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In the work, the contents of macrobiogenic elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg) in 20 randomly selected samples of bottled water sold in commercial networks in the Slovak Republic were investigated, and these values were compared with our analyses of the same macroelements in 8 groundwater samples. The aim of the work was, except of determining the contents of the elements in the waters, also finding the existence of a mutual correlation between their contents and indirectly analysing of the geochemical composition of the rocks that are in contact with these waters. Bottled water samples obtained from retail chains originated from the Slovak Republic and also from abroad: from the Czech Republic, Austria, France and Hungary - all these monitored regions belong to the Alpine-Himalayan system from a geomorphological point of view. The highest contents of calcium and magnesium were assessed in bottled waters Gemerka (Banská Bystrica region), Salvator and Baldovská (Prešov region). High content values of sodium were determined in bottled waters Budiš and Fatra (Žilina region) and high contents of potassium in bottled waters Budiš (Žilina region) and Salvator (Prešov region). In contrary, the lowest contents of calcium and magnesium were determined in bottled waters Oravská (Žilina region) and in bottled water Aro from Czech republic. In bottled waters Zlatá studňa Jasenovo, Rajec (Žilina region), Lucka (Trnava region), Mitická and Tesco (Trenčín region) and Evian from France the low contents of sodium and potassium were determined. The analyses of 8 samples taken from subsurface water, where 4 samples were from Nitra town and its district, another 3 samples were taken from the vicinity of Vrbovce municipality and one sample from the border area with Czech republic showed following composition of all selected elements: the contents of calcium were in range 102.40 - 193.7 mg/L, the contents of magnesium were in range 10.10 - 46.30 mg/L, the contents of sodium were in range 4.10 - 37.50 mg/L and the contents of potassium 0.50 - 18.10 mg/L. In the samples of bottled waters found in stores the data for descriptive characterization were processed with the parametres of functions quantifying the mutual correlation. Strong correlation dependance between the calcium and magnesium contents that could be described by linear linear and square function was identified in analysed waters. The presence of mid strong existency correlation defined by square and non-linear function was evaluated by contents of calcium and sodium in mentioned waters by mathematical program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottled mineral waters originate from groundwater aquifers, their chemical composition being initially determined by geochemical water-rock interaction processes. The waters used for bottling originate from different parts of the hydrological cycle and have a unique hydro-geochemical fingerprint. As water moves through the water cycle, the isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in the water molecule may change. Determining 18O and 2H can help to characterize the source of bottled water and the natural conditions of the parent water body, of the recharge area, and the influence of various processes during infiltration and water flow within the water body. Usually, the chemical composition is reported on the label of bottled waters, while stable isotopes data are often unreported and are sometimes available from scientific publications. Bottled waters from selected sites of Europe where chemical and stable isotopic composition were available have been considered and accompanying data reinterpreted. The available data have been reinterpreted by obtaining results comparable, within limitations, to traditional sampling and analytical procedures, demonstrating the usefulness of the adopted methodology in emergency cases. Therefore, the utilization of isotopic values of bottled waters should be limited to the observation of general trends in isotopic composition of feeding waters, while more local studies are advised for a better understanding of the hydro-geological circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a vital resource for the existence of mankind and all ecosystems on Earth. Before using it, it must be ensured that water is of good quality, within the hygienic-sanitary norms for human consumption. In recent decades, the supply of drinking water has been supplemented with the water bottled in glass and plastic bottles, which is found everywhere in the market of the Republic of Kosovo. This paper deals with the content of the label paper and the variation of physico-chemical parameters of bottled water which is extracted, analyzed, processed, filled, packaged and distributed on the market of the Republic of Kosovo and beyond as a product for consumption. i.e. In this paper 20 brands of groundwater (types of water) produced and packaged in the territory of Kosovo.

