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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in the production of PTFE based coatings for cookware. In this study, emission of PFAS and further volatile organic compounds (VOC) from kitchenware articles were investigated. First, method development for thermal extraction of baking trays, frying pans and baking mats at 250 °C was done by testing three different extraction devices. A thermal desorption oven showed the best blank and highest recoveries of PFAS analytes (70–101% for 12 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), 2 fluorotelomer alcohls (FTOHs), 3 per- and polyfluoroether carboxylic acids (PFECAs), 1 polyfluoroether (PFE)). Second, 18 cookware samples, a PTFE micro powder and 2 lab made coating strips have been investigated. No PFAS were detected in 12 samples (limits of detection: 1–13 ng/dm2). PFCAs (C5–C23) were detected in a baking tray in amounts up to 34 ng/dm2. A baking mat contained 3 ng/dm2 PFOA. FTOHs were not detected in the samples. A PFECA (bC7O2) and its hydride (bC6O2H PFE) were detected in one coating intended for use in frying pans. The hydrides of the PFECA mixture, b(C3O1)nC3 PFECA (Krytox 157FSH), were detected in five baking trays. The PFAS target analytes were not detectable in the five investigated frying pans. Analysing further VOC in the emissions of coatings, 175 compounds could be identified, including alkanes, alkenes, aromatic substances, esters, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, alcohols, carboxylic acids, siloxanes and sulphur, nitrogen, as well as chlorine containing compounds (< 10 µg/dm2). The identified substances cannot be connected to the basic coating polymer of the kitchenware articles, which were PTFE and PES. All samples have undergone a threefold thermal extraction. No substances could be detected in the second and third consecutive extraction, which means that a removal and no new formation of the investigated PFAS as well as the further VOC at 250 °C has occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracetamol‐based bis 1,2,3‐triazole analogues were synthesized involving copper‐catalyzed click chemistry protocol. The new compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectral techniques. All the compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti‐inflammatory properties using diclofenac as standard reference. The compound 6b with chlorine and fluorine functions displayed outstanding activity with IC50 values of 7.34 ± 0.45 µM and 7.84 ± 0.47 µM, respectively. Compound 6g with methyl and fluorine functions displayed best activity with IC50 values of 9.34 ± 0.22 µM and 9.40 ± 0.35 µM, respectively. Compound 6i, 6k, 6f, 6a, 6e, 6h, 6j, and 6l exhibited promising activity with respect to diclofenac. Using PyRx tool, the molecular docking study against crystal structure of COX‐2 proved the binding efficacies with notable binding interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to chlorine dioxide by staff working in a gnotobiotic mouse facility at an Australian research institute was measured to determine whether current controls were sufficient to ensure their exposure remains below the current Australian workplace exposure standard. A combination of workplace surveys, interviews with workers, and personal sampling was undertaken to understand the workplace, identify higher-risk tasks, and measure the concentration of chlorine dioxide in the air where the workers conduct routine tasks involving the use of a chlorine dioxide-based disinfectant. Personal sampling utilized the validated Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) method ID-202, with minor alterations. The tasks identified as being associated with higher airborne exposure to chlorine dioxide were the use of an atomizer to fill isolator ports with aerosolized disinfectant and the use of a disinfectant dunk tank to submerge and surface decontaminate objects. The current work practices in the gnotobiotic facility were found to be compliant with the current 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) limit of 0.1 ppm (0.28 mg/m3) but were not compliant with the 15-min short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 0.3 ppm (0.83 mg/m3). Improvements in exposure controls, such as implementing the use of a fume cupboard (hood) or other local ventilation when activating the disinfectant solution and improving the utilization of respiratory protective equipment, are therefore required to meet the STEL, but it is recommended that such improvements are also aimed at meeting the proposed Peak limitation of 0.1 ppm that is expected to soon be adopted by Safe Work Australia, replacing the current TWA-8hr and STEL exposure standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α,β‐Dichlorocarbonyl compounds were synthesized by facile dichlorination of α,β‐unsaturated amides with TCIA‐PPh3 and the resultant amides were converted to ketones. Conformational analyses of the