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An editorial is presented on the distinctions between "Addiction Medicine" and "Addiction Psychiatry" in treating Substance Use Disorders (SUDs). It emphasizes the physiological aspects of addiction medicine, as opposed to addiction psychiatry, it focuses on psychological therapies. It emphasizes the treatment of intoxications, withdrawal syndromes, and medical problems in Addiction Medicine.

People with severe mental disorders have a higher mortality rate due to preventable conditions like cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases. Nicotine addiction is a preventable risk factor, with tobacco use being twice as high in people with mental disorders. An integrative model that divides mental disorders into externalising, internalising, and thought disorders could be useful for identifying common causalities and risk factors. This review aims to examine the interface between smoking and internalising disorders, specifically schizophrenia, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders. The review finds that there is a clear association between smoking behaviour and these disorders. Schizophrenia is associated with polymorphisms that result in an imbalance between glutamate and GABA release and abnormalities of dopaminergic pathways. Nicotine improves dopaminergic signalling and balances glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways, improving symptoms and increasing the risk of nicotine dependence. In depressive disorders, smoking is associated with functional changes in brain regions affected by smoking and self-medication. In anxiety disorders, there is a bidirectional relationship with smoking, involving the amygdala and changes in dopaminergic pathways and cortisol production. Smoking poses a threat to people living with psychiatric disorders and calls for further research to assess the interactions between nicotine dependence and internalising and thought disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adverse effects of smoking cessation in individuals with mental health disorders have been a point of concern, and progress in the development of treatment has been slow. The primary first-line treatments for smoking cessation are Nicotine Replacement Therapy, Bupropion, Varenicline, and behavioural support. Nortriptyline and Clonidine are second-line treatments used when the first-line treatments are not effective or are contraindicated. Smoking cessation medications have been shown to be effective in reducing nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms and promoting smoking cessation among patients living with mental disorders. However, these medications may have implications for patients' mental health and need to be monitored closely. The efficacy and side effects of these medications may vary depending on the patient's psychiatric condition, medication regimen, substance use, or medical comorbidities. The purpose of this review is to synthesise the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic effects, adverse effects, and pharmacological interactions of first- and second-line smoking cessation drugs, with an emphasis on patients suffering from mental illnesses. Careful consideration of the risks and benefits of using smoking cessation medications is necessary, and treatment plans must be tailored to individual patients' needs. Monitoring symptoms and medication regimens is essential to ensure optimal treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeclampsia (PE) was first reported thousands of years ago, yet there is still a shortage of biomarkers to determine the severity and type of PE. The importance of the expanded endocannabinoid system, or endocannabinoidome (eCBome), has emerged recently in placental physiology and pathology, though the potential alterations of the eCBome in PE have not been fully explored. Analysis by qRT‐PCR using placental samples of normotensive and PE women demonstrate for the first time the presence of ABHD4, GDE1, and DAGLβ in both normotensive and PE placental tissues. Interestingly, NAPE‐PLD, FAAH‐1, DAGLα, MAGL, and ABHD6 mRNA levels were increased in the placental tissues of PE patients. Quantification in plasma and placental tissues showed a decrease for anandamide (AEA), N‐oleoylethanolamine (OEA), and N‐docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA) in the placenta, accompanied only by a decrease in plasma levels of AEA. In addition, a strong negative correlation was obtained between OEA and the biomarker of PE, soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1. Given the inflammatory nature of PE and the anti‐inflammatory role of OEA and DHEA, the decrease in the local levels of these mediators may underlie the inflammatory component of this pathology. Additionally, lower AEA levels in both placenta and plasma may contribute to the atypical alterations of the spiral arteries in PE due to the vasorelaxation effects of AEA. These results add new information to the role of the eCBome members in placental development, while also pointing to a potential role as biomarkers of PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the circulation of knowledge in sociology through a case study based on the transnational exchanges between North-American sociologist Irving L. Horowitz and Latin American sociologists and intellectuals in the sixties. We explore his letters with three figures who played pivotal roles in the institutionalization of sociology in Latin America: Gino Germani, an Italian born sociologist who became a pioneer figure for establishing scientific sociology in Argentina; the Mexican sociologist Pablo González Casanova, who performed a similar role in his country; and Arnaldo Orfila Reynal, a prestigious editor in the region, who headed two of the most powerful publishing houses in the Latin American market for the social sciences and humanities in the 1960s and 1970s - Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE) and Siglo XXI. We argue that while these exchanges happened under unequal conditions produced by the structural inequalities of the global system of knowledge production that emerged after World War II, the works of Latin American intellectuals were relevant for Horowitz's project of critical sociology for two main reasons: they provided intellectual sources for radical theorization on development and modernization, and they represented strategic assets for Horowitz present himself as a mediator between Third World problems and North-American audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A versatile methodology for the improvement of the interaction between composing phases of a nanocomposite (light-responsive protein and aminated nanoparticles) is thoroughly described. • The interfacial interaction was conducted by EDC and NHS carbodiimide chemistry. • The improved interface interactions effectively immobilize the BGNP, showing increased elastic and viscous modulus comparing with controls. • This chemistry allowed tunning low viscous heterogenous materials into appropriate inks for extrusion 3D printing. • This system can further reproducibly recapitulate phases of other natures, broadening applicability. Nanocomposites and low-viscous materials lack translation in additive manufacturing technologies due to deficiency in rheological requirements and heterogeneity of their preparation. This work proposes the chemical crosslinking between composing phases as a universal approach for mitigating such issues. The model system is composed of amine-functionalized bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGNP) and light-responsive methacrylated bovine serum albumin (BSAMA) which further allows post-print photocrosslinking. The interfacial interaction was conducted by 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide crosslinking agent and N-Hydroxysuccinimide between BGNP-grafted amines and BSAMA's carboxylic groups. Different chemical crosslinking amounts and percentages of BGNP in the nanocomposites were tested. The improved interface interactions increased the elastic and viscous modulus of all formulations. More pronounced increases were found with the highest crosslinking agent amounts (4 % w/v) and