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Na području Vinodolske kotline snimljeni su geološki stupovi u blizini Triblja. Uzorkovane naslage su opisane u literaturi kao Foraminiferski vapnenci i Prijelazne naslage. U svrhu odredbe starosti, taksonomski su određene vrste velikih bentičkih, te rodovi i vrsta planktonskih foraminifera. Na temelju vrsta Alveolina aragonensis HOTTINGER i Asterocyclina stella taramelli MUNIER-CHALMAS, taloženje istraživanih Foraminiferskih vapnenaca odgovara donjem ipru (SBZ9 – SBZ11). Rodovi planktonskih foraminifera (Hantkenina i Morozovella) i vrsta Globigerinatheka index FINLAY u uzorcima Prijelaznih naslaga definiraju srednjolutetsku, E9 (Globigerapsis kugleri / Morozovella aragonensis) biozonu. Kvantitativna metoda točkastog brojanja pomoću mreže (Point counting), opis i distribucija zrna (biogenih i abiogenih) vapnenaca poslužili su za određivanje mikrofacijesa, na temelju kojih su interpretirani okoliši taloženja. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na srednju rampu kao okoliš taloženja Foraminiferskih vapnenaca i gornji dio padine za Prijelazne naslage. Promjena u brojčanoj zastupljenosti predstavnika određenih rodova planktonskih foraminifera Prijelaznih naslaga ukazuje na moguće temperaturne oscilacije tijekom taloženja. In the area of Vinodol Valley, near Tribalj, Foraminiferal limestones and Transitional beds deposits were sampled. Species and genera of benthic and planktonic foraminifera were identified to determine the age of the deposits. The stratigraphic range of the species Alveolina aragonensis HOTTINGER and Asterocyclina stella taramelli MUNIER-CHALMAS indicates the lower Ypresian (SBZ9 – SBZ11) as the age of deposition of the Foraminiferal limestones. Based on identified genera (Hantkenina and Morozovella) and Globigerinatheka index FINLAY species of planktonic foraminifera, Transitional beds were assigned to the middle Lutetian, i.e. planktonic E9 (Globigerapsis kugleri / Morozovella aragonensis ) zone. The quantitative analysis (point counting) and the composition of the grains in the studied samples provide a description of the microfacies, used to interpret the depositional conditions. Foraminiferal limestones were deposited on the middle ramp, whereas the upper part of the slope was the environment for sedimentation of the Transitional beds. The changes in the proportion of certain genera of planktonic foraminifera, indicate possible temperature variations during the deposition of the Transitional beds.

Speleološki objekti značajni su u istraživanjima okoliša jer predstavljaju zamke za sedimente te je zato u Đulinom ponoru uzorkovano 9 uzoraka sedimenta i 14 uzoraka plastike kako bi se istražio antropogeni utjecaj. Uzorci su analizirani sljedećim metodama: fazna analiza, FTIR – ATR spektroskopija, kalcimetrija, voltametrija i izdvajanje mikroplastike iz sedimenata SPT-om. U svim uzorcima sedimenta determinirane su mineralne faze kalcit i kvarc, a u nekim uzorcima još su determinirani feldspati, dolomit i ankerit. U reprezentativnom uzorku su determinirani minerali glina klorit, illit i kaolinit. Kalcimetrijom je određivan udio karbonatna za 10 uzoraka i rezultati ukazuju da se u prosjeku radi o sedimentima s visokim udjelom karbonata, a raspon je 25 % - 75 %. U svim uzorcima sedimenta pronađena je mikroplastika, a najveći je broj čestica mikroplastike u uzorku ĐULA SPT 2 s 341 česticom mikroplastike na 1 gram sedimenta. Od 14 uzoraka plastike determiniranih FTIR – ATR spektroskopijom, najzastupljeniji polimer je polistiren. Prema rezultatima voltametrije potencijalno toksični metal koji ima najveći afinitet adsorpcije na plastiku je cink. Speleological objects are important in environmental research because they represent traps for sediments, which is why 9 sediment samples and 14 plastic samples were collected in Đulin ponor in order to investigate anthropogenic influence. The samples were analyzed by the following methods: phase analysis, FTIR – ATR spectroscopy, calcimetry, voltammetry and separation of microplastics from sediments by SPT. The mineral phases calcite and quartz were determined in all sediment samples, and feldspar, dolomite and ankerite were also co-determined in some samples. The clay minerals chlorite, illite and kaolinite were determined in representative sample. Calcimetry was used to determine the percentage of carbonate for 10 samples, and the results indicate that, on average, these are sediments with a high percentage of carbonate, and the range is 25% - 75%. Microplastics were found in all sediment samples, and the largest number of microplastic particles was in the ĐULA SPT 2 sample with 341 microplastic particles per 1 gram of sediment. Of the 14 plastic samples determined by FTIR - ATR spectroscopy, the most represented polymer is polystyrene. According to the voltammetry results, the potentially toxic metal that has the highest adsorption affinity on plastic is zinc.

Several short sections have been studied in Istria (Outer Dinarides, Northern Adriatic) to determine impact of short-term climate variability during the critical period of Mid-Eocene greenhouse climate evolution on pelagic assemblages from the northern mid-latitudes. In order to determine the age of the deposits and paleoecological conditions of the environment, marl samples were laboratory processed and prepared for microscopic analysis. Further taxonomic determination of calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera was done together with quantitative research methods. Planktonic foraminifera tests are recrystallized and not suitable for stable isotope data. Because of that, isotope analyses have been proceeded (δ 13C and δ 18O) from bulk sediments and δ 13C is correlated with regional to global results. Based on new calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy with regional geochronology (Fornaciari et al., 2010), and implementations of available geochemical data for two hyperthermal intervals (Late Lutetian Thermal Maximum and Middle Eocene Climate Optimum CIE), for the first time these events are going to be more precisely dated from the first attempts made by Jovane et al. (2007), where the age was miscorrelated with 41.5 Ma for the MECO, which is actually the LLTM age dated in Southern Hemisphere.

Sedimentne stijene koje su predmet ovog istraživanja dio su gornjokrednih naslaga zapadne Medvednice. Metode koje su korištene pri istraživanju su terenski rad, mikroskopiranje i kalcimetrija. Istraživane sedimentne stijene odreĊene su kao konglomerati, kalkareniti i muljnjaci. PotvrĊena je gornjokredna starost stijena pomoću foraminifera roda Orbitoides. Konglomerati su opisani kao debriti, a izmjene kalkarenita i muljnjaka kao turbiditi te im je odreĊen taložni prostor. Fluvijalni tokovi i progradacija delte do ruba šelfa pretpostavljeni su model transporta karbonatom bogatog sedimenta na rub šelfa, a sedimentacija se dogaĊala u dubokomorskom okolišu iz turbiditnih i debritnih tokova. Sedimentary rocks which are the subject of this thesis are a part of the Upper Cretaceous deposits of western Medvednica. The methods used in this research are field work, microscopy, and calcimetry. The sedimentary rocks studied are determined as conglomerates, calcarenites and mudstones. The Upper Cretaceous age of the rocks was confirmed by the finding of the foraminifera genus Orbitoides. Conglomerates are described as debrites and layers of calcarenites and mudstones as turbidites. Fluvial flows and delta progradation to the shelf edge are assumed as a way of transport for carbonate-rich sediments to the shelf edge, which were then brought by means of turbulent and debris flows in a deepmarine environment.

