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A composite is a material in which more than one metal salt or polymer can be mixed to enhance the processed product's physical and chemical properties. Due to their high band gap and enhanced excitation energy, composites can be used in numerous areas, such as solar cells, fuel cells, catalysts, and energy storage. Over a large area of applications in different fields, few studies have examined the ability of composites to sense the efficiency of riboflavin/vitamin B2. The present work explores the utilisation of trimetallic-based nanocomposite nanoparticles (TMNCsNPs) as a sensing material, which is synthesised and characterised in detail. The TMNCsNPs were used to understand the exposure of riboflavin to glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). Several electrochemical parameters were selected for the electrochemical study of the processed sensor. Initially, a long-range concentration of riboflavin (0.976–125 μM in PBS) was selected to check the efficiency of the produced sensor (TMNCsNPs/GCE). Low-to high-potential windows (0.5–15 mV/s) were chosen to measure the effect on TMNCsNPs/GCE in PBS. The chronoamperometry (CA) responses were analysed at different time intervals (0–900 s). The cyclic response (CR) was analysed for TMNCsNPs/GCE sensor for up to one month. The interference of metal was examined, and real sample analysis was also conducted and discussed with possible mechanism. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. The intravascular worms acquire the nutrients necessary for their survival from host blood. Since all animals are auxotrophic for riboflavin (vitamin B2), schistosomes too must import it to survive. Riboflavin is an essential component of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD); these support key functions of dozens of flavoenzymes. Methods: Here, using a combination of metabolomics, enzyme kinetics and in silico molecular analysis, we focus on the biochemistry of riboflavin and its metabolites in Schistosoma mansoni (Sm). Results: We show that when schistosomes are incubated in murine plasma, levels of FAD decrease over time while levels of FMN increase. We show that live schistosomes cleave exogenous FAD to generate FMN and this ability is significantly blocked when expression of the surface nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase ectoenzyme SmNPP5 is suppressed using RNAi. Recombinant SmNPP5 cleaves FAD with a Km of 178 ± 5.9 µM and Kcat/Km of 324,734 ± 36,347 M− 1.S− 1. The FAD-dependent enzyme IL-4I1 drives the oxidative deamination of phenylalanine to produce phenylpyruvate and H2O2. Since schistosomes are damaged by H2O2, we determined if SmNPP5 could impede H2O2 production by blocking IL-4I1 action in vitro. We found that this was not the case; covalently bound FAD on IL-4I1 appears inaccessible to SmNPP5. We also report that live schistosomes can cleave exogenous FMN to generate riboflavin and this ability is significantly impeded when expression of a second surface ectoenzyme (alkaline phosphatase, SmAP) is suppressed. Recombinant SmAP cleaves FMN with a Km of 3.82 ± 0.58 mM and Kcat/Km of 1393 ± 347 M− 1.S− 1. Conclusions: The sequential hydrolysis of FAD by tegumental ecto-enzymes SmNPP5 and SmAP can generate free vitamin B2 around the worms from where it can be conveniently imported by the recently described schistosome riboflavin transporter SmaRT. Finally, we identified in silico schistosome homologs of enzymes that are involved in intracellular vitamin B2 metabolism. These are riboflavin kinase (SmRFK) as well as FAD synthase (SmFADS); cDNAs encoding these two enzymes were cloned and sequenced. SmRFK is predicted to convert riboflavin to FMN while SmFADS could further act on FMN to regenerate FAD in order to facilitate robust vitamin B2-dependent metabolism in schistosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary A few Capsicum (pepper) species produce yellow‐colored floral nectar, but the chemical identity and biological function of the yellow pigment are unknown. A combination of analytical biochemistry techniques was used to identify the pigment that gives Capsicum baccatum and Capsicum pubescens nectars their yellow color. Microbial growth assays, visual modeling, and honey bee preference tests for artificial nectars containing riboflavin were used to assess potential biological roles for the nectar pigment. High concentrations of riboflavin (vitamin B2) give the nectars their intense yellow color. Nectars containing riboflavin generate reactive oxygen species when exposed to light and reduce microbial growth. Visual modeling also indicates that the yellow color is highly conspicuous to bees within the context of the flower. Lastly, field experiments demonstrate that honey bees prefer artificial nectars containing riboflavin. Some Capsicum nectars contain a yellow‐colored vitamin that appears to play roles in (1) limiting microbial growth, (2) the visual attraction of bees, and (3) as a reward to nectar‐feeding flower visitors (potential pollinators), which is especially interesting since riboflavin is an essential nutrient for brood rearing in insects. These results cumulatively suggest that the riboflavin found in some Capsicum nectars has several functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into Schwann cells (SCs) during peripheral nerve injury; in our previous research, we showed that SC-derived exosomes (SC-exos) played a direct induction role while fibroblast-derived exosomes (Fb-exos) had no obvious induction role. The induction role of neural stem cell (NSC)-derived exosomes (NSC-exos) has also been widely confirmed. However, no studies have compared the induction effects of these three types of cells at the same time. Therefore, by investigating the effect of these three cell-derived exosomes upon the induction of BMSCs to differentiate into SCs, this study explored the role of different exosomes in promoting the differentiation of stem cells into SCs cells, and conducted a comparison between the two groups by RNA sequencing to further narrow the range of target genes and related gene pathways in order to study their related mechanisms. Materials and methods: We extracted exosomes from SCs, fibroblasts (Fb) and neural stem cells (NSC) and then investigated the ability of these exosomes to induce differentiation into BMSCs under different culture conditions. The expression levels of key proteins and gene markers were detected in induced cells by fluorescence immunoassays, western blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR); then, we statistically compared the relative induction effects under different conditions. Finally, we analyzed the three types of exosomes by RNA-seq to predict target genes and related gene pathways. Results: BMSCs were cultured by three media: conventional (no induction), pre-induction or pre-induction + original induction medium (ODM) with exosomes of the same cell origin under different culture conditions. When adding the three different types of exosomes separately, the overall induction of BMSCs to differentiate into SCs was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The induction ability was ranked as follows: pre-induction + ODM + exosome group > pre-induction + exosome group > non-induction + exosome group. Using exosomes from different cell sources under the same culture conditions, we observed the following trends under the three culture conditions: RSC96-exos group ≥ NSC-exos group > Fb-exos group. The overall ability to induce BMSCs into SCs was significantly greater in the RSC96-exos group and the NSC-exos group. Although there was no significant difference in induction efficiency when comparing these two groups, the overall induction ability of the RSC96-exos group was slightly higher than that of the NSC-exos group. By combining the differentiation induction results with the RNA-seq data, the three types of exosomes were divided into three comparative groups: RSC vs. NSC, RSC vs. Fb and NSC vs. Fb. We identified 203 differentially expressed mRNA target genes in these three groups. Two differentially expressed genes were upregulated simultaneously, namely riboflavin kinase (RFK, ENSRNOG00000022273) and ribosomal RNA processing 36 (Rrp36, ENSRNOG00000017836). We did not identify any co-upregulated target genes for the miRNAs, but did identify one target gene of the lncRNAs, namely ENSRNOG00000065005. Analysis identified 90 GO terms related to nerves and axons in the mRNAs; in addition, KEGG enrichment and GASA analysis identified 13 common differential expression pathways in the three groups. Conclusions: Our analysis found that pre-induction + ODM + RSC96/NSC-exos culture conditions were most conducive with regards to induction and differentiation. RSC96-exos and NSC-exos exhibited significantly greater differentiation efficiency of BMSCs into SCs. Although there was no statistical difference, the data indicated a trend for RSC96-exos to be advantageous We identified 203 differentially expressed mRNAs between the three groups and two differentially expressed target mRNAs were upregulated, namely riboflavin kinase (RFK, ENSRNOG00000022273) and ribosomal RNA processing 36 (Rrp36, ENSRNOG00000017836). 