BGNP concentrations (10 % w/w). This formulation also displayed the highest Young's modulus of the double-crosslinked construct. All composite formulations could effectively immobilize the BGNP and turn an extremely low viscous material into an appropriate inks for 3d printing technologies, attesting for the systems' tunability. Thus, we describe a versatile methodology which can successfully render tunable and light-responsive nanocomposite inks with homogeneously distributed bioactive fillers. This system can further reproducibly recapitulate phases of other natures, broadening applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are remarkably high smoking rates in patients living with mental disorders (PLWMD), and the absence of a specific treatment policy for smoking cessation for these patients worldwide. The present study aimed to (i) investigate the quality of service and commitment to tobacco dependence treatment, and (ii) produce high-quality French versions of the Index of Tobacco Treatment Quality (ITTQ) and Tobacco Treatment Commitment Scale (TTCS). Methods: ITTQ and TTCS were used to assess French mental health professionals (n = 80). Both scales were translated from their original language following standard procedures (i.e. forward translation). Descriptive analysis for total score, each factor and item were calculated for the entire sample, followed by subgroup analysis by gender, and role of the practitioner. Results: Nurses presented higher levels of both treatment commitment and treatment quality in their mental health care units, compared to psychiatrists, and residents. Overall, counseling offering was low and there was a perception that it is unfair to take tobacco away from PLWMD. In the other hand, there were high levels of smoking assessment and perceptions that nicotine dependence should be included in drug treatment programs. Conclusions: There is a gap in tobacco treatment implementation for French PLWMD. The present pilot study alerts about the problem, and should stimulate larger studies validating such measures for wide use with French-speaking mental health professionals. French nurses presented higher levels of both treatment commitment and quality, and could be in a leadership position for such implementation. Encouraging the implementation of tobacco counseling within conventional mental health treatment is critical to improve cessation rates among this population. There is a potential for the sustainability of tobacco treatment interventions since the levels of commitment observed here were higher than in previous studies conducted abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health of social minorities is a challenge of modern psychiatry. It is largely described that people reporting sexual, cultural, religious variations are exposed to an amount of social stress deriving from the contrast between their minority status and the dominant societal norms and values. Minority stress leads to higher level of psychosocial distress and mental illness among these vulnerable populations. This conceptual research paper reports on evidences regarding the mental health issues related to the minority social condition and proposes a set of actions to address these challenges in a global perspective. Specifically, political, social and educational interventions are discussed in order to contrast stigma, discrimination, promote integration and health services for vulnerable populations. Policymakers are invited to deliver ad-hoc policies on minorities and homeless people with specific funding to address related public mental health issues. Educational programs are encouraged in the school setting as well as in the training of health care professionals in order to improve the level of acceptance and competencies in the treatment of minorities' health needs. We firmly believe there is no healthy society without healthy minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is an increasing mental health issue worldwide and has explanatory bases in many cultures. The reported rates of suicide can often be underestimated because in many societies and countries, the act of suicide is considered to be illegal and punishable by law. Cultural factors such as gender role, religion, sexual orientation, poverty, unemployment, economic downturn and other factors can play a significant role in contributing to the incidence rates of suicide and its explanation. In clinical assessments and management, it is critical to be cognisant of cultural factors and the role that culture can play in suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses "O outro", by Rubem Fonseca, in dialogue with some readings of this author's work. The objective is to place this tale in the historical context and in part of the Fonseca fictional production. The consideration of the differences and dissensions of strong critical positions is important for understanding the fiction of author of Feliz ano novo, one of the great references of contemporary Brazilian literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alopecia Areata (AA) is an autoimmune dermatological disease that could be influenced by psychological factors as part of the pathophysiology of the illness. Aims: This review article aims to report on psychodermatological and psychopathological aspects involved in the etiopathogenesis and comorbidities of AA, as well as on the psychiatric and psychological management of affected patients. Methods: We conducted a literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar from January 1980 to May 2021 employing the search terms of alopecia areata, psychological factors, psychological impact, psychodermatology, and psychopathology. All lists of references from the identified articles were screened for further relevant studies. The search was limited to English and Spanish language articles and was supplemented with themed books and book chapters. No specific quality criteria were used for the studies selection. Results: Several authors have found a high comorbidity rate between AA and mental disorders, concluding that stress and psychological factors are involved in both the development and exacerbation of the illness. More evidences are needed in order to describe the associations between the immune response, stress, and the physiological factors observed in AA patients. Conclusion: AA is a complex illness characterized by multifactorial etiology. An interaction between genetic, autoimmune, hormonal, neural, and psychological factors is supposed. Psychopathological aspects of illness need to be better described and considered in the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we present an analysis of one of the literacy domains of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA): Collaborative Problem Solving (CPR). Compared to other literacies assessed by PISA (Reading, Science, Mathematics, Finance), CPR has been little studied in Portugal. We use an interpretative methodology based on reports and databases produced by different organizations. The results show that Portugal is at the top of the scale in relation to valuing relationships and valuing teamwork, pointing out that 15-year-old Portuguese students feel socially integrated, that boys obtain lower overall assessments than girls, following international trends, and that there is a differentiation between NUTS III regions. In the correlational analysis made between the scores of CPR and other International Large Scale Assessments (ILSA), it was found that there is a statistically significant correlation, positive, only with the three domains of PISA-2015 - Lecture. Mathematics and Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical students face many challenge in their academic path. The disclosure of their own sexual orientation may be problematic since it impacts negatively on their acceptance in the educational environmental and the course of their career. Mental health issues may also occur among medical students as consequences of their perceived homophobia as well as stigma after the coming out. Research shows that students' attitude to the sexual orientation disclosure may vary across countries and cultures as well as students' homophobic attitudes