Water is a vital resource for the existence of mankind and all ecosystems on Earth. Before using it, it must be ensured that water is of good quality, within the hygienic-sanitary norms for human consumption. In recent decades, the supply of drinking water has been supplemented with the water bottled in glass and plastic bottles, which is found everywhere in the market of the Republic of Kosovo. This paper deals with the content of the label paper and the variation of physico-chemical parameters of bottled water which is extracted, analyzed, processed, filled, packaged and distributed on the market of the Republic of Kosovo and beyond as a product for consumption. i.e. In this paper 20 brands of groundwater (types of water) produced and packaged in the territory of Kosovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottled mineral waters originate from groundwater aquifers, their chemical composition being initially determined by geochemical water-rock interaction processes. The waters used for bottling originate from different parts of the hydrological cycle and have a unique hydro-geochemical fingerprint. As water moves through the water cycle, the isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in the water molecule may change. Determining 18O and 2H can help to characterize the source of bottled water and the natural conditions of the parent water body, of the recharge area, and the influence of various processes during infiltration and water flow within the water body. Usually, the chemical composition is reported on the label of bottled waters, while stable isotopes data are often unreported and are sometimes available from scientific publications. Bottled waters from selected sites of Europe where chemical and stable isotopic composition were available have been considered and accompanying data reinterpreted. The available data have been reinterpreted by obtaining results comparable, within limitations, to traditional sampling and analytical procedures, demonstrating the usefulness of the adopted methodology in emergency cases. Therefore, the utilization of isotopic values of bottled waters should be limited to the observation of general trends in isotopic composition of feeding waters, while more local studies are advised for a better understanding of the hydro-geological circuits.

In Rwanda, commercialized bottled water comes mainly from aquifers located in Rwanda and in neighboring countries. In this study, we compare geochemical parameters of bottled water from the great lakes region and seek to correlate mineralization, hydrochemistry and geological facies of the water reservoir. Based on the results obtained from major ions, trace elements and stable isotopes, 15 bottled waters were analyzed. Bottled waters show low mineralization and various chemical facies, with mainly the dominance of sodium due to the occurrence of alkaline granites in the East Africa region. Bottled water quality was evaluated using various classification systems. All bottled waters show low mineralization attributed to low rock-water interaction with granite, and to unconfined aquifer close to the surface fed by direct infiltration and possibly with high transit fractured circulation. In this region, the very high population density with high agricultural activities lead to strong anthropogenic conditions, but most of the bottled waters do not show any evidence of influence. However, this does not prevent regular control of water quality. Stable water isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) highlighted the altitude of aquifers and waters origin of the bottled waters, which is linked to direct rainfall infiltration. HIGHLIGHTS Adequacy between water quality and its origin.; Water bottles are good samples for studying aquifers.; Heavy isotope tools to confirm aquifer recharge.; Good quality of bottled water in the neighboring countries of the great African lake.;

The choice of bottled waters available for sale is large. The assessment of their mineral composition was based on the results of 120 natural waters and 46 mineral waters (in relation to the hydrogeological classification of water mineralization). Significant diversity was found in terms of basic mineral composition, and in many cases also a wealth of microcompounds (e.g. fluorides, iodine, selenium), which have a positive effect on human health. Both the deficiency and excess of water consumed and the amount of contained ingredients it do not remain indifferent to human health. Choosing water, it is worth considering the volume of water consumed, the age and health of the consumer, season of year, activity, type of diet, taking dietary supplements, vitamins and medicines. The information on the label is sufficient to choose water suited to your individual needs. Waters with high mineralization and/or with a large concentrations of microcompounds should be used after medical consultations to determine its use: specify the area of application and recommended drinking amount and frequency.

