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ZusammenfassungDer psychischen Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit zuteil geworden. Immer deutlicher zeichnet sich ab, dass psychische Probleme im Kindes- und Jugendalter eine hohe Vorhersagekraft für psychische Erkrankungen im Erwachsenenalter haben. Gleichzeitig verfügen wir über einen immer breiter werdenden Erkenntnisstand zur Bedeutung des psychischen Wohlbefindens von Kindern und Jugendlichen für ihren schulischen Erfolg und für ihre soziale Teilhabe. Der vorliegende Beitrag nimmt die Lebenswelt Schule in das Blickfeld. Es werden Befunde zu schulbezogenen Ressourcen und Risikofaktoren für die psychische Gesundheit von Schüler*innen und zur Rolle von Lehrkräften bei der Früherkennung vorgestellt sowie Schlussfolgerungen für die Förderung der psychischen Gesundheit in der Schule gezogen.

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag informiert über 14 deutschsprachige Programme zur Prävention und Intervention bei Hatespeech unter Kindern und Jugendlichen (Jahrgangsstufen 5–12). Inhalte und Durchführungsmodalitäten der Programme sowie Ergebnisse einer kriteriengeleiteten Qualitätseinschätzung anhand von fünf Kriterien werden im Hinblick auf deren Anwendung in der schulischen Praxis beschrieben und erörtert. Der Überblick über Schwerpunkte, Stärken und Entwicklungspotentiale schulbezogener Hatespeech-Programme ermöglicht Leser*innen eine informierte Entscheidung über den Einsatz der Programme in der Schule sowie in der offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit.

Abstract. Background: Some of the physical health complaints adolescents have, such as headaches and stomachaches, cannot be explained on a somatic level. It is unclear which psychological factors can explain these complaints: stress and social support are often discussed, but emotions rarely are. Aims: This cross-sectional study aims to use social support, stress, the tendency toward negative emotions, and health behaviors to predict physical health complaints in adolescents. Method: The 2018 HBSC (Health Behavior in School-aged Children) data from the German state of Brandenburg was analyzed via structural equation and path modeling ( N = 3,068, age M = 13.05). Results: Results showed that the tendency toward negative emotions seems to be a better predictor for health complaints (β = .35) than stress (β = .17), and even better suited than social support (β = −.08) or health behavior (β = −.06 to β = .16). In the analysis of specific emotions (anger, sadness, and fear), correlations were low and between sadness and complaints they were highest (average β = .19). Limitations: The present cross-sectional study could not examine long-term outcomes. In addition, the results are limited to only a few physical complaints. Future long-term studies should examine multiple disease symptoms in adolescence. Conclusion: The investigated tendency toward negative emotions demonstrated promising results to better understand the relationship between psychological factors and physical health complaints. As negative emotions were particularly important in predicting physical health, prevention programs for adolescents should focus on dealing with negative emotions to improve their health.

Hate speech has become a widespread phenomenon, however, it remains largely unclear why adolescents engage in it and which factors are associated with their motivations for perpetrating hate speech. To this end, we developed the multidimensional “Motivations for Hate Speech Perpetration Scale” (MHATE) and evaluated the psychometric properties. We also explored the associations between social norms and adolescents’ motivations for hate speech perpetration. The sample consisted of 346 adolescents from Switzerland (54.6% boys; Mage=14; SD=0.96) who reported engagement in hate speech as perpetrators. The analyses revealed good psychometric properties for the MHATE, including good internal consistency. The most frequently endorsed subscale was revenge, followed by ideology, group conformity, status enhancement, exhilaration, and power. The results also showed that descriptive norms and peer pressure were related to a wide range of different motivations for perpetrating hate speech. Injunctive norms, however, were only associated with power. In conclusion, findings indicate that hate speech fulfills various functions. We argue that knowing the specific motivations that underlie hate speech could help us derive individually tailored prevention strategies (e.g., anger management, promoting an inclusive classroom climate). Furthermore, we suggest that practitioners working in the field of hate speech prevention give special attention to social norms surrounding adolescents. El discurso de odio se ha convertido en un fenómeno generalizado. Sin embargo, todavía no está claro por qué los adolescentes se involucran en el discurso de odio y qué factores están asociados con las motivaciones para perpetrarlo. Con esta finalidad, desarrollamos una medida multidimensional, la «Escala de Motivaciones para Perpetrar Discurso de Odio» (MHATE), y evaluamos sus propiedades psicométricas. Asimismo, investigamos las asociaciones entre las normas sociales y las motivaciones para participar en el discurso de odio. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 346 adolescentes suizos (54,6% chicos; Medad=14; DT=0,96) que informaron haber perpetrado discurso de odio. Los análisis revelaron buenas propiedades psicométricas de MHATE, incluyendo adecuada consistencia interna. La subescala con mayor frecuencia fue venganza, seguida de las de ideología, conformidad con el grupo, mejora del estatus, regocijo y poder. Las normas descriptivas y la presión de iguales estuvieron relacionadas con varias motivaciones para perpetrar discurso de odio. Las normas prescriptivas, sin embargo, solo se asociaron con el poder. En conclusión, los hallazgos indican que el discurso de odio cumple varias funciones. Conocer las motivaciones específicas para el discurso de odio ayuda a derivar estrategias de intervención individualmente adaptadas (ej., manejo de la ira, promover un clima escolar inclusivo). Además, sugerimos que los profesionales que trabajan en la prevención del discurso de odio presten especial atención a las normas sociales que rodean a los adolescentes.