90 GO terms were related to nerves and axons. Finally, we identified 13 common differentially expressed pathways across our three types of exosomes. It is hoped that the efficiency of BMSCs induction differentiation into SCs can be improved, bringing hope to patients and more options for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha is a traditional beverage obtained by the microbial fermentation of tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts. In addition to several documented functional properties, such as anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity, kombucha is often credited with high levels of vitamins, including riboflavin. To our knowledge, the vitamin B2 content in traditionally prepared kombucha has been determined in only two studies, in which the concentration measured by the HPLC technique ranged from 2.2 × 10−7 to 2.1 × 10−4 mol dm−3. These unexplained differences of three orders of magnitude in the vitamin B2 content prompted us to determine its concentration during the cultivation of kombucha under very similar conditions by spectrofluorimetry. The B2 concentrations during the 10-day fermentation of black tea ranged from 7.6 × 10−8 to 3.3 × 10−7 mol dm−3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Stroke represents a significant public health challenge, necessitating the exploration of preventive measures. This network meta‐analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of different vitamin treatments compared to a placebo in preventing stroke. Methods: A systematic electronic search in databases including PubMed, EmBASE, Web of Science, clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar until 31 May 2023 was conducted, to identify published studies investigating the association between vitamin intake and the risk of stroke. Pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated using a frequentist network meta‐analysis. Furthermore, we ranked vitamins based on p‐scores, facilitating a comparative assessment of their effectiveness in preventing stroke. Results: A total of 56 studies, including 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 39 cohort studies were analyzed. Direct estimates obtained from network meta‐analysis, we found that vitamin A (RR:.81 [.72–.91]), vitamin B‐complex (RR:.85 [.74–.97]), vitamin B6 (RR: 79 [.68–.92]), folate (RR:.86 [.75–.97]), vitamin C (RR:.77 [.70–.85]) and vitamin D (RR:.73 [.64–.83]) were significantly associated with a decreased stroke risk. However, no significant association was observed for vitamin B2, vitamin B12, and vitamin E. Subsequent to network meta‐analysis, vitamins were ranked in decreasing order of their efficacy in stroke prevention based on p‐score, with vitamin D (p‐score =.91), vitamin C (p‐score =.79), vitamin B6 (p‐score =.70), vitamin A (p‐score =.65), vitamin B‐complex (p‐score =.53), folate (p‐score =.49), vitamin B2 (p‐score =.39), vitamin E (p‐score =.28), vitamin B12 (.13) and placebo (.10). Conclusion: Our study has established noteworthy connections between vitamin A, vitamin B‐complex, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin C, and vitamin D in the realm of stroke prevention. These findings add substantial weight to the accumulating evidence supporting the potential advantages of vitamin interventions in mitigating the risk of stroke. However, to solidify and validate these observations, additional research is imperative. Well‐designed clinical trials or cohort studies are needed to further explore these associations and formulate clear guidelines for incorporating vitamin supplementation into effective stroke prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent uses of pesticides for agricultural led to the environmental pollution and ultimately threaten the human body. On the other hand, the monitoring of the biomarker at the optimum level is also very imperative for human health. So the investigation of smart materials is very essential for visual and on‐site monitoring of pesticide and biomarker. In this regard, we have synthesized highly fluorescent MOF (ZnATA, 1) oriented with free‐NH2 functionality as a guest functional moiety. Framework 1 showed the selective and sensitive ratiometric detection of biomarker riboflavin (RBF). Further, sensor 1 exhibited the discriminating recognition of pesticide 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline (DCNA). The detection limit for both RBF and DCNA is very excellent, and the values are 0.13 and 0.07 ppm, respectively. The detection of RBF and DCNA is very fast (within 3 s) and has been realized through colorimetric response and by cost‐effective paper strip method. Interestingly, the sensor displayed the visual and on‐site (in situ imaging by using real fruit and vegetable) recognition of "DCNA" within 3 s. Sensor 1 further demonstrated the recognition of DCNA in different real field sample (environmental water sample) and RBF in food samples (milk and vitamin B2 tablet). The mechanism of sensing for DCNA and RBF has been comprehended through the occurrence of photo‐induced electron transfer, forster resonance energy transfer, and inert filter effect. Further, the recognition mechanism is justified by the theoretical study. The presence of free‐NH2 moiety in the linker of MOF is possibly to establish a strong supramolecular interaction with the analytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose : The aim was to study the association between dietary intake of B vitamins in childhood and the risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) and progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D) by the age of 10 years. Methods: We followed 8500 T1D-susceptible children born in the U.S., Finland, Sweden, and Germany in 2004 -2010 from the Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study, which is a prospective observational birth cohort. Dietary intake of seven B vitamins was calculated from foods and dietary supplements based on 24-h recall at 3 months and 3-day food records collected regularly from 6 months to 10 years of age. Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for energy, HLA-genotype, first-degree relative with T1D, sex, and country. Results: A total of 778 (9.2) children developed at least one autoantibody (any IA), and 335 (3.9%) developed multiple autoantibodies. 280 (3.3%) children had IAA and 319 (3.8%) GADA as the first autoantibody. 344 (44%) children with IA progressed to T1D. We observed that higher intake of niacin was associated with a decreased risk of developing multiple autoantibodies (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.92, 0.98) per 1 mg/1000 kcal in niacin intake. Higher intake of pyridoxine (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.96) and vitamin B12 (HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.77, 0.97) was associated with a decreased risk of IAA-first autoimmunity. Higher intake of riboflavin (HR 1.38; 95% CI 1.05, 1.80) was associated with an increased risk of GADA-first autoimmunity. There were no associations between any of the B vitamins and the outcomes "any IA" and progression from IA to T1D. Conclusion: In this multinational, prospective birth cohort of children with genetic susceptibility to T1D, we observed some direct and inverse associations between different B vitamins and risk of IA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to characterise the market‐driven fortification of vitamins and minerals in packaged foods targeted at children in Brazil. We analysed 535 food labels using data collected in a census‐type method (n = 5620) of food labels in a Brazilian supermarket in 2013. Micronutrients declared in nutrition claims and the ingredients list (synthetic compounds) were considered to be added for commercial purposes. Analysis of the ingredients list and nutrition claims showed that market‐driven fortification of vitamins and minerals was present in 27.1% of foods. The main vitamins and minerals were vitamins A, B complex, C, D, calcium, iron and zinc. The food groups 'Milk and dairy products' and 'Sugars, sugary foods and snacks' had the highest frequencies of micronutrients declared in the ingredients list. Calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc and all vitamins, except B7, were found to be added for commercial purposes. Micronutrients were found to be commonly added to packaged foods as a marketing strategy directed at parents and their children. Future studies should assess the amount of vitamins and minerals added to packaged foods targeted at children and whether intakes of vitamins and minerals in children are potentially excessive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vestibular migraine (VM) is a common cause of recurrent vertigo. Migraine headache preventative therapies are currently prescribed to control vertigo symptoms in VM. Clinical trials of nutraceuticals for migraine headache prevention have shown positive outcomes, but, to date, there have been no studies to assess their effectiveness in the management of VM. Aims: To report the effects of nonprescription therapy management on VM symptoms. Methods: We undertook a prospective, questionnaire‐based assessment of patients diagnosed with VM between November 2019 and August 2021 at two Sydney tertiary referral clinics. Patients were advised on optimising sleep, hydration, exercise and nutrition and instructed to use an over‐the‐counter combination product containing riboflavin 200 mg, magnesium 150 mg, coenzyme Q10 75 mg and feverfew 200 mcg. Symptom severity and frequency were assessed using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), the Vertigo Symptom Score short‐form (VSS‐sf) and two visual analogue scales for severity (VAS‐s) and frequency (VAS‐f) before and 3 months after commencing treatment. Result: In 82 participants (78% female; mean age, 44 ± 14 years) we recorded a decrease in DHI (mean, 16.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 12.8–20.9], VSS‐sf (9.3, 7.1–11.5), VAS‐s (3.0, 2.2–3.8) and VAS‐f (2.8, 2.1–3.4), equating to an improvement of 44.1%, 44.9%, 44.1% and 38.9% for each measure respectively. On the DHI and VSS‐sf, 41 (50%) and 44 (53.7%) patients showed improvement in their symptoms; 39 (47.6%) and 36 (43.9%) patients noted no change and two patients reported worsening. The supplement was well‐tolerated. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary evidence that VM symptom frequency and severity can be reduced by using nonprescription therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water kefir grains are an important source of probiotics, mainly containing lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in microbial and chemical properties of water kefir grains during 1‐month storage at +4°C and −18°C. The initial content of lactobacilli, lactococci, and yeast in water kefir grains was 6.06, 6.33, and 5.93 log CFU/g, respectively. The number of lactobacilli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium spp. in the water kefir grains were comparable, with slight changes at the end of refrigerated storage (p >.05). Lactococci and yeasts decreased significantly after both storage conditions compared to the initial content (p <.05). The dry matter and ash contents remained unchanged during storage (p >.05). Water kefir grains contained significant amounts of calcium, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, and vitamin B12. Storage at both +4°C and −18°C did not affect the mineral and vitamin contents, except for Cu and Vitamin B2. The results indicate that the water kefir grains remained viable after storage at both temperatures. If water kefir grains need to be stored, it is recommended to store them at +4°C in sugared water as it ensures better survivability of the microbiota of the grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The primary dietary approach for managing cow's milk allergy (CMA) is the elimination diet. We aimed to compare the growth patterns of children with CMA during and after the elimination diet with healthy peers and identify influencing factors. Methods: We compared 74 CMA children with age-matched healthy peers. Anthropometric data were collected during the third month of cow's milk elimination (CME) diet (T1), 3 months after diet cessation (T2), and after ≥3 months of normal diet (T3). Control group measurements coincided. Nutrient intake was assessed by a 3-day record, and patient laboratory results were noted at T3. Results: CMA children had consistently lower weight-for-age (WFA) and height-for-age (HFA) z-scores than controls. WtHt z-score of patients was lower than those of the healthy group at T2. HC z-scores of patients were lower than those of the healthy group at T0, T2, and T3. At T3, the HFA z-score of the CME group demonstrated a negative correlation with the duration of the elimination diet (p = 0.045). Inadequate intake of energy, vitamins A, E, B1, B6, C, folic acid, magnesium, and iron was significantly higher in CMA children (p < 0.05). T3 WFA z-score correlated positively with fiber, vitamin B1, magnesium, and iron intake (p < 0.05). T3 WtHt showed a positive moderate correlation with energy, protein, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, phosphor, iron intake (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Post-elimination diet, children with CMA need sustained monitoring and potentially micronutrient supplementation to match healthy peers' growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacillus subtilis is widely used in industrial-scale riboflavin production. Previous studies have shown that targeted mutagenesis of the ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase in B. subtilis can significantly enhance riboflavin production. This modification also leads to an increase in purine intermediate concentrations in the medium. Interestingly, B. subtilis exhibits remarkable efficiency in purine nucleoside synthesis, often exceeding riboflavin yields. These observations highlight the importance of the conversion steps from inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) to 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4(3 H)-pyrimidinone-5'-phosphate (DARPP) in riboflavin production by B. subtilis. However, research elucidating the specific impact of these reactions on riboflavin production remains limited. Result: We expressed the genes encoding enzymes involved in these reactions (guaB, guaA, gmk, ndk, ribA) using a synthetic operon. Introduction of the plasmid carrying this synthetic operon led to a 3.09-fold increase in riboflavin production compared to the control strain. Exclusion of gmk from the synthetic operon resulted in a 36% decrease in riboflavin production, which was further reduced when guaB and guaA were not co-expressed. By integrating the synthetic operon into the genome and employing additional engineering strategies, we achieved riboflavin production levels of 2702 mg/L. Medium optimization further increased production to 3477 mg/L, with a yield of 0.0869 g riboflavin per g of sucrose. Conclusion: The conversion steps from IMP to DARPP play a critical role in riboflavin production by B. subtilis. Our overexpression strategies have demonstrated their effectiveness in overcoming these limiting factors and enhancing riboflavin production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. To evaluate the changes of lens antidilatation, antiedema, and antienzymolysis ability after different concentrations of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC-NHS)-induced collagen cross-linking. Methods. Corneal stromal lenticules (n = 100) obtained from small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) procedures were divided into 5 groups: no treatment (control); EDC/NHS (5%/2.5%); EDC/NHS(5%/5%); EDC/NHS (10%/5%); riboflavin and ultraviolet-A light (UVA). Collagen crosslinking was induced using EDC-NHS and UVA. Biomechanical assessments including inflation test, enzymatic degradation resistance, and light transmittance were evaluated posttreatment. Results. (1) Lenticule apex displacement ranked: control Group > UVA Group > Group (5%/5%) > Group (5%/2.5%) > Group (10%/5%) (Friedman test, p < 0.0001). (2) Light transmittance was significantly higher in the crosslinked groups versus control, with EDC/NHS superior to UVA riboflavin. After 15 minutes in PBS, light transmittance decreased due to swelling; however, crosslinked groups maintained significantly higher transmittance versus control. (3) Following crosslinking, enzymatic resistance improved significantly, with the EDC-NHS crosslinking group was significantly better than the UVA cross-linking group. Conclusions. EDC/NHS crosslinking enhanced lenticule stiffness, antiedema, and enzymatic resistance and without compromising the transparency of the lens. Moreover, EDC/NHS crosslinking efficacy exceeded UVA riboflavin crosslinking in improving lenticule biomechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests a pivotal role of vitamin B2 in the pathogenesis and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Vitamin B2 intake has been postulated to modulate the screening rate for PCa by altering the concentration of prostate-specific antigen(PSA). However, the relationship between vitamin B2 and PSA remains indeterminate. Hence, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the association between vitamin B2 intake and PSA levels, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Methods: From a pool of 20,371 participants in the NHANES survey conducted between 2003 and 2010, a cohort of 2,323 participants was selected for the present study. The male participants were classified into four distinct groups based on their levels of vitamin B2 intake. We employed a multiple linear regression model and a non-parametric regression method to investigate the relationship between vitamin B2 and PSA levels. Results: The study cohort comprised of 2,323 participants with a mean age of 54.95 years (± 11.73). Our findings revealed a statistically significant inverse correlation between vitamin B2 intake (mg) and PSA levels, with a reduction of 0.13 ng/ml PSA concentration for every unit increase in vitamin B2 intake. Furthermore, we employed a fully adjusted model to construct a smooth curve to explore the possible linear relationship between vitamin B2 intake and PSA concentration. Conclusions: Our study in American men has unveiled a notable inverse association between vitamin B2 intake and PSA levels, potentially posing a challenge for the identification of asymptomatic prostate cancer. Specifically, our findings suggest that individuals with higher vitamin B2 intake may be at a greater risk of being diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer in the future, possibly indicating a detection bias. These results may offer a novel explanation for the observed positive correlation between vitamin B2 intake and prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of salt reduction by NaCl sprinkling and NaCl substitution with 25% calcium lactate on the quality of blue cheese were evaluated. Sprinkling reduced sodium content by 35% and substitution reduced sodium content by 47%. The salt‐reduced cheeses had a higher calcium content, vitamin B2, B6, and B12 levels, and a higher rate of proteolysis. Sensory and texture profile analysis found that the salt‐reduced cheeses had a less salty taste and were less firm. These methods enabled significant salt reduction but had negative effects on the cheese properties, and so further work is needed to diminish these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is a common tumour in men and women. In case of resistance to the standard therapeutic agents, gemcitabine can be used as off-label instillation therapy into the bladder. To reduce potential side effects, continuous efforts are made to optimise the therapeutic potential of drugs, thereby reducing the effective dose and consequently the pharmacological burden of the medication. We recently demonstrated that it is possible to significantly increase the therapeutic efficacy of mitomycin C against a bladder carcinoma cell line by exposure to non-toxic doses of blue light (453 nm). In the present study, we investigated whether the therapeutically supportive effect of blue light can be further enhanced by the additional use of the wavelength-specific photosensitiser riboflavin. We found that the gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity of bladder cancer cell lines (BFTC-905, SW-1710, RT-112) was significantly enhanced by non-toxic doses of blue light in the presence of riboflavin. Enhanced cytotoxicity correlated with decreased levels of mitochondrial ATP synthesis and increased lipid peroxidation was most likely the result of increased oxidative stress. Due to these properties, blue light in combination with riboflavin could represent an effective therapy option with few side effects and increase the success of local treatment of bladder cancer, whereby the dose of the chemotherapeutic agent used and thus the chemical load could be significantly reduced with similar or