The choice of bottled waters available for sale is large. The assessment of their mineral composition was based on the results of 120 natural waters and 46 mineral waters (in relation to the hydrogeological classification of water mineralization). Significant diversity was found in terms of the basic mineral composition, and in many cases also a wealth of microcompounds (e.g. fluorides, iodine, selenium), which have a positive effect on the human health. Both the deficiency and excess of the water consumed and the amount of contained ingredients have an influence on the human health. While choosing water, it is worth considering the volume of water consumed, the age and health of the consumer, season of year, activity, type of diet, taken dietary supplements, vitamins and medicines. The information on the label is sufficient to choose the water suited to the individual needs. The waters with high mineralization and/or with large concentrations of microcompounds should be used after medical consultations to determine their use: specify the area of application and recommended drinking amount and frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgal toxicity tests using integrative endpoints as algal growth are regularly required to analyse the toxicity of potentially hazardous substances in the aquatic environment. However, these do not provide mechanistic information on the toxic mode of action by which contaminants may affect algae. Bottled waters can be used as a substitute for culturing media and should not impose any stress to the cultured organisms. However, certain chemical components can interfere with specific cell targets which are not revealed by general toxicity assays. The present study investigated the sensitivity of flow cytometry (FCM) to analyse sub-lethal effects of different bottled waters to the freshwater microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Several endpoints were analysed including growth rate, natural pigments content, cell size, complexity, viability and cycle, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation, mitochondrial membrane potential and Lipid Peroxidation (LPO). Additionally, photosystem II (PSII) performance was analysed by PAM fluorometry, to provide further information on the absorption, distribution and use of energy in photosynthesis. Results indicated that the most sensitive endpoints were the oxidative stress related endpoints ROS formation and LPO, pigment content, morphological endpoints as cell size, complexity and cycle, with growth rate being one of the least sensitive. Although being essential macronutrients for algal growth, the chemical elements Ca, Na, Mg, and NH 4 were identified as being primarily responsible for the observed toxicological effects to exposed algae. The applied methodology proved to be of high throughput, simultaneously assembling information on morphological, biochemical, and physiological status of algal cells. FCM also showed potential to reveal mechanistic information on the toxic mode of action of the bottled waters before any effects on algal growth was observed. The used approach demonstrated its potential for being integrated into future microalgal toxicity bioassays for testing chemicals to improve the hazard information obtained from currently approved internationally accepted test guidelines. Unlabelled Image • Sub-lethal toxicity of bottled waters to Raphidocelis subcapitata • Reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, effects in pigments, cell size, complexity and cell cycle observed • Ca, Na, Mg, and NH 4 primarily responsible for the observed effects • The methodological approach effectively revealed the observed mechanistic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the northeastern scenario regarding the availability of good quality water for human consumption, the bottled waters appeared in the market. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of bottled waters (minerals and salts added) in the state of Ceará and the legislation. For this purpose, the reports issued by the Central Laboratory of Ceará, belonging to the State Program for Monitoring of Potted Water, from January 2015 to December 2016, were analyzed. The unsatisfactory results of microbiological analyzes of mineral water samples were 17.7%. in 2015 and 23.5% in 2016, and 10.7% in salt water samples in 2015 and 22.9% in 2016. Regarding the physicochemical analyzes only the total salts added from the salt added waters proved to be unsatisfactory with a percentage of 55.5% in 2015 and 44.4% in 2016. Several inconsistencies are found in current legislation, yet a significant portion of the products are still inappropriate for consumption. It is concluded that a high rate of samples of mineral waters and salt added waters are unsatisfactory in relation to the microbiological parameters, while in the physicochemical parameter (added salts) this index occurred only the salt added waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The determination of the mass concentration values of selected trace and major elements in bottled drinking water has been done. The bottled waters of various brands – mineral still waters as well as sparkling waters – labelled with the Made in Croatia were selected for this study. The products were collected in numerous supermarkets in Zagreb, Republic of Croatia. Drinking water stored both in PET and glass bottles were included in the research. The list of the elements that were analyzed in the bottle water samples is the following: Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, and Zn. The selected metals and metalloids were quantified by direct ICP-AES measurements. The obtained results are compared to the maximum allowable concentration values of these metals and metalloids in drinking waters prescribed by the WHO and by the Croatian directives as well as to the scientific literature data. The results obtained in this study reveal that, in terms of the analyzed elements content, all Croatian bottled waters are safe for use as drinking water, especially within their expiration dates before which the analyses were conducted. Highlights • This paper deals with the multi-elemental analysis of Croatian bottled drinking waters. • Almost all Croatian brands of drinking water bottled in PET and glass were tested. • The determination was done by direct measurement using ICP-AES technique. • The determined concentrations of the analyzed heavy metals are below MAC values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-elemental (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, and Zn) and stable isotope (i.e., δ2H, δ18O, and δ13CDIC) analyses were performed on 13 (8 Slovenian and 5 imported) bottled mineral and spring waters from the Slovenian market. In addition, 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios were determined for the first time. In all analyzed bottled waters, the majority of elements were present although in low concentrations, and according to EU legislation, all were suitable for human consumption. Also, concentrations of major elements (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) were in general agreement with the values reported on the bottle labels, and any differences were the consequence of the natural variability of the water source used for bottling. The exception was one spring water, for which the source location changed, which was confirmed by the δ2H, δ18O, and δ13CDIC data. Two mineral waters had distinctive elemental compositions due to the particular geology of their recharge areas. The δ13CDIC was also investigated to decipher the carbonate contribution in the bottled waters. The results suggest that dissolution of carbonates and non-equilibrium carbonate dissolution by carbonic acid produced from soil zone CO2 are the predominant geochemical processes influencing the δ13CDIC values of bottled water.