Primijenjena je metoda daljinskih istraživanja na područje okolice Drniša metodom nenadzirne K-means klasifikacije. Analogne geološke karte su digitalizirane i podaci pripremljeni za rad koristeći softverske alate PhotoFilter7 i ArcGIS Pro. Satelitske snimke preuzete su iz besplatnih izvora i obrađene u SNAP programu ESA-e. Nakon zasebne obrade karata i satelitskih snimaka svi podaci su uspoređeni. Klasifikacijom su uspješno odvojene vodene površine, kvartarni nanosi i karbonatne naslage, te se dobivene granice dovoljno dobro podudaraju sa granicama na postojećim geološkim kartama. Nadalje, opažaju se moguća nalazišta starijih, evaporitnih nalaga unutar Petrovog i Kosovog polja. Razmatra se točnost nenadzirne K-means klasifikacije, kao i prednosti i mane takve metode u njenoj primjeni za geološko kariranje i mogućnost detekcije mineralnih sirovina. The remote sensing method was applied to the area around Drniš using the method of unsupervised K-means classification. Analog maps were digitized and processed for work using PhotoFilter7 and ArcGIS Pro. Satellite images were downloaded from free sources and refined in the SNAP program of ESA. After separately processing older maps and satellite images, the resulting images were qualitatively compared. The classification successfully separated water surfaces, Quaternary sediments and carbonate deposits, and the obtained boundaries match well enough with the boundaries on existing geological maps. The precision of the unsupervised K-means classification is discussed, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of such a method in use for geological mapping and possible mineral exploration.

Cilj ovog rada bio je, kroz izradu računalnog 3D modela kompleksne strukturne geološke građe okolice Drniša, objasniti rad u softveru MOVE. Model je izrađen u četiri koraka: unos podataka, vektoriziranje položaja slojeva i geoloških granica, konstrukcija i digitalizacija profila te na kraju spajanje profila i izrada 3D prikaza. Dobiveni model prikazuje dio rasjeda Split-Karlovac koji odjeljuje regionalnu tektonsku jedinicu Visokog krša na dvije podjedinice odnosno Donji visoki krš i Gornji visoki krš. Na njihovom kontaktu nalazi se kao dekolmanski horizont naslaga evaporita koja je dijapirskim kretnjama aktivirala njihovo navlačenje i time izmijenila tektonski režim duž južnog dijela rasjeda. The aim of this study was to explain how to use software MOVE through 3D modeling of the complex geological structure of the Drniš area. The model was made in four steps: data input, vectorization of layers and geological boundaries, construction and digitalization of cross-sections and finally combining sections and making the 3D model. The model is a representation of the southern part of the Split-Karlovac fault that dissects the regional tectonic unit of High Karst into two subunits called Upper High Karst and Lower High Karst. The contact between these two subunits is marked by a decollement horizon generated by evaporite diapirs, which caused the activation of the tectonic regime along the southern part of the Split-Karlovac fault.

Gornjokredne naslage sjeverozapadne Istre pripadaju trećoj taložnoj megasekvenci (gornji alb–donji kampan) karbonatnih naslaga Istre kao dijela Jadranske karbonatne platforme. Na 14 prikupljenih uzoraka naslaga na lokalitetu Savudrije provedena je mikropaleontološka analiza. Analizom je određeno i opisano sveukupno 14 taksona bentičkih organizama (uglavnom bentičke foraminifere), prisutnih u pet mikrofacijesa. Pomoću značajnijih mikrofosilnih vrsta bentičkih foraminifera određena je starost istraživanih naslaga kao srednji do mlađi cenoman. Određena mikrofosilna zajednica te mikrofacijesi u kojima se pojavljuju korelirani su s neformalmom formacijom Milna određenom na otoku Braču. Utvrđeno je da su naslage taložene na unutarnjem dijelu karbonatne platforme gdje su se uvjeti mijenjali od stabilnijih potplimnih (subtajdalnih), do nestabilnijih plimnih (intertajdalnih). The Upper Cretaceous deposits of northwestern Istria belong to the third sedimentary megasequence (upper Albian-lower Campanian) of carbonate deposits of Istria as part of the Adriatic carbonate platform. A micropaleontological analysis was carried out on 14 samples of deposits collected at the Savudrija locality. In the analysis a total of 14 taxa of benthic organisms (mainly foraminifera, present through five microfacies) were determined and described. Using the more significant microfossil species of benthic foraminifera, the age of the investigated deposits was determined as middle to upper Cenomanian. The determined microfossil community and the microfacies in which they appear are correlated with the informal Milna formation on the island of Brač. It was found that the deposits were deposited on the inner part of the carbonate platform where the conditions changed from more stable subtidal to more unstable tidal (intertidal).

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je opisati taložne okoliše podinskih donjoaptskih plitkovodnih karbonatnih i krovinskih albskih transgresivnih karbonatnih naslaga gornjoaptske emerzije, te u njima odrediti taložne okoliše kao i sastav mikrofosilnih zajednica i njihovu starost. Također će se kratko opisati glavna obilježja gornjoaptske emerzije, tj. prekida taloženja kao važnog regionalnog događaja na Jadranskoj karbonatnoj platformi. Za potrebe ovoga rada korišteni su uzorci i podaci prikupljeni u kamenolomu Tri Jezerca u blizini mjesta Selina (sjeverno od ceste Kanfanar - Sv. Lovreč). Na temelju sedimentoloških i mikropaleontoloških rezultata terenskog i laboratorijskog rada (ukupno 60 uzoraka) izrađeni su detaljni geološki stupovi i utvrđena dva mikrofacijesa u podini i četiri u krovini. Na temelju mikrofosilne zajednice dokazana je starijeaptska starost podine i starijeaptska i albska/mlađealbska starost krovine. The aim of this thesis is to describe the depositional environments of the underlying Lower Aptian shallow-water carbonate and upperlying Albian transgressive carbonate deposits of the Upper Aptian emersion, and to determine the depositional environments as well as the composition of microfossil assemblage and their age. The main features of the Upper Aptian emersion will also be briefly described. Samples and data collected in the Tri Jezerca quarry near the town of Selina (north of the road Kanfanar - Sv. Lovreč) were studied for the purpose of this work. Based on the sedimentologic and micropaleontologic results of the field and laboratory work (a total of 60 samples), detailed geological columns were made and two microfacies were described in the underlying beds and four in the upperlying beds. Microfossil assemblage indicates the Early Aptian age of the underlying beds and the Early Aptian and Albian/Late Albian age for the upperlying beds.

U ovom radu istraživane su naslage fliša sa otoka Paga i područja sjeverne Dalmacije. Na temelju zapažanja na terenu izrađeno je i analizirano osam geoloških stupova i napravljena je mikropaleontološka i petrografska analiza 11 mikroskospih preparata, kao i određivanje udjela karbonata u uzorcima. Tokom istraživanja je određeno pet različitih facijesa: lapori, koji ukazuju na hemipelagičko taloženje u distalnom području prodelte, horizontalno laminirani pješčenjaci koji su indikator vučnog transporta u uvjetima gornjeg strujnog režima, masivni pješčenjaci sa prisutnim amalgamacijama koji ukazuju na proksimalniji okoliš, koso laminirani pješčenjaci koji nastaju migracijom riplova u sporijim turbiditnim tokovima manje gustoće te slampovi koji ukazuju na podmorska klizišta povezana s nestabilnim podmorskim padinama. Petrografskom analizom određeno je da su analizirani pješčenjaci areniti, s većim udjelom karbonatne komponente u uzorcima iz sjeverne Dalmacije. Mikropaleontološkom analizom potvrđena je eocenska starost proučavanih naslaga. This thesis deals with flysch deposits of the Island of Pag and northern Dalmatia. Sedimentological logging was carried out on eight localities. Eleven samples from different localities were subjected to micropaleontological and petrographic analysis and determination of carbonate content. Five sedimentary facies were identified: (1) hemipelagic marls deposited in a distal prodelta setting, (2) plane parallel-stratified sandstones indicating deposition under tractive conditions; (3) massive and amalgamated sandstones suggesting a more proximal depositional setting; (4) ripple cross-laminated sandstones deposited from weaker and low-densitiy turbulent flows; and (5) slumps suggesting mass-movement along unstable subaqueous slopes. The results of petrographic analysis show that the study sandstones are arenites, with higher carbonate content in the samples from northern Dalmatia. Micropaleontological analyisis confirmed the Eocene age of the study deposits.