improved therapeutic success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have a semi‐invariant T‐cell receptor that allows recognition of antigen in the context of the MHC class I‐related (MR1) protein. Metabolic intermediates of the riboflavin synthesis pathway have been identified as MR1‐restricted antigens with agonist properties. As riboflavin synthesis occurs in many bacterial species, but not human cells, it has been proposed that the main purpose of MAIT cells is antibacterial surveillance and protection. The majority of human MAIT cells secrete interferon‐gamma (IFNg) upon activation, while some MAIT cells in tissues can also express IL‐17. Given that MAIT cells are present in human barrier tissues colonized by a microbiome, MAIT cells must somehow be able to distinguish colonization from infection to ensure effector functions are only elicited when necessary. Importantly, MAIT cells have additional functional properties, including the potential to contribute to restoring tissue homeostasis by expression of CTLA‐4 and secretion of the cytokine IL‐22. A recent study provided compelling data indicating that the range of human MAIT cell functional properties is explained by plasticity rather than distinct lineages. This further underscores the necessity to better understand how different signals regulate MAIT cell function. In this review, we highlight what is known in regards to activating and inhibitory signals for MAIT cells with a specific focus on signals relevant to healthy and inflamed tissues. We consider the quantity, quality, and the temporal order of these signals on MAIT cell function and discuss the current limitations of computational tools to extrapolate which signals are received by MAIT cells in human tissues. Using lessons learned from conventional CD8 T cells, we also discuss how TCR signals may integrate with cytokine signals in MAIT cells to elicit distinct functional states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method was developed to verify the viable counts of BioTrakTM (TSI Model 9510-BD) without using test bacteria. In this method, an inkjet aerosol generator (IAG) was used to deliver a known number of test aerosol particles to BioTrak in the given sampling time. An IAG generates two types of monodisperse test particles, inert particles and fluorescent particles. Inert particles consist of a chemical substance that does not emit fluorescence when particles are irradiated by the laser beam of BioTrak. Inert particles were used to test whether a BioTrak generates false positive in viable counts or not. Depending on the version of the discrimination algorithm, BioTrak generated false positive in viable counts over 2 − 6-µm particle-diameter range. Fluorescent particles are monodisperse particles with a trace mass of fluorophores, which simulate the autofluorescence emission of surrogate bacteria. In this study, two types of fluorophore pairs, β-NADH and riboflavin sodium phosphate (riboflavin in short) and Coumarin 30 and riboflavin, were used. The counting efficiency of viable particle (CEviable) were evaluated by generating fluorescent particles at a 3.0–8.3-µm particle diameter. The average of CEviable, and its uncertainty among three BioTrak used in this study, were 0.701 ± 0.090 (k = 2), which is close to the physical sampling efficiency of BioTrak reported by the manufacturer. The relative standard uncertainty of CEviable due to day-to-day variation was 0.8% and 3.5%, when the first and second fluorophore pairs were used, respectively. These results proved that the proposed method can be regularly used to verify the viable counts of BioTrak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the changes encountered in corneal biomechanics and aberration profile following accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) using hypo-osmolar and iso-osmolar riboflavin in corneal thicknesses of <400 and >400 microns, respectively. Methods: This is a prospective, interventional, comparative study involving 100 eyes of 75 patients with progressive keratoconus. Eyes were divided into two groups based on corneal thickness: group 1 included eyes with a corneal thickness of <400 microns who underwent hypo-osmolar CXL, and group 2 included eyes with a corneal thickness of >400 microns who underwent iso-osmolar CXL. Corneal biomechanical and aberration profiles were evaluated and compared between groups. Results: In group 1, all higher-order aberrations (HOA) except secondary astigmatism significantly decreased from baseline; however, in group 2, only coma and trefoil decreased. The corneal resistance factor and corneal hysteresis significantly improved in both groups, which was significantly greater in group 2 than in group 1. The change in inverse radius, deformation amplitude, and tomographic biomechanical index was significantly improved in group 2 as compared to group 1. Conclusion: Improvement in corrected distance visual acuity and decrease in HOA were significantly better in the hypo-osmolar CXL group; however, the improvement in biomechanical strength of the cornea was significantly better in the iso-osmolar group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether UVA-light-activated riboflavin-induced collagen crosslinking (UVA-CXL) can maintain the function of filtering blebs after trabeculectomy (TRAB) in rabbits. Methods: Thirty-six healthy rabbits were randomized to one of the following groups with 12 rabbits in each group: Trabeculectomy group (TRAB group), trabeculectomy combined with CXL group (CXL group), and trabeculectomy combined with MMC group (MMC group). Six rabbits of each group were performed with intraocular pressure (IOP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA). Bleb structure was observed via hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and Masson staining. Immunohistochemistry, proteomic study, western blot, and tensile test were performed between CXL group and the control. In vitro, cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8 and Calcein/PI staining. TRPV4 and VEGF-a expression levels were measured by Q-PCR. Ca2+ concentration was observed with Fluo-4 AM. Results: The IOP and bleb median survival day were significantly modified in CXL (5.92 ± 0.32 mmHg and 15.5 days) than TRAB group (7.50 ± 0.43 mmHg and 9 days). The bleb area and height increased. CXL inhibited vascularization, and vascularization peaked at postoperative day (POD) 14 and then decreased gradually. In proteomic analyses, Z disc, actin filament binding, and sarcomere organization were significantly enriched. CXL inhibited scleral stress‒strain in tensile tests. Compared with TRAB group, TRPV4 expression was significantly increased, but VEGF-a and TGF-β1 levels were reduced in the CXL group in western blot. Meanwhile, TRPV4 expression colocalized with CD31. In vitro, CXL inhibited HUVECs cell viability. After CXL, expression level of TRPV4 was increased and calcium influx was activated, but VEGF-a was decreased in HUVECs. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that intraoperative UV-RF CXL can significantly improve the success rate of TRAB via inhibiting filtering bleb vascularization. CXL increased sclera stiffness, in turn, induced TRPV4 activation, thus contributing to vascular endothelial cells suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale Poor appetite is considered a key factor in the development of malnutrition, a link that can be explained by alterations in dietary intake. Given the limited data on dietary characteristics in community-dwelling older adults with poor appetite, the present study aimed to examine whether poor appetite is associated with lower nutrient intake and more unfavourable food choices. Methods In 569 participants of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam aged ≥70 years appetite was assessed using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire and dichotomised into normal (>14) and poor (≤14). Intake of energy, 19 nutrients, 15 food groups, the Dutch Healthy Diet Index 2015 (DHD15) and Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) were calculated from a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary differences between appetite groups were examined using Mann–Whitney U test and binary logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. Results Mean age was 78 ± 6 years and 52% were female. Appetite was poor in 12.5% of participants. Energy intake was 1951 (median; quartiles 1–3: 1,653–2,384) kcal/day with no difference between appetite groups. Poor appetite was associated with lower intake of protein (OR 0.948, 95%CI 0.922–0.973), folate (0.981, 0.973–0.989), zinc (0.619, 0.454–0.846), vegetables (0.988, 0.982–0.994) and lower scores of DHD15 (0.964, 0.945–0.983) and MDS (0.904, 0.850–0.961), as well as higher intake of carbohydrates (1.015, 1.006–1.023), and vitamins B2 (4.577, 1.650–12.694) and C (1.013, 1.005–1.021). Conclusions Community-dwelling older adults with poor appetite showed poorer diet quality with a lower intake of protein, folate, zinc and vegetables, compared with those reporting normal appetite and should be advised accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: The evolution of demyelination in individual internodes remains unclear although it has been noticed the paranodal demyelination precedes internodal demyelination in neuropathies with diverse aetiologies. For therapeutic purpose, it is fundamental to know whether the demyelinating procedure in affected internodes can be interrupted. This study aimed to delineate the development of demyelination in individual internodes in avian riboflavin deficient neuropathy. Methods: Newborn broiler meat chickens were maintained either on a routine diet containing 5.0 mg/kg riboflavin, a riboflavin deficient diet containing 1.8 mg/kg riboflavin, or initially a riboflavin deficient diet for 11 days and then routine diet plus riboflavin repletion from day 12. Evolution of demyelination in individual internodes was analyzed by teased nerve fibre studies from day 11 to 21. Results: In riboflavin deficient chickens, demyelination was the predominant