products were performed to confirm our previous hypothesis regarding vicinal dichlorinated carbonyl compounds. The compounds exhibited 1H NMR signals with large coupling constants (7–11 Hz) for the 1,2‐anti‐configuration and small coupling constants (3–4 Hz) for the 1,2‐syn‐configuration. The syn‐pentane interaction enabled rational conformational analysis of the α,β‐dichlorinated carbonyl compounds, although some interesting exceptions were observed. Consideration of these conformations is helpful in assigning relative configurations of α,β‐dihalogenated carbonyl compounds in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride concentration is one of the important factors that seriously affect the electrolysis of zinc sulfate. The copper slag used in the copper slag dechlorination method has low activity due to long-term storage, resulting in an unstable dechlorination effect. Therefore, a highly active copper deep dechlorination process is proposed to achieve the purpose of stable and deep dechlorination. In this study, the copper slag was pre-oxidized, and high-activity copper was obtained by adding an appropriate amount of zinc powder. The experimental results show that the dechlorination rate reaches 90.41% when the initial solution acidity is 30 g/L and the ratio of copper slag to zinc powder is 7:6; the solution was treated at room temperature (20°C) for 30 min. When the amount of zinc powder was increased 8 times, the removal of chloride ions reached 95.43% and the content of chloride ions in the solution was reduced to 20 mg/L. The dechlorination effect is much lower than the standard of chlorine (< 100 mg/L) in the zinc electrolysis process, realizing deep dechlorination. The process ensures the smooth progress of zinc electrolysis and has great application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología is the property of Fundacion Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología is the property of Fundacion Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología is the property of Fundacion Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play a significant role in ozone depletion in the polar regions, acting as "surfaces" for heterogeneous reactions proceeding with the release of photochemically active molecular chlorine from late winter to early spring. Moreover, during the winter, chlorine "reservoirs," which are reagents for heterogeneous reactions, accumulate on PSC particles. When PSC particles are destroyed in midwinter, the accumulation of chlorine compounds is interrupted, and from late winter to spring, ozone depletion is not observed even under conditions of the strong polar vortex, in the presence of newly formed PSCs. Using the vortex delineation method, we studied the dynamics of the Arctic polar vortex in the winters of 1984–1985, 1998–1999, 2001–2002, 2012–2013, and 2018–2019 as the reasons for the abnormally long absence of PSCs in the Arctic in midwinter, when they existed in January within no more than 5 days according to satellite observations. The PSC melting in these years was observed when the dynamic barrier of the polar vortex weakened due to a local decrease in wind speed along the vortex edge below 20 m/s in the lower stratosphere, which was recorded throughout almost all of January. These cases are the only examples of unusual weakening of the Arctic polar vortex in midwinter for the period from 1979 to 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of active organic crosslinking agents for the vulcanization of NBR based on halogenmethyl-containing compounds has been found, allowing improvement significantly in the rheological and structural parameters of NBR. Gel content and Mooney viscosity in binary systems after plastification on rollers were studied. The sol fraction of cross-linked NBR (SKN-40+TCMCC) was found to be characterized by a bimodal MWD. Abnormally high value of W/ns of sol fractions is associated with the bimodal nature of their MWD and indicates the presence of gel in the elastomer. The value of η of the sol fractions in cross-linked NBR was found to be insignificant. The sol fraction of cross-linked HCPX elastomer was shown to have lower values of the specified parameters and lower content of highmolecular-weight fractions. The branching density ρ of macromolecules of sol fraction of cross-linked NBR was 1.90-2.3·10-3, i.e. on average corresponded to one monomer unit and two hundred branching nodes per molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Method-dependent comparison of antimicrobial agents' efficacy against oral pathogens. Materials and methods: Several sodium hypochlorite solutions (NaOCl)—Perisolv®, Carisolv® and Dakin's solution—were equated with chlorhexidine (CHX) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) against ten oral micro-organisms related to caries and periodontitis using different minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) techniques. Agents were adjusted to the final 70 mmol/L