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is the most common material used in manufacturing mineral water bottles. Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) used to form the PET containers may pollute water with their ingredients. In this research, graphite furnance atomic absorption spectrometry was used to investigate the effects of storage time (1 to 8 weeks), storage temperature (-20 to 80 °C), pH (6.3 to 8.3), exposure to sunlight, and UV radiation on leaching antimony from PET bottles into the mineral water of 15 bottled water brands available in Fars Province. Concentrations of antimony in the first and second weeks were lower than the maximum standard limit (5 ppb) recommended by Iranian regulations. Antimony concentration in one sample (brand A) rose above the standard limit after four weeks and in 3 samples (brands A, F, and J with antimony concentrations of 5.48, 5.08, and 5.06 µg/L, respectively) exceeded the standard limit after 8 weeks. Sunlight, UV radiation, changes in pH, and storage at temperatures of -20 ℃, 60 ℃, and 80℃ were also found to increase antimony concentrations to levels above the maximum standard limit. Clearly, storing bottled mineral water in ambient conditions may lead to the release of antimony into bottled water, which is a serious threat to public health.

Bottled drinking water consumption has increased in recent years. Determination of chemical composition of these waters is important interm of public health. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determinenitrate, fluoride, chloride and sulfate levels in bottled waters sold in Sanandajcity during summer and winter of 2012, and their comparison with Iranian and international drinking water standards.Samples were purchased and collected randomly from supermarkets in which 10 types of different brands were examined. The names of the brands are denoted as A to J. The volume of each bottle was 1.5 Lit.Ion Chromatography was used to determine levels of different elements in samples. The results of the study showed that nitrate, fluoride, chloride and sulfate levels in the samples were 0.84-7.69, 0.04-0.32, 0.64-30.29 and 0.26-58.73 mg/l, respectively. levels of nitrate, fluoride, chloride and sulfatein the bottles were lower than drinking water standards, but the written levels on the labels had no enough precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottled waters have been becoming increasingly popular in Korea over the last two decades due to the high demand for safe drinking water. Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater is essential for understanding quality properties of bottled waters. We investigated hydrochemistry of 60 manufacture factories for bottled waters in relation to geology. The mean EC value is highest in groundwaters of Ogcheon metamorphic rocks (213.6 μS/cm) > Precambrian gneiss (177.8 μS/cm) > Cretaceous granite (160.4 μS/cm) > Jurassic granite (131.3 μS/cm) > Quaternary Jeju Island volcanic rocks (99.2 μS/cm). The groundwater types are commonly classified as Ca-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3, or Ca-Mg-HCO3 types depending on bed rocks. Based on correlation matrix, the groundwater chemistry was controlled by water–rock interactions. We established relationships between groundwater compositions and bedrock geology in Korea.

Research on emerging substances in drinking water presents major interest and the possibility of trace contamination has seen increasing concern from the scientific community and the public authorities. More particularly, residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in bottled water are a very important issue due to societal concerns and potential media impact. In this context, it has become necessary to carry out reliable monitoring. This requires measurements of high quality with demonstration of accuracy and well-defined uncertainty. In this study, 20 pharmaceutical compounds were targeted for the first time in 167 bottled waters from France and other European countries. An isotope dilution-solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method, together with stringent quality control and quality assurance protocols, was developed and validated according to French mandatory standards. Recoveries between 87% and 112% were obtained with coefficient of variation below 20%. Operational limits of quantification (LOQ) were comprised between 5 and 30 ng L − 1 . Expanded uncertainties (k = 2) ranged between 16% and 43% and were below 35% for half of the compounds. The survey showed only four positive quantifications, thereby highlighting the rarity of contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-one bottled mineral and spring waters from Serbia were analyzed for 16 inorganic chemical parameters, including lanthanides and yttrium which belong to the group of so-called rare earth elements (REE). REE concentrations in the bottled water samples varied over a broad range, from 5.39 to 1585.82 ng/L. Total concentrations in the bottled water samples were calculated taking into account the classification of lanthanides into heavy (HREE) and light (LREE), with yttrium added to the HREE group. The LREE concentrations ranged from 3.62 to 1449.63 ng/L, while those of the HREE were from 0 to 136.19 ng/L. Distinct REE signatures were observed in waters that drained specific rocks. The REE patterns in groundwater from granitic and related rocks showed LREE and HREE enrichment, while groundwater with mafic rock influence exhibited slightly LREE enrichment. Several bottled water samples featured naturally-occurring carbon dioxide, whose solutional capacity contributed to the highest REE concentrations in the analyzed samples. High REE concentrations are also a result of sudden changes in oxidation-reduction conditions, which particularly affect La, Ce and Eu. Aquifers developed in granitic and related rocks (methamorphic and sedimentary rocks) constitute favorable environments for HREE in groundwater, corroborated by the occurrence of HREE in bottled water samples. The bottled water samples largely exhibited a negative cerium anomaly and nearly all the samples showed a positive europium anomaly.