feature: it was mainly confined to the paranodal region at day 11; extended into internodal region, but less than half of the internodal length in most affected internodes at day 16; involved more than half or whole internode at day 21. In the internode undergoing demyelination, myelin degeneration of varying degrees was noticed in the cytoplasm of the Schwann cell wrapping the internode. Two days after riboflavin repletion, co-existence of remyelination and active demyelination within individual internodes was noticed. Remyelination together with preserved short original internodes was the characteristic feature 4 and 9 days after riboflavin repletion. Conclusion: Riboflavin repletion interrupts the progression from paranodal to internodal demyelination in riboflavin deficient chickens and promotes remyelination before complete internodal demyelination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, poling−free PLLA/VB2 piezoelectric composites are fabricated to achieve synchronous sound recognition and energy harvesting. The addition of VB2 can interact with PLLA by intermolecular hydrogen bonding, inducing the dipole orientation of C=O in PLLA. Meanwhile, VB2 can promote crystallization of PLLA through heterogeneous nucleation. The combination of the two strategies significantly improves the piezoelectric performance of PLLA/VB2 composites. The PLLA/VB2 can detect the sound frequency with an accuracy of 0.1% in the range of 0–20 kHz to recognize characteristic sounds from a specific source. PLLA/VB2 can also convert sound into electrical energy synchronously with an energy density of 0.2 W/cm−3 to power up LEDs. Therefore, PLLA/VB2 shows great potential in the field of information and energy synchronous collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face masks are essential in reducing the transmission of respiratory infections and bacterial filtration efficiency, a key parameter of mask performances, requires the use of Staphylococcus aureus and specialised staff. This study aims to develop a novel method for a preliminary screening of masks or materials filtration efficiency by a green, easy and rapid setup based on the use of a riboflavin solution, a safe autofluorescent biomolecule. The proposed setup is composed of a commercial aerosol generator commonly used for aerosol therapy, custom 3D printed aerosol chamber and sample holder, a filter for downstream riboflavin detection and a vacuum pump. The filtration efficiency of four different masks was assessed using the riboflavin-based setup and the bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE). The averaged filtration efficiency values, measured with both methods, were similar but were higher for the riboflavin-based setup (about 2% for all tested samples) than bacterial filtration efficiency. Considering the good correlation, the riboflavin-based setup can be considered validated as an alternative method to bacterial filtration efficiency for masks and related materials fabrics filtration efficiency screening but This study aims to develop a novel method for a preliminary screening of masks or materials filtration efficiency by a green, easy and rapid setup based on the use of a riboflavin solution, a safe autofluorescent biomolecule, but not to replace regulation approaches. The proposed setup can be easily implemented at low price, is more rapid and eco-friendly and can be performed in chemical-physical laboratories without the needing of biosafety laboratory and specialised operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study investigated the association between glaucoma and B vitamin dietary intake. A total of 5025 enrolled individuals participated in self-reported glaucoma questionnaire and 3264 participated in International Society Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) criteria. In self-reported glaucoma, the risk of having self-reported glaucoma was lower in the third quartile of vitamin B1 intake (odds ratio [odds ratio [OR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40–0.97), and P trend (P trend = 0.004) for vitamin B12 was significant; in males, the third quartile of vitamin B1 intake (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.24–0.83) and the fourth quartile of vitamin B2 intake (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.17–0.89) were associated with a lower risk. In glaucoma based on ISGEO criteria, the increase of niacin intake (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89–0.99) was negatively associated with the odds of self-reported glaucoma. After sex-stratified analysis, the third quartile of vitamin B6 intake (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.08–0.60) in males were associated with reduced odds of glaucoma. The restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a nonlinear association of vitamin B2 (p for nonlinearity = 0.04) and B9 (p for nonlinearity = 0.024) intake with glaucoma diagnosed by ISGEO criteria in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The synthesis of natural or non-natural products in microorganisms frequently involves multiple genes or pathways. Enhancing and balancing the expression of these genes is essential to prevent growth inhibition and product synthesis blockage resulting from the accumulation of intermediate products, thereby effectively increasing the yield of target products. However, there is a deficiency in robust tools for balancing gene expression in Bacillus subtilis. Herein, we identified a 5′ UTR sequence that enhances gene expression levels. The library constructed from this sequence enables a broad spectrum of gene variations. Utilizing this library to construct a synthesized rib operon markedly boosts riboflavin production. Therefore, a novel 5′ UTR sequence was screened and characterized, supplementing the synthetic biology toolkit for B. subtilis. The application of synthetic biology tools to modulate gene expression to increase yield has been thoroughly demonstrated as an effective and convenient approach in industrial production. In this study, we employed a high-throughput screening strategy to identify a 5′ UTR sequence from the genome of B. subtilis 168. This sequence resulted in a 5.8-fold increase in the expression level of EGFP. By utilizing the 5′ UTR sequence to overexpress individual genes within the rib operon, it was determined that the genes ribD and ribAB serve as rate-limiting enzymes in the riboflavin synthesis pathway. Constructing a 5′ UTR library to regulate EGFP expression resulted in a variation range in gene expression levels exceeding 100-fold. Employing the same 5′ UTR library to regulate the expression of EGFP and mCherry within the operon led to a change in the expression ratio of these two genes by over 10,000-fold. So, employing a 5′ UTR library to modulate the expression of the rib operon gene and construct a synthetic rib operon resulted in a 2.09-fold increase in riboflavin production. These results indicate that the 5′ UTR sequence identified and characterized in this study can serve as a versatile synthetic biology toolkit for achieving complex metabolic network reconstruction. This toolkit can facilitate the fine-tuning of gene expression to produce target products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals have negative impacts on human health including red blood cells hemolysis and increases oxidation processes, leading to many health issues. In this study, several blood samples were collected from people who work in North Oil Company, Kirkuk, Iraq. In addition to people who live, work away from oil fields as the control group. This investigation looks at the impact of various concentrations of cadmium and / or lead individually and combined (Cd:Pb) on erythrocytes hemolysis. The findings demonstrated that hemolysis produced by the (100 mM) were (72.0, 88.80, and 96.90%) for (Cd, Pb, and Cd: Pb) respectively. Vitamins (B2 and C) were applied with different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mol/L). to investigate the reduction of hemolysis percentage. The findings showed that both vitamins have positive effect in reducing the hemolysis percentage. Vitamin C has even more significant impact in reducing the hemolysis compared to Vitamin B2. In conclusion, cadmium and lead can cause erythrocyte hemolysis individually or combined, additionally, vitamins C and B2 were proved to in reducing hemolysis effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the association between the dietary intake of vitamin B complex (thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin) and cervical cancer in Korea. Methods: The data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed, which included 28,306 participants who were categorized into non-cervical cancer and cervical cancer groups. The following dietary intake threshold levels of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin were identified based on the recommended daily allowances (RDAs): thiamine, 1.1 mg/day; riboflavin, 1.2 mg/day; and niacin, 14 mg/day. Results: Among 28,306 participants, 27,976 were in the non-cervical cancer group and 330 were in the cervical cancer group. Riboflavin intakes of more than 1.2 mg/day but less than 2.4 mg/day were associated with a significantly reduced risk of cervical cancer, whereas intakes of above 2.4 mg/day were not associated with cervical cancer. Thiamine and niacin intakes were not significantly related to the risk of cervical cancer. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that an intake of riboflavin of 1.2–2.4 mg/day may contribute to a lower risk of cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gram‐positive bacteria Streptomyces davaonensis and Streptomyces cinnabarinus have been the only organisms known to produce roseoflavin, a riboflavin (vitamin B2) derived red antibiotic. Using a selective growth medium and a phenotypic screening, we were able to isolate a novel roseoflavin producer from a German soil sample. The isolation procedure was repeated twice, that is, the same strain could be isolated from the same location in Berlin 6 months and 12 months after its first isolation. Whole genome sequencing of the novel roseoflavin producer revealed an unusual chromosomal arrangement and the deposited genome sequence of the new isolate (G + C content of 71.47%) contains 897 genes per inverted terminal repeat, 6190 genes in the core and 107 genes located on an illegitimate terminal end. We identified the roseoflavin biosynthetic genes rosA, rosB and rosC and an unusually high number of riboflavin biosynthetic genes. Overexpression of rosA, rosB and rosC in Escherichia coli and enzyme assays confirmed their predicted functions in roseoflavin biosynthesis. A full taxonomic analysis revealed that the isolate represents a previously unknown Streptomyces species and we propose the name Streptomyces berlinensis sp. nov. for this roseoflavin producer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kunun-zaki is an African fermented millet beverage, rich in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts. The indigenous LAB and yeasts were evaluated for the in vitro production of exopolysaccharide, folate, and riboflavin. Selected strains were employed as starters in the production of kunun-zaki and the antioxidant potentials were determined. Pediococcus sp. MK13 showed a high profile of exopolysaccharide, folate, and riboflavin of 797 mg/L, 21.42 µg/mg, and 0.023 mg/g, respectively, while Pichia sp. UK7 produced 352 mg/L exopolysaccharide, 45.9 µg/mg folate, and 0.018 mg/g riboflavin. Kunun-zaki from unmalted millet fermented with a consortium of Pediococcus pentosaceus MK13 and Pichia kudriavzevii UK7 (UPPK) had the highest DPPH scavenging activity of 90%. Kunun-zaki with unmalted millet containing a single culture of Pichia kudriavzevii UK7 had the highest phenolic (928.93 GAE µg/mg) and flavonoid (810.17 GAE µg/mg) contents. The UPPK had the highest overall acceptability (7.36). In conclusion, all the starter-fermented kunun-zaki possessed health relevant functional benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strachan's syndrome comprises a triad of optic, auditory and painful sensory peripheral neuropathy. It has been recognised since the late 19th century and is presumed to result from nutritional deficiency. Patients present acute or subacutely after a period of systemic illness, weight loss or, most commonly, dietary restriction, especially veganism, which can cause riboflavin (vitamin B2) and vitamin B12 deficiencies. The syndrome is more common in people who are black British and often of Jamaican descent. We describe the clinical phenotype using a typical case example, review other endemic nutritional peripheral neuropathies and discuss the potential benefit of riboflavin as a treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum and orange‐fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) flours were blended to produce composite flours at eight different ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, and 20:80, respectively, whereas 100% sorghumflour was used as control. The physicochemical compositions, nutritional and functional properties, as well as color attributes of the composite flour blends were evaluated. The acquired data were analyzed using ANOVA, and the means were separated using the Duncan multiple range test. Significant differences (p <.05) were observed in the physicochemical and nutritional properties of the flour blends. The protein levels in the composite flour decreased as the proportion of OFSP flour increased. However, the levels of vitamins, particularly vitamins A and C contents of the composite flours increased with higher proportions of OFSP, ranging from 0.27 and 1.74 mg/100 g in sample S100 to 2.13 and 2.12 mg/100 g in sample S20O80, respectively. In contrast, an increase in the percentage of OFSP flour resulted in a decrease in the contents of vitamin B‐complex, particularly vitamins B2 and B6. These values decreased slightly from 0.19 and 1.98 mg/100 g in sample S100 to 0.16 and 0.03 mg/100 g in sample S20O80, respectively. Furthermore, as the proportion of OFSP flour increased, there was a reduction in the calcium levels from 17.39 mg/100 g in the 100% sorghum sample to 13.52 mg/100 g in the S20O80 sample. However, no particular trend was observed in, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus levels. Sample S50O50 had the highest percentage of essential and conditional amino acids, except for cysteine, valine, and phenylalanine. The findings also revealed significant variations (p <.05) in the composite flour samples' functional properties and color measurements. Substituting sorghum with OFSP in sorghum‐based food products would significantly increase their vitamin A content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many insect taxa cultivate fungi for food. Compared to well-known fungus cultivation in social insects, our knowledge on fungus cultivation in nonsocial insects is still limited. Here, we studied the nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar, Penicillium herquei, for the larvae of its nonsocial insect farmer, Euops chinensis, a specialist on Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonica. Overall, fungal hyphae and leaf rolls contained significantly higher carbon (C), stable isotopes of C (d13C), and nitrogen (d15N) but significantly lower C/N ratios compared to unrolled leaves, whereas insect bodies contained significantly higher N contents but lower C and C/N ratios compared to other types of samples. The MixSIAR model indicated that fungal hyphae contributed a larger proportion (0.626-0.797) to the diet of E. chinensis larvae than leaf materials. The levels of ergosterol, six essential amino acids, seven nonessential amino acids, and three B vitamins tested in fungal hyphae and/or leaf rolls were significantly higher than in unrolled leaves and/or larvae. The P. herquei genome contains the complete set of genes required for the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the essential amino acids valine and threonine, nine nonessential amino acids, and vitamins B2 and B3, whereas some genes associated with five essential and one nonessential amino acid were lost in the P. herquei genome. These suggest that P. herquei is capable of providing the E. chinensis larvae food with ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins. P. herquei appears to be able to synthesize or concentrate these nutrients considering that they were specifically concentrated in fungal hyphae. IMPORTANCE The cultivation of fungi for food has occurred across divergent insect lineages such as social ants, termites, and ambrosia beetles, as well as some seldomreported solitary insects. Although the fungal cultivars of these insects have been studied for decades, the dietary potential of fungal cultivars for their hosts (especially for those nonsocial insects) is largely unknown. Our research on the mutualistic system Euops chinensis-Penicillium herquei represents an example of the diverse nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar P. herquei in the diet of the larvae of its solitary host, E. chinensis. These results demonstrate that P. herquei has the potential to synthesize or concentrate ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins and benefits the larvae of E. chinensis. Our findings would shed light on poorly understood fungal cultivation mutualisms in nonsocial insects and underscore the nutritional importance of fungal cultivars in fungal cultivation mutualisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrient needs are difficult to meet during infancy due to high nutrient requirements and the small quantities of food consumed. Guidelines to support food choice decisions are critical to promoting optimal infant health, growth and development and food pattern modeling can be used to inform guideline development. We employed the Optifood modeling system to determine if unfortified complementary foods could meet 13 nutrient targets for breastfed infants (6–11 months), and to describe food patterns that met, or came as close as possible to meeting targets. We also examined the impacts of eliminating food groups, increasing starchy staple foods or adding sentinel unhealthy foods. We collated a global food list from dietary studies in 37 countries and used this list to develop nutrient values for a set of 35 food subgroups. We analyzed infant dietary intakes from studies in eight countries to inform maximum quantities and frequencies of consumption for these subgroups in weekly food patterns. We found that unfortified foods could meet targets for most infants for 12 nutrients, but not for iron. For the smallest and youngest infants, with the lowest energy intakes, there were additional deficits for minerals. Best‐case food patterns that met targets or came as close as possible to meeting targets included ample amounts of diverse vegetables, diverse plant‐ and animal‐source protein foods, small amounts of whole grain foods and dairy and no refined grains or added fats or sugar. There were nutrient deficits if animal‐source foods or vegetables were eliminated or if unhealthy foods were included. Key messages: When diverse foods are available, affordable and acceptable, unfortified complementary foods can meet most infants' needs for a set of 12 key nutrients, but not for iron.For the smallest infants, there are deficits for calcium, iron, potassium and zinc even in best‐case food patterns.Best‐case food patterns include ample amounts of diverse vegetables, diverse plant‐ and animal‐source protein foods and small amounts of whole grain foods and dairy.These include no refined grains or added fats or sugar.Nutrient deficits arise if animal‐source foods or vegetables are eliminated, or if unhealthy foods are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Riboflavin is the precursor of several cofactors essential for normal physical and cognitive development, but only plants and some microorganisms can produce it. Humans thus rely on their dietary intake, which at a global level is mainly constituted by cereals (> 50%). Understanding the riboflavin biosynthesis players is key for advancing our knowledge on this essential pathway and can hold promise for biofortification strategies in major crop species. In some bacteria and in Arabidopsis, it is known that RibA1 is a bifunctional protein with distinct GTP cyclohydrolase II (GTPCHII) and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase (DHBPS) domains. Arabidopsis harbors three RibA isoforms, but only one retained its bifunctionality. In rice, however, the identification and characterization of RibA has not yet been described. Results: Through mathematical kinetic modeling, we identified RibA as the rate-limiting step of riboflavin pathway and by bioinformatic analysis we confirmed that rice RibA proteins carry both domains, DHBPS and GTPCHII. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that OsRibA isoforms 1 and 2 are similar to Arabidopsis bifunctional RibA1. Heterologous expression of OsRibA1 completely restored the growth of the rib3∆ yeast mutant, lacking DHBPS expression, while causing a 60% growth improvement of the rib1∆ mutant, lacking GTPCHII activity. Regarding OsRibA2, its heterologous expression fully complemented GTPCHII activity, and improved rib3∆ growth by 30%. In vitro activity assays confirmed that both OsRibA1 and OsRibA2 proteins carry GTPCHII/DHBPS activities, but that OsRibA1 has higher DHBPS activity. The overexpression of OsRibA1 in rice callus resulted in a 28% increase in riboflavin content. Conclusions: Our study elucidates the critical role of RibA in rice riboflavin biosynthesis pathway, establishing it as the rate-limiting step in the pathway. By identifying and characterizing OsRibA1 and OsRibA2, showcasing their GTPCHII and DHBPS activities, we have advanced the understanding of riboflavin biosynthesis in this staple crop. We further demonstrated that OsRibA1 overexpression in rice callus increases its riboflavin content, providing supporting information for bioengineering efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oxidative stress is a significant contributor to the development of various diseases, and the oxidative balance score (OBS) is a valuable tool for assessing the impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on oxidative stress in humans. Nevertheless, the precise relationship between OBS and thyroid function in adults remains elusive. Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 6222 adult participants drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted from 2007 to 2012. Employing weighted multivariable linear regression modeling, the study estimated the connection between OBS quartiles and thyroid functions. The causal relationship between OBS components and thyroid function was analyzed by Mendelian randomization (MR). Results: We found a significant negative correlation between OBS and free thyroxine (FT4) and total thyroxine (TT4). Univariate and multivariate MR Analyses showed a causal relationship between BMI and FT4. Copper, smoking, and riboflavin showed a causal relationship with FT4 after moderation. Conclusion: We found that a lifestyle high in antioxidant exposure reduced FT4 and TT4 levels in the population. We suggest that BMI, Copper, and Riboflavin are important factors in the regulation of FT4 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate and compare functional and structural outcomes of accelerated corneal crosslinking (A-CXL) using riboflavin with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) vs conventional corneal crosslinking (C-CXL) using riboflavin with dextran. Setting: American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. Design: Retrospective analysis. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 83 eyes of 73 patients with mild to moderate keratoconus. First group (n = 44 eyes) underwent C-CXL using a 30-minute riboflavin/dextran soaking between June 2014 and March 2016. Second group (n = 39 eyes) underwent A-CXL using a 20-minute riboflavin/HPMC soaking between April 2016 and December 2017. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 12 months postoperatively. Main outcome measures were simulated keratometry (simK), maximum axial keratometry (Kmax), demarcation line depth, and haze intensity measured using optical coherence tomography--based image analysis software. Results: Demarcation line (DL) was 298.30 ± 64.60 mm and 335.61 ± 99.76 mm for C-CXL and A-CXL groups, respectively (P = .04). Haze profile was similar for both groups. The mean simK values were reduced from 46.93 ± 3.50 and 46.44 ± 2.93 preoperatively to 46.18 ± 3.65 and 45.54 ± 2.78 at 12 months postoperatively, for C-CXL and A-CXL, respectively (P = .003 for both groups). Themean Kmax decreased from 52.46 ± 4.82 and 51.50 ± 3.87 preoperatively to 51.30 ± 4.42 and 50.30 ± 3.52 postoperatively, for the C-CXL and A-CXL, respectively (P < .001 for both groups). There was no difference in the simK and Kmax changes between the C-CXL and A-CXL groups (P = .814 and P = .913), visual acuity, and refraction between the 2 groups (P > .05). Conclusions: A-CXL with a 20-minute riboflavin/HPMC soaking produced deeper DL and similar corneal haze, topographic, refractive, and visual results to C-CXL with a 30-minute riboflavin/dextran soaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic carbon in seawater plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle. The concentration and composition of dissolved organic carbon reflect the activity of the biological community and chemical reactions that occur in seawater. From 2016 to 2019, we repeatedly sampled the oligotrophic northwest Sargasso Sea in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study site (BATS) to quantitatively follow known compounds within the pool of dissolved organic matter in the upper 1000 m of the water column. Most metabolites showed surface enrichment, and 83% of the metabolites had significantly lower concentrations with increasing depth. Dissolved metabolite concentrations most notably revealed temporal variability. Fourteen metabolites displayed seasonality that was repeated in each of the 4 yr sampled. Concentrations of vitamins, including pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and riboflavin (vitamin B2), increased annually during winter periods when mixed layer depths were deepest. During diel sampling, light‐sensitive riboflavin decreased significantly during daylight hours. The temporal variability in metabolites at BATS was less than the spatial variability in metabolites from a previous sample set collected over a broad latitudinal range in the western Atlantic Ocean. The metabolites examined in this study are all components of central carbon metabolism. By examining these metabolites at finer resolution and in a time‐series, we begin to provide insights into the chemical compounds that may be exchanged by microorganisms in marine systems, data which are fundamental to understanding the chemical response of marine systems to future changes in climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Clinical efficacy and safety of pathogen‐reduced platelet concentrates (PR‐PCs) concerning bleeding prevention are still debated despite conclusive real‐world data from multiple countries where PR‐PCs are transfused routinely. We performed a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the clinical efficacy and safety of conventional platelet components (PCs) and PR‐PCs prepared with the amotosalen/ultraviolet A light (INTERCEPT platelet concentrate [I‐PC]) or riboflavin/ultraviolet light (Mirasol platelet concentrate [M‐PC]) technologies, transfused in thrombocytopenic adult patients. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted, and 10 RCTs met the criteria for inclusion in this meta‐analysis. Summary odds ratios (ORs) of clinically significant bleeding (World Health Organization [WHO] bleeding grade ≥2), severe bleeding (WHO bleeding score ≥3) and all‐cause mortality were calculated. Results: The use of I‐PC was not associated with an increase in the OR of clinically significant bleeding when compared to non‐treated PCs (OR, 1.12; 95% CI: 0.89–1.41; p = 0.33), whereas transfusions with M‐PC showed an increase in clinically significant bleeding (OR, 1.34; 95% CI: 1.03–1.75; p = 0.03). The OR of severe bleeding did not increase with either I‐PC or M‐PC (OR 0.88; 95% CI: 0.59–1.31; p = 0.52 for I‐PC; OR 1.25; 95% CI: 0.66–2.37; p = 0.49 for M‐PC). In the case of all‐cause mortality, compared to non‐treated PC, I‐PC showed an OR of 0.61 (95% CI: 0.36–1.04; p = 0.07), and M‐PC showed an OR of 3.04 (95% CI: 0.81–11.47; p = 0.1). Conclusion: No differences were observed concerning the clinical efficacy and safety of overall PR‐PCs when compared to non‐treated PCs. However, differences are evident when analysing platelets prepared with the two PR technologies independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational design of highly sensitive and rapid fluorescent probes is a major concern of analytical methods. Here, we synthesized two Ln‐PFTA with different metal nodes (Dy, Sm) by simple hydrothermal self‐assembly using 3‐fluorobiphenyl‐3′,4,5′‐tricarboxylic acid (H2PFTA) as ligand. As a ratio sensor for detecting riboflavin (RF), it has self‐calibration effect, ultra‐low detection limit (0.225 nM), excellent durability, and high selectivity. In order to add practicality, even in actual samples (fetal bovine serum, tablets, and milk), the recovery rate is as high as 92%–104%, which is considered to be an excellent luminescent sensor for detecting RF. According to the survey, there are few studies on the detection of RF by fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, there is fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the processes of Ln‐PFTA detecting RF, and the peak intensity change of Ln‐PFTA is attributed to its modulated luminescence characteristics. At the same time, it also shows the best FRET efficiency for detecting RF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) holds immense importance in evaluating the milk quality. However, achieving accuracy and comparability in TAC measurement requires a thorough examination of detection methods and the constituents of