towards sexual minorities: the latter should be addressed since prejudice might affect the quality of medical care for LGBT+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) patients. We suggest that more education and training on LGBT + health issues is needed in the medical students' core-curricula: this would improve the health care of sexual minorities and LGBT + students' acceptance in the academic milieu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents the prevalence of mental and substance use disorders around the world discussing the impact of geographical, sociodemographic, and income characteristics on national epidemiological differences. We analysed data from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation database published in 2019. The global prevalence of mental disorders was 13.0%, with higher prevalence of anxiety disorders rate (4.1%), followed by depressive disorders (3.8%, including major depressive disorder 2.49% and dysthymia 1.35%), intellectual disability (1.5%), ADHD (1.1%), conduct disorders (0.5%), bipolar disorders (0.5%), autism spectrum disorder s (0.4%), schizophrenia (0.3%), and eating disorders (0.2%, including bulimia nervosa 0.13% and anorexia nervosa 0.05%). The worldwide prevalence of substance-use disorders was 2.2%, not surprisingly, with higher prevalence of alcohol-use disorders (1.5%) than other drug-use disorders (0.8% total including: cannabis 0.32%; opioid 0.29%, amphetamine 0.10%; cocaine 0.06%). In general, high-income countries reported higher levels of mental and substance use disorders, with the exceptions of conduct and depressive disorders (no significant differences were found among low- and high-income countries), and intellectual disability (with higher prevalence in low-income countries). In regions of the America's prevalence rates of mental and substance use disorders were higher than in Europe. Western Pacific countries reported high levels of schizophrenia, and depressive disorders were highly prevalent in Africa as well as in the Americas. Intellectual disability reported higher rates in Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia. We discuss the cross-cultural variations in mental health expenditure and literacy as well as stigma-related factors and some of the environmental risk factors possibly related to these prevalence differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 3D shaped cavities with spherical geometry are made through ultrafast laser machining. • High visibility plano-convex Fabry-Pérot interferometers are produced in ULE® glass. • Proposed geometry overcomes low visibility caused by beam divergence. • Visibilities of 0.98–1.00 are measured for 100-to-1000 µm long cavities. Low-finesse Fabry-Pérot interferometers (FPI) with a plano-convex geometry are fabricated in ULE® glass through ultrafast laser machining. With this geometry, it is possible to overcome beam divergence effects that contribute to the poor fringe visibility usually observed in 100-µm or longer planar-planar FPIs. By replacing the planar surface with a spherical one, the diverging beam propagating through the cavity is re-focused back at the entrance of the lead-in fiber upon reflection at this curved interface, thereby balancing out the intensities of both interfering beams and enhancing the visibility. The design of a 3D shaped cavity with a spherical sidewall is only made possible through fs-laser direct writing followed by chemical etching. In this technique, the 3D volume is reduced to writing of uniformly vertically spaced 2D layers with unique geometry, which are then selectively removed during chemical etching with HF acid. The radius of curvature that maximizes fringe visibility is computed using a numerical tool that is experimentally validated. By choosing the optimal radius of curvature, uniform visibilities in the range of 0.98–1.00 are measured for interferometers produced with cavity lengths spanning from 100 to 1000 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxaliplatin (OXA) is an antineoplastic agent used for the treatment of cisplatin-resistant tumours, presenting lower incidence of nephrotoxicity and myelotoxicity than other platinum-based drugs. However, OXA treatment is highly associated with painful peripheral neuropathy, a well-known and relevant side effect caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. The transfer of functional exogenous mitochondria (mitotherapy) is a promising therapeutic strategy for mitochondrial diseases. We investigated the effect of mitotherapy on oxaliplatin-induced painful peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) in male mice. OIPN was induced by i.p. injections of oxaliplatin (3 mg/kg) over 5 consecutive days. Mechanical (von Frey test) and cold (acetone drop test) allodynia were evaluated between 7 and 17 days after the first OXA treatment. Mitochondria was isolated from donor mouse livers and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was assessed with high resolution respirometry. After confirming that the isolated mitochondria were functional, the organelles were administered at the dose of 0.5 mg/kg of mitochondrial protein on days 1, 3 and 5. Treatment with OXA caused both mechanical and cold allodynia in mice that were significant 7 days after the initial injection of OXA and persisted for up to 17 days. Mitotherapy significantly prevented the development of both sensory alterations, and attenuated body weight loss induced by OXA. Mitotherapy also prevented spinal cord ERK1/2 activation, microgliosis and the increase in TLR4 mRNA levels. Mitotherapy prevented OIPN by inhibiting neuroinflammation and the consequent cellular overactivity in the spinal cord, presenting a potential therapeutic strategy for pain management in oncologic patients undergoing OXA treatment. • Functional exogenous mitochondria are incorporated into the mouse spinal cord and DRG after systemic injection. • Animal well-being and organ function are not affected by exogenous mitochondria transfer (mitotherapy). • Mitotherapy prevented the development of mechanical and cold allodynia induced by oxaliplatin treatment in mice. • The effect of mitotherapy was attributed to its ability to inhibit neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of parasites and their pathogenicity is essential for studying the ecology of populations and understanding their dynamics. In this study, we investigate the prevalence and intensity of infection of haemogregarines (phylum Apicomplexa) in two sympatric lizard species, Podarcis vaucheri and Scelarcis perspicillata , across three localities in Morocco, and their effect on host immune response. We used the Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) skin testing technique to relate the level of immune response with parasite infection. Prevalence and intensity levels were estimated with microscopy, and 18S rRNA gene sequences were used to confirm parasite identity. All parasites belong to the haemogregarine lineage found in other North African reptiles. There were differences in prevalence between localities and sexes. Overall, infected lizards were larger than uninfected ones, although we did not detect differences in parasitaemia across species, sex or locality. The swelling response was not related to the presence or number of haemogregarines, or to host body size, body condition, sex or species. We found no evidence of impact for these parasites on the circulating blood cells or the hosts' immune system, but more data is needed to assess the potential impact of mixed infections, and the possibility of cryptic parasite species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are some concerns regarding alcohol use behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The mixed findings of the first alcohol use studies during this pandemic may reflect the lack of differentiation between on-premise and home consumption. Most of the countries adopted severe restrictions on drinking place functioning. Alcohol retail store sales temporal data were used to examine alcohol sales changes in the United States (U.S.) throughout the COVID-19 pandemic as a proxy indicator of at-home drinking. Data were sourced from the Monthly Retail Trade