Fluoride content of bottled waters from the customers foodproducts basket in the Czech Republic 2005-2006 was analysed electrochemically. It was found that bottled waters for infants contained no more than 0.1 mg of fluoride per litre as well as the substantial part of bottled spring waters suitable for infants. An exception is the brand GOOD WATER (Dobrá voda) which contained about under 0.7 ppm of fluoride. The recognizable fluoride content was additionally found in croatian product RADENSKA (0.3-0.6 ppm of fluoride). The regular and exclusive utilization of the above waters in the infants'nutrition ought to modify the dosage scheme of fluoride supplementation if indicated.

The elemental composition of 37 bottled waters from the UK and continental Europe has been determined. Ca, K, Mg, Na, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, U, V and Zn were determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS, in addition to inorganic and total organic carbon. The composition of all the waters analysed fell within the guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization. Na, Ca, Sr and Ba showed the widest variation in concentrations, ranging over two orders of magnitude. Levels of Fe were below the limit of detection (30 μg L −1 ) in all samples analysed. Waters produced in the UK generally showed lower levels of most major elements and trace metals, with the exception of Ba (up to 455 μg L −1 ). Italian waters showed the highest concentrations of Sr (3000–8000 μg L −1 ) and U (8–13 μg L −1 ), whereas waters produced in Slovakia and the Czech Republic showed the highest levels of Pb (0.7–4 μg L −1 ). The use of multivariate analysis reveals an association between high alkaline metal content and high concentrations of As and Cr. There also appears to be a correlation between high Ca and Sr content and high levels of U. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that the composition of bottled water can be distinguished primarily by the country of origin, over other factors including the geological environment of the source. This would suggest that composition reflects, and is biased towards, consumer preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study focuses on the chemical analysis of the available brands of domestic bottled water in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The distribution of the chemical constituents (major, minor, and trace elements) is determined and compared with the chemical content labeled on the bottles and with drinking water standards of Saudi Arabian, World Health Organization, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The obtained results indicated that except for fluoride and bromate, the concentrations of dissolved salts, soluble cations and anions, nitrate, and trace elements of most bottled waters on sale were within the permissible limits set by standards used. On the other hand, the comparison between determined and reported label values recorded a substantial variation in some parameter values. Results indicated that more than 18 % of the sampled bottled waters exceeded the allowable limits for drinking water. Generated Piper diagrams revealed that the majority of investigated waters were sodium chloride-sulfate type; however, the hydrochemical modeling indicated that all water samples were undersaturated for anhydrite, gypsum, and halite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study investigates the chemistry (major and minor elements) and the stable isotopic composition of water (δ18O and δ2H) and carbon in dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in domestic bottled waters collected on the Italian market. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of 52 samples of bottled water range from −13.8‰ to −5.5‰, for δ18O and from −99‰ to −36‰, for δ2H. This observed isotopic variability of water (δ18O and δ2H) falls within and spans most of the normal range for Italian meteoric waters suggesting that bottled water isotope ratios preserve information about the water sources from which they were derived. This investigation helped also to determine the natural origin of bottled water, and to indicate differences between the natural and production processes. The production process may influence the isotopic composition of waters. No such modification was observed for sampled waters. For identifying the origin of CO2 in waters, natural source or added exogenous CO2 of industrial origin, the 13C/12C ratio in the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of carbonated bottled water is analyzed. The δ13C and δ18O, in DIC, range from −21‰ to 0.8‰ and from −25.5‰ to −7.7‰ respectively. The isotopic compositions of DIC (1.5 to −7‰) of natural sparkling Italian waters indicate that an endogenous CO2 from the deep zones of earth''s crust is the origin of the gas in these waters. In still waters grouping the δ13CDIC values indicates mixing of shallow and deeper mineral water in the aquifer and interrelations between soil CO2 and the water–rock interaction. Moreover δ13CDIC values in bottled waters are in accordance with the δ13C values of the aquifers from which they are pumped out. The isotope ratio data assure that