antioxidants. This research focussed on developing TAC evaluation system tailored for processed milk, and the applicability of four assays (ABTS, FRAP, DPPH and ORAC) was examined, considering their compatibility with antioxidants. For fractionated milk, defatting and deproteinisation processes targeted reduced fat‐soluble (phospholipids by 88.75%) and water‐soluble (ascorbic acid and riboflavin by 55.22% and 63.85%) components, respectively. ORAC assay proved effective for detecting deproteinised milk, whereas DPPD assay displayed heightened sensitivity to alterations in milk fat antioxidants. Regarding pressure‐ and heat‐treated milk, homogenisation increased the availability of phosphatidylcholine (36.59–57.53 mg/L) and sphingomyelin (5.56–10.35 mg/L). However, the TAC of heat‐treated milk experienced a significant reduction due to the degradation of various fat‐soluble antioxidants. ORAC and ABTS assays were found suitable for assessing homogenised and heat‐treated milk, respectively. The peroxide value of reconstituted processed milk fell within the range of 98.48%–104.57% compared to untreated whole milk, affirming the accuracy of key antioxidants and detection methods. This study provides valuable insights for the meticulous assessment and enhancement of antioxidant capacity in milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with high rates of undernutrition and stunting. Undernutrition in combination with chronic haemolysis may lead to deficiencies in micronutrients necessary for erythropoiesis. Here we examined selected levels of ferritin, vitamins B2, B6, B9 and B12, and vitamin C that were measured in blood samples from 820 SCD patients from Tanzania with no history of hospital admission, infections or painful episodes in the previous 30 days. We studied children (0–8 years), early adolescents (9–14 years), late adolescents (15–17 years) and adults (≥18 years). Severely low levels of vitamin B12 were observed across the four age groups. Despite the lowered vitamin B12 concentrations, total homocysteine concentrations were normal across both genders in all age groups. We found no significant gender‐related differences between the other measured micronutrients. In this large SCD population, spanning the whole life cycle, a low level of vitamin B12 was consistently found across both genders and all age groups. Given the pivotal role of vitamin B12 in cellular metabolism, particularly in erythropoiesis, more studies are required to unravel how to better detect clinically relevant vitamin B12 deficiency among SCD patients, and thus to identify more precisely those who need supplementation of vitamin B12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of resistance against antimalarials and insecticides poses a significant threat to malaria elimination strategies. It is crucial to explore potential risk factors for malaria to identify new targets and alternative therapies. Malnutrition is a well-established risk factor for malaria. Deficiencies of micronutrients such as vitamin A, zinc, iron, folic acid, and phenotypic measures of malnutrition, such as stunting and wasting, have been studied extensively in the context of malaria. Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a micronutrient involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Riboflavin deficiency has been shown to have an inverse correlation with malarial parasitaemia. This article reviews the role of riboflavin in maintaining redox homeostasis and probes how riboflavin deficiency could alter malaria pathogenesis by disrupting the balance between oxidants and antioxidants. Though riboflavin analogues have been explored as antimalarials, new in vivo and patient-based research is required to target riboflavin-associated pathways for antimalarial therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riboflavin (RF, vitamin B2) plays a key role in metabolic oxidation–reduction reactions, especially in the mitochondrial reprogramming of energy metabolism. Riboflavin transporter 3 (RFVT3) is a vital section of the mitochondrial network and involved in riboflavin homeostasis and production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The abnormal expression of RFVT3 is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of multiple diseases. Therefore, it is vital to understand the riboflavin internalization pathway under pathological conditions by addressing the abnormal expression of RFVT3, which could be a highly valuable biomarker for the early diagnosis and effective therapy of various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease characterized by an imbalance in immune function and the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin (Libof), is an essential water-soluble vitamin with numerous beneficial properties, including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and anti-cancer effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of Libof on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. The C57BL/6 mice were used as the in vivo model of chronic colitis to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Libof. RAW 264.7 cells were used for the in vitro investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. In vivo, Libof alleviated the DSS-induced disease activity index (DAI), colon length shortening, and colonic pathological damage. In vitro, Libof inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, Libof inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, these findings indicate that Libof shows potential as an agent for the treatment of UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Keratoconus is a non inflammatory disease characterised by progressive corneal thinning that results in a cone-like ectasia, irregular astigmatism, and decreased vision. Advanced disease can result in corneal scarring and blindness, necessitating penetrating keratoplasty. The only treatment believed to have the ability to stop or decrease the progression of keratoconus is Collagen Cross-Linking (CXL). Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin (C3R) in patients with keratoconus by studying the outcomes in terms of Uncorrected Visual Acuity (UCVA), Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), manifest refraction, and corneal topography. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based prospective cohort study was conducted at the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India from June 2017 to June 2018. Fifteen eyes of 12 patients who underwent corneal collagen cross-linking for progressive keratoconus were included. Routine ophthalmological examinations was done for all patients. Patients under the age of 35 years with progressive keratoconus, an average K value not exceeding 60 D, and who had not undergone any other surgical modalities of treatment were included in the study. Patients with scarred cornea or hydrops, active ocular infection, or pachymetry <400 µm were excluded. Detailed informed consent was obtained from all patients before surgery. Preoperative UCVA, BCVA cylinder, Spherical Equivalent (SE), and topography values were obtained. All patients were followed-up at three and six months postoperative period to look for changes in UCVA, BCVA, manifest refraction, and corneal topography. Data were expressed as the mean±Standard Deviation (SD) pre- and postoperatively and analysed statistically using the paired t-test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Results: On follow-up at six months post-treatment, UCVA (log MAR) improved from 0.87±0.40 to 0.65±0.35 (p-value=0.001), and BCVA (log MAR) changed from 0.37±0.21 to 0.17±0.22 (p-value=0.001). K max decreased from 54.90±6.05 to 52.67±5.02 (p-value=0.001), and K min decreased from 48.14±4.24 to 45.93±4.07 (p-value=0.001). Astigmatism and SE also showed statistically significant improvement post-procedure (p-value 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Astigmatism reduced from -3.50±1.58 to -2.90±1.37. SE reduced from -4.93±3.92 to -4.28±3.48. No significant complications were noted in any of the patients. Conclusion: The CXL is an effective procedure for stabilising the progression of keratoconus, thus reducing the burden of preventable blindness and the need for keratoplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previously healthy 27-year- old man was admitted to the acute neurology ward with events involving his face, throat and upper limb, which video telemetry later confirmed were refractory focal seizures. He also had progressive pyramidal features, dysarthria and ataxia. MR scans of the brain identified progressive bilateral basal ganglia abnormalities, consistent with Leigh syndrome. However, extensive laboratory and genetic panels did not give a unifying diagnosis. A skeletal muscle biopsy showed no histopathological abnormalities on routine stains. Sequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome in skeletal muscle identified a well-characterised pathogenic variant (m.10191T>C in MT-ND3; NC_012920.1) at 85% heteroplasmy in skeletal muscle. We discuss the clinical and molecular diagnosis of an adult presenting with Leigh syndrome, which is more commonly a paediatric presentation of mitochondrial disease, and how early recognition of a mitochondrial cause is important to support patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L2HGA) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that causes central nervous system dysfunction. We present the case of a 33-year-old woman with macrocephaly, developmental delay, cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs, and seizures. Despite typical clinical features and suggestive magnetic resonance imaging findings, the diagnosis was not made. Genetic analysis revealed a homozygous missense mutation in the L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) gene. Treatment with riboflavin and L-carnitine was initiated. L2HGA should be considered in the differential diagnosis, even in adults, when suggestive imaging findings are present. Early diagnosis is crucial for better outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]