Survey, which has provided U.S. representative estimates of sales at retail and food services stores since 1951. In the present study, we analyzed data from seasonally adjusted beer, wine, and liquor store (BWLS) sales from January 1992 to September 2020. Poisson cubic spline models were used to assess nonlinearity in such sales during the period. These models were adjusted to the consumer price index for alcoholic beverages. There was a significant increase in retail alcohol sales during the beginning of the pandemic, reaching a plateau in the third quarter of 2020. During the COVID-19 period (March 2020 to September 2020), there were 41.9 billion dollars in BWLS sales, representing an increase of 20% compared to the same period in 2019. On the other hand, food and drinking place retail sales decreased by 27% during the same period in the same survey. These results may indicate an increase in home drinking during the period, which could potentially lead to higher alcohol consumption and alcohol-related adverse health outcomes. More aggressive efforts should be made to warn the population about the risks associated with increased home alcohol consumption during the pandemic. Additionally, tracking individual alcohol consumption and releasing real-time data at different levels are needed to better assess the effects of increased alcohol consumption during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A monolithic lab-on-a-chip fabricated by femtosecond laser micromachining capable of label-free biosensing is reported. The device is entirely made of fused silica, and consists of a microdisk resonator integrated inside a microfluidic channel. Whispering gallery modes are excited by the evanescent field of a circular suspended waveguide, also incorporated within the channel. Thermal annealing is performed to decrease the surface roughness of the microstructures to a nanometric scale, thereby reducing intrinsic losses and maximizing the Q-factor. Further, thermally-induced morphing is used to position, with submicrometric precision, the suspended waveguide tangent to the microresonator to enhance the spatial overlap between the evanescent field of both optical modes. With this fabrication method and geometry, the alignment between the waveguide and the resonator is robust and guaranteed at all instances. A maximum sensitivity of 121.5 nm/RIU was obtained at a refractive index of 1.363, whereas near the refractive index range of water-based solutions the sensitivity is 40 nm/RIU. A high Q-factor of 105 is kept throughout the entire measurement range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 physical distancing measures can potentially increase the likelihood of mental disorders. It is unknown whether these measures are associated with depression and anxiety. Objectives: To investigate meta-analytic global levels of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic and how the implementation of mitigation strategies (i.e. public transportation closures, stay-at-home orders, etc.) impacted such disorders. Data sources: PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, BIOSIS Citation Index, Current Content Connect, PsycINFO, CINAHL, medRxiv, and PsyArXiv databases for depression and anxiety prevalences; Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker for the containment and closure policies indexes; Global Burden of Disease Study for previous levels of depression and anxiety. Study eligibility criteria: Original studies conducted during COVID-19 pandemic, which assessed categorical depression and anxiety, using PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales (cutoff ⩾10). Participants and interventions: General population, healthcare providers, students, and patients. National physical distancing measures. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: Meta-analysis and meta-regression. Results: In total, 226 638 individuals were assessed within the 60 included studies. Global prevalence of both depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic was 24.0% and 21.3%, respectively. There were differences in the prevalence of both anxiety and depression reported across regions and countries. Asia (17.6% and 17.9%), and China (16.2% and 15.5%) especially, had the lowest prevalence of both disorders. Regarding the impact of mitigation strategies on mental health, only public transportation closures increased the prevalence of anxiety, especially in Europe. Limitations: Country-level data on physical distancing measures and previous anxiety/depression may not necessarily reflect local (i.e. city-specific) contexts. Conclusions and implications of key findings: Mental health concerns should not be viewed only as a delayed consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, but also as a concurrent epidemic. Our data provide support for policy-makers to consider real-time enhanced mental health services, and increase initiatives to foster positive mental health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although smoking rates have declined in most of the countries in the world, there are population groups within these countries whose smoking rates remain significantly higher than the general population. These "forgotten groups" who have not been receiving the needed attention in tobacco control policies and tobacco cessation efforts include people with serious mental illness, substance use disorders, tuberculosis, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lesbian-gaybisexual-transgender-queer people, and pregnant women. A number of steps are needed at the national level in countries where these disparities exist, including modifications to national smoking cessation treatment guidelines that address the special needs of these populations, as well as targeted smoking cessation research, since these populations are often not included in clinical trials. Because of the higher smoking prevalence in these populations, as well as their lower smoking cessation treatment success rates than the general population, more resources are needed if we are to reduce health disparities in these vulnerable populations. Additionally, we believe that more effort should be focused on integrating smoking cessation treatment in the specialized care settings frequented by these subpopulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to select similarity measures and agglomeration methods most appropriate to cluster analysis to characterize the vertical and horizontal variability of resistance to penetration in Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico under degraded pasture. The PR was sampled at intervals of 10 mm until 300 mm depth, in 4 points spaced 0.50 m from the 30 vertices of a 6 x 10 m mesh and at 3 more sites with 18 radially distanced points by 0.125 m. AF and HCA were applied to evaluate the soil PR variability in depth and by HCA its horizontal dispersion too. The highest PR values was between 20 and 60 mm deep in 94.22% of the evaluated profiles and in the remaining 5.8%, thicker and deeper, this layer it was established between 60 and 190 mm. The HCA technique by algorithm of arithmetic mean linkage between group and, Euclidean distance coefficient proved efficient, as well as, AF in the evaluation of the vertical PR variability, resulting a stratification of the resistance profile more coherent with the dynamics of the PR in depth. The PR values in the soil under degraded pasture are higher than the critical limit, with the layer of 20 to 60 mm deep having the highest mechanical impedance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis consumption is increasing worldwide either for recreational or medical purposes. Its use during gestation is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes such as, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, low birth weight, and increased risk of miscarriage, though the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Cannabis sativa main psychoactive compound, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is highly lipophilic, and as such, readily crosses the placenta. Consequently, THC may alter normal placental development and function. Here, we hypothesize alterations of placental steroidogenesis