the isotopic fingerprint can be used for the authentication of bottled waters and for the certification of the source of bottled water products, and also, as a tool of characterizing an increasingly important component of the human diet. In addition, the carbon isotopic methods applied, can be used for distinguishing the origin of carbon dioxide in the bottled water for regulatory and consumer control applications. Finally, authentication and identification of CO2 origin, is an important and growing challenge to organism in certifying the quality of bottled waters and is a critical in ensuring that bottled water production does not damage the water resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study aimed to provide a tool for selecting the best approach to virological testing of bottled waters. Different methods were investigated. Method A examined the recovery of virus RNA following in situ lysis of virus particles in the aqueous phase and of those adhered to the bottle wall, method B examined the recovery of virus RNA following lysis of virus particles in the aqueous phase, and method C examined the recovery of intact virus particles. Method C generated the lowest genome recovery rate regardless of the water and virus type used, therefore comparison was mainly conducted between methods A and B.The effects of independent variables on the viral RNA recovery rate were determined by full factorial design. These independent variables included three waters (differing in mineral composition), four viruses (poliovirus 1, hepatitis A virus, Norovirus, and the MS2 phage), three incubation times (0, 10, and 20 days), and two methods (A and B). According to the results, each factor influenced the recovery rate of viral RNA with the exception of incubation time. Statistical analysis identified interactions between the factors. The strongest interactions involved the water and virus types, as well as the methods. The results suggested that method A should be used for the concentration and detection of hepatitis A virus, regardless of the divalent cation concentration of the bottled water. Method A was most suitable for water with the highest mineral content (divalent cation concentration of 250mgL−1) and for the analysis of viruses capable of adsorbing onto the bottle walls (Poliovirus 1). Method B could be recommended for the analysis of water whose cation concentration is unknown. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, 8 bottled water brands sold in Cameroon were analyzed for 76 elements/parameters by ICP-MS, IC, titration and mass spectrometric methods. This was to investigate the geochemical characteristics of the bottled waters in order to identify the main hydro geochemical processes controlling their chemical content. A comparison of the element concentrations and the legal limits for both bottled and tap water (Cameroon, EU, US EPA, WHO) shows that Aluminium concentration in three brands is above the lower guideline value set by EPA with very high lead concentration (6.4μg/l) in one brand. Various water quality classification systems were used in to characterize the different bottled water types. Piper diagram was used to establish that dominant chemical types of the bottled water brands are Ca–HCO3, Ca–Mg–HCO3, Ca–Na–Mg–HCO3, Na–HCO3 and Na–Mg–HCO3. Application of R-Mode factor analysis to the data set allowed the determination of the possible relationship between the distribution of individual elements and lithology or other surface enrichment phenomena. In particular waters draining through volcanic rocks are enriched in elements such as As, B, Br−, Cl−, Cs, F, K, Li, Na, NO3 −, PO4 3−, Rb, Sc, SiO2, Sr, Te, Ti, and V. One of the three R-Mode factor analysis associations, recognized as being representative of elements analyzed shows high nitrate and Pb loadings along with As, PO4 3− and Zn. The latter association probably reflects a sign of anthropogenic contribution in the volcano-sedimentary aquifers of the study area. Q-Mode hierarchical cluster analysis established four major groups amongst the bottled water brands. Stable water isotopes (δD and δO18) established that the recharge origin of the bottled waters and other groundwaters of the study area is meteoric. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nine domestic and three imported bottled water brands were analyzed in Saudi Arabia for various physicochemical water quality parameters. The results of the analysis were compared with the drinking water standards set by different regulatory agencies. The levels of different physicochemical parameters like pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), Ca, Mg, Na, K, NO3, Cl, and SO4 of all local and imported bottled water brands met the standards set by different regulatory agencies. Fifteen (15) trace metals viz. Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, Pb, and Zn were also analyzed in all the samples. Comparison of analyzed results with the reported label values showed considerable variation for different parameters. Variation was also recorded for the analyzed parameters for 3 bottles of the same bottled water brand, both for local and imported bottled waters. Zamzam water was also collected from Makkah Al Mukarrama from different locations and analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters. Bottled waters were also compared with the city municipal water supply and Zamzam water. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Twenty-two bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland have been analysed for 71 inorganic chemical parameters with low detection limits as a subset of a large European survey of bottled groundwater chemistry (N=884). The Nordic bottled groundwaters comprise mainly Ca–Na–HCO3–Cl water types, but more distinct Ca–HCO3, Na HCO3 and Na–Cl water types are also offered. The distributions for most elements fall between groundwater from Fennoscandian Quaternary unconsolidated aquifers and groundwater from Norwegian crystalline bedrock boreholes. Treated tap waters have slightly lower median values for many parameters, but elements associated with plumbing have significantly higher concentrations in tap waters than in bottled waters. The small dataset is able to show that excessive fluoride and uranium contents are potential drinking water problems in Fennoscandia. Nitrate and arsenic displayed low to moderate concentrations, but the number of samples from Finland and Northern Sweden was too low to detect that elevated concentrations of arsenic occur in bedrock boreholes in some regions. The data shows clearly that water sold in plastic bottles is contaminated with antimony. Antimony is toxic and suspected to be carcinogenic, but the levels are well below the EU drinking water limit. The study does not provide any health-based arguments for buying bottled mineral and spring waters for those who are served with drinking water from public waterworks. Drinking water from crystalline bedrock aquifers should be analysed. In case of elevated concentrations of fluoride, uranium or arsenic, most bottled waters, but not all, will be better alternatives when treatment of the well water is not practicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bottled waters are an increasingly significant product in the human diet. In this work, we present a dataset of stable isotope ratios for bottled waters sampled in Greece. A total of 25 domestic brands of bottled still waters, collected on the Greek market in 2009, were analysed for δ18O and δ2H. The measured stable isotope ratios range from −9.9‰ to −6.9‰ for δ18O and from −67.50‰ to −46.5‰ for δ2H. Comparison of bottled water isotope ratios with natural spring water isotope ratios demonstrates that on average the isotopic composition of bottled water tends to be similar to the composition of naturally available local water sources, showing that bottled water isotope ratios preserve information about the water sources from which they were derived and suggesting that in many cases bottled water should not be considered as an isotopically distinct component of the human diet. This investigation also helped to determine the natural origin of bottled water, and to indicate differences between the natural and production processes. The production process may influence the isotopic composition of waters. No such modification was observed for sampled waters in this study. The isotopic methods applied can be used for the authentication of bottled waters and for use in the regulatory monitoring of water products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Within the framework of the Pan-European project about the geochemistry of bottled mineral waters in Europe launched in 2007 by the European Geological Surveys (EGS) Geochemistry Expert Group fourteen brands of bottled natural waters from Croatia of both mineral and spring types were evaluated for getting more coherent spatial information about the natural variation of element concentration in bottled waters found at the European market. Results of chemical analysis show that not a single one out of fourteen analyzed bottled waters from Croatia exceeds the Croatian water standards sanctioning thereby their suitability for human consumption. Also, statistical tests performed for 41 analytes (including pH and EC) clearly show that the water chemistry is in a high degree of conformity with regional geology, depending on structural, stratigraphic and, above all, lithological diversity of aquifers. Thus Dinaric and Pannonian parts of Croatia differ largely with regard to their water types: Dinaric region is completely lacking mineral water types while, on the other side, in the Pannonian region even the spring waters show stronger mineralization in comparison with their Dinaric counterparts. Typically, all natural waters from Croatia bear the bicarbonate (HCO3) signature. However, Ca–Mg cation pair combination is characteristic of spring waters while Na–K dominates in the mineral waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottled water brands, consisting of both local and imported types, collected from Doha city, Qatar, were evaluated for their suitability for human consumption. Water quality constituents that were analyzed include trihalomethanes (THM) by GC‐ECD, turbidity, TDS, total hardness, total alkalinity, pH, EC, major anions by IC, and major cations and trace metals by