of a lateral temporal fenestra is synapomorphic for procolophonomorphs (as regarded in this paper) and that this structure was variously modified in procolophonians. Australothyris smithi is the phylogenetically youngest member of a grade of Gondwanan parareptiles that includes mesosaurids and millerosaurs, a topology intimating that parareptiles diversified first in Gondwana and then dispersed into Laurasia. This biogeographic scenario is at odds with observations that the bolosaurids of Laurasia predate mesosaurids and other Gondwanan parareptiles by approximately 15 million years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SYNOPSISA second specimen of the poorly known millerettid Broomia perplexais reported. It consists of a cranium and partially articulated postcranium. As indicated by its small size (ca. 35% shorter skull than the holotype) and unfused pelvis and limbs, the new specimen is a sub-adult individual. Comparison with the holotype reveals only minor differences that are ascribed to ontogenetic or individual variation. Accordingly we consider the new specimen to represent the second record of Broomia, discovered 90 years after the description of the holotype. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of millerettid inter-relationships identifies Broomiaas a millerettid related to the genus Millerosaurus. The enigmatic parareptile Eunotosaurus africanusis nested within Millerettidae as the sister taxon of Milleretta rubidgei. Whereas millerettids are well known from the latest Permian DicynodonAssemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group of South Africa, Broomiaand Eunotosaurusare found in the Middle Permian TapinocephalusAssemblage Zone. The new Broomiaspecimen not only complements our knowledge of this early millerettid but also shows, in addition to recent findings in the same area, that the lowermost Beaufort Group is at least 1200 m thick in this area compared with ca. 2500 m in the western part of the Karoo Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living species of mammals, crocodiles and most species of birds exhibit parental care, but evidence of this behaviour is extremely rare in the fossil record. Here, we present a new specimen of varanopid ‘pelycosaur’ from the Middle Permian of South Africa. The specimen is an aggregation, consisting of five articulated individuals preserved in undisturbed, close, lifelike, dorsal-up, subparallel positions, indicating burial in ‘life position’. Two size classes are represented. One is 50% larger than the others, is well ossified, has fused neurocentral sutures and is distinguished by a coat of dermal ossifications that covers the neck and shoulder regions. We regard this individual to be an adult. The remaining four skeletons are considered to be juveniles as they are approximately the same size, are poorly ossified, have open neurocentral sutures and lack dermal ossifications. Aggregates of juvenile amniotes are usually siblings. Extant analogues of adult and juvenile groupings suggest that the adult is one of the parents, leading us to regard the aggregation as a family group. The Late Middle Permian age of the varanopid family predates the previously known oldest fossil evidence of parental care in terrestrial vertebrates by 140Myr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]