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In the United States (US), biosafety and biosecurity oversight of research on viruses is being reappraised. Safety in virology research is paramount and oversight frameworks should be reviewed periodically. Changes should be made with care, however, to avoid impeding science that is essential for rapidly reducing and responding to pandemic threats as well as addressing more common challenges caused by infectious diseases. Decades of research uniquely positioned the US to be able to respond to the COVID-19 crisis with astounding speed, delivering life-saving vaccines within a year of identifying the virus. We should embolden and empower this strength, which is a vital part of protecting the health, economy, and security of US citizens. Herein, we offer our perspectives on priorities for revised rules governing virology research in the US.

Enzyme-powered nanomotors have attracted significant attention in materials science and biomedicine for their biocompatibility, versatility, and the use of biofuels in biological environments. Here, we employ a hybrid mesoscale method combining molecular dynamics and multi-particle collision dynamics (MD–MPC) to study the dynamics of nanomotors powered by enzyme reactions. Two cascade enzymes are constructed to be layered on the same surface of a Janus colloid, providing a confined space that greatly enhances reaction efficiency. Simulations indicate that such a configuration significantly improves the utilization of intermediate products and, consequently, increases the self-propulsion of the Janus motor. By presenting the gradient fields of substrates and products, as well as the hydrodynamics surrounding the motor, we explore the underlying mechanism behind the enhanced autonomous velocity. Additionally, we discuss the improvements in environmental safety of the modified motor, which may shed light on the fabrication of biocatalytic nano-machines in experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: This study describes an optimized plastid genetic engineering platform to produce full marker-free transplastomic plants with transgene integrated at homoplasmy in one step in tissue culture. Plastid engineering is attractive for both biotechnology and crop improvement due to natural bio-confinement from maternal inheritance, the absence of transgene positional effects and silencing, the ability to express transgenes in operons, and unparalleled production of heterologous proteins. While plastid engineering has had numerous successes in the production of high-value compounds, no transplastomic plants have been approved for use in agriculture. In order for transplastomic plants to be used in agriculture, the removal of antibiotic selection genes is required. In this work, we developed an optimized strategy to generate homoplasmic marker-free lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in a single transformation event. To achieve marker-free transplastomic lines, vectors were redesigned to enable integration of the transgene cassette into the plastid genome, while maintaining the selection cassette on the vector backbone. After an initial round of tissue culture with selection, the selective pressure was removed, leading to the elimination of the vector backbone, while retaining the integrated transgene cassette at homoplasmy. Marker-free transplastomic lines produced using this strategy had a normal phenotype, and transgene integration was stable across generations. The new vectors developed in this work for the generation of marker-free transplastomics will represent a valuable alternative platform for routine plastid genetic engineering in higher plants. It is also anticipated that this approach will contribute to speed the path to commercialization of these novel transplastomic plant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to investigate the biocompatibility and pharmacokinetic characteristics of polyvinyl pyrrolidone-modified selenium nanoparticles (PVP-Se NPs). Understanding the biosafety of PVP-Se NPs is crucial due to their potential applications in mitigating oxidative stress-related diseases and improving drug delivery systems. Methods: Selenium nanoparticles were prepared using a sodium selenite solution, followed by PVP modification. Particle size analysis was conducted using dynamic light scattering (DLS), and particle morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Different concentrations of PVP-Se NPs were intraperitoneally injected into SD rats, and the survival rate was observed. Liver and kidney tissues, urine, feces, and blood samples were collected at the highest safe dose, and the concentration of selenium ions was measured. Results: The average particle size of PVP-Se NPs was 278.4 ± 124.8 nm, exhibiting a semi-spherical shape. The maximum safe dose of PVP-Se NPs for intraperitoneal injection in rats was approximately 320 µg/kg. At this dose, the content of PVP-Se NPs significantly increased in the liver and kidney tissues from day 1 to day 3, in urine and feces during the first 8 h, and in blood during the first 2 h, followed by a gradual decrease. Conclusion: When administered at a safe dose, PVP-Se NPs do not damage liver and kidney tissues and can be eliminated from the body through liver and kidney metabolism without accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agri-biotech promotes genetically modified organisms (GMO) as solutions to achieve food security by increasing yields, reducing pesticide use through genetically introduced resistance to herbicides and as strategy for climate change mitigation and adaptation. After 30 years of biotechnological crops, these proposals have failed on their pledges, while the risk assessment, non-considered outcomes to the environment, biodiversity and health have been overlooked. New Plant-Breeding Technologies (NPBTs), with the capacity of inserting, deleting, or modifying DNA or RNA nucleotides in specific genetic regions have emerged in the last 15 years. The most prominent technique used to edit genomes is CRISPR-Cas. Its proponents argue that mutations introduced via genome editing pose no risk to the environment and/or human health; thus, these products should be exempted from any regulation, risk assessment, traceability and labeling, a push that would actually restrict the freedom to choose of farmers and consumers. Our work summarizes the outcomes reported in the scientific literature on the use of gene editing tools in food crops. We discuss perspectives for upgrading biosafety governance of these new GMO in order to promote the autonomy of farmers, away from positivist techno-scientific fixes that downplay the systemic crises in which industrial agriculture plays a major role [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to improve the antimicrobial and remineralization-promoting properties of mouthwash by synthesizing novel Ag/ZnO/Oyster Shells nanocomposites and evaluating their anti-caries properties and biosafety in vitro and in vivo, so as to reduce the incidence of caries. The antimicrobial properties of the synthesized Ag/ZnO/Oyster Shell nanocomposites were examined by bacterial inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, fluorescence staining and scanning electron microscopy. The potential of the materials to promote remineralization of demineralized enamel was detected by scanning electron microscopy, surface microhardness and depth of hard tissue defects, and laser confocal electron microscopy analysis. The synthesized materials were then incorporated into mouthwash, and their effects on antimicrobial properties, remineralization-promoting properties were evaluated. Furthermore, an oral mucosal contact model was established to assess local irritation and systemic effects. The results showed that the novel Ag/ZnO/Oyster Shell nanocomposites possessed strong antimicrobial activity, remineralization-promoting ability and good biosafety, and the mouthwash containing Ag/ZnO/Oyster Shell possessed strong antimicrobial performance and remineralization-promoting ability, and showed no obvious abnormalities in local mucosal tissues, blood indices, and histopathology of the liver and kidneys in the oral exposure model of the SD rats. These findings indicate that Ag/ZnO/Oyster shell incorporated into mouthwash has strong antimicrobial activity, good remineralization-promoting properties and good biosafety in vivo. It is therefore expected to be used in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urological cancers including those of the prostate, bladder, and kidney, are prevalent and often lethal malignancies besides other less common ones like testicular and penile cancers. Current treatments have major limitations like side effects, recurrence, resistance, high costs, and poor quality of life. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions through enhanced diagnostic accuracy, targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and multimodal imaging. This review reflects clinical challenges and nanomedical advances across major urological cancers. In prostate cancer, nanoparticles improve delineation and radiosensitization in radiation therapy, enable fluorescent guidance in surgery, and enhance chemotherapy penetration in metastatic disease. Nanoparticles also overcome bladder permeability barriers to increase the residence time of intravesical therapy and chemotherapy agents. In renal cancer, nanocarriers potentiate tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy while gene vectors and zinc oxide nanoparticles demonstrate antiproliferative effects. Across modalities, urological applications of nanomedicine include polymeric, liposomal, and metal nanoparticles for targeted therapy, prodrug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and thermal ablation. Biosafety assessments reveal favorable profiles but clinical translation remains limited, necessitating further trials. In conclusion, nanotechnology holds significant potential for earlier detection, precise intervention, and tailored treatment of urological malignancies, warranting expanded research to transform patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selectable marker genes are useful for recognizing which cells have integrated specific sequences in their genome after genetic transformation processes. They are especially important for fruit trees genetic transformation to individuate putatively genetically modified events, because most of the protocols used to genetic engineer these species are often unsuccessful or with low efficiency. Traditional selectable marker genes, mainly of bacterial origin, confer antibiotics/herbicides-resistance or metabolic advantages to transformed cells. Genes that allow the visual recognition of engineered tissues without using any selective agent, such as morphogenic regulators and reporter genes, are also used as selection tools to in vitro identify genetically modified regenerated lines. As final step, genetic engineered plants should be tested in field conditions, where selectable marker genes are no longer necessary, and strongly unpopular especially for the commercial development of the new products. Thus, different approaches, mainly based on the use of site-specific recombinases and/or editing nucleases, are being now used to recover marker-free fruit crops. This review describes and comments the most used and suitable selection tools of interest, particularly for fruit tree genetic engineering. Lastly, a spotlight highlights the biosafety aspects related to the use of selectable marker genes exploited for fruit species genetic engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiologically, one of the most important concerns associated with introducing Salmonella spp. into the environment and food chain is the presence of asymptomatic carriers. The oncogenic and oncolytic activity of Salmonella and their lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) is important and research on this topic is needed. Even a single asymptomatic dose of the S. Enteritidis LPS (a dose that has not caused any symptoms of illness) in in vivo studies induces the dysregulation of selected cells and bioactive substances of the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. LPSs from different species, and even LPSs derived from different serotypes of one species, can define different biological activities. The activity of low doses of LPSs derived from three different Salmonella serotypes (S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Minnesota) affects the neurochemistry of neurons differently in in vitro studies. Studies on lipopolysaccharides from different Salmonella serotypes do not consider the diversity of their activity. The presence of an LPS from S. Enteritidis in the body, even in amounts that do not induce any symptoms of illness, may lead to unknown long-term consequences associated with its action on the cells and biologically active substances of the human body. These conclusions should be important for both research strategies and the pharmaceutical industry &. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Despite some existing studies on the safety of high static magnetic fields (SMFs), the effects of ultra-high SMFs above 20.0 T for embryonic development in early pregnancy are absent. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of 16.8–22.0 T SMF on the development of zebrafish embryos, which will provide important information for the future application of ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Two-hour exposure to homogenous (0 T/m) 22.0 T SMF, or 16.8 T SMFs with 123.25 T/m spatial gradient of opposite magnetic force directions was examined in the embryonic development of 200 zebrafish. Their body length, heart rate, spontaneous tail-wagging movement, hatching and survival rate, photomotor response, and visual motor response (VMR) were analyzed. Results: Our results show that these ultra-high SMFs did not significantly affect the general development of zebrafish embryos, such as the body length or spontaneous tail-wagging movement. However, the hatching rate was reduced by the gradient SMFs (p < 0.05), but not the homogenous 22.0 T SMF. Moreover, although the zebrafish larva activities were differentially affected by these ultra-high SMFs (p < 0.05), the expression of several visual and neurodevelopmental genes (p < 0.05) was generally downregulated in the eyeball. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that exposure to ultra-high SMFs, especially the gradient SMFs, may have adverse effects on embryonic development, which should cause some attention to the future application of ultra-high field MRIs. Clinical relevance statement: As technology advances, it is conceivable that very strong magnetic fields may be adapted for use in medical imaging. Possible dangers associated with these higher Tesla fields need to be considered and evaluated prior to human use. Key Points: Ultra-High static magnetic field may affect early embryonic development. High strength gradient static magnetic field exposure impacted zebrafish embryonic development. The application of very strong magnetic fields for MR technologies needs to be carefully evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to analyse in depth the role of agrolandscapes in ensuring environmental safety and to investigate their impact on the environment, with a special emphasis on aspects of biodiversity, soil protection, and water management. The study covered a wide range of activities, including the collection and systematisation of scientific materials, a comparative analysis of different management approaches, and the development of a theoretical model of environmental safety that allows assessing the effectiveness of existing practices. The main results of the study indicated that agrolandscapes characterised by a high level of integration of natural elements and agricultural components can provide a significantly higher level of biodiversity compared to less integrated counterparts. In particular, forest and forest-steppe agrolandscapes have proven to be the most effective in conserving species, which is critical for maintaining ecological balance. However, steppe and dry steppe landscapes require urgent and comprehensive measures to improve the state of biodiversity, as their ecological sustainability is under threat. Thus, the results of the study emphasised the need to introduce innovative approaches to agrolandscape management that can contribute to the conservation of natural resources and improve environmental safety. The developed theoretical model revealed that the most sustainable agrolandscapes are those where natural ecosystems are harmoniously combined with agricultural land. The results confirmed the hypothesis that effective management of agrolandscapes contributes to improving environmental safety and reducing negative