Opisana je foraminiferska zajednica iz odabranog uzorka naslaga miocenske starosti na Dilj gori, geološki stup Ciprovac. Detaljno je analizirana frakcija 0,35 mm koja je dobivena mokrim prosijavanjem. Određene su ukupno 33 foraminiferske vrste, koje pripadaju podredovima Rotaliina i Textulariina. Planktonske foraminifere dominiraju, 17 određenih vrsta predstavlja 84,6 % zajednice što ukazuje na dubljevodne taložne okoliše gornjeg dijela kontinentalne padine. Najbrojnije planktonske vrste su: Trilobatus trilobus, Trilobatus quadrilobatus, Trilobatus bisphericus. Izračunati su indeksi bioraznolikosti: bogatstvo vrsta, Berger-Parker-ov indeks dominacije, Simpson-ov indeks dominacije, Shannon-Wiener-ov indeks, indeks ekvitabilnosti i Fisher-ov indeks. Na osnovu stratigrafskih raspona prisutnih vrsta određena je badenska starost naslaga. The foraminiferal assemblage from the Miocene deposits (Mt. Dilj gora), Ciprovac section have been studied. The 0.35 mm fraction obtained by sieving was analyzed in detail. A total of 33 foraminiferal species were determined and classified into the suborders Rotaliina and Textulariina. Of these, 17 species belong to the planktonic foraminifera, accounting for 84.6% of the assemblages, suggesting an upper bathyal depositional environment. The most abundant planktonic species are: Trilobatus trilobus, Trilobatus quadrilobatus, Trilobatus bisphericus. The following biodiversity indices were calculated: Species richness, Berger-Parker dominance index, Simpson dominance index, Shannon-Wiener index, Evenness index and Fisher index. Based on the stratigraphic ranges of the species present, the Badenian age of the deposits was determined.

Uzorci lapora s lokaliteta Jakomići (Pazinski bazen) analizirani su s ciljem odredbe starosti naslaga te paleoekološke interpretacije okoliša u kojem su one nastale. Napravljeni su mikroskopski preparati laboratorijskom metodom primjerenom za madstone bogate organskom tvari. Određene su vrste vapenačkog nanoplanktona te je provedena kvantitativna analiza zastupljenosti pojedinih taksona. Na temelju prvih i zadnja pojava vrsta Furcatolithus obtusus te Sphenolithus spiniger određene su podzone MNP16Bc te MNP17A, što odgovara bartonu (gornji dio srednjeg eocena). Kokolitoforidnim zajednicama dominiraju vrste Reticulofenestra bisecta (s 21% udjela u zajednici) koja ukazuje na CIE (Carbon Isotope Excursion) fazu (faza povećane eutrofikacije u okolišu) srednje eocenskog toplinskog optimuma (Middle Eocene Climate Optimum, MECO) i Reticulofenestra producta (25%) koja je karakteristična za post-MECO fazu. Prisutnost kokolita malog morfotipa vrste Coccolithus pelagicus (7 μm) koji su indikatori hladnijih marinskih predjela, a samim time i eutrofikacije u okolišu te toplovodne jedinke Sphenolithus spp. prilagođene oligotrofičnim okolišima upućuju na postojanje nutrikline i termokline u proučavanom području. In order to determine the age of the deposits and paleoecological conditions of the environment, marl samples from Jakomići locality in Pazin basin were analyzed. The samples were laboratory processed by method for organic rich mudstones and prepared for microscopic analysis. Further taxonomic determination of calcareous nannoplankton was done together with quantitative research methods. Based on the first and last occurrences of the species Furcatolithus obtusus and Sphenolithus spiniger, subzones MNP16Bc and MNP17A of Bartonian were determined. Coccolithophorid assemblages are dominated by the species Reticulofenestra bisecta (21%) and Reticulofenestra producta (25%) respectively. Reticulofenestra bisecta indicates the CIE phase (Carbon Isotope Excursion, enhanced eutrophic phase) of the Middle Eocene Climate Optimum (MECO), while Reticulofenestra producta is characteristic of the post-MECO phase. The presence of the small morphotype Coccolithus pelagicus (7 μm), which is a cold water indicator and a warm water indicator of Sphenolithus spp. adapted to oligotrophic environments points to the existence of nutrilicline and thermocline in the water column.

Cilj završnog rada bio je izvršiti strukturnu analizu Trgovske gore na temelju terenskih podataka i postojećih geoloških podataka vezanih uz istraživano područje te izrada geološkog profila. Područje istraživanja obuhvaća naslage paleozojske i mezozojske starosti. Paleozojski sedimenti izgrađuju šire područje Trgovske gore, a čine ih naslage devona, karbona i permotrijasa. Mezozojske naslage tj. naslage donjeg i srednjeg trijasa periklinalno nalazimo na obroncima Trgovske gore na koje se transgresivno nastavljaju neogenske i pliokvartarne sedimentne stijene. Na temelju terenskih podataka o orijentacijama slojeva, pukotina, rasjeda, klivaža i folijacija, koji su prethodno organizirani u GIS bazu podataka, proračunate su orijentacije osi bora i glavnih osi paleonaprezanja. Podaci su prikazani stereografskim prikazom pomoću računalnih programa Stereonet i Win_Tensor. Dobivene vrijednosti za orijentaciju polja paleonaprezanja ukazuju na kompresijsko polje naprezanja s pružanjem glavne osi naprezanja S-J. Proračunata orijentacija polja paleonaprezanja generalno odgovara orijentaciji polja paleonaprezanja u kojem su nastale bore, čije osi tonu prema prema JI, SZ te Z. Geološki profil sugerira utjecaj kompresijskog režima naprezanja koji je uzrokovao formiranje reversnih rasjeda te genetski vezanih antiklinala i sinklinala pružanja SZ-JI pa se može zaključiti da se radi o „fault-bend-fold“ tipu boranja. The main goal of this work was to analyse structural characteristics of Trgovska gora based on the collected field data and available data, and construction of geological cross-section. The research area includes deposits of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. Paleozoic sediments covers the widest portion of Trgovska gora. Mesozoic deposits, i.e., deposits of the Lower and Middle Triassic, can be periclinally found on the slopes of Trgovska Gora. Based on the collected structural data on the orientations of strata bedding, fractures, faults, cleavages, foliations, which were previously organized in a GIS database, the orientations of the fold axes and the principal paleostress axes were calculated. Collected data are shown using stereograms i.e., computer programs Stereonet and Win_Tensor. The obtained values of the orientation of the paleostress field indicate a compressional stresses with the principal σ1 stress axis orientation N-S. The calculated orientation of the principal paleostress axis generally corresponds to the orientation of the paleostress field in which the folds were formed, i.e. with fold axis diping towards the SE, NW, and W. The geological cross-section suggests that compressional stress field caused the formation of reverse faults and associated NW-SE oriented anticlines and synclines characterized by "fault-bend-fold" type of geometry.