Zusammenfassung Das Thema Hatespeech ruckt immer mehr in den Fokus der Offentlichkeit und der Forschung. Im Gegensatz zu Hatespeech im Internet wird jedoch Hatespeech unter Jugendlichen, die von Angesicht zu Angesicht im Schulkontext ausgeubt wird, kaum beachtet. Hier setzt die vorliegende Studie an, in der Schuler*innen (n = 55), Lehrkrafte (n = 18) und Sozialpadagog*innen (n =16) auf der Basis leitfadengestutzter Interviews dazu befragt wurden, was mogliche Beweggrunde und Motive dafur sind, dass Schuler*innen Hatespeech in der Lebenswelt Schule und online ausuben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mogliche Beweggrunde fur Hatespeech Angst vor Statusverlust, Gruppendruck, Provokation, Spas, politisch-ideologische Uberzeugung und Kompensation von Frust- und Minderwertigkeitsgefuhlen sind. Daruber hinaus wird verdeutlicht, dass sich hinter diesen Grunden fur Hatespeech oftmals Grundmotive nach Macht und Zugehorigkeit abzeichnen. Die Ergebnisse werden in Bezug auf anschliesende Forschung und praktische Implikationen diskutiert. Schlagworter: Hatespeech, Hassrede, Grunde, Motive, Schule ----- “Then everyone just goes along with it.” A qualitative study on reasons and motives of hate speech among students Abstract Interest in the topic of hate speech has increased steadily in both the public realm and that of scientific research. Seldom addressed, however, is the proliferation of hate speech amongst adolescents, experienced face-to-face in the school context. To this end, the present study interviewed students (n = 55), teachers (n = 18) and social workers (n = 16), using guideline-based interviews to discuss reasons and motives for students practicing hate speech both online and in the school environment. Results showed that reported reasons for hate speech include fear of diminishing status, peer group pressure, provocation, fun, political-ideological convictions, and compensation for feelings of frustration and inferiority. Additionally, reasons for hate speech are often associated with the basic motives need for power and affiliation. The findings are discussed in relation to future research and practical implications. Keywords: hate speech, reasons, motives, school ----- Bibliographie: Ballaschk, Cindy/Wachs, Sebastian/Krause, Norman/Schulze-Reichelt, Friederike/Kansok-Dusche, Julia/Bilz, Ludwig/Schubarth, Wilfried: „Dann machen halt alle mit.“ Eine qualitative Studie zu Beweggrunden und Motiven fur Hatespeech unter Schuler*innen, Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung / Discourse. Journal of Childhood and Adolescence Research, 4-2021, Online-First, S. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3224/diskurs.v16i4.01