concentration of active chlorine molecule. Results: Apart from H2O2 and the amino acids of Perisolv®, all the agents revealed an antimicrobial effect. Agar diffusion test ranked CHX (p < 0.05) as the most effective against all ten specimens, followed by the NaOCl of Perisolv® and Dakin's solution. Correspondingly, in broth microdilution on agar, CHX was the most effective in eradicating micro-organisms at 0.03 mmol/L compared with 2.2 mmol/L of Dakin's solution. In contrast, the bactericidal concentration of Dakin's solution was the most effective at 0.2 mmol/L, (p < 0.001), followed by Perisolv® (2.14 mmol/L), CHX (2.38 mmol/L) and Carisolv® (3.33 mmol/L) after 5 and 10 min in broth dilution test. In live/dead analysis, 60-min exposure to a 2-fold concentration of agents resulted in two-log Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans inhibition by CHX (35 mmol/L) whilst Streptococcus mutans was more susceptible, in 0.8 and 8.8 mmol/L, after 10 min to CHX and Dakin's respectively. Conclusion: Replacement of CHX with tested hypochlorite agents showed evident potential and promoted rapid antimicrobial effect. Clinical relevance: Effective antimicrobial agents are crucial in controlling pathogen-induced oral infections increasing clinical possibilities to combat oral biofilms. Additionally, CHX substitution with hypochlorite agents could eliminate CHX's adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the chromatic alteration of various types of paints, present on mural painting fragments derived from the vaults of The Upper Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi in Italy (12th–13th century), is studied using synchrotron radiation. Six painted mural fragments, several square centimeters in size, were available for analysis, originating from the ceiling paintings attributed to Cimabue and Giotto; they correspond to originally white, blue/green, and brown/yellow/orange areas showing discoloration. As well as collecting macroscopic X-ray fluorescence and diffraction maps from the entire fragments in the laboratory and at the SOLEIL synchrotron, corresponding paint cross-sections were also analyzed using microscopic X-ray fluorescence and powder diffraction mapping at the PETRA-III synchrotron. Numerous secondary products were observed on the painted surfaces, such as (a) copper tri-hydroxychloride in green/blue areas; (b) corderoite and calomel in vermillion red/cinnabar-rich paints; (c) plattnerite and/or scrutinyite assumed to be oxidation products of (hydro)cerussite (2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2) in the white areas, and (d) the calcium oxalates whewellite and weddellite. An extensive presence of chlorinated metal salts points to the central role of chlorine-containing compounds during the degradation of the 800-year-old paint, leading to, among other things, the formation of the rare mineral cumengeite (21PbCl2·20Cu(OH)2·6H2O). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the spread of coronavirus infections, the demand for disinfectants, such as a sodium chlorite solution, has increased worldwide. Sodium chlorite solution is a food additive and is used in a wide range of applications. There is evidence that chlorous acid or sodium chlorite is effective against various bacteria, but the actual mechanism is not well understood. One reason for this is that the composition of chlorine-based compounds contained in sodium chlorite solutions has not been clearly elucidated. The composition can vary greatly with pH. In addition, the conventional iodometric titration method, the N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulfate (DPD) method and the absorption photometric method cannot clarify the composition. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the composition of a sodium chlorite solution using absorption spectrophotometry and ion chromatography (IC). IC is excellent for qualitative and quantitative analysis of trace ions. Through this, we aimed to develop an evaluation method that allows anyone to easily determine the bactericidal power of sodium chlorite. We found that commercially available sodium chlorite solution is 80% pure, with the remaining 20% potentially containing sodium hypochlorite solution. In addition, when sodium chlorite solution became acidified, its absorption spectrum exhibited a peak at 365 nm. Sodium chlorite solution is normally alkaline, and it cannot be measured by the DPD method, which is only applicable under acidic conditions. The presence of a peak at 365 nm indicates that the acidic sodium chlorite solution contains species with oxidizing power. On the other hand, the IC analysis showed a gradual decrease in chlorite ions in the acidic sodium chlorite solution. These results indicate that chlorite ions may not react with this DPD reagent, and other oxidizing species may be present in the acidic sodium chlorite solution. In summary, when a sodium chlorite solution becomes acidic, chlorine-based oxidizing species produce