environmental impacts, in particular, by controlling erosion and managing water resources. The conclusions emphasised the need to implement agroforestry, support environmental approaches in policies and a system of monitoring the state of agrolandscapes for the sustainable development of agricultural regions, which would facilitate adaptation to the challenges of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The biosafety of gene therapy products remains a major challenge to their introduction into the clinic. In particular, the problem of immunogenicity of viral vectors is the focus of attention. Large animals such as pigs, whose anatomical and physiological characteristics are similar to those of humans, have an advantage in testing vector systems. Methods: We performed a comprehensive in vitro and in vivo study to evaluate the biosafety of a chimeric adenoviral vector carrying a green fluorescent protein gene (Ad5/35F-GFP) in a mini-pig model. Results: Transcriptome and secretome analyses of mini-pig leucocytes transduced with Ad5/35F-GFP revealed changes restraining pro-inflammatory processes and cytokine production. No adverse effects were revealed through the clinical, instrumental, laboratory, and histological examinations conducted within a week after the direct or autologous leucocyte-mediated administration of Ad5/35F-GFP to mini-pigs. The decrease in cytokine levels in the blood of experimental animals is also consistent with the in vitro data and confirms the immune tolerance of mini-pigs to Ad5/35F-GFP. Conclusions: Here, we show the safety of Ad5/35F in a mini-pig model and provide evidence that Ad5/35F is a promising vector for gene therapy. These results advance our understanding of vector–host interactions and offer a solid foundation for the clinical application of this vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall goal of urban water supply is to ensure the water quality from source to tap. As the "last mile", the building water supply system (BWSS) is the crucial part in ensuring tap water safety, and its deteriorating water quality has attracted increasing attention. In this work, we provide a comprehensive overview of the pollution, configuration, purification and regulation of BWSSs, with a focus on ensuring water quality safety. Periodic water usage in buildings is a unique feature that leads to intermittent water stagnation and reduced residual chlorine. Biological pollution has become a key focus of existing studies due to its acute effects on human health, compared to the chronic effects of chemical pollution. For new systems, water quality risks can be reduced at the source by optimizing pipe materials and reasonable layout. It is recommended to introduce secondary disinfection technologies, as they are important for ensuring biosecurity. Moreover, supervision and maintenance are the basis for long-term efficient operation of BWSSs. This review constructs a framework for controlling water quality deterioration based on the wholse process, which is instructive for the design, operation, maintenance and management of BWSSs, and provides relatively clear research directions for improving water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio‐based 2,3‐butanediol (2,3‐BDO) production on a large scale depends on critical factors, such as culture medium, oxygen supply, pH and biosafety. In this study, three strategies for reducing culture medium costs were investigated: carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio; low‐cost nitrogen sources (crude yeast extract, brewer's yeast extract, corn steep liquor, urea, sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate and dibasic ammonium phosphate); and microbial pH autoregulation. Batch fermentations were performed in a microaerobic environment using wild‐type and safe Paenibacillus peoriae NRRL BD 62. The yield and selectivity of 2,3‐BDO were used as control variables. A ratio between 2,3‐BDO production and glucose consumption (YP/S) of almost 80% and an optical purity of 87% levo‐2,3‐BDO, with no acetoin accumulation, were achieved in an NH4Cl‐based medium at C/N = 8.5 g/g and without external pH control, considering an initial glucose of 10 g/L. Based on Free on Board prices, a 63% savings in culture medium costs was achieved by replacing commercial yeast extract at pH 5. Validation assays with higher initial glucose concentrations showed a YP/S of 0.40 g/g and an optical levo‐/meso‐2,3‐BDO ratio of 1:0.8, with negligible acetoin accumulation. Therefore, the NH4Cl‐based medium at C/N = 8.5 g/g and without pH control was considered economically promising for high‐yield and high‐selectivity bio‐based 2,3‐BDO production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aims to review the risks associated with using lentiviral and retroviral vectors in research and clinical settings and to propose an update to an effective treatment plan. Methods: Risks of exposure were evaluated based on vector design, safety features, viral tropism, transgene, and means and modes of transmission. These risks wereweighed against the potential risks and benefits of current HIV medications. Results:We recommend the following postexposure prophylactic treatment for significant lentiviral vector exposures: 1) dolutegravir 50 mg taken once a day for 7 days and 2) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg taken once a day for 7 days (28 days of both medications for replication-competent vectors). Conclusions: Because of the highly efficient delivery of transgenes by modern lentiviral and retroviral vectors, postexposure prophylaxis is indicated to prevent vector integration and oncogenic risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of slow and controlled release fertilizers (S/CRFs) has been beneficial in enhancing fertilizer utilization and crop yields, improving food security. However, the massive use of conventional S/CRFs has also polluted soil, water, and air, which poses a challenge to the sustainability of modern agriculture. To address this, a more efficient and environmentally-friendly material for crop nutrition is needed. Chitosan gels have proven to be an ideal carrier for nutrient transport given their biodegradability and high adsorption characteristics. This paper reviews the cross-linking of chitosan gels, preparation methods, nutrient transport, and performance, and how they contribute to sustainable agriculture. In addition, we detail the contribution of chitosan gels fertilizers to greenhouse gas reduction, soil conditioning, and crop yield improvement. In conclusion, although further research is needed on chitosan gels fertilizers as S/CRFs, it is expected that their use could lead to improved nutrient efficiency and reduced environmental pollution from a long-term development perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Educación e Investigación en Emergencias is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Porous silica particles have shown great potential application as reinforcing fillers in the field of dentistry due to their ability to construct the micromechanical interlocking effect at filler-matrix interface. However, how to accurately regulate the pore structure, especially the pore size, to increase the degree of the micromechanical interlocking and the performance of materials remains a challenge. Herein, we have proposed a facile self-assembly process to synthesize dendritic porous silica with tunable pore sizes (DPS-x) by adjusting the chain-length of the alcohols in the microemulsion. The mechanism of nucleation-growth is further put forward. The results indicate that the pore size of DPS-x indeed affects the mechanical property of composites, where the DPS-pen particles with intermediate pore size are chosen as the optimal reinforcing fillers. The bimodal and multimodal filler formulations are further established to address the loading limitation of unimodal DPS-pen (46 wt%). In virtue of the close-packed structure of identical spheres, the particle sizes of secondary silica embedded into the maximally loaded bimodal D3S7 composite (DPS-pen:Si430 = 30:70, wt/wt) are theoretically calculated without trials. Among all formulations, the developed multimodal D3S7+Si178+Si90 filler exhibits superior mechanical properties, the lowest shrinkage, and high polymerization conversion for dental composites, along with satisfied waster sorption and solubility, and good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo, which