Hate speech is often discussed and investigated as an online phenomenon, while hate speech among adolescents in the real world (e.g., in schools) has rarely been researched. Consequently, not much is known about potential interpersonal correlates and theoretical frameworks that might help us better understand why adolescents engage in hate speech in offline environments. To add to the literature, this study investigates hate speech perpetration among young people by utilizing the Social Cognitive Theory; more specifically, the association between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech in schools, and whether this relation is weakened or strengthened by anti-hate speech injunctive norms and deviant peer pressure. The sample consists of 1719 young people (45.1% boys, 53.6% girls, 1.3% gender diverse) between 11 and 18 years old ( Mage = 13.96; SD = .98) from 22 schools in Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure hate speech involvement and adolescents’ perception of social norms (i.e., anti-hate speech injunctive norms and deviant peer pressure). Multilevel regression analyses revealed that witnessing and perpetrating hate speech were positively associated. Moreover, injunctive anti-hate speech norms were negatively related and deviant peer pressure positively related to hate speech perpetration. Finally, increasing levels of injunctive anti-hate speech norms weakened the relation between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech, whereas higher levels of deviant peer pressure strengthened this association. The findings demonstrate that the Social Cognitive Theory is a useful framework for understanding hate speech perpetration in schools. The results also highlight the importance of taking into account social norms and interpersonal relationships (e.g., within the class) when designing anti-hate speech prevention programs and not focusing solely on intrapersonal factors.

PurposeTeachers are exposed to many stressors. Compared to other occupational groups, they are more frequently affected by psychosomatic complaints. In recent decades, numerous prevention and intervention measures for promoting health have been developed and implemented for this target group. However, it remains unclear how the uptake of health-promotion measures (HPMs) by teachers can be increased in order to prevent stress-related disorders. This paper examines two facets of health literacy—health awareness and health value—in terms of their importance in both the take-up and intended take-up of HPMs.Design/methodology/approachIn the 2017/2018 school year, data were collected by paper and pencil from a representative sample of 830 teachers across all school types in the German State of Brandenburg.FindingsTeachers who place great value on their own health show significantly higher levels of take-up and intended take-up of HPMs. The findings regarding health awareness are more heterogeneous. Further associations were found with age and psychosocial stress.Originality/valueWhile there has been growing academic interest in developing HPMs for teachers, there has been relatively little focus on the factors that may influence the implementation and uptake of these measures. The paper contributes to addressing this gap by shedding light on the relevance of two facets of health literacy. Strengthening the perceived importance of health could be a starting point for increasing the use of HPMs by teachers and thus improving their health.

Teachers’ responses to incidents of bullying among students can be important for bullying dynamics. Theoretical models of teachers’ intervention competence and the theory of planned behavior sugges...

Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (κ = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research.

ZusammenfassungVon Hass und Hetze geprägte Kommunikationsformen im Internet stehen seit einigen Jahren im Fokus der öffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit. Kaum beachtet wurden bisher jedoch die Fragen, ob sich solche als Hatespeech bezeichneten Ausdrucksweisen auch in der Schule zeigen und wie Schüler/innen derartige Vorfälle bewerten und bewältigen. Um Antworten auf diese Fragen zu finden, wurden 21 leitfadengestützte, episodische Interviews (nach Flick) mit Jugendlichen aus Berlin und Brandenburg zu ihren Erfahrungen und Bewältigungsstrategien in Bezug auf Hatespeech im schulischen Kontext ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass Hatespeech-Erfahrungen von Schüler/innen als belastend wahrgenommen und die eigenen Potenziale zur Bewältigung individuell und situativ unterschiedlich bewertet werden. Insbesondere die subjektive Beeinflussbarkeit bzw. Kontrollierbarkeit des stressauslösenden Hatespeech-Vorfalls sowie die soziale Unterstützung im Setting der Schulklasse scheinen sich auf die Bewältigung auszuwirken. Die berichteten Bewältigungsstrategien lassen sich, dem Transaktionalen Stressmodell entsprechend, in emotionsfokussiert (Einbezug sozialer Unterstützung, Verdrängung und Vermeidung) und problemfokussiert (aktives Ignorieren und Counterspeech) kategorisieren. Die Ergebnisse stützen Forderungen nach Präventionsarbeit in Schulen. Schüler/innen sollten dabei als Expert/innen der Lebenswelt Schule einbezogen werden. Außerdem scheinen Maßnahmen zur Stärkung sozialer und personaler Ressourcen sinnvoll zu sein, um konstruktive Bewältigungsstrategien zu ermöglichen. Zur Konkretisierung und Quantifizierung der Forschungsergebnisse ist weitere Forschung notwendig.

Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie Die Studie untersucht die Inanspruchnahme von gesundheitsförderlichen Maßnahmen durch Lehrkräfte und die empfundene Passung zwischen Angebot und subjektivem Bedarf. Methodik Im Schuljahr 2017/18 wurden mittels Fragebogen Daten von 830 Lehrkräfte an allen allgemeinbildenden Schulformen des Landes Brandenburg zu ihrer Inanspruchnahme, dem Angebot und dem Bedarf erhoben. Ergebnisse 81,3% der Lehrkräfte haben in den letzten 24 Monaten eine oder mehrere gesundheitsförderliche Maßnahme(n) in Anspruch genommen. Es fanden sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede bezüglich des Alters, des Geschlechts, der Schulform und der Trägerschaft. Für die meisten Bereiche der Gesundheitsförderung gaben die Lehrkräfte einen deutlich höheren subjektiven Bedarf im Vergleich zum wahrgenommenen Angebot an, wobei ein besonders hoher Bedarf für Maßnahmen der individuellen Verhaltensprävention und der Schulraumgestaltung besteht. Schlussfolgerungen Bei der Implementierung von Präventionsmaßnahmen sollte die Passung zwischen Angebot und subjektivem Bedarf aus Sicht der Lehrkräfte stärker als bisher berücksichtigt werden.

Prior research suggests that teachers with higher levels of empathy are more willing to intervene in bullying among students. However, these findings are based on hypothetical bullying situations a...

Hate speech is a social phenomenon that also affects the school environment. However, what school staff understands by hate speech is unclear, and therefore, the objektive of the present interview study with teachers (

Self-efficacy, commonly seen as an important competence for teachers when intervening in bullying, is a heterogeneous construct. Differences in the specific kinds of self-efficacy under review, its assessment, theoretical foundations, and the samples used when researching it generate diverse results that can be hard to integrate. This systematic review surveys existing literature on the extent of teachers’ self-efficacy in managing bullying and its connection to the likelihood that teachers will intervene in bullying, to their intervention strategies, and the prevention measures they employ, as well as students’ bullying behavior and their experiences of victimization. Thirty-six relevant publications based on 33 studies were included. The quality of their results was assessed, and their findings were systematized and are discussed here. Many studies are of low quality because of incomplete descriptions of underlying theoretical as well as methodological foundations. Almost all results are based on descriptive study designs. Consistent findings show that teachers generally feel confident in managing bullying and that teachers who are more confident intervene more often. Findings were mixed on the connections between teachers’ self-efficacy and intervention strategies, and the prevention measures they used, as well as students’ bullying behavior and experiences of victimization. It was also discovered that the connections between teachers’ self-efficacy and their prevention measures, their students’ bullying behavior, and collective efficacy in general have rarely been addressed in the literature.

Gefluchtete haben im Vergleich mit der Allgemein­bevolkerung ein erhohtes Risiko, unter psychischen Storungen zu leiden. Die psychosoziale und psychotherapeutische Versorgungslage fur Gefluchtete in Deutschland wird derzeit als unzureichend eingeschatzt. Deutschlandweit haben sich daher Initiativen gegrundet, um mittels niedrigschwelliger therapeutischer Kontakt- und Beratungsangebote diese Versorgungslucken zu schliesen. Diese Initiativen haben haufig Projektcharakter und werden teilweise ehrenamtlich durchgefuhrt. Eines dieser Projekte, die therapeutische Krisensprechstunde in Dresdner Erstaufnahmeeinrichtungen, soll in diesem Artikel naher vorgestellt werden. Die Campkrisensprechstunde ist ein niedrigschwelliges, dolmetschergestutztes Angebot zur Stressreduktion, welches sich an psychisch belastete BewohnerInnen der Erstaufnahmeeinrichtungen fur Asylsuchende in Dresden richtet. Sie bietet emotionale Entlastung, Stabilisierung, Psychoedukation, Ressourcenaktivierung und im Bedarfsfall auch Interventionen zur Deeskalation. Das Angebot wird seit Projektbeginn stetig nachgefragt und ist zu einem festen Bestandteil der psychosozialen Unterstutzungsangebote in den beiden teilnehmenden Erstaufnahmeeinrichtungen geworden. Die Notwendigkeit der Schaffung und Finanzierung langfristiger, tragfahiger Strukturen in der Regelversorgung bleibt dennoch bestehen.