an absorption peak at 365 nm. Sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite solutions have completely different IC peak profiles. Although there are still many problems to be solved, we believe that the use of IC will facilitate the elucidation of the composition of sodium chlorite solution and its sterilization mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chlorine dioxide gas (ClO2) has potent antimicrobial activity at low concentrations and plays an important role in infection control. This study investigates the effect of long-term inhalation of low-concentration ClO2 by pregnant rats, followed by a two-week observational period for the offspring. Method: Twenty-two pregnant Wistar-Albino rats were used in this study. exposed to ClO2 during gestation ClO2 released at 0.03 ppm for 24 hours/day from the AirDoctor® device was tested on 11 rats of them during the whole gestation period under stable conditions. The other 11 control pregnant rats were exposed to room air only. Body weight was recorded at baseline and day-18 of gestation. ALT and Creatinine serum levels were measured. Nasal cavity swabs were taken to test for bacterial microbiota at baseline and after 18 days of exposure to the gas. Offspring survival, weights, and teratogenic features were monitored for two weeks after delivery. Results: No ClO2-related toxicity signs were observed during the whole study period. No significant differences were observed either in body weights, hepatic and renal markers, microbiota ratios, or the number and weight of pups. No negative observations were recorded about the general health of the offspring. Conclusion: Exposure of pregnant rats to 0.03 ppm ClO2 for 24 hours/day from the AirDoctor® device by inhalation might have no observed toxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Ürünleri Dergisi is the property of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Urunleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Schiff bases of Benzene sulfonyl hydrazide (SBSZ) (1a-e) were prepared by using various benzaldehyde derivatives. (1a-e) SBSZ were then condensed with mercapto acetic acid. The obtained resultant 2-thiazolidinone derivatives (2a-e) were then condensed with 5-nitro-2-furfuralidine derivatives i.e. (Z)-N-(5-((5-nitrofuran-2-yl) methylene)-4-oxo-2-substitutedthiazolidin-3-yl) benzenesulfonamide (3a-e). These derivatives were further condensed with phenyl urea to yield fused heterocyclic derivatives i.e. N-(2-substituted-7-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)-5-(phenylamino)-2H-thiazolo[5,4-e] [1,3]oxazin-3(3aH)-yl) benzene sulfonamide (4a-e). All the derivatives were characterised by C, H, N elemental analyser and IR-NMR-Mass Spectra. The antimicrobial properties of all the derivatives were studied for selected common microbes. The results of antibacterial activity of all three series (i.e. 2a-e, 3a-e, and 4a-e) of compounds indicate that all compounds are toxic for bacteria. However, the chlorine containing compounds are more toxic than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gnotobiotic animal research has expanded markedly over the past decade. Although germ-free animals were first described more than 100 y ago, little evidence-based guidance is available on best operational procedures. A key aspect of gnotobiotic technology is the sterilization of animal enclosures, most commonly flexible vinyl film isolators. The objective of this study was to determine the most effective methods for chemical sterilization of gnotobiotic isolators and associated equipment. As test microbes, we used bacteria from 4 different accidental isolator contaminations that occurred in a gnotobiotic core facility. Identification by 16S ribotyping revealed facultative anaerobic firmicutes, including several Paenibacillus and Bacillus species, and obligate aerobic actinobacteria, namely Micrococcus luteus, among the contaminants. We selected 6 products commonly used for disinfecting hospital rooms, kitchens, and veterinary facilities to represent chlorine-oxide- and peroxide-based disinfectants and tested the hypothesis that these 2 classes are equally effective. However, evaluation of bactericidal and sporicidal activity in liquid cultures revealed that chlorine oxide-based disinfectants were more effective than peroxide-based disinfectants. In both groups, various products effectively sterilized gnotobiotic isolators by fogging in field tests, although bactericidal concentrations were markedly higher than those in suspension cultures, and effectiveness was contact-time-dependent. In addition, in both groups, some disinfectants were excessively corrosive to ferrous metals and acrylic. These results demonstrate that no single disinfectant has all desirable properties and that the different characteristics of disinfectants must be balanced during their selection. However, chlorine oxide-based disinfectants were generally more effective and less corrosive than peroxide-based products.