caused by THC exposure. The impact on placental estrogenic signaling was examined by studying THC effects upon the enzyme involved in estrogens production, aromatase and on estrogen receptor α (ERα), using placental explants, and the cytotrophoblast cell model BeWo. Aromatase expression was upregulated by THC, being this effect potentiated by estradiol. THC also increased ERα expression. Actions on aromatase were ERα-mediated, as were abolished by the selective ER downregulator ICI-182780 and dependent on the cannabinoid receptor CB1 activation. Furthermore, the presence of the aromatase inhibitor Exemestane did not affect THC-induced increase in ERα expression. However, THC effects on ERα levels were reversed by the antagonists of CB1 and CB2 receptors AM281 and AM630, respectively. Thus, we demonstrate major alterations in estrogen signaling caused by THC, providing new insight on how cannabis consumption leads to negative pregnancy outcomes, likely through placental endocrine alterations. Data presented in this study, together with our recently reported evidence on THC disruption of placental endocannabinoid homeostasis, represent a step forward into a deeper comprehension of the puzzling actions of THC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review is to present a brief historical perspective, the current status of psychiatric education in Brazil, discuss its role in Latin America, and its challenges ahead. The history of psychiatry in Brazil is intertwined with the history of medical assistance in Brazil. Psychiatric education in Brazil started in the asylum-centric era during the second half of the 19th century and evolved to occupy university teaching-hospital in the 20th century. The medical residency in psychiatry has shown considerable growth since its implementation 70 years ago. Undoubtedly, it currently occupies a prominent place in Brazilian medicine. However, there is a need to create and expand it in the less developed regions of the country. Brazilian psychiatric journals also have a leading position in developing evidence-based psychiatry in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with studies from around the world, several studies have shown equal or higher rates of anxiety, depression, alcohol and other drug use, and burnout in medical students in Brazil. The aim of the present study was to identify difficulties Brazilian medical students face regarding stressors, psychological distress, and psychiatric morbidity using standardized reliable and valid instruments. In addition, this study also investigated differences associated with sex. Students (n = 129) were asked to complete a one-off survey from January to June 2019, including demographics, previous mental health issues, CAGE, GHQ-12, and OLBI. A higher prevalence of previous mental disorders was found in comparison to during the medical course. This may suggest that perhaps students are under more stress or that they form a more vulnerable sub-population in medical school in comparison with the general population. However, the types of mental disorders before and during the undergraduate course appear to vary. During the course, they show higher levels of anxiety rather than that of depression. Before commencing the course, they showed higher levels of depression rather than anxiety. Cannabis and ecstasy experimentation levels were higher than those of students from other courses in previous studies. The opposite was true for stimulants. Just over a quarter reported alcohol abuse above the CAGE cut-off point. The levels of psychological distress and burnout were extremely high, and women had even higher levels. Male respondents were more likely to have a history of mental ill-health, but female subjects scored higher on burnout. Overall over 80% students reported burnout. These findings are discussed in the context of Brazilian culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading of the novel Vidas secas by Graciliano Ramos, which highlights issues related to the landscape of drought, the exploitation of labor, land ownership and migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vector-borne diseases are emerging worldwide and have an important zoonotic relevance. In the last few years, the interest in vector-borne pathogens in cats has increased. However, studies on feline vector-borne pathogens on tropical islands are lacking. Islands differ from continental countries because they have an enclosed population of animals, with all year presence of the vectors and, most often, without vector control measures. This study focused on the molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of vector-borne pathogens in autochthonous cats with a mixed indoor–outdoor lifestyle from Maio Island, Cape Verde archipelago. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 80 asymptomatic cats, representing almost a quarter of the total cat population of the island. The presence of DNA of protozoa of the genus Hepatozoon and bacteria belonging to family Anaplasmataceae and to genus Bartonella was assessed by PCR and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with infection. For feline hepatozoonosis, a worldwide dataset of Hepatozoon felis sequences retrieved from mammal species and vectors along with Hepatozoon spp. sequences retrieved from felids was generated, phylogenetically analyzed and the geographical and host distribution was assessed. Results: Hepatozoon felis genotype I was identified in 12 (15%) cats from Maio Island whereas none of the cats were PCR positive for the other pathogens tested. No significant association of H. felis infection with age, sex, location or presence of vectors was observed by statistical analysis in Cape Verde's cats. Phylogenetic analysis on the worldwide dataset of feline Hepatozoon sequences showed two significant distinct clades for H. felis genotype I and II. Different geographical distributions were assessed: H. felis genotype I was the only genotype found in Africa and has been reported worldwide, with the exception of Japan and Brazil where only H. felis genotype II has been reported. Conclusions: The identification of H. felis genotype I in cats in Maio Island highlights the need to further investigate the significance of H. felis genotypes and to clarify the epidemiological aspects of this infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The endometrium is a particular sensitive target tissue for estradiol that is able to promptly modify its structure. Tamoxifen (TAM), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, was shown to promote a spectrum of uterine abnormalities, though the morphological and stereological effects of this drug in uterus is not clear. In this way, we have used an established model of ovariectomy followed by estradiol benzoate (EB) or TAM treatment and analyzed their effects in uterine histopathology and proliferation. Administration of EB promotes the unfolding and proliferation of the endometrium stroma, increasing uterine volume. No changes were found in uterine histomorphometric analysis upon TAM administration, except in the thickness of the luminal epithelium and endometrium layer. The latter may result from increased complexity and glandular volume density also observed in TAM treatment. In addition, EB induced PAX2 expression, an oncogene commonly found in epithelial tumors of the female genital tract, an effect that was weakened by previous TAM administration. Although treatments did not affect stroma cells proliferating index, in epithelial cells and, contrary to TAM, EB increased PCNA and not Ki67 expression. Collectively, our data suggest that the acute administration of TAM induces ERα-dependent atrophy of the uterine tissue and decreased the expression of proliferating cellular markers. On the contrary, if administered prior to EB, TAM is able to attenuate the action of the hormone in uterine morphology and biochemistry. Highlights • TAM induces uterine atrophy and decreases proliferating cellular markers. • TAM administered prior to EB attenuates uterotropic morphology. • EB-induced PAX2 expression is weakened by previous TAM administration. • EB, but not TAM, increased PCNA and not Ki67 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pitaya