are comparable to commercial composite Z350 XT (3M, USA). These DPS-x particles and their multimodal fillers can also be applied to other polymer-based biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] Laboratory animal centers in colleges and universities are crucial for production, teaching, experimentation, and technical services involving laboratory animals. Biosafety management is an important part of their standardized operation and safety management. The Biosafety Law has highlighted the importance of biosafety and introduced new requirements for managing laboratory animals in universities. Establishing a systematic biosafety risk management framework is essential to prevent public health impacts related to biosafety and ensure effective management and operation. Comprehensive and systematic implementation of biosafety management in university laboratory animal centers is vital for the standardized management of facilities, the health and safety of staff and students, and the advancement of scientific research. [Methods] We evaluated the major biosafety hazards, classified as "internal factors" and "external factors", throughout the whole experimental process. Corresponding solutions were proposed. Considering the complexity of hazards within laboratory animal facilities, we clearly identified the biosafety hazards one by one and summarized them to obtain more effective and distinct measures. [Results] Using the Institute of Laboratory Animal Science of Jinan University as a case study, we explored effective strategies for managing biosafety in animal public service platforms, such as qualified animal experimental design, standardized facility management, strict environmental and animal monitoring, frequently disinfecting facilities, periodic waste disposal, effective pest control, and veterinary supervision. Specifically, they include: 1 Ensuring research projects are reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jinan University, adhering to the welfare and ethical principles of laboratory animals. 2 Implementing rigorous regulations for material types and delivery methods to maintain sterility. 3 Establishing different entry requirements and admission procedures for various personnel, with comprehensive training for experimental staff. 4 Daily checks of physical parameters of environmental facilities to ensure stable conditions. 5 Following the Biological Safety Law for treating wastewater, exhaust gas, and other waste materials. 6 Using at least two types of disinfectants to ensure effectiveness and prevent drug resistance, with clear guidelines for disinfection scope and methods. 7 Preventing and controlling biological vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, mice, and cockroaches through disinfection and sterilization. 8 Implementing isolation and quarantine, observation and treatment, anatomical sampling, and ensuring animal safety within the facility. [Conclusions] Universities should strictly implement the safety management responsibility system, investigate biological safety hazards, and determine effective responses to ensure the safe and effective operation of animal centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: The review offers insights into the current state of research on insect pest-resistant GM crops and the regulations governing the cultivation of GM crops in India. India has a rich crop diversity of more than 160 major and minor crops through its diverse agroclimatic conditions. Insect pests alone cause around USD 36 billion in crop loss annually in India. The last two decades witnessed considerable progress in managing insect pests by adopting innovative techniques including transgenics. In research, significant advancement has been brought in insect pest-resistant transgenics in India since its inception in 2002. However, any events have not been endorsed owing to biosafety impediments, except Bt cotton reaching the commercial release stage. A landmark decision to exempt certain types of gene-edited plants from genetically modified organism (GMO) regulations offers great promise for developing novel insect-resistant crops in India. The article reviews the current research on insect pest-resistant transgenics and its regulations in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The presented study investigated the potential toxicity and safety concerns associated with transgenic maize seeds expressing immunogenic F and HN protein genes against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Methodology The experiment involved feeding Sprague–Dawley rats with transgenic maize seeds formulated into standard diets at levels of 30% (w/w) for a duration of 90 days. The rats were divided into three groups, with 10 rats per group. We assessed various parameters including overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, serum chemistry, and histopathology. Results The results of these assessments were compared between the control group and the treatment groups. The study findings revealed that there were no significant differences between the control and treatment groups in terms of overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, serum chemistry, microscopic histopathology, and gross appearance of tissues. These observations suggest that the consumption of transgenic maize seeds did not lead to any treatment-related adverse effects or toxicological issues. Furthermore, the transgenic maize seeds were found to be nutritionally equivalent to their non-transgenic counterpart. Conclusion Overall, no physiological, pathological, or molecular toxicity was observed in the Rats fed with transgenic feed.However, it is important to note that this study focused specifically on the parameters measured and the outcomes observed in Sprague–Dawley rats, and further research and studies are necessary to fully evaluate the safety and potential applications of transgenic edible vaccines in humans or other animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kingdom of Eswatini is a Party to the Convention on Biological Diversity and to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. As Party, Eswatini has domesticated these agreements by passing the Biosafety Act, of 2012 to provide for the safe handling, transfer, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) in the country. The Act regulates living modified organisms to be used for confined field trials, commercial release, import, export, and transit, and for food, feed, and processing. Guidance is provided for prospective applicants before any application is made to the Competent Authority. This framework also provides for the regulation of emerging technologies such as synthetic biology and genome editing. The regulatory framework for living modified organisms aims to provide an enabling environment for the precautionary use of modern biotechnology and its products in the country in order to safeguard biological diversity and human health.

Abstract Objective This study aims to investigate the biocompatibility and pharmacokinetic characteristics of polyvinyl pyrrolidone-modified selenium nanoparticles (PVP-Se NPs). Understanding the biosafety of PVP-Se NPs is crucial due to their potential applications in mitigating oxidative stress-related diseases and improving drug delivery systems. Methods Selenium nanoparticles were prepared using a sodium selenite solution, followed by PVP modification. Particle size analysis was conducted using dynamic light scattering (DLS), and particle morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Different concentrations of PVP-Se NPs were intraperitoneally injected into SD rats, and the survival rate was observed. Liver and kidney tissues, urine, feces, and blood samples were collected at the highest safe dose, and the concentration of selenium ions was measured. Results The average particle size of PVP-Se NPs was 278.4 ± 124.8 nm, exhibiting a semi-spherical shape. The maximum safe dose of PVP-Se NPs for intraperitoneal injection in rats was approximately 320 µg/kg. At this dose, the content of PVP-Se NPs significantly increased in the liver and kidney tissues from day 1 to day 3, in urine and feces during the first 8 h, and in blood during the first 2 h, followed by a gradual decrease. Conclusion When administered at a safe dose, PVP-Se NPs do not damage liver and kidney tissues and can be eliminated from the body through liver and kidney metabolism without accumulation.