A quiz related to continuing education (CE) program on occupational and environmental safety and health is presented.

A quiz related to continuing education (CE) program on occupational and environmental safety and health is presented.

Objective: To determine the in vitro antiviral activity of oral care products containing stabilized chlorine dioxide toward infectious viruses that harbor in the oral cavity. Specfically, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), SARS‐CoV, human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E, influenza A (H3N2), rhinovirus type 14, adenovirus type 5, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2 were examined. Methods: Validated in vitro suspension virucidal assays were used. Test product was mixed with the test virus for 30, 60, or 120 s, neutralized with sodium thiosulfate, serially diluted in dilution medium in a 96‐well plate and incubated in a carbon dioxide incubator for 7 days. The 50% Tissue Culture Infectious Dose per milliliter was determined. Results: Two rinses, one oral spray and one fluoride toothpaste showed log reduction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 ranging from 1.81 to 2.98 and of influenza A from 2.58 to 4.13, respectively, within 30 s of contact time; similar results were obtained at 60 s. Further, the Ultra Sensitive rinse showed 0.19, 0.75, 1.58, 1.75, 2.66, and 3.24 log reduction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human coronavirus 229E, rhinovirus type 14, adenovirus type 5, and herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, respectively, within 30 s of contact time. Conclusion: Stabilized chlorine dioxide containing ClōSYS® oral care products reduced the viral load of multiple viruses within 30 s. The results warrant further investigation for potential in vivo applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the study of the behavior of redox-dependent sulfur and chlorine compounds in sediments of water bodies of the Pymvashor natural boundary (PNB) located in the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra (the Polar Cis-Ural Region, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russian Federation) are presented. Currently, the Pymvashor is the only known location in Continental Europe where hydrothermal springs function in the polar territories. Data on the quantitative characteristics of the geochemical parameters of bacterial sulfate reduction (reduced sulfur compounds, reactive iron forms, and organic matter) in the sediments of all studied Pymvashor water bodies have been obtained. It has been established that the revealed differences in the distribution and transformation of these parameters, in addition to the main reasons affecting the course of redox processes, were also caused by the thermal factor (warming effect of thermal waters on all ecosystems of the natural boundary). Thus, iron monosulphides dominated in the upper sediment layers of non-freezing watercourses, which distinguished them from the sediments of seasonally frozen lakes, where sulfur associated with organic matter dominated along the entire length of the sediment cores. The presence of chlorophenols (CPs) and their derivatives, including pentachlorophenol as a persistent organic pollutant, in the sediments of studied Pymvashor water bodies was established. It is shown that the chlorophenol composition is mainly induced by the occurrence of natural enzymatic and biochemical processes. The influence of microclimatic conditions of the subarctic hydrothermal system on the composition, levels, and distribution of chlorophenolic compounds in the sediments was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral care with gel is a common method for preventing aspiration in high-risk patients. An oral care gel is used to clean and moisturize the oral cavity. However, the effects of gel care on the oral bacteria remain unclear. In this pilot study, we described a matching transformation system (MA-T) for elderly high-risk patients. MA-T is an on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide solution that provides excellent safety and has various antimicrobial activities, even in the presence of abundant organic compounds. This study investigated the effects of MA-T gel in patients requiring nursing care. Materials and methods: Patients who were hospitalized for nursing care were included in this study. No drugs and foods were administered orally. Oral bacteria and intraoral humidity were