ICP‐MS. The data obtained were compared with the WHO and the USEPA drinking water standards. As, Se, Ba, and Cu were undetected in all water samples. The levels of potential toxic metals in the studied brands were generally low, except for three brands that had Cd and Pb which exceeded the WHO limits. Fluoride was generally present in all bottled water brands at levels less than the lower optimum level. The reported data for pH, turbidity, TDS, EC, alkalinity, hardness, major anions, and major cations were generally in compliance with the WHO and the USEPA standards, with exception of five brands, where the levels of TDS, EC, F, and NO 3 exceeded the WHO recommended limits. Also, it was found that the concentrations of NO 3 F, Fe, Cr, Zn, and Pb were higher in the local brands. The levels of Cd, Mn, Ca, Mg, EC, alkalinity, SO 4 , TDS, THM, and hardness were higher in the domestic brands, when compared to the imported ones. The levels of Cl, pH, turbidity, and Na in the domestic brands were comparable to imported ones. Three THM were found in 29% of water samples with three brands having CHCl 2 Br and CHCl 3 levels exceeding the WHO standards. Comparison of the results of this study with the reported label values of both domestic and imported bottled water showed good agreement with pH and K values, but significant variation for Ca, Mg, F, NO 3 , and SO 4 in the imported brands and relatively low variation in the domestic brands. The results of chemical analysis of SRM 1460, trace elements in water, were generally in good agreement with NIST certified values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of gross alpha and beta activities were made on 21 domestic and international brands of bottled (purified and mineral) water sold in the Mexican market to assess its radiological quality. Alpha and beta activities were determined using a liquid-scintillation detector with pulse-shape analysis feature. All the purified water had values of beta activity lower than the limit for potable drinking water (1.0 Bq/l), while three brands surpassed the limit of alpha activity (0.1 Bq/l).The limit for alpha radioactivity content was exceed by three mineral waters; the results show a correlation between radioactivity content and mineral salts, which are related with the origin and treatment of the waters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Multi-elemental (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, and Zn) and stable isotope (i.e., δ2H, δ18O, and δ13CDIC) analyses were performed on 13 (8 Slovenian and 5 imported) bottled mineral and spring waters from the Slovenian market. In addition, 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios were determined for the first time. In all analyzed bottled waters, the majority of elements were present although in low concentrations, and according to EU legislation, all were suitable for human consumption. Also, concentrations of major elements (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) were in general agreement with the values reported on the bottle labels, and any differences were the consequence of the natural variability of the water source used for bottling. The exception was one spring water, for which the source location changed, which was confirmed by the δ2H, δ18O, and δ13CDIC data. Two mineral waters had distinctive elemental compositions due to the particular geology of their recharge areas. The δ13CDIC was also investigated to decipher the carbonate contribution in the bottled waters. The results suggest that dissolution of carbonates and non-equilibrium carbonate dissolution by carbonic acid produced from soil zone CO2 are the predominant geochemical processes influencing the δ13CDIC values of bottled water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The presence of heavy metals such as cadmium in drinking water resources can be dangerous for human because of toxicity and biological accumulation. The consumption of water which contains Cd in high concentration can lead to Bone and Kidney diseases., Material and Methods: In this present study, the researcher collected 432 samples of bottled water in the popular marks in summer and winter from the surface of Bandar Abbas. The cadmium concentration was measured by atomic absorption Spectrophotometer in model DR2800 through the Dithizone method. CDI, R and HQ which are caused by Cd for adult men, women and children, have been calculated and evaluated through the equations of EPA and WHO., Results: Mean of 1.73±0.19 µg/l (M±SE) is lower than the standard of WHO and EPA. However, 33.2% of all the samples have concentrations more than the standard limit of WHO, and the concentrations of 22.4% of the samples are more than EPA's standard. The CDI for different age groups is as following manner; Children>adult women>adult men. The CDI in children is more than twice as much as in the CDI for adult men and women. The mean of HQ order for different age groups is children>adult men>adult women. Since HQ of adult men (34E-5), adult women (31E-5) and children (84E-5), is lower than 1., Conclusion: It can be said that the population of Bandar Abbas is in a safe area regarding the HQ of the bottled water's cadmium.