Abstract The study aims to improve the antimicrobial and remineralization-promoting properties of mouthwash by synthesizing novel Ag/ZnO/Oyster Shells nanocomposites and evaluating their anti-caries properties and biosafety in vitro and in vivo, so as to reduce the incidence of caries. The antimicrobial properties of the synthesized Ag/ZnO/Oyster Shell nanocomposites were examined by bacterial inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, fluorescence staining and scanning electron microscopy. The potential of the materials to promote remineralization of demineralized enamel was detected by scanning electron microscopy, surface microhardness and depth of hard tissue defects, and laser confocal electron microscopy analysis. The synthesized materials were then incorporated into mouthwash, and their effects on antimicrobial properties, remineralization-promoting properties were evaluated. Furthermore, an oral mucosal contact model was established to assess local irritation and systemic effects. The results showed that the novel Ag/ZnO/Oyster Shell nanocomposites possessed strong antimicrobial activity, remineralization-promoting ability and good biosafety, and the mouthwash containing Ag/ZnO/Oyster Shell possessed strong antimicrobial performance and remineralization-promoting ability, and showed no obvious abnormalities in local mucosal tissues, blood indices, and histopathology of the liver and kidneys in the oral exposure model of the SD rats. These findings indicate that Ag/ZnO/Oyster shell incorporated into mouthwash has strong antimicrobial activity, good remineralization-promoting properties and good biosafety in vivo. It is therefore expected to be used in clinical applications.

The community service aims to introduce the application of biosafety and biosecurity and provide the ability to recognize livestock diseases simply with the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) method in reducing the transmission of livestock diseases in East Lombok Regency. The implementation methods of the activities include a survey of the service location to identify problems, socialization of the program activity to the target community, education about biosecurity and biosafety, and an introduction to simple livestock disease detection based on community participation with PRA, then continued with training on applying simple biosecurity and biosafety and simple livestock disease detection methods with PRA proportional piling and matrix scoring methods. The data of PRA proportional piling and matrix scoring based on disease symptom data will be mapped and ranked using descriptive analysis. The results of this community service were obtained from members of The Pade Angen II Livestock Group could use personal protective equipment (PPE) correctly by 80%. The detection of disease based on symptoms using the proportional piling and matrix scoring methods obtained repeat breeding events with symptoms of repeated mating of 21%, helminthiasis with symptoms of worms of 14%, itching of 4%, diarrhea of 4%, and scabies with symptoms of itching of 8%. Foot and mouth disease was also still found with symptoms of wounds on the feet and salivation of 11%, miscarriage of 4% and fever of 1%, coccidiosis with symptoms of bloody diarrhea of 10%, colibacillosis with symptoms of diarrhea of 6%, bloat with symptoms of bloating of 3% and fever of 1%.

Biosafety hazards can trigger a host immune response after infection, invasion, or contact with the host. Whether infection with a microorganism results in disease or biosafety concerns depends to a large extent on the immune status of the population. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the immunological characteristics of the host and the mechanisms of biological threats and agents to protect the host more effectively. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, such as the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, have raised concerns regarding both biosafety and immunology worldwide. Interdisciplinary studies involved in biosafety and immunology are relevant in many fields, including the development of vaccines and other immune interventions such as monoclonal antibodies and T-cells, herd immunity (or population-level barrier immunity), immunopathology, and multispecies immunity, i.e., animals and even plants. Meanwhile, advances in immunological science and technology are occurring rapidly, resulting in important research achievements that may contribute to the recognition of emerging biosafety hazards, as well as early warning, prevention, and defense systems. This review provides an overview of the interdisciplinary field of biosafety and immunology. Close collaboration and innovative application of immunology in the field of biosafety is becoming essential for human health.

Vaccination has saved millions of lives and is regarded as one of modern medicine’s most important successes. Effective vaccination programs should be based on risk assessment that considers demographic and occupational factors. When developing a vaccination program, it is essential to identify the target groups, including travelers, infants, high-risk workers, and those in critical roles such as farming and agriculture. In biosafety and biosecurity, vaccines are a key component of measures designed to protect laboratory personnel, the community, and the environment. Guidelines from global health organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are tailored to specific pathogens and depend on the type of work performed and the associated risk. These guidelines are continuously revised and updated to ensure the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Vaccines also play a role in One Health approaches that are focused on the interconnectedness of animals, humans, and the environment. Targeted vaccination strategies for both domestic animals and wildlife are necessary to maintain animal health, improve livestock productivity, and prevent the spread of zoonotic and foodborne diseases to humans. In this paper, we aimed to provide an overview regarding the crucial roles of vaccines in biosafety, biosecurity, and One Health approaches, as well as to highlight the importance of targeted and personalized strategies to improve the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Herein, we also discuss various vaccines aimed at specific target groups as recommended by global health organizations, with a particular emphasis on laboratory workers and the vaccines necessary to reduce laboratory-acquired infections. Finally, we discuss animal vaccines and targeted strategies for vaccinating domestic and wildlife populations.

In this study, biodegradable Zn-Cu-Mn alloy stents were implanted into porcine coronary artery for 18 months, and the in vivo biosafety and efficacy as well as the degradation behavior were systematically studied. Results showed a rapid endothelialization of the target vessel was achieved at 1 month post-implantation. Although the lumen diameter loss and local inflammation were observed at the early stage, the stented blood vessel could gradually recover with time. The lumen diameter was already close to normal range at 12 months, indicating good bioefficacy of the stent. No adverse effect on blood indexes or local accumulation of Zn, Cu or Mn elements were found after implantation, neither the malapposition and thrombosis were observed, which exhibited good biosafety of the stents. The stent could maintain the basic structure and mechanical integrity at 6 months, and remained only approximately 26 % of the stent volume at 18 months, suggesting a desirable degradation rate. In general, the Zn-Cu-Mn alloy stent showed great advantages and prospects in clinical application.