are fruit cacti that have gained relevance in the Brazilian fruit scenario as an alternative for the diversification of fruit production. Despite this, phytosanitary problems have worried Brazilian producers. In two experimental areas of the State University of Mato Grosso, Campus of Nova Xavantina, was observed the incidence of stem rot in 100% of red pitaya and 42% in red pitaya and 42% in yellow pitaya. Although the occurrence of diseases has been highlighted as a limiting factor for the production of pitaya, studies on the phytosanitary management of the crop in the country are still scarce. The aim of this study was to identify the etiologic agent and to describe the evolution of the symptoms of stem rot in yellow pitaya and red pitaya in Nova Xavantina (MT). In the experimental orchard of the Campus Nova Xavantina of the State University of Mato Grosso, were observed lesions in the stem of pitaya. The symptomatic material was collected and sent to the Phytosanitary Clinic of the Department of Phytopathology of the Federal University of Lavras to diagnose the pathogen. The description of the symptoms was made by photographic record of the lesions weekly. From the phytosanitary report it is possible to diagnose fungi of the genus Rhizopus as a possible cause of stem rot in the pitaya plants. The stem rot presented initially chlorotic lesion of intense yellow color that evolved for the cicatrization of the lesion without the necessity of phytosanitary control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to identify phenotypes of DSM–ICD nicotine dependence among a representative sample of lifetime weekly smokers in the largest metropolitan area in South America. Data came from 1,387 lifetime weekly smokers in the São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and latent class analysis (LCA) on ICD-11 nicotine dependence proposed criteria to explore dimensionality and phenotypes profiles, followed by logistic regression models to examine the association between latent classes and socio-demographic, psychiatric and chronic medical conditions. Analyses were performed using Mplus taking into account the complex survey design features. An unidimensional model had the best EFA fit with high loadings on all criteria. Response patterns detected by LCA indicated class differences based on severity continuum: a “non-symptomatic class” (32.0%), a “low-moderate symptomatic class” (34.9%)—with high probability of the criterion “use in larger amounts”, and a “high-moderate symptomatic class” (33.1%). We found an association between high-income and the intermediate class that differs from findings in high-income countries, and high likelihood of psychiatric comorbidity among the most symptomatic smokers. The best dimensional model that pulled together nicotine dependence criteria supported a single factor, in concordance with the changes proposed for ICD-11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There is a lack of studies evaluating smoking cessation treatment protocols which include people with and without mental and substance use disorders (MSUD), and which allows for individuals with MSUD undergoing their psychiatric treatment. Methods We compared treatment success between participants with (n = 277) and without (n = 419) MSUD among patients in a 6-week treatment provided by a Brazilian Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS) from 2007 to 2013. Sociodemographic, medical and tobacco use characteristics were assessed at baseline. Tobacco treatment consisted of 1) group cognitive behavior therapy, which included people with and without MSUD in the same groups, and 2) pharmacotherapy, which could include either nicotine patches, nicotine gum, bupropion or nortriptyline. For participants with MSUD, tobacco treatment was integrated into their ongoing mental health treatment. The main outcome was 30-day point prevalence abstinence, measured at last day of treatment. Results Abstinence rates did not differ significantly between participants with and without MSUD (31.1% and 34.4%, respectively). Variables that were significantly associated with treatment success included years smoking, the Heaviness of Smoking Index, and use of nicotine patch or bupropion. Conclusion The inclusion of individuals with and without MSUD in the same protocol, allowing for individuals with MSUD undergoing their psychiatric treatment, generates at least comparable success rates between the groups. Predictors of treatment success were similar to those found in the general population. Facilities that treat patients with MSUD should treat tobacco use in order to reduce the disparities in morbidity and mortality experienced by this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: In Part 1 of this work, we presented a novel static extensional mixing element (EME) for twin‐screw extrusion operations and validated the design in terms of the type of flow experienced by the melt upon dispersive mixing. In Part 2, we experimentally demonstrate the ability of the EME to yield improved dispersive mixing when compared with standard kneading‐block‐induced mixing for immiscible polypropylene/polystyrene blends of varying viscosity ratios between 0.3 and 10. The extensional flow characteristics of the EME improved the dispersion of polystyrene in the blends over all viscosity ratios, with improvements of 30% and above as measured by the cumulative area ratio measurements of polystyrene phases smaller than 1 μm . The improvement in dispersive mixing seen from the EME for high viscosity ratio blends opens up applications in other areas, such as dispersion of nanoparticles or in reactive extrusion operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of smoking among mental health and addiction (MHA) patients is 3 times higher than it is in the general population, yet this patient population has received little help to combat smoking. Considering this, psychosocial care centers (CAPS – Centros de Atenção Psicossocial) are strategic locations for integrating tobacco dependence treatment (TDT) into existing treatment activities. Methods: Our team provided an 8-hour training package to the staff of CAPS that have not been providing specialized TDT for smokers. Our curriculum included the following topics focused on the implementation of treatment for MHA smokers: management, epidemiology, medications, psychotherapy, and smoking/mental health assessment instruments. Results: Our team trained the staff of 17 CAPS units within 10 cities – which included more than 186 health professionals. There were many barriers encountered as we provided this training. A summary of problems we faced were as follows: resistance to incorporating TDT in addiction/mental health-care units, resistance to the implementation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) (psychodynamic therapy and harm reduction were preferred) and treatment for smoking is already implemented in primary care network; resistance to the use of medication in addiction treatment (a preference for psychotherapy and psychosocial approach). Conclusion: We learned a number of important lessons as we worked to improve the delivery of TDT to MHA patients in Brazil: provide clinicians an opportunity to explore how they feel/think about providing TDT to their clients at the very outset of the training, rather than focusing on a specific type of behavioral therapy for TDT (such as CBT), which some may find objectionable; use more generic descriptions of behavioral therapy such as ‘supportive counseling’; include training professionals who are open to other forms of behavioral therapy in addition to psychoanalysis and discuss the important impact that MHA units can have in improving the quality of life for their patients who smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric systems for the immobilization and delivery of proteins have been extensively used for therapeutic and catalytic applications. While most devices have been created via solution based methods, hot melt extrusion (HME) has emerged as an alternative due to the high encapsulation efficiencies and solvent-free nature of the process. HME requires high temperatures and mechanical stresses that can result in protein aggregation and denaturation, but additives and chemical modifications have been explored to mitigate these effects. This study explores the use of solid-state ball milling to decrease protein particle size before encapsulation within poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) (PLGA) via HME. The impact of milling on particle dispersion, retained enzymatic activity, secondary structure stability, and release was explored for lysozyme, glucose oxidase, and the virus-like particle derived from Qβ to fully understand the impact of milling on protein systems with different sizes and complexities. The results of this study describe the utility of milling to further increase the stability of protein/polymer systems prepared via HME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the construct validity of Food Addiction (FA) as evaluated by the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) within the context of post-bariatric surgery patients in Brazil. Understanding the prevalence, characteristics, and construct validity of FA among individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery is crucial for enhancing patient care and advancing research in this field. Our findings are based on a convenience-based sample of 100 individuals who had undergone bariatric surgery at Hospital Estadual Mário Covas (HEMC) in Brazil. Using mYFAS 2.0, we found that 51% of the participants met the criteria for FA, with 31% classified as severely affected. In our investigation of construct validity, we confirmed a one-dimensional model, in line with prior research using the YFAS and its modified versions. Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses further confirmed the appropriateness of the mYFAS 2.0 items, with all criteria contributing to the latent structure, most exhibiting discrimination values exceeding 0.5, and the majority having values greater than 2. These results provide substantial support for the construct validity of mYFAS 2.0 in our Brazilian subpopulation of post-bariatric surgery patients. Comparative analyses with previous studies revealed a notably higher prevalence of FA in our population, suggesting potential differences between pre- and post-bariatric surgery groups. This study contributes unique insights into the assessment of FA among post-surgery patients and highlights the importance of early detection and intervention in this population. While this study advances our understanding of FA in post-bariatric surgery patients, certain limitations, such as the relatively small sample size and cross-sectional design, warrant consideration. Nevertheless, our findings hold valuable implications for healthcare providers, researchers, and patients in the field of bariatric surgery and FA management. Future research can build upon these foundations to explore long-term FA effects post-surgery and potential interventions to address this issue effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substance-induced psychosis is a secondary psychotic disorder resulting from drug abuse, characterized by one or more psychotic episodes. Drug-induced psychosis is expected to resolve after a 30-day period of sobriety, however, individuals with this condition are more likely to develop severe drug addiction. Compared to primary psychosis, participants with drug-induced psychosis exhibit poorer family history of psychotic diseases, higher insight, fewer positive and negative symptoms, more depressive symptoms, and greater anxiety. Substance-induced psychosis is strongly associated with the emergence of bipolar illness or schizophrenia spectrum disorder, with an increased chance of developing schizophrenia at a younger age. Episodes of self-harm after substance-induced psychosis are strongly linked to an elevated likelihood of developing schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Effective treatment involves ruling out emergencies, investigating underlying causes, and addressing acute intoxication and withdrawal. Management includes dynamic assessment, intervention, and vigilant monitoring in cases of suicidal behaviour. Antipsychotics may be used for short term, with gradual discontinuation when a person is in a stable condition. Relapse prevention strategies, both medication and non-medication-based, are crucial in long-term management. Conversion rates to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder can be as high as one in three individuals, with cannabis users and those with early-onset substance abuse at the highest risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors reflect on geopsychiatry as a new area of psychiatry that studies the relationship between geography and psychiatry. Geopsychiatry is mainly involved on the effects of factors like disasters, globalisation and climate change in the mental health-mental illness processes, and the possible psychological symptoms that could occur after natural disasters like substance abuse, grief, and uncontrollable stress.

Background There is a need to explore the dimensional and categorical phenotypes of criteria of opioid use disorder among frequent nonmedical users of prescription opioids (NMUPO) users. Methods We used pooled data of 2011–2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to examine reliability and phenotypic variability in the diagnosis of OUD secondary to NMUPO in a nationally-representative sample of 18+ years-old frequent past-year NMUPO users (120+ days, n = 806). Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and latent class analysis (LCA), we examined 10 past-year OUD criteria. We examined associations between the latent classes and sociodemographic/psychiatric/NMUPO correlates. Results OUD criteria were unidimensional, and a three-class model was the overall best fitting solution for characterizing individuals into phenotypes along this unidimensional continuum: a “non-symptomatic class” (40.7%), “Tolerance-Time spent class” (29.0%) with high probability of endorsing Tolerance/Time Spent criteria, and a “High-moderate symptomatic class” (30.1%). The last class was significantly associated with being male, having insurance and obtaining prescription opioids (PO) nonmedically via “doctor shopping” as compared to the non-symptomatic class. “Tolerance-Time spent class” was significantly associated with being younger (18–25 years) and obtaining PO nonmedically from family/friends as compared to the non-symptomatic class. Conclusion This study revealed the different characteristics and routes of access to PO of different classes of frequent NMUPO users. It is possible that these groups may respond to different interventions, however such conclusions would require a clinical study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss the impact of Franco Basaglia, one of the most influential Italian neuro-psychiatrists in Italy, to psychiatric practice in Brazil. Topics include conceptual and historical background of Basaglia, his influence in the history of the Brazilian psychiatry since 1979, and the problems facing the mental health system in the country and how to address them.

The pre-fermentation dehydration (PD) and submerged cap (SC) treatments were evaluated as alternative winemaking for Brazilian red table wines produced from Vitis labrusca cultivar Bordô and hybrid cultivars Isabel, BRS Carmem and BRS Violeta. The influence of these treatments on the wine chemical profile and their contribution to sensory acceptance drivers has been evaluated. The pre-drying process tended to increase the total phenolic content (up to 1677 mg L −1 of gallic acid) and the dry extract of the wines (up to 47.89 g L −1 ), considering them as full-bodied and more attractive to consumers. The univariate approach revealed slight influence of the alternative winemaking treatments on wine composition and sensory acceptance. However, PCA was successfully applied and showed that the positive effects of the pre-drying treatment on Bordô and BRS Carmem body acceptance, which was driven by acidity, dry extract and phenolic compounds. The results also suggested that submerged cap positively influenced almost all the sensory attributes of Isabel and BRS Violeta wines, which were driven by acidity and color features. The management of these winemaking processes needs to be assessed, since provides an intense acceptance for key sensory attributes considered as acceptance drivers for a target group of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The order Haemosporida (Apicomplexa) includes many medically important parasites. Knowledge on the diversity and distribution of Haemosporida has increased in recent years, but remains less known in reptiles and their taxonomy is still uncertain. Further, estimates of evolutionary relationships of this order tend to change when new genes, taxa, outgroups or alternative methodologies are used. We inferred an updated phylogeny for the Cytochrome b gene (cyt b ) of Haemosporida and screened a total of 80 blood smears from 17 lizard species from Oman belonging to 11 genera. The inclusion of previously underrepresented genera resulted in an alternative estimate of phylogeny for Haemosporida based on the cyt b gene. Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus appear as sister taxa to avian and reptilian Plasmodium based on Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis, in contrast with the most recent phylogenetic assessment of the evolutionary history of Haemosporida. Paraphyly of mammalian Plasmodium and polyphyly of avian Haemoproteus support the division into subgenera as suggested in other studies. Avian and Reptilian Plasmodium are also polyphyletic, and therefore a similar division may be needed. Reptilian Haemocystidium form a monophyletic lineage, sister taxa to avian and reptilian Plasmodium and mammalian Polychromophilus in the BI analysis but its position in the Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis is not well supported. This supports its recent reclassification as a separate genus. Our results further corroborate the hypothesis that the phylogeny based on the cyt b gene is associated with the invertebrate host families that transmit each genus rather than parasite life-history traits. Haemocystidium sp. was detected in two geckos from Oman, which were related with Haemocystidium sp. from Malagasy Oplurus sp. (< 2% genetic divergence) but diverged from other reptilian Haemocystidium species by more than 5%. It is likely that these represent a new Haemocystidium species and further research on the distribution of vectors and host-vector associations is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this narrative review, we explore the history of tobacco smoking, its associations and portrayal of its use with luxury and glamour in the past, and intriguingly, its subsequent transformation into a mass consumption industrialized product encouraged by advertising and film. Then, we describe the next phase where tobacco in parts of the world has become an unwanted product. However, the number of smokers is still increasing, especially in new markets, and increasingly younger individuals are being attracted to it, despite the well-known health consequences of tobacco use. We also explore current smoking behaviors, looking at trends in the prevalence of consumption throughout the world, discrimination against smokers, light and/or intermittent smokers, and the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette). We place these changes in the context of neuroscience, which may help explain why the cognitive effects of smoking can be important reinforcers for its consumption despite strong anti-smoking pressure in Western countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking immiscible polymer blends of polystyrene (PS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a case study, we present the capabilities of a small-scale experimental extrusion set-up for sightseeing the morphological evolution during processing and identify relationships between process-induced structure, blend rheology, and product (extruded sheet) properties. In-line rheo-optical data collected with an instrumented slit die coupled to the small-scale extrusion line are in agreement with the results reported elsewhere for model polymer blends studied with simpler and slower flow fields with less relevance to industrial application. Shear stress and first normal stress difference transients relate to the stretching, orientation, break up, and subsequent string arrangement of droplets probed in the die by in-line polarized optical microscopy and small-angle light scattering. The partially relaxed droplet morphology in extruded sheets has no impact on their mechanical properties which are essentially linked to those of PS and PMMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 4 to 13 µm wide silica-cores suspended inside a microfluidic channel are fabricated • Thermal annealing is performed to reshape the core and reduce its surface roughness • Waveguiding properties are studied with LP 01 and LP 02 modes being excited • Mode profile is reconfigurable and determined by the external refractive index • Mode mismatch between coupling and suspended waveguides causes interference pattern This work addresses the fabrication of straight silica-core liquid-cladding suspended waveguides inside a microfluidic channel through fs-laser micromachining. These structures enable the reconfiguration of the waveguide's mode profile and enhance the evanescent interaction between light and analyte. Further, their geometry resembles a tapered optical fiber with the added advantage of being monolithically integrated within a microfluidic platform. The fabrication process includes an additional post-processing thermal treatment responsible for smoothening the waveguide surface and reshaping it into a circular cross-section. Suspended waveguides with a minimum core diameter of 3.8 µm were fabricated. Their insertion losses can be tuned and are mainly affected by mode mismatch between the coupling and suspended waveguides. The transmission spectrum was studied and it was numerically confirmed that it consists of interference between the guided LP 01 mode and uncoupled light and of modal interference between the LP 01 and LP 02 modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maintained abstinence during the first 24 h of a quit attempt is a critical predictor of long-term smoking cessation. Little is known about sex differences in the very early abstinence period, particularly in the context of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with varying anti-smoking policies and female smoking prevalences. We examined female sex effects on one-day relapse in a cross-national sample from 12 LMICs.Methods: Data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2008-2012) included nationally representative samples from 12 LMICs restricted to smokers with ≥ 1 quit attempt in the past 12 months (n = 16,576). We ran adjusted logistic regression models for female sex effects on one-day relapse, adjusting for nine individual-level demographics (e.g., age, education, age at smoking initiation) and smoking cessation variables (e.g., exposure to health warnings, receipt of counseling). We then conducted a meta-analysis adjusted for national-level and policy measures through meta-regression (e.g., cigarette consumption per capita, percent of cigarette box covered with warning labels).Results: One-day relapse prevalence varied across countries (2.7-13.6%). The odds of one-day relapse were significantly higher for women than for men in six countries (adjusted for nine individual-level sociodemographic variables), and there were no significant sex differences in the remaining six countries. Result remained significant after meta-regressions for national-level tobacco consumption and policy measures. Sensitivity analyses showed that the odds of one-day relapse for women remained significant when excluding countries with both higher and lower relative rates of female smoking. Larger warning labels on cigarette packs were associated with reduced odds of one-day relapse among women.Conclusion: The first day of a quit attempt is more challenging for women than men in LMICs. Tailored interventions incorporating national policies, in addition to counseling and pharmacotherapy, could play an essential role in supporting women during the initial abstinence phase of smoking cessation in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]