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Studie wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob Lehrkräfte auf unterschiedliche Mobbingarten unterschiedlich reagieren. Dazu werden Angaben von 1.996 Schülerinnen und Schülern aus Sachsen zu tatsächlich stattgefundenen Mobbingsituationen ausgewertet. Sie schätzten neben der dominierenden Mobbingform in der Situation die Reaktion ihrer Lehrkräfte auf die Situation, die gewählte Interventionsstrategie und den Interventionserfolg ein. Am häufigsten werden Fälle verbalen Mobbings berichtet, Cybermobbingfälle hingegen vergleichsweise selten. Die Jugendlichen berichten, dass die meisten Lehrkräfte in den Mobbingsituationen intervenieren, vor allem wenn es sich um Cybermobbing handelt. Aus ihrer Sicht sind Lehrkräfte besonders erfolgreich darin, Cybermobbing zu beenden. Unterstützend-kooperierenden Interventionsstrategien wird von den Schülerinnen und Schülern ein höherer Interventionserfolg bescheinigt als autoritär-strafenden und unterstützend-individuellen Strategien.

Abstract. Health literacy can help explain health inequalities in childhood and adolescence. However, suitable instruments for assessing health literacy in this age group are rare, especially in the German-speaking countries. One economical measure is the 10-item Health Literacy in School-Aged Children (HLSAC) scale, developed and reviewed as part of the WHO Child and Adolescent Health Study (HBSC, Health Behavior in School-Aged Children). In the present study, we tested dimensionality, measurement invariance, and associations with health-related measures of the German version of the scale (HLSAC–German), using data from the 2018 national German HBSC study ( N = 4,347 students aged 11, 13, and 15 years). We also tested HLSAC–German with 11-year-olds, representing an expansion of the original scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses consistently demonstrated the unidimensionality of the scale (α = .88). Complete scalar measurement invariance was found for sex and partial scalar measurement invariance for age groups and school type, allowing for the comparison of means. Associations with indicators of health and health behavior further demonstrate the construct validity of the scale. The analyses show that the scale is suitable for the economic measurement of a general factor of health literacy in 11- as well as in 13- and 15-year-olds.

Abstract. Many studies have focused on the effects of teachers’ well-being on the development of students, in particular their academic achievement. To date, little is known about the association between teachers’ well-being and students’ well-being. In the present study, we analyzed this relationship and examined the mediating role of teacher support using linked data from 2,686 students and 805 teachers from 48 schools in Germany. Multilevel regression analyses showed a relationship between teachers’ emotional exhaustion and students’ subjective health complaints and between teachers’ psychological well-being and students’ satisfaction with school. The latter association was mediated by teacher support as perceived by students. This study extends current knowledge about the relevance of teachers’ well-being to their students’ socio-emotional development and the mechanisms that underlie this association. Implications for promoting of mental health in schools and for future research are discussed.

Adolescents around the globe are increasingly exposed to online hate speech (OHS). And yet little is known about the varying roles of involvement and the determinants of adolescents' hate speech perpetration. Building on previous research, this study aims to test the cycle of violence hypothesis for OHS and to analyze whether moral disengagement (MD) and empathy moderate the victim-to-perpetrator relationship. The sample consists of 3,560 seventh to ninth graders (52.1 percent girls), recruited from 40 schools across Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHS involvement, MD, and empathy. Multilevel analyses revealed that victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration. In addition, victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of MD than those with lower levels of MD. Finally, victims of OHS were less likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of empathy than those with lower levels of empathy. The findings extend the cycle of violence hypothesis to OHS and highlight the need to address MD and empathy in hate speech prevention. Implications for future research will be discussed.