Aiming to identify and describe the evidence of Late Quaternary abrupt climate changes, preserved four different pedo-sedimentary complexes in Croatia will be investigated. They are Zmajevac loess-palaeosol sequence and Đurđevac Sands, located in the Pannonian region, and fluvioglacial sediments of Privlaka and karst lacustrine sediments of the Vrgoračko polje in the Croatian Dinaric region. The planned methodology implies geophysical surveying, utilization of remote sensing techniques drilling, and sampling, as well as carrying out various laboratory analyses to determine textural, geochemical, palaeobotanical, micromorphological, mineralogical, and geochronological properties of the marker horizons (MH). The MH of this study is considered those that indicate the change in climatic conditions, e.g. horizons formed by sediment cumulization synchronously to the vegetation regression upward on the top of well-developed paleosols, as markers of progressive aridization. The locations for sampling were selected based on previous field experience and supported by the results of geoelectrical sounding and drilling campaigns that delimited the lateral and vertical extent of the MH. The mineralogical and geochemical properties of several MH have already been described through previous research. The age of each MH will be established by radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating or existing geochronological information [1] [2] [3] [4]. The results of micromorphological analysis and geochemical indicators [5] will provide information about the pedogenetic development of the palaeosols and will ultimately be translated into dynamics of climate change during the Late Quaternary.

U ovom diplomskom radu analizirani su uzorci sedimenta, morskih cvjetnica i algi, te je određena brojnost mikrobne zajednice tijekom proljeća, ljeta i jeseni 2021. g., i to u uvalama Ribnjak, Funtana i Veštar na zapadnoj obali Istre. Karakteristike sedimenta u uvalama odraz su izloženosti taložnog okoliša i različitog donosa materijala s kopna. Stanje livada cvjetnica i s njime povezana brojnost mikrobne zajednice su pod utjecajem čovjeka i karakteristika sedimenta. Uvala Ribnjak je pod manjim antropogenim utjecajem, a sadrži muljevit sediment i očuvanu livadu cvjetnica. U uvali Veštar livada u karbonatnom pijesku je značajnije devastirana, vjerojatno radi turističkih aktivnosti, a mikrobna zajednica je najmanje zastupljena. Na uglavnom muljevitom dnu uvale Funtana livadu cvjetnica degradira utjecaj invazivne alge, a moguć je i utjecaj turističkih aktivnosti. In this thesis sediment, seagrass, and algae together with microbial abundancy were analysed in Ribnjak, Funtana, and Veštar Bays along the western Istrian coast during spring, summer and, autumn 2021. Sediment characteristics in all bays are the result of sedimentary environment exposure together with various inputs of terrigenous material. Seagrass meadow conditions and related microbial abundancies reflect the anthropogenic influence and sediment nature. Ribnjak Bay with muddy sea bottom and seagrass meadow in good condition is the least affected by human activities. Veštar Bay meadow, developed in carbonate sand, is significantly degraded, probably due to the tourism, while its microbial community is of the lowest abundance. Mostly muddy sea bottom of the Funtana Bay is covered by a partially degraded seagrass meadow, probably due to the competition of invasive algae, while touristic activities is not excluded.

Glavni cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je usporediti recentne dravske sedimente sa sedimentima na lokalitetu Novigrad Podravski te im utvrditi porijeklo. U tu je svrhu obiđen i snimljen teren, uzorkovani su šljunci i pijesci te su napravljene granulometrijska i petrografska analiza te analiza teške mineralne frakcije. Rezultati petrografske analize i analize teških minerala ukazuju da porijeklo recentnih sedimenata rijeke Drave i četvrte dravske terase (pleistocen) odgovara geologiji istočnih Alpa koje su građene od neoproterozojskih i fanerozojskih metamorfnih stijena. Sastav valutica ukazuje i na prisutnost vulkanskih stijena u izvorišnom području. Ne isključuje se mogućnost da je dio materijala četvrte dravske terase pretaložen s okolnih gora čije je uzdizanje započelo u pliocenu, što je potkrijepljeno većom zrelošću teške frakcije te povećanim udjelima epidota, cirkona, rutila i turmalina u pojedinim uzorcima. The main goal of this Thesis was to compare recent Drava river sediments with sediments of Novigrad Podravski and determine their provenance. For that purpose river and excavation sites were visited and surveyed where gravel and sand were sampled. This was followed granulometric, petrographic and quantitative heavy mineral analysis. Results show that the recent Drava river sediments and the 4th Drava river terrace (Pleistocen) to some degree have similar characteristics, and are ultimately derived from a common source area in the Eastern Alps largely built of neoproterozoic and phanerozoic metamorphic rocks. Composition of pebbles indicates the presence of volcanic rocks in the source area. It is not not excluded that a part of 4th Drava river terrace sediments represent redeposited material from surrounding hills and mountains uplifted since the Pliocen, which is substantiated by the maturity of THM fraction and increased proportions of epidot group minerals, zircon, rutile and tourmaline in some specimens.

Aluvijalna ravnica rijeke Drave i njenih pritoka formirana je u tri faze tijekom kasnog pleistocena i ranog holocena. Dravu smatramo prijelaznim tipom rijeke od prepletene do meandrirajuće koju nazivamo wandering river. Fluvijalni sustavi wandering rijeka sedimentološki su vrlo varijabilni te pod snažnim utjecajem njihovog specifičnog razvoja sporedih korita i glavnog korita. U blizini Novigrada Podravskog pronađen je kop šljunkovitih naslaga koje pripadaju drugoj riječnoj terasi rijeke Drave. Analizom njihovih sedimentoloških karakteristika i usporedbom s literaturom zaključeno je da su naslage istaložene iz nekanaliziranih tokova, kanaliziranih bujica i poplavnih događaja te da pojedine naslage vjerojatno odražavaju razvoj sporednih korita wandering rijeka. The alluvial plain of the Drava river and its tributary channels was formed in three phases during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Drava is considered a wandering river, transitional type from braided to meandering. Fluvial systems of wandering rivers are sedimentologically variable and strongly influenced by their specific development of secondary and main riverbeds. A gravel pit comprising deposits of the second Drava river terrace was found in the vicinity of Novigrad Podravski. By analysing sedimentological characteristics and comparing with available data it can be concluded that deposits of Novigrad Podravski were deposited from sheet-floods, flash-floods and major flood events. It can also be concluded that certain deposits probably reflect the development of secondary channels of wandering rivers.

Poznavanje prirodnih koncentracija elemenata koji se nalaze u tlu određenog područja ključno je u procjeni rizika njihovog utjecaja na okoliš i zdravlje ljudi. Kemijski sastav analiziranih tala i sedimenata odraz su geoloških procesa, promjena u okolišu i antropogenih utjecaja koji su ih oblikovali. U ovom radu određene su sedimentološke i geokemijske karakteristike kopnenih naslaga u dolini rijeke Raše. Uz granulometrijski sastav, u uzorcima je određen i udio karbonatne komponente. Primjenom tehnike masene spektrometrije visoke razlučivosti uz induktivno spregnutu plazmu određene su ukupne koncentracije elemenata rijetkih zemalja u uzorcima. Granulometrijske karakteristike istraživanih naslaga ukazuju na intenzivnu sedimentaciju sitnozrnastih čestica, a raspodjela koncentracija lantanida je u skladu s prijašnjim istraživanjima. Na temelju rezultata provedenih analiza ustanovljeno je da prirodni čimbenici imaju dominantan utjecaj na sedimentološke i geokemijske karakteristike kopnenih naslaga doline rijeke Raše. Knowing the natural concentrations of elements found in the soil of a particular area is crucial in assessing the risk of their impact on the environment and human health. The chemical composition of the analysed soils and sediments reflect geological processes, changes in the environment and anthropogenic influences. In this thesis, the sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of terrestrial deposits in the Raša river valley are determined, such as granulometry and carbonate content. The total concentrations of REE were determined using high-resolution mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The granulometric compositions of analysed deposits indicate intensive sedimentation of fine-grained particles, and the distribution of lanthanide concentrations are consistent with previous research. Results obtained from previously mentioned analysis indicate a dominant influence of natural processes on the sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of terrestrial deposits of the Raša river valley.