examined by daily care using MA-T gel. Moreover, oral membranous substances were analyzed and material from the oral cavity was cultured on selective media for identifying opportunistic organisms. Results: Membranous substances were present in the oral cavities of all patients. The number of bacteria decreased, and oral moisture improved, after treatment with MA-T gel. Moreover, oral humidity was also controlled with the continued use of MA-T gel. MA-T gels should be used not only for professional care but also on a daily basis for better oral care. Furthermore, the results of bacterial cultures showed that MA-T controls the propagation of opportunistic bacterial infections. Conclusion: Membranous substances may be observed in the oral cavity of individuals requiring nursing care for tube feeding. The results of this pilot study suggest that MA-T, a novel disinfectant, can be used for oral care in the elderly to reduce the risk of aspiration-pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping the hydrogen-disordered phases of ice V, VI, and XII with hydrochloric acid (HCl) has led to the discovery of their hydrogen-ordered counterpart ices XIII, XV, and XIV. Yet, the mechanistic details of the hydrogen-ordering phase transitions are still not fully understood. This includes, in particular, the role of the acid dopant and the defect dynamics that it creates within the ices. Here we investigate the effects of a wide range of acid and base dopants on the hydrogen ordering of ices V and VI with calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Surprisingly, lithium-hydroxide doping achieves a performance comparable to hydrofluoric-acid doping in ice V, but it is ineffective in the case of ice VI. Ice V is therefore the first phase of ice that can be hydrogen-ordered with both acid and base doping. Hydrobromic-acid doping facilitates hydrogen ordering of ice VI, but it is ineffective in the case of ice V. HCl is reaffirmed to be the most effective for both phases which is attributed to a favorable combination of high solubility and strong acid properties. Sodium-hydroxide, potassium-hydroxide (as previously shown), and perchloric-acid doping are ineffective for both phases. These findings highlight the need for future computational studies but also raise the question why lithium hydroxide is the best-performing alkali hydroxide for hydrogen-ordering ice V whereas potassium-hydroxide doping is most effective for the “ordinary” ice Ih. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationship between the (quasi)equilibrium composition of aqueous solutions of various Cl-containing species, its zero-current indicator-electrode potential (E), as well as the Cl atoms' mean oxidation degree (x), i.e., the system's normalized redox charge (Q) is analyzed for a set of pH values (0, 3, 6, or 10). The number of Cl atoms in all the compounds (including the gas phase above the solution) during the process is assumed being equal to the one for the initial solution of 0.1 M chloride anion, i.e., сtot = сini = 0.1 M. Theoretical analysis is carried out for several different variants concerning the rates of redox reactions between system's components. Here, the equilibria involving oxygen-containing compounds of chlorine in its highest positive oxidation degrees are progressively excluded from the consideration. The results are presented as plots of the dependence of the fraction of each chlorine component on the normalized total redox charge or on the indicator electrode potential for a chosen set of equilibria between components, unlike Pourbaix diagrams that provide information only on the basic components of the system and on their involving equilibria. Comparison of predictions for the systems' composition evolution as a function of the total redox charge, for each of the considered variants, demonstrated a strong dependence on the acidity of solution. In particular, for the lowest pH value (pH 0) a coexistence of several components is revealed within certain ranges of electrode potential E or of the mean oxidation degree x; these components give high, or significant, contribution to the total concentration сtot. On the contrary, the contribution of components with intermediate oxidation degrees decreased drastically for higher pH values, whereas the transition between the components of highest concentrations becomes stepwise, taking place within narrow intervals of E or x. The obtained results can be used for the preliminary analysis, based on potentiometric and coulometric data, of the solution composition in the course of reductive or oxidative electrolysis of chlorine-containing compounds, as well as for selection of possible reaction schemes for the modeling of the kinetics of redox-mediator processes involving chlorine oxo compounds as oxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This work aims to determine the efficacy of preprocedural oral rinsing with chlorine dioxide solutions to minimize the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) transmission during high‐risk dental procedures. Methods: The antiviral activity of chlorine‐dioxide‐based oral rinse (OR) solutions was tested by pre‐incubating with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pseudovirus in a dosage‐dependent manner before transducing to human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293T‐ACE2) cells, which stably expresses ACE‐2 receptor. Viral entry was determined by measuring luciferase activity using a luminescence microplate reader. In the cell‐to‐cell fusion assay, effector Chinese hamster ovary (CHO‐K1) cells co‐expressing spike glycoprotein of SARS‐CoV‐2 and T7 RNA polymerase were pre‐incubated with the ORs before co‐culturing with the target CHO‐K1 cells co‐expressing human ACE2 receptor and luciferase gene. The luciferase signal was quantified 24 h after mixing the cells. Surface expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein and ACE‐2 receptor was confirmed using direct fluorescent imaging and quantitative cell‐ELISA. Finally, dosage‐dependent cytotoxic effects of ORs were evaluated at two different time points. Results: A dosage‐dependent antiviral effect of the ORs was observed against SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry and spike glycoprotein mediated cell‐to‐cell fusion. This demonstrates that ORs can be useful as a preprocedural step to reduce viral infectivity. Conclusions: Chlorine‐dioxide‐based ORs have a potential benefit for reducing SARS‐CoV‐2 entry and spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation and structural characterization of [NEt3Me]2[SCl6] is described, which is the first example of a [SCl6]2− dianion and of a halosulfate anion of the type [SxXy]z− in general. This dianion belongs to the group of 14‐valence electron AB6E systems and forms an octahedral structure in the solid‐state. Interestingly, co‐crystallization with CH2Cl2 affords [NEt3Me]2[SCl6]⋅4 CH2Cl2 containing [SCl6]2− dianions with C4v symmetry. As suggested by quantum‐chemical calculations, the distortion of the structure is not caused by a stereochemically active lone pair but by enhanced hydrogen bonding interactions with CH2Cl2. At elevated temperatures, [NEt3Me]2[SCl6] decomposes to various sulfur chlorine compounds as shown by Raman spectroscopy. Cooling back to room temperature results in the selective formation of [NEt3Me]2[SCl6] which is comparable to the well‐studied SCl4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorinated compounds are usually applied in vegetable sanitization, but there are concerns about their application. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate ultrasound (50 kHz), acetic acid (1000; 2000 mg/L), and peracetic acid (20 mg/L) and their combination as alternative treatments to 200 mg/L sodium dichloroisocyanurate. The overall microbial, physicochemical, and nutritional quality of kale stored at 7 °C were assessed. The impact on Salmonella enterica Typhimurium was verified by plate-counting and scanning electron microscopy. Ultrasound combined with peracetic acid exhibited higher reductions in aerobic mesophiles, molds and yeasts, and coliforms at 35 °C (2.6; 2.4; 2.6 log CFU/g, respectively). Microbial counts remained stable during storage. The highest reduction in Salmonella occurred with the combination of ultrasound and acetic acid at 1000 mg/L and acetic acid at 2000 mg/L (2.8; 3.8 log CFU/g, respectively). No synergistic effect was observed with the combination of treatments. The cellular morphology of the pathogen altered after combinations of ultrasound and acetic acid at 2000 mg/L and peracetic acid. No changes in titratable total acidity, mass loss, vitamin C, or total phenolic compounds occurred. Alternative treatments presented equal to or greater efficacies than chlorinated compounds, so they could potentially be used for the decontamination of kale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations of the indicator electrode potential