While there are increasing empirical findings on general health literacy (HL), there is a lack of evidence on digital HL in adolescence and its association with health behavior.A cross-sectional study of 490 students from grade eight and nine from the federal state of Hesse was conducted from October 2019 to February 2020. Digital HL was assessed using five subscales of the Digital Health Literacy Instrument (DHLI), while consumption of fruits, vegetables, and soft drinks as well as weekly physical activity were used as indicators of health behavior. In addition to gender and grade level, subjective social status (SSS) was used as a social characteristic. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed, with binary-logistic regression adjusted for gender and SSS.Across all items, 15.3 to 37.5% of adolescents reported difficulties in acquiring and dealing with digital health information. Stratified by social characteristics, gender and socioeconomic differences were found with girls and respondents reporting a lower SSS more often showed a limited digital HL. Adolescents with moderate and low digital HL reported higher levels of low physical activity and non-daily fruit and daily soft drink consumption.The findings suggest a need for interventions to promote digital HL among adolescents, particularly for those of low SSS. In this context, the differential relationship patterns with health behaviors provide an avenue for the development of specific interventions. The school as a place of teaching and learning is a suitable setting because, among other things, of its fit with the mandatory strategy of media literacy education in schools.HINTERGRUND: Während vermehrt Studienbefunde zur allgemeinen Gesundheitskompetenz (GK) vorliegen, mangelt es an Erkenntnissen zur digitalen GK im Jugendalter und deren Assoziationen mit Indikatoren des Gesundheitsverhaltens.Empirische Basis bildet eine von Oktober 2019 bis Februar 2020 im Bundesland Hessen durchgeführte Querschnittstudie mit 490 Schülerinnen und Schülern der Klassenstufe 8 und 9. Die digitale GK wurde mithilfe von 5 Subskalen des Digital Health Literacy Instrument (DHLI) erfasst, während der Verzehr von Obst, Gemüse und Softdrinks sowie die körperliche Aktivität als Indikatoren des Gesundheitsverhaltens herangezogen wurden. Als soziales Merkmal wurde neben dem Geschlecht und der Klassenstufe der subjektive Sozialstatus (SSS) berücksichtigt. Die Datenauswertung erfolgte uni-, bi- und multivariat, wobei binärlogistische Regressionen für das Geschlecht und den SSS adjustiert wurden.Über alle Items hinweg berichten 15,3–37,5 % der befragten Jugendlichen Schwierigkeiten bei der Beschaffung von und im Umgang mit digitalen Informationen. Differenziert nach sozialen Merkmalen finden sich für 2 Dimensionen der digitalen GK Unterschiede zuungunsten der Mädchen sowie durchgehend ein sozialer Gradient zuungunsten von Befragten mit niedrigem SSS. Jugendliche mit mittlerer und geringer digitaler GK weisen ein höheres Maß an geringer körperlicher Aktivität, nichttäglichem Obstverzehr und täglichem Konsum von zuckerhaltigen Getränken auf.Die Befunde weisen auf einen Interventionsbedarf zur Förderung der digitalen GK insbesondere bei Jugendlichen mit geringem SSS hin. Die differenziellen Zusammenhangsmuster mit dem Gesundheitsverhalten bieten Ansatzpunkte für die Entwicklung spezifischer Interventionen. Als Lehr- und Lernort stellt die Schule u. a. aufgrund der Passung mit verpflichtenden Strategien der schulischen Medienkompetenzbildung ein geeignetes Setting dar.

Social patterns in bullying show consistent gender differences in adolescent perpetration and victimization with large cross-national variations. Previous research shows associations between societal gender inequality and gender differences in some violent behaviors in adolescents. Therefore, there is a need to go beyond individual associations and use a more social ecological perspective when examining gender differences in bullying behaviors. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to explore cross-national gender differences in bullying behaviors and (2) to examine whether national-level gender inequality relates to gender differences in adolescent bullying behaviors.Traditional bullying and cyberbullying were measured in 11-year-olds to 15-year-olds in the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (n = 200,423). We linked individual data to national gender inequality (Gender Inequality Index, 2018) in 46 countries and tested their association using mixed-effects (multilevel) logistic regression models.Large cross-national variations were observed in gender differences in bullying. Boys had higher odds of perpetrating both traditional and cyberbullying and victimization by traditional bullying than girls. Greater gender inequality at country level was associated with heightened gender differences in traditional bullying. In contrast, lower gender inequality was associated with larger gender differences for cyber victimization.Societal gender inequality relates to adolescents' involvement in bullying and gendered patterns in bullying. Public health policy should target societal factors that have an impact on young people's behavior.