U ovom radu provedena je kvantitativna i kvalitativna analiza šarenih Košna konglomerata koji izdanjuju na središnjem dijelu Velebita, na području Brušana, uz vrelo Košna voda. Određena je prosječna veličina čestica koje izgrađuju konglomerate i njihova zastupljenost u pojedinim kategorijama Udden-Wentworthove klasifikacije te je procijenjen postotni udio matriksa. Petrografskim mikroskopom određena je litologija čestica i matriksa, a rudnim mikroskopom identificirani su opâki minerali. Uzorci pješčenjaka klasificirani su kao litični areniti, subarkoze te feldspatski areniti, a osim pješčenjaka, konglomerat čine valutice vapnenaca, rožnjaka i kremena. Rendgenskom difrakcijskom analizom utvrđeno je da crvenu boju pješčanog matriksa konglomerata uzrokuje hematit. Temeljem provedenih analiza i terenskih opažanja, Košna konglomerati određeni su kao petromiktni klastpotporni i matrikspotporni konglomerati, mjestimično brečo-konglomerati srednjopermske starosti čiji materijal vrlo vjerojatno potječe iz izdignutog Hercinskog gorja i taložen je u marinskom okolišu. In this thesis a quantitative and qualitative analysis of multicoloured Košna conglomerates has been conducted. These conglomerates are found in the middle part of the Velebit Mt., in the Brušane area, along the “Košna voda” creek. The average particle size and their percentage in particular categories of the Udden-Wentworth classification were determined, and the percentage of matrix content was estimated. Particle and matrix lithology were determined using a petrographic microscope, while the present opaque minerals were identified using an ore microscope. Sandstone samples are classified as lithic arenites, subarkoses and feldspathic arenites. Beside sandstones, the conglomerates consist of limestone, chert and quartz pebbles. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the red colour of conglomerate matrix is caused by hematite. Based on the conducted analysis and field observations, the Košna conglomerates are defined as Middle Permian petromict clast-supported and matrix-supported conglomerates, locally breccia-conglomerates. The material very likely originated from the uplifted Hercynian Mountains and was deposited in a marine environment.

U ovom radu istraživane su stijene sa šireg područja okolice Voćina na Papuku. Cilj rada je petrografska analiza stijene, sa posebnim naglaskom na utruske albita. Osim toga, razmatrane su i ostale mineralne vrste u uzorku, kao i njegov matriks. Dodatno su rađene analize svih navedenih mineralnih vrsta, pomoću računalnog programa za obradu slike i statističkih parametara. Pritom su određene karakteristike minerala, kao primjerice prosječna duljina i širina njihovih bridova, prosječna površina i distribucija. Potvrđeno je da se radi o albitskom riolitu, gdje utrusci albita zauzimaju približno 35 vol.% istraživanog uzorka. In this work, rocks from the wider area around Voćin on Papuk were interpreted. The aim of the work is the petrographic analysis of the rock, with special emphasis on albite phenocrysts. In addition, other minerals, as well as its matrix were considered. Analysis of all the mentioned mineral species were performed using the computer program for image processing and statistical parameters. Also, the characteristics of the minerals were determined, such as the average length and width of their edges, average surface area and distribution. It was confirmed that the rock is indeed albite rhyolite, with albite inclusions occupying approximately 35 vol.% of the sample.

Na lokalitetu Baška plaža na otoku Krku, prikupljeno je i metodom šlemanja obrađeno pet uzoraka lapora s ciljem analize mikrofosilnog sadržaja. Uzorci su makroskopski opisani (boja, tvrdoća) te je mikrofosilni materijal pažljivo pregledan po svim frakcijama. Od mikrofosila dominiraju foraminifere, a također su nađeni i oklopi ostrakoda, bodlje ježinaca, mahovnjak i brojna zrnca minerala. Uzorak BB 11/21 s najbogatijim i najbolje očuvanim mikrofosilima je standardiziran na 280 jedinki foraminifera. U njemu dominiraju male bentičke foraminifere s 87% zastupljenosti unutar foraminiferske zajednice. Odnos plankton / bentos, s 13 % planktonskih foraminifera unutar zajednice ukazuje na plitkovodni marinski okoliš područja unutrašnjeg šelfa. Unutar foraminiferske zajednice dominiraju foraminifere sa perforatnom (staklastom) stijenkom, dok po obliku kućice dominiraju trohospiralne foraminifere. At the Baška Beach locality, on the Krk island, five marl samples were collected and processed using the wet sieving method with the aim of analyzing the microfossil content. The samples were macroscopically described (color, hardness) and the microfossils were carefully examined in all sieve fractions. Microfossil community are dominated by foraminifera, and ostracoda carapaces, urchin spines, bryozoa and numerous mineral grains were also found. Sample BB 11/21 with the most diverse and well preserved microfossils is standardized to 280 foraminifera individuals. Small benthic foraminifera (87%) are the most numerous microfossils, and the plankton / benthos ratio, with 13% of planktonic foraminifera, indicates a shallow marine environment of the inner shelf. Within the foraminiferal community, foraminifera with a calcareous, hyaline perforate wall dominate, as well as foraminifera with trochospiral test form.

U ovom završnom radu opisano je do koje mjere odabir frakcije sita utječe na rezultate istraživanja sastava zajednice malih bentičkih foraminifera. U tu svrhu površinski uzorak sedimenta prikupljen u Koparskom zaljevu (Savudrijska vala) na dubini od 24.6 m je analiziran. Uzorak je obojen organskim bojilom Rose Bengal i ostavljen 14 dana, kako bi se živuće jedinke foraminifera mogle razlikovati od praznih kućica. Nakon mokrog i suhog sijanja, analiziran je udio obojenih kućica u ukupnoj zajednici, kao i zastupljenost predstavnika tri tipa stijenki kućica (tri podreda) u frakcijama >63 μm i >125 μm. Udio predstavnika tri podreda kao i udio obojenih jedinki rezultirao je jako sličnim vrijednostima. Ova istraživanja sugeriraju frakciju >125 μm kao zadovoljavajuću kod praćenja promjena sastava organizama u okolišima plitkog šelfa Jadranskog mora. In this thesis, it is described how the selection of the sieve fraction affects the results of the study of the composition of the smaller benthic foraminifera assemblages. For this purpose, a surface sample of sediment collected in the Bay of Kopar (Savudria Bay) at a depth of 24.6 m was analyzed. The sample was stained with Rose Bengal and left for 14 days, so that living individuals of foraminifera could be distinguished from empty shells. After wet and dry sieving, the proportion of stained tests in the total assemblage was analysed, as well as the proportion of representatives of three types of walls (three suborders) in fractions >63 μm and >125 μm. The proportion of representatives of the three suborders as well as the proportion of stained individuals resulted in very similar values. These studies suggest the >125 μm fraction as satisfactory for monitoring changes in the composition of organisms in the environment of the shallow shelf of the Adriatic Sea.