under zero current condition, E, and of the (quasi)equilibrium composition of the aqueous solution (which initially contained 0.5 M chloride anion) in the anode chamber of a model electrolytic cell were calculated, provided that the pH of the solution is kept constant (pH 0) and that the same total number of Cl atoms in all chlorine compounds (including the gas phase above it) is maintained. Theoretical analysis is carried out for five different hypotheses regarding the possible depth of electrolysis and the nature of the occurring processes. The hypotheses are: (a) no formation of chlorine compounds with oxidation states above +1, i.e., the electrolysis produced molecular chlorine Cl2 as a solute and in the gas space above the solution trichloride anion as well as dissolved HClO and ClO– (in addition to the retaining amount of Cl–); (b) in addition to the compounds indicated for case (a), chlorine compounds are formed in solution in the +3 oxidation state, i.e. HClO2 and (c) in addition to the compounds listed for case (b), chlorine compounds are formed in the +4 oxidation state, i.e. dissolved ClO2 and in the gas phase; (d) the process proceeds with formation of both the chlorate ion and the chlorine compounds of lower oxidation states in solution and in gas phase indicated above for case (c) (Cl–, Cl2, HClO, ClO–, HClO2, ClO2, and ); (e) in addition to the components indicated for variant (d), perchlorate anion can also be formed. All electrochemical and chemical reactions involving the chlorine-containing species which are taken into account within the framework of each of the options (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) are assumed to be in (quasi)equilibrium state. Predictions for all these five hypotheses on the relationship between the redox-charge of the system, Q (or the average oxidation state of chlorine atoms, x), and the indicator electrode potential, E, as well as on the dependence of the system's composition (concentrations of all compounds) on either x or E are derived. Approaches for the experimental determining of the variant for the evolution of the Cl-containing anolyte composition in the course of electrolysis are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is mostly caused by uterine atony and is the leading cause of maternal death. Hysterectomy may be necessary in severe cases, but uterine compressive sutures are an uterine-sparing alternative. In 2005, Alcides Pereira proposed a technique with serial superficial stiches around the uterus. To date, there were no further reports on its clinical use.Objective: To evaluate a tertiary center's experience with Alcides-Pereira's compressive uterine sutures for severe PPH due to uterine atony, reviewing its efficacy, morbidity, and impact on reproductive outcomes.Study Design: An 11-year retrospective cohort study of Alcides-Pereira's sutures for PPH at a single tertiary hospital. Demographic and obstetric data were collected. Details of subsequent pregnancies and fertility plans were collected through a telephonic interview. Comparison between women in which the sutures were effective and ineffective to prevent hysterectomy was made.Results: Alcides-Pereira's sutures were applied in 23 patients with PPH due to uterine atony. The technique was successful in controlling the hemorrhage and avoiding hysterectomy in 20 patients (87%). When successful, the sutures avoided the need for any blood therapy in 55% (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.73) of patients, intensive care unit admission in 80% (RR 0.2, 95% CI 0.08-0.48) and significantly shortened the length of hospital stay. All patients with preserved uterus resumed their usual menstrual pattern. One had a subsequent term vaginal delivery; one had three first trimester miscarriages. All other patients did not try to conceive.Conclusion: Alcides-Pereira's sutures are a feasible, uterine-sparing technique, providing an effective and safe option for PPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on patient pharmacotherapy with aerophagia, meteorism, eructation, flatulence, abdominal distension, colicky pain, borborygmus. It mentions differences between the concepts are explained below and related to abdominal distention and abdominal pain, usually as a result the production of spasms in the muscles intestinal smooth. It also mentions intestinal production due to the neutralization of gastric hydrochloric acid.

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