This study examined the participation in health-promoting measures by teachers and the perceived fit between offers and subjective needs from the teachers' perspective.In the academic year 2017/18, questionnaire-based data were collected at schools in the German state of Brandenburg (n=830). The teachers answered questions about the use, offer and subjective need regarding health-promoting measures.81.3% of teachers had participated in one or more health-promoting measures in the past 24 months. We found no significant differences in age, gender, type and sponsorship of school. In most subjects of health promotion, teachers indicated a considerably higher need for such measures compared to the perceived offer. From the teachers' point of view, there was a particular need for measures to change individual behavior and the health-promoting design of the schools and classrooms.When implementing prevention measures, the fit between offers and subjective needs from the teachers' point of view should be given greater consideration.Die Studie untersucht die Inanspruchnahme von gesundheitsförderlichen Maßnahmen durch Lehrkräfte und die empfundene Passung zwischen Angebot und subjektivem Bedarf.Im Schuljahr 2017/18 wurden mittels Fragebogen Daten von 830 Lehrkräfte an allen allgemeinbildenden Schulformen des Landes Brandenburg zu ihrer Inanspruchnahme, dem Angebot und dem Bedarf erhoben.81,3% der Lehrkräfte haben in den letzten 24 Monaten eine oder mehrere gesundheitsförderliche Maßnahme(n) in Anspruch genommen. Es fanden sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede bezüglich des Alters, des Geschlechts, der Schulform und der Trägerschaft. Für die meisten Bereiche der Gesundheitsförderung gaben die Lehrkräfte einen deutlich höheren subjektiven Bedarf im Vergleich zum wahrgenommenen Angebot an, wobei ein besonders hoher Bedarf für Maßnahmen der individuellen Verhaltensprävention und der Schulraumgestaltung besteht.Bei der Implementierung von Präventionsmaßnahmen sollte die Passung zwischen Angebot und subjektivem Bedarf aus Sicht der Lehrkräfte stärker als bisher berücksichtigt werden.

Hate Speech betrifft die Lebenswelt von Kindern und Jugendlichen in einem erheblichen Mase. Deshalb sind auch Schulen und Lehrkrafte mit dem Phanomen zunehmend konfrontiert. Der Bildungs- und Erziehungsauftrag der Schule erfordert eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit rassistischen und menschenverachtenden Positionen. Um diesem Auftrag gerecht zu werden, bedarf es beim Umgang mit Hate Speech vermehrter Anstrengungen in Schule und Lehrkraftebildung. Erste Leitlinien und Perspektiven zeichnen sich schon heute ab.

To date, little has been known about teachers’ success in bullying interventions. Thus, the present study analyzes how successfully teachers intervene in real bullying situations, based on an analysis of 1,996 reports by German students aged between 12 and 15 (49.2% female) from 24 schools. Predictors of success included intervention strategy (authoritarian-punitive, supportive-individual, supportive-cooperative intervention), bullying form (physical, verbal, relational, cyber), and the student’s bullying role (bully, victim, bystander) in the particular situation. Multilevel analyses showed that supportive-cooperative intervention strategies were the most successful in dealing with bullying in both the short and long term. In the long term, students evaluated teachers as being more successful in dealing with cyberbullying compared with physical bullying. Compared with students who observed bullying, students who perpetrated it were less likely to report that teachers’ interventions were successful in the short term. Implications for bullying intervention, preservice teacher-training, and future research are discussed.

Although school climate and self-efficacy have received some attention in the literature, as correlates of students’ willingness to intervene in bullying, to date, very little is known about the potential mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between classroom climate and students’ willingness to intervene in bullying. To this end, the present study analyzes whether the relationship between classroom cohesion (as one facet of classroom climate) and students’ willingness to intervene in bullying situations is mediated by self-efficacy in social conflicts. This study is based on a representative stratified random sample of two thousand and seventy-one students (51.3% male), between the ages of twelve and seventeen, from twenty-four schools in Germany. Results showed that between 43% and 48% of students reported that they would not intervene in bullying. A mediation test using the structural equation modeling framework revealed that classroom cohesion and self-efficacy in social conflicts were directly associated with students’ willingness to intervene in bullying situations. Furthermore, classroom cohesion was indirectly associated with higher levels of students’ willingness to intervene in bullying situations, due to self-efficacy in social conflicts. We thus conclude that: (1) It is crucial to increase students’ willingness to intervene in bullying; (2) efforts to increase students’ willingness to intervene in bullying should promote students’ confidence in dealing with social conflicts and interpersonal relationships; and (3) self-efficacy plays an important role in understanding the relationship between classroom cohesion and students’ willingness to intervene in bullying. Recommendations are provided to help increase adolescents’ willingness to intervene in bullying and for future research.

A substantial amount of research has revealed that cyberbully-victims have more emotional and behavioral problems than either cyberbullying victims or perpetrators. However, until now, little research has been conducted into the factors that contribute to the interplay between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cyberbullying victimization, perpetration, and two emotional components of alexithymia, namely difficulties in identifying and describing one's own feelings. Self-report questions were administered to 1549 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.51; SD = 1.68; 42.1% (n = 652) male) from Germany and Thailand. Results showed that cyberbullying victimization and alexithymia are associated with cyberbullying perpetration. Moreover, alexithymia mediated the associations between cyberbullying victimization and adolescents' cyberbullying perpetration. Consequently, we suggest that the ability to describe and identify one's own feelings might be important for understanding the link between cyberbullying, victimization, and perpetration. The results may help develop prevention and intervention programs focused on reducing cyberbullying.

BACKGROUND: Pressure within school can be a critical component in understanding how the school experience influences young people's intellectual development, physical and mental health and future educational decisions.METHODS: Data from five survey rounds (1993/1994, 1997/1998, 2001/2002, 2005/2006 and 2009/2010) were used to examine time-, age- and gender-related trends in the amounts of reported school pressure among 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds, in five different regions (North America, Great Britain, Eastern Europe, Nordic and Germanic countries).RESULTS: Across the regions the reported perceptions of school pressure did not change between 1994 and 2010, despite a temporary increase in 2002 and 2006. With the exception of children at 11 years of age, girls reported higher levels of school pressure than boys (Cohen's d from 0.12 to 0.58) and school pressure was higher in older age groups. These findings were consistent across countries. Regionally, children in North America reported the highest levels of school pressure, and students in the Germanic countries the lowest.CONCLUSION: Factors associated with child development and differences in societal expectations and structures, along with the possible, albeit, differential impact of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), may partially explain the differences and trends found in school pressure. School pressure increases alongside the onset of adolescence and the shift from elementary school to the higher demanding expectations of secondary education. Time-related increases in school pressure occurred in the years following the release of the PISA results, and were larger in those regions in which results were less positive.

Bibliographie: Bilz, Ludwig/Schubarth, Wilfried/Ulbricht, Juliana: Der Umgang von Lehrkraften mit Schulergewalt und -mobbing: Ein Uberblick uber den Forschungsstand und Ausblick auf ein Forschungsprojekt, Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung, 1-2015, S. 99-105. https://doi.org/10.3224/diskurs.v10i1.17701

Dieser Beitrag behandelt Angste, die im Kontext Schule auftreten und fur die sich, neben der Frage nach der klinischen, auch die Frage nach der padagogischen Relevanz stellt. Im Einzelnen wird auf die Symptomatik, Verbreitung und Ursachen von Trennungsangsten, Leistungs- und Prufungsangsten sowie sozialen Angsten eingegangen. Beeintrachtigen diese Angste Lernprozesse in der Schule und ab wann haben sie einen negativen Einfluss auf die schulischen Leistungen von Schulerinnen und Schulern? Wie kann man Angstprobleme in der Schule erkennen und welche Interventionsmoglichkeiten sind je nach Schweregrad angezeigt? Vorgestellt wird ein Stufenmodell mit universellen, selektiven und indizierten Interventionen, die von Masnahmen auf Schulebene uber die Gestaltung von Lern- und Prufungssituationen bis hin zu Beratungsangeboten reichen.