Dengue is a serious arbovirus disease transmitted to humans by female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Controlling mosquitoes using synthetic insecticides or indoor sprayings generated serious environmental and health threats, which motivated researchers to develop novel low-risk pest control tools. This work demonstrates a facile low-temperature hydrothermal fabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) and evaluates their mosquitocidal activity against Ae. aegypti. The optical properties, nanocrystalline nature, and monoclinic structure of CuONPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CuONPs exhibited considerable bioactivity against Ae. aegypti in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. After 24 h, 100% mortality of first, second, and third instar larvae and adults was recorded at 20 µg/mL, whereas 40 µg/mL was enough to cause 100% mortality for all larvae and adults. Larval LC50 after 24 h ranged between 4.1 and 11.1 µg/mL and was 6.8 µg/mL against adults. CuONPs were slightly toxic to Eisenia fetida earthworms (LC50 = 2017.3 µg/L) and were safe toward Gambusia affinis, a larvivorous fish. The results provide evidence for the possibility of using CuONPs as an eco-friendly mosquitocidal tool after establishing their mammalian safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Research on carbon nanomaterials in the biomedical field is booming, and related scientific research results are increasing year by year. However, visualization analysis of the annual number of publications, the research status of countries, institutions, authors, and research hotspots and trends in this field is relatively scarce. OBJECTIVE: To present the research status of carbon nanomaterials in biomedical field, reveal the main research subjects, explore the research hotspots and development trends, and provide a reference for the future development of this field. METHODS: The core data set of Web of Science was used as the literature source to search the relevant researches on carbon nanomaterials in the biomedical field from 2012 to 2023. The knowledge map was generated by using Citespace software with countries, institutions, authors, keywords, and co-citations as nodes and for visualization analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) A total of 2 932 papers were included in this study. In the medical field, carbon nanomaterials had a large number of papers and a fast growth rate. The United States has a large number of papers; China is an emerging force in this field, although the number of papers is the largest, but the level of research and influence need to be improved. The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the largest cooperative network institution, which mainly targets domestic institutions and lacks cooperation with well-known foreign institutions. (2) Keyword analysis displays that the green synthesis method and application of displaying carbon points have been the focus of research, followed by the new method of combining carbon nanomaterials with cancer phototherapy and immunotherapy, the key direction of future research. (3) The dynamic development trend of co-citations suggests that tissue engineering is a hot research topic of carbon nanomaterials in the field of biomedicine, mainly including the research of carbon nanomaterials for the repair and regeneration of heart and nerve tissue and as a bio-ink additive for 3D and 4D bioprinting. (4) In the future, with the development of the biomedical field in the direction of precision and treatment, researchers should speed up the creation of carbon-based systems formed by the combination of scientific and effective carbon nanomaterials with science and technology, new polymers or organic molecules, and new therapeutic methods, so as to give full play to the maximum effect of carbon nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To seek out the targeting of Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles (E. coli OMVs) in breast tumor-bearing mice and their biosafety in healthy mice. Ultrafiltration in conjunction with ultracentrifugation was utilized to concentrate E. coli OMVs, and characterize them. Subcutaneous breast tumors were induced in BALB/c mice to serve as an experimental model, and the biodistribution of E. coli OMVs in both tumor-bearing and healthy mice was monitored using an in vivo fluorescence imaging system. Utilizing frozen sections, the infiltration of E. coli OMVs in tumor tissues was appraised at the 24-hour post-injection. Healthy BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group and vesicles group. Following the intravenous injection of E. coli OMVs, monitoring encompassed variations in body weight, blood routine indices, serum levels of AST, ALT, and BUN, organ indices (heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney), along with tissue histopathology over a 14-day period. The spherical E. coli OMVs had a diameter of (155.8 ± 3.1) nm and exhibited the expression of outer membrane proteins OmpA and OmpC. Upon assessment, it was evident that the E. coli OMVs persisted in the tumor tissues even 24 h post-injection. An evident decrease in the body weight of the vesicles group, distinct from the control group, was observed on the second day after injection (P < 0.001); in contrast, no considerable differences were noted at subsequent time points (P > 0.05). Following the injection, the vesicles group displayed notable reductions in WBC and PLT as relative to the control group (P < 0.0001) on the initial day, however, there were no noteworthy distinctions as opposed to the control group for other hematological indices; No notable variances in hematological indices between the two groups were observed on the seventh and fourteenth day (P > 0.05). Over the 14 days, no substantial differences were observed in the serum levels of BUN, AST, ALT, and organ indices within the vesicles group as opposed to the control group (P > 0.05). Furthermore, there were no obvious abnormal changes in tissue morphology. 0.5 mg/kg of E. coli OMVs can safely and effectively target 4T1 breast tumor in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nosocomial infections are a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and increased treatment costs in hospitals. This study aimed to analyze the factors determining the implementation of biosafety measures by the nursing staff of four hospitals in Piura via a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. A total of 215 nurses from various hospitals in the region participated by completing an online survey. The results demonstrated that extrinsic factors (FEX) positively influence the implementation of biosafety measures (BIOM) (β = 0.319 ***), as do intrinsic factors (FINT) (β = 0.520 **). Furthermore, intrinsic factors mediate the relationship between extrinsic factors and the implementation of biosafety measures (β = 0.443 ***). In conclusion, this study provides a deeper understanding of biosafety dynamics in healthcare settings and lays the groundwork for the development of customized interventions and ongoing training programs that ensure the optimal implementation of biosafety measures in hospitals.

Abstract The use of jewelry among healthcare professionals poses a risk of cross contamination due to potential bacterial accumulation and spread. Through a mixed-method design, this study first analyzed the implications of healthcare professionals wearing jewelry on patient care biosafety as well as on the residual bacterial load of hands and rings after hand hygiene. Firstly, an observational prevalence study to verify whether nursing professionals wear personal accessories during healthcare assistance was carried out. Second, an experimental design involving intentional contamination and hygiene of the hands, with and without a ring, was conducted. The bacterial load of both hands and rings was measured by counting colony forming units. The observational study showed that nursing workers frequently wear jewelry during healthcare assistance. Nonetheless, the experimental study did not indicate differences in bacterial contamination between hands with and without a ring, despite the hand hygiene procedure applied. In conclusion, many nursing workers wear jewelry in the workplace. Although hands with and without a ring exhibited similar microbial load, rings appeared as a potential source of bacterial contamination, reinforcing the need to remove jewelry during working hours. Hand hygiene using alcohol, or soap and water significantly decreased the bacterial load on the participants’ hands, with handwashing proving to be the most efficient method for removing intentional contamination.

Due to antimicrobial activity, nanoparticles (NPs) in combination with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be used to kill drug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Nanosilver (AgNPs) has broad-spectrum and efficient antimicrobial properties, multiple bacterial inactivation mechanisms, and the ability to fine-tune the conjugation on the surface of antimicrobial peptide-conjugated silver nanoparticles (AMP-AgNPs), which results in higher biosafety of AMP-AgNPs. The review summarized the latest research progress of AMP-AgNPs conjugates and discussed the synthesis method, antibacterial activity, mechanism of action, hemolytic toxicity of AMP-AgNPs conjugates, as well as their applications in medical and food fields. The future development direction of AMP-AgNPs conjugates was also prospected.

AbstractThe cultivation of tilapias, the third most farmed fish group globally, has been rapidly growing, especially in Southeast Asia. This surge in tilapia farming intensification has led to increased use of antibiotics to control bacterial diseases. This study investigated the safety implications of administering graded doses of enrofloxacin (ENF) at 0 (control), 10, 30, 50 and 100 mg/kg biomass/day orally to Oreochromis niloticus. The 43-day study comprised 7 days of pre-dosing, 15 days of ENF-dosing, and a 21-day recovery period with a periodical assessment of the biological responses of fish. The results revealed that the overdosed groups experienced up to 21% reduction in feed consumption, 11% mortalities, and adverse impacts on hematology, including a decrease in erythrocytes, and monocytes and an increase in leukocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. Haematological indices like mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin decreased, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased. The plasma biochemical parameters including glucose and liver and kidney enzymes unveiled a significant dose- and time-dependent increase, while calcium and chloride levels decreased. Erythrocytes displayed several erythrocyte cellular and nuclear abnormalities. The frequency of micronucleus increased with dose and time, suggesting potential genotoxicity of ENF. Additionally, a dose-dependent increase in residues in the tissues with the highest accumulation in muscle was documented. Nevertheless, the recovery of the measured parameters upon dose termination indicated that the ENF-induced alterations are reversible. The study affirmed the safety of ENF at the recommended dose (10 mg) in O. niloticus and their adoptive responses to higher doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nirmatrelvir was the first protease inhibitor specifically developed against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro/Mpro) and licensed for clinical use. As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread, variants resistant to nirmatrelvir and other currently available treatments are likely to arise. This study aimed to identify and characterize mutations that confer resistance to nirmatrelvir. To safely generate Mpro resistance mutations, we passaged a previously developed, chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-Mpro) with increasing, yet suboptimal concentrations of nirmatrelvir. Using Wuhan-1 and Omicron Mpro variants, we selected a large set of mutants. Some mutations are frequently present in GISAID, suggesting their relevance in SARS-CoV-2. The resistance phenotype of a subset of mutations was characterized against clinically available protease inhibitors (nirmatrelvir and ensitrelvir) with cell-based, biochemical and SARS-CoV-2 replicon assays. Moreover, we showed the putative molecular mechanism of resistance based on in silico molecular modelling. These findings have implications on the development of future generation Mpro inhibitors, will help to understand SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor resistance mechanisms and show the relevance of specific mutations, thereby informing treatment decisions. Author summary: Studying dangerous viruses comes with risks and strict safety requirements. This is also true when new medications against viruses are developed and their effectiveness over time has to be tested. Unfortunately, viruses are quick to mutate and become resistant against almost any new medication. Ideally, this information is available before the medication is widely available. Then, when resistant viruses arise, patient caretakers can switch to other available treatments. However, to study the development of resistance with dangerous viruses is considered as 'gain-of-function' research, which is highly controversial and experiments have to be performed with high biological containment to prevent biosafety breaches. To facilitate studying the development of resistance and circumvent gain-of-function research of dangerous viruses, we describe a new, safe method. With this method, we can generate resistance data without using the actual virus, namely SARS-CoV-2 (alias 'Corona'). We provide resistance data against two clinically used antiviral medications that are relevant for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conducting biomedical research is essential in both the clinical and research areas;. It entails a series of dangers for people involved in these activities. These risks, could be biological, chemical or radiological. These risks can be mitigated or controlled with appropriate protocols and recommendations. This guide shows in a simple way, the main measures and considerations that a researcher who carries out a protocol must know and apply, in order to make a correct assessment of the risk that the activities involved in the protocol. Thus, is essential to implement measures to ensure health and safety of involved people, whether they directly participate or not in the protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has eased the global food crisis and brought considerable economic and social benefits to countries. Because of the potential safety problems, it is necessary to make clear the molecular genetic characteristics, edible safety, planting, processing, and other aspects of the safety evaluation of GM crops. The safety problems existing in the cultivation of GM crops, safety evaluation and detection of GM crops were introduced in this paper, which provided the basis for safety evaluation and effective supervision of GM crops and their products. Commercial cultivation and reasonable supervision based on safety evaluation have far-reaching significance for ensuring consumer safety, enhancing the credibility of the national political system and enhancing citizens' confidence in the safety of GM crop products for consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inadequate risk assessment and a lack of risk monitoring are common deficiencies in clinical laboratory, and are also the main causes of biosafety incidents. Therefore, we summarized the experience of implementing adequate risk assessment and maintaining risk monitoring, and established a procedure for continuously improving biosafety management. Methods: Learning from our laboratory's experience in implementing risk assessment, risk response, and risk monitoring before and during the COVID-19 epidemic, we summarized the procedures for fully identifying risks, accurately evaluating risks, maintaining risk monitoring, establishing and regular reviewing safety indicators. On this basis, we established a system for continuously improving biosafety management through risk monitoring and reviewing safety indicator. Results: We identified a total of 30 unacceptable risks prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and developed and implemented appropriate risk control measures. After risk control, residual risks were acceptable, and no biosafety incidents have occurred. During the COVID-19 pandemic, after multiple risk monitoring, we identified ten new risks, three ineffective risk control measures, and multiple control measures for excessive protection. Then, we timely adjusted risk control measures to avoid laboratory personnel infection and excessive protection. Meanwhile, We established eight safety indicators and identified two improvement opportunities through regular reviews. Conclusion: Adequate risk identification and accurate risk assessment are particularly important for effectively controlling biosafety risks. Biosafety management should be continuously improved to deal with ineffective and excessive protection caused by various changes in experimental activities. Continuous improvement of biosafety management can be achieved through risk monitoring, regular review of safety indicators, and management reviews. This study will help laboratory managers to fully and accurately assess risks, as well as update risks and their control measures through risk monitoring, and the continuous improvement procedure established in the study has certain reference value for laboratories to effectively respond to emerging infectious diseases and avoid excessive protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nanomaterials are extensively used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases because of their distinctive physicochemical properties, including the small size and ease of modification. The approval of numerous nanomaterials for clinical treatment has led to a significant increase in human exposure to these materials. When nanomaterials enter organisms, they interact with DNA, cells, tissues, and organs, potentially causing various adverse effects, such as genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, and damage to tissues and organs. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate the side effects and toxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials thoroughly before their clinical applications. Although methods for in vitro safety evaluation of nanomaterials are well established, systematic methods for in vivo safety evaluation are still lacking. This review focuses on the in vivo safety evaluation of nanomaterials and explores their potential effects. In addition, the experimental methods for assessing such effects in various disciplines, including toxicology, pharmacology, physiopathology, immunology, and bioinformatics are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nosocomial infections are a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and increased treatment costs in hospitals. This study aimed to analyze the factors determining the implementation of biosafety measures by the nursing staff of four hospitals in Piura via a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. A total of 215 nurses from various hospitals in the region participated by completing an online survey. The results demonstrated that extrinsic factors (FEX) positively influence the implementation of biosafety measures (BIOM) (β = 0.319 ***), as do intrinsic factors (FINT) (β = 0.520 **). Furthermore, intrinsic factors mediate the relationship between extrinsic factors and the implementation of biosafety measures (β = 0.443 ***). In conclusion, this study provides a deeper understanding of biosafety dynamics in healthcare settings and lays the groundwork for the development of customized interventions and ongoing training programs that ensure the optimal implementation of biosafety measures in hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of jewelry among healthcare professionals poses a risk of cross contamination due to potential bacterial accumulation and spread. Through a mixed-method design, this study first analyzed the implications of healthcare professionals wearing jewelry on patient care biosafety as well as on the residual bacterial load of hands and rings after hand hygiene. Firstly, an observational prevalence study to verify whether nursing professionals wear personal accessories during healthcare assistance was carried out. Second, an experimental design involving intentional contamination and hygiene of the hands, with and without a ring, was conducted. The bacterial load of both hands and rings was measured by counting colony forming units. The observational study showed that nursing workers frequently wear jewelry during healthcare assistance. Nonetheless, the experimental study did not indicate differences in bacterial contamination between hands with and without a ring, despite the hand hygiene procedure applied. In conclusion, many nursing workers wear jewelry in the workplace. Although hands with and without a ring exhibited similar microbial load, rings appeared as a potential source of bacterial contamination, reinforcing the need to remove jewelry during working hours. Hand hygiene using alcohol, or soap and water significantly decreased the bacterial load on the participants’ hands, with handwashing proving to be the most efficient method for removing intentional contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of biosafety system is of enormous importance to the livestock and poultry production in terms of mitigating the transmission of diseases and implementing regional prevention and control measures. However, the current sterilization technology presents several drawbacks, including time-consuming procedures, chemical residues, and challenges in treating the sewage after rinsing. In this study, a novel cleaning and sterilization method that combines slightly acidic electrolyzed water and high pressure water-jet was developed. An orthogonal test was conducted to examine the correlation between high-pressure conditions and the various non-structural parameters on the efficacy of sterilization rate. In a field test, the effectiveness of the technology in cleaning pig transfer vehicles was evaluated by the total plate count and variations of community composition. The findings revealed that the combination of process parameters, including an available chlorine concentration of 200 mg/L, rinsing pressure of 170 bar, rinsing duration of 10 s, and residence time of 15 min, resulted in a removal rate of colony concentration on the surface of pig transfer vehicles of (96.50±0.91)%. Moreover, it was demonstrated to effectively inhibit a variety of pathogenic bacteria. The innovative cleaning system has the potential to replace traditional methods and reduces pollution while saving time and labor. It introduces a novel approach for sterilization of transportation in livestock and poultry farms as well as the biosafety construction of the animal husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles have emerged as a promising tool for sustainable agriculture and biosafety. This review article examines the historical background of nanoparticles in agriculture and explores the different types of nanoparticles, including nanoemulsions, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, nanorods, and nanoencapsulation technology. Additionally, the review examines recent advances in the application of nanoparticles in agriculture, such as nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides, and their potential effects on biosafety. Furthermore, the article discusses future prospects and challenges in the use of nanoparticles in sustainable agriculture and biosafety. The potential ecological effects of nanoparticles and the need for responsible regulation and oversight are also highlighted. Overall, this review article emphasizes the significant potential of nanoparticles in sustainable agriculture and biosafety and the need for continued research and responsible development to ensure safe and equitable distribution of its benefits. Future challenges in nano-enabled agriculture include addressing potential health and environmental risks. Nanotechnology can greatly improve sustainable agriculture practices, Nanotechnology can be utilized in various ways to increase crop yields, nutrient uptake, and develop new pesticides and fertilizers, Comprehensive evaluation of nanotechnology's impact on soil, plants, and the environment is necessary to ensure safe and sustainable use, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the development of recombinant DNA technologies, the need to establish biosafety and biosecurity measures to control genetically modified organisms has been clear. Auxotrophies, or conditional suicide switches, have been used as firewalls to avoid horizontal or vertical gene transfer, but their efficacy has important limitations. The use of xenobiological systems has been proposed as the ultimate biosafety tool to circumvent biosafety problems in genetically modified organisms. Xenobiology is a subfield of Synthetic Biology that aims to construct orthogonal biological systems based on alternative biochemistries. Establishing true orthogonality in cell-based or cell-free systems promises to improve and assure that we can progress in synthetic biology safely. Although a wide array of strategies for orthogonal genetic systems have been tested, the construction of a host harboring fully orthogonal genetic system, with all parts operating in an orchestrated, integrated, and controlled manner, still poses an extraordinary challenge for researchers. In this study, we have performed a thorough review of the current literature to present the main advances in the use of xenobiology as a strategy for biocontainment, expanding on the opportunities and challenges of this field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Since the victory compass of the humanity-pathogen war is oriented in many ways toward the latter, it is necessary to develop new potent and biosafe antipathogenic agents. Methods: The research was designed to transform poisonous dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) into powerful, wide-ranging, and biocompatible antimicrobial candidates. This transformation was achieved by using this poison to create a coumarin precursor labeled P-DNOC, from which ten coumarins were synthesized and coded DNOCU1–DNOCU10. Two kinds of investigations were carried out on the synthesized items: microbiological and biosafety. In the first one, four aerobic bacteriomers, four anaerobic bacteriomers, and two fungiomers of infection-causing types were included. On the other hand, two non-infectious bacteriomers, three healthy cellular species, and human blood were used in the second investigation. Results and discussion: The results indicated that the synthesized items demonstrated potent, broadspectrum, and biosafe antimicrobial activity against the test microbes. Also, the research revealed for the first time that coumarins with anti-anaerobic bacterial activity were better than metronidazole. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity and biosafety were found to be correlated with the presence and number of chloride functionalities in the off-side area. Conclusions: From the gathered results, it is concluded that the bad health outputs of DNOC can be modulated by transforming it into coumarins. These have high levels of biosafety and wide-spectrum antimicrobial potency, with supercity attributed to DNOCU9. In addition, this work provided the opportunity to convert the health-harming properties of nitrophenols into health-promoting candidates. This can be achieved by using coumarin-4-acetic acid and DNOCU9 as synthetic root and scaffold, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]