Prikupljena su 4 uzorka sedimenta na području KAS Sisak koji su likvefakcijom izašli na površinu. Cilj analiza provedenih na njima je bio odrediti postoji li trag antropogenog utjecaja u vidu onečišćenja, te ispitati može li se njihov sastav koristiti kao referentna vrijednost u procjeni antropogenog opterećenja površinskih uzoraka sedimenta rijeka. Napravljene su analiza veličine zrna, analiza geokemijskog sastava, udio karbonatne komponente i analiza mineralnog sastava. Sva četiri uzorka su sličnih karakteristika po pitanju geokemijskog i mineralnog sastava. Dobiveni rezultati i usporedba litoloških, kemijskih i sedimentoloških karakteristika mjesta u blizini ustanovljeno je da u analiziranom sedimentu nije detektirano antropogeno onečišćenje. Jedino su elementi povezani sa aluvijem rijeka Save te Kupe i Odre u povećanim koncentracijama zbog utjecaja rijeka. Naslage kojemu pripadaju uzorci su aluvij recentnih tokova (a). Dubina s koje je mogao doći sediment procjenjuje se na 20 do 26 m ili vjerojatnije s 12 -15 m dubine. Four sediment samples were collected in the area of KAS Sisak, which came to the surface through liquefaction. The goal of the analyses that were carried out on the samples was to determine whether there is a trace of anthropogenic influence in the form of pollution, and to examine whether their composition can be used as a reference value in the assessment of the anthropogenic load of surface samples of river sediments. Analysis of grain size, analysis of geochemical composition, proportion of carbonate component and analysis of mineral composition were made. All four samples have similar characteristics in terms of geochemical and mineral composition. The obtained results and a comparison of the lithological, chemical, and sedimentological characteristics of the nearby places revealed that no anthropogenic pollution was detected in the analysed sediment. The only elements associated with the alluvium of the Sava and Kupa and Odra rivers are in increased concentrations due to the influence of the rivers. The deposits to which the samples belong are of the alluvium of recent flows (a). The depth from which the sediment could have come is estimated at 20 to 26 m or more likely from 12-15 m deep.

Na sjevernom dijelu otoka Vrgade, koja je uglavnom izgrađena od krednih vapnenaca, izdanjuje pleistocenski sediment u kojem je oblikovan obalni klif. U njegovom podnožju se nalazi pretežito pješčana plaža izgrađena od materijala nastalog erodiranjem klifa, a pretpostavlja se da je taj sediment naknadno distribuiran dužobalnom strujom. Cilj ovog rada je potvrđivanje pretpostavljenog dominantnog dužobalnog transporta od istoka prema zapadu. Uzorkovano je devet uzoraka sedimenta, pet s istočnog i četiri sa sjeverozapadnog dijela plaže. Rezultati granulometrije, određivanja udjela karbonata, separacije teške i lake mineralne frakcije te mikroskopiranje teške mineralne frakcije ukazuju na pretpostavljeni dužobalni transport od istoka prema zapadu. Vrgada Island is mostly composed of Cretaceous limestones, however, in the northern part of the island Pleistocene sediments crop out in which the coastal cliff was formed. At the foot of the cliff, there is a predominantly sandy beach built of material eroded from the cliff. It is assumed that this sediment was subsequently distributed by longshore drift. The aim of this study is to confirm the assumed dominant longshore drift from east to west. Nine sediment samples were collected along the eastern and northwestern parts of the beach. The results of granulometric analysis, determination of carbonate content, separation of heavy and light mineral fractions, and quantitative analysis of heavy mineral fraction indicate the assumed longshore drift from east to west.

S ciljem odredbe starosti naslaga te paleoekološke interpretacije okoliša analizirane su naslage lapora s lokaliteta Jakomići u Pazinskom bazenu. Uzorci su laboratorijski obrađeni metodom muljanja te pripremljeni za mikroskopsku analizu kojom su izdvojene planktonske foraminifere od bentičkih. Izračunat je odnos planktona i bentosa nakon kojeg je slijedilo taksonomsko određivanje planktonskih foraminifera na razini vrste. Na temelju preklapanja stratigrafskih raspona određenih vrsta planktonskih foraminifera utvrđena je starost naslaga srednjeg eocena (gornji dio luteta i donji barton) koja pripada zoni E11 Morozovelloides lehneri. Na temelju udjela planktonskih foraminifera u zajednici dubina taloženja odgovara okolišu gornjeg dijela kontinentalne padine odnosno gornjem batijalu. Određen je eutrofičan do mezotrofičan okoliš raspona dubine vodenog stupca od površinskog sloja do sloja termokline. In order to determine the age of the deposits and paleoecological interpretation of the environment, marl samples from the Jakomići locality in the Pazin Basin were analyzed. The samples were laboratory processed by wet sieving method and prepared for microscopic analysis, which separated the planktonic foraminifera from the benthic ones. The relationship between planktonic and benthic foraminifera was calculated, followed by taxonomic determination of planktonic foraminifera at the species level. Based on the overlap of the stratigraphic ranges of planktonic foraminifera species, the age of the Middle Eocene (upper part of the Lutetian and lower Bartonian), E11 zone Morozovelloides lehneri was determined. Based on the percentage of planktonic foraminifera in the foraminiferal assemblages, the deposition depth corresponds to the environment of the upper bathyal. The eutrophic to mesotrophic range of the environment from the surface layer of the water column to the thermocline layer was determined.

Uzorci lapora su prikupljeni na sjeveroistočnom dijelu Medvednice, u kamenolomu Donje Orešje. Uzorci su obrađeni metodom šlemanja, a zatim je mikrofosilni materijal analiziran pod mikroskopom. Utvrđena je raznolika zajednica foraminifera, te je određeno ukupno 27 rodova i 38 vrsta bentičkih foraminifera. Dubina taložnog okoliša je određena na osnovu odnosa planktonskih i bentičkih foraminifera koji upućuje na oscilacije u dubini od srednjeg do unutrašnjeg šelfa. Na temelju bentičkih foraminifera određena je starost naslaga i napravljena paleoekološka rekonstrukcija okoliša. Identifikacija usko provodnih vrsta bentičkih foraminifera Bulimina insignis i Pappina neudorfensis, ukazala je da je starost naslaga srednji miocen - gornji baden. U svim analiziranim uzorcima dominiraju foraminifere s perforatnom stijenkom i infaunalni oblici bentičkih foraminifera. Izračunati indeksi bioraznolikosti upućuju da raznolikost zajednice pada duž profila, dok istovremeno raste dominacija, ali do uzorka 5/9, gdje je situacija obrnuta. Također, duž profila oscilira i količina kisika na morskom dnu i uvjeti se mijenjanju od visoko oksičnih, preko nisko oksičnih, do srednje oksičnih. Marl samples were collected in the northeastern part of Medvednica Mt., in the Donje Orešje quarry. The samples were processed by the method of wet sieving and then the microfossil material was analyzed under a microscope. A diverse assemblages of foraminifera has been identified, and a total of 27 genera and 38 species of benthic foraminifera have been identified. The depth of the paleoenvironment was determined on the basis of the ratio of planktonic and benthic foraminifera, which indicates oscillations in the depth from the middle to the inner shelf. Based on benthic foraminifera, the age of the deposits was determined and paleoecological reconstruction of the environment was made. Identification of indeks species of benthic foraminifera Bulimina insignis and Pappina neudorfensis, indicated that the age of the deposits is the Middle Miocene - Upper Badenian. Foraminifera with perforated wall and infaunal forms of benthic foraminifera dominate in all analyzed samples. The calculated biodiversity indices indicate that assemblages diversity decreasing along the profile, while dominance increasing at the same time, but up to the 5/9 sample, where the situation is reversed. Also, the oxygen content on the sea floor oscillates along the profile and the conditions change from high oxic, through low oxic, to moderately oxic.

U ovom radu kategorizirani su i opisani osnovni tipovi gravitacijskih tokova: turbiditne struje, likvefakcijski i zrnski tokovi, kao i značajni debritni tokovi koji jedini prenose krupnozrnasti sediment. S druge strane, važnost turbiditnih struja izražena je u prijenosu sedimenata na vrlo velike udaljenosti, ali u podmorju. Iako su zbog lakšeg opisa i razumijevanja naslaga gravitacijskih tokova uvedeni različiti pojmovi, terminološka problematika je još uvijek uočljiva. This thesis presents categorisation and basic description of gravity flows, including turbidity currents, liquified flows, grain flows, as well as the importance of debris flows in coarse sediment transport. On the contrary, the importance of turbidity currents is noticeable in sediment transport on great subaqueous distances. Various scientists introduced different terminology to make description and reasoning of gravity flows deposits easier to understand. However, terminological problems are still present.

Gornjopermski sediment središnjeg dijela Dinarida sadrži tri glavna facijesa: 1. karbonate (lagunarni, plimski vapnenci), 2. evaporite (gips, anhidrit) s ranodijagenetskim dolomitima, 3. klastične stijene (siltit, pješčenjak) te jedan poseban tip stijena – šupljikave karbonatne breče. Superpozicijski slijed ta tri facijesa i šupljikavih breča često nije potpuno jasan zbog pokrivenosti terena i vegetacije, te zbog intenzivne tektonske poremećenosti naslaga. Evaporiti su najstariji facijes, a na njima leže klastični i/ili karbonatni facijes i šupljikave karbonatne breče. Klastične stijene su taložene u okolišima prednjeg žala i/ili u okolišima plaja do slanih jezera. Šupljikave karbonatne breče su interpretirane kao terestičke tvorevine, tj. kao sekundarni površinski produkti fizičkog i kemijskog trošenja tektonski razdrobljenih karbonatno-evaporitnih sedimenata. Vapnenci karbonatnog facijesa nastali u udruženju s evaporitima pripadaju sedimentima taloženim u ograničenim, plitkim, slanim lagunama ili u vrlo plitkom potplimskom ili plimskom okolišu regresivnog ciklusa. Evaporiti koji su danas na površini zastupljeni gipsom nastalim hidratacijom anhidrita, taloženi su u evaporitnim uvjetima u rubnim dijelovima epikontinentalnog morskog bazena koji je zbog opće regresivne tedencije i permanentne progradacije obale, odnosno stalnog povlačenja mora, završavao formiranjem i duže vremena održavanjem sabkha i plaja uvjeta. Po svojim sedimentacijskim značajkama ti se evaporiti mogu usporediti s evaporitima “Bellerophon formacije” u gornjem permu Južnih Alpa, Italije. The Upper Permian sediments from central part of the Dinarides contains three main facies: 1. carbonates (lagoonal, intertidal limestones); 2. evaporites (gypsum, anhydrite) with early-diagenetical dolomites, 3. clastic rocks (siltstones, sandstones) and one special rock type – carbonate cavity breccias. The superposing succession of three main facies types and facies of carbonate cavity breccia is often indistinct due to soil and vegetation and intensive tectonic disruption of the sequences. Evaporites are the oldest facies and are succeeded by clastic and/or carbonate facies and carbonate cavity breccias. The clastic rocks were deposited either fore-shore or playa to salt-lake playa environment. The carbonates breccias are interpretated as terrestrial features, i.e. secondary surface products of physical and chemical weathering of tectonically disrupted carbonate-evaporite sediments. Limestones of the carbonate facies occurring in association with evaporites belong to sediments deposited in restricted shallow, hypersaline lagoons or in very shallow subtidal to intertidal environments of the regressive cycle. The present surface gypsum evaporites (products of hydration of anhydrite), were deposited in evaporation conditions around the edges of an epeiric marine basin, which in conditions of a general regressive tendency and permanent coastal seawards progradation, ended in the formation and maintenance of sabkha and playa conditions.The Upper Permian evaporites of central Dinarides are comparable with evaporites from the Bellerophon Formation from the Southern Alps, Italy.

Čestice mikroplastike su čestice veličine manje od pet milimetara te predstavljaju jednog od najvećih zagađivača okoliša, naročito morskog. U ovom radu okarakteriziran je sediment Riječkog zaljeva uzorkovan na četiri lokacije duž obale grada Rijeke, od ušća rijeke Rječine do plaže Ploče. Iz sedimenta su izdvojene mikroplastične čestice, koje su razvrstane prema brojnosti, obliku, boji te veličini. Sastav mikroplastičnih analiziran je na FTIR-u (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy). Proveden je i eksperiment u svrhu ispitivanja mogućnosti degradacije polimera u reakciji s acetonom, kloroformom, vodenom otopinom KOH te fosfornom kiselinom pri standardnim uvjetima. Navedeni reagensi također su snimani FTIR-om te je usporedbom vibracijskih vrpci određeno je li došlo do promjena koje ukazuju na degradaciju polimera. Microplastic materials include plastic particles smaller than 5 milimeters that represents one of the main pollutants,especially in the marine environment. This thesis provides data of the sediment of Rijeka bay, sampled at 4 locations along the coast of the city of Rijeka, from the mouth of Rječina river to the beach Ploče. Microplastic particles (MP) were separated from the sediment and classified accroding to abundance, shape, color and size. Chemical composition of MP was not determined due to the difficulty of recording tiny particles on FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy). In the second part of the thesis, known types of plastics were treated with 4 reagents-acetone, chloroform, aqueous solution of KOH and phosphoric acid in order to investigate the possibility of polymer degradation in these reagents. Reagents were recorded by FTIR three times at different time intervals. By comparing the vibration bands of the reagents before and after the treatment of the polymer, it was determined that there were no changes, ie no degradation of the treated polymers.

Gmazovi su skupina kralježnjaka koja se pojavila krajem paleozoika, no svoj su vrhunac imali u razdoblju mezozoika koje se još naziva i era gmazova. Morski gmazovi su imali različite prilagodbe za život u vodi poput pluća, udova koji su se transformirali u peraje, te kleidoična jaja u kojima su mladunci bili zaštićeni. Bez obzira na niz prilagodbi, te njihove izvanredne veličine u odnosu na današnje gmazove, ipak su izumrli u masovnom krednom izumiranju što i danas još nije u potpunosti razjašnjeno. Reptiles are a group of vertebrates that appeared in the late Paleozoic, but reached their peak in the Mesozoic period, which is also called the era of reptiles. Marine reptiles had various adaptations for life in the water such as lungs, limbs that transformed into fins, and cleidoic eggs in which the cubs were protected. Despite a number of adaptations and their extraordinary size in relation to today's reptiles, they still became extinct in the mass Cretaceous extinction, which is still not fully clarified today.

U ovom seminaru je analizirano četrnaest uzoraka rostruma belemnita roda Belemnites, koji pripadaju vrstama B.compressus, B.elognatus i B.hastatus. Primjerci su pronađeni u jurskim naslagama na nekoliko lokaliteta u Engleskoj i Njemačkoj, a čuvaju se u Geološko - paleontološkoj zbirci Geološko - paleontološkog zavoda Prirodoslovno - matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Provedena su mjerenja dužine, visine, širine i apikalnih kutova rostruma te je opisana sistematika, građa i paleoekologija analiziranih vrsta belemnita. Fourteen specimens of belemnite rostrum of genus Belemnites (three species B. compressu, B. elognatus and B. hastatus) have been analysed in this seminar. Speciemens were found in the Jurassic deposits in several localities in England and Germany and stored in Geological – paleontological collection, Department od Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb. Measurements of length, height, width and apical angles of rostrum have been carried out and the taxonomy and paleoecology of the analysed species of belemnites have been described.

Srednje trijaska dubokovodna sukcesija na području južnoga Žumberka, istaložena u bazenu nastalom kao posljedica ekstenzijske tektonike, sadrži naslage u kojemu su pronađeni ostatci srednje trijaskih amonita. Većina je faune pohranjena u kolekciji Hrvatskog prirodoslovnog muzeja, dok su neki primjerci novi te još nisu inventarizirani. Fosili odredivi do razine vrste ili roda u ovome su radu podrobno morfološki opisani, raspravljeni i smješteni u paleobiogeografski i biostratigrafski kontekst. Također, ukratko su opisane opća geološka građa terena, litološke karakteristike stijena u kojima su prisutni fosili (vapnenci i vapneno-tufitični pješčenjaci) te mikrofacijesne karakteristike vapnenca koji čini jezgru jednog od opisanih amonita. Uz pomoć opisanih fosila te faune amonita i školjkaša Gregurić Brega provedena je relativno precizna biostratigrafska analiza. Rezultati, zajedno sa starijim podatcima baziranim na mikrofosilnom sadržaju, ukazuju kako dubokovodna sukcesije na Žumberačko-Samoborskom gorju ima stratigrafski raspon od donjeg ili srednjeg ilirskog podkata anizika (trinodosus ili reitzii amonitna zone) do vršnog dijela ladiničkog kata (neumayri ili regoledanus amonitne zone). Deep-water Middle Triassic succession in the southern Mt. Žumberak, deposited in a basin created because of extension tectonics, contains deposits which yielded remains of Middle Triassic ammonoids. Most of the fauna is stored in the collection of the Croatian Natural History Museum, while some specimens are new and therefore still not catalogued. Fossils determinable to the level of species or genus are hereby described in detail, discussed, and placed in palaeobiogeographic and biostratigraphic contexts. Likewise, basic geologic make-up of the terrain in question, lithological characteristics of the fossil-bearing rocks (limestone and calcareous-tuffaceous sandstone), and microfacies characteristics of limestone that made up the stone core of one of the described ammonoids, are briefly described. Using described fossils, as well as the ammonoid and bivalve fauna of Gregurić Breg, a relatively precise biostratigraphic analysis was performed. Results, together with older data based on microfossil assemblages, indicate that the deep-water succession of the Žumberak-Samoborsko gorje range has a stratigraphic range that spans the interval from the lower or middle Illyrian substage of the Anisian (trinodosus or reitzi ammonoid zones), to the uppermost Ladinian stage (neumayri or regoledanus ammonite zones).

Analizirano je preko 130 ostataka makroflore iz sedimentnih stijena kvartarne starosti na području Ždrila, u okolici Posedarja. Determinirani su sljedeći taksoni: Taxodium, Sequoia, Acer, Buxus, Carpinus, Castanea, Fraxinus, Nothofagus, Parrotia, Populus, Quercus, Robinia i Zelkova. Među uzorcima u najvećem su broju prisutni močvarni čempresi (Taxodium) među golosjemenjačama, ali i općenito, te hrast (Quercus), javor (Acer) i Zelkova među kritosjemenjačama. Na temelju omjera broja listova s nazubljenim i cjelovitim rubom, izračunata je srednja godišnja paleotemperatura od 14,4°C, što odgovara kratkotrajnim zatopljenjima tijekom gornjeg pleistocena, između 120 i 415 tisuća godina prije današnjice. Over 130 remains of macroflora from sedimentary rocks of Quaternary age in the area of Ždrilo, in the vicinity of Posedarje, were analyzed. The following taxa were determined: Taxodium, Sequoia, Acer, Buxus, Carpinus, Castanea, Fraxinus, Nothofagus, Parrotia, Populus, Quercus, Robinia and Zelkova. Among the samples, wetland cypresses (Taxodium) among gymnosperms, but also in general, oak (Quercus), maple (Acer) and Zelkova among angiosperms are present in the largest number. Based on the ratio of the number of leaves with serrated and entire margins, the mean annual paleotemperature of 14.4 ° C was calculated, which corresponds to short-term warmings during the Upper Pleistocene, between 120 and 415 thousand years before today

U okolici grada Zagreba postoji nekoliko turistički uređenih podzemnih objekata. U ovom su radu opisani trenutna geoturistička ponuda i geološke karakteristike špilje Veternice i rudnika Zrinski na području Parka Prirode Medvednica te Grgosove špilje i Rudnika sveta Barbara na području Samoborskog gorja. Napravljena je mikroskopska analiza reprezentativnih uzoraka stijena s odabranih lokaliteta te su opisani njihov sastav i karakteristike s ciljem da rezultati dobiveni ovim radom postanu dodatan sadržaj geoturističke ponude. Stijene unutar kojih su formirane obje špilje uglavnom su vapnenci miocenske starosti taloženi u plitkom moru te su bogati mikrofosilima iz skupina crvenih algi, foraminifera, mahovnjaka i ježinaca. Mineralizacija na području rudnika Zrinski koji se nalazi u dolomitima pripada Mississippi Valley tipu, a u okolici rudnika nalaze se zeleni škriljavci. Mineralizacija na području rudnika sveta Barbara ima karakteristike stratabound i SEDEX mineralizacije, a najčešći rudni minerali su siderit, hematit, halkopirit, barit, galenit, gips i drugi. Na kraju rada nalaze se skice potencijalnih edukativnih tabli za svaki od istraživanih objekata. In the vicinity of Zagreb, there are several tourist visitor-friendly underground objects. This thesis describes the current geotourist offer and geological characteristics of the Veternica cave and the Zrinski mine of the Nature Park Medvednica and the Grgos cave and the Saint Barbara mine of the Samobor Mountains. The microscopic analysis of representative rock samples from selected localities was performed and their composition and characteristics were described with the aim of making the results obtained by this work an additional content of the geotourism offer. The rocks within both of the caves were formed are mostly Miocene limestones deposited in a shallow sea and are rich in microfossils of the following groups: red algae, foraminifera, bryozoa and sea urchins. The mineralization in the area of the Zrinski mine is of the Mississippi Valley-type, and in the vicinity of the mine, there is a greenschist. Mineralization in the Saint Barbara mine area has the characteristics of stratabound and SEDEX mineralization and its most common ore minerals are siderite, hematite, chalcopyrite, barite, galena, gypsum and others. Potential educational boards for each of the researched objects can be found at the end of the thesis.

Rad ne sadrži sažetak.

U ovom diplomskom radu opisane su slampirane Prominske naslage na području Karina, Korlata, Novigrada i kanjona Krke i Čikole raspona starosti od srednjeg eocena do ranog oligocena. Analiza istraživanih naslaga i slampova omogućuje interpretaciju taložnih okoliša gdje vrlo česta promjena veličina čestica najvjerojatnije govori o čestoj promjeni bazenskih uvjeta. Naslage i sami slampovi izgrađeni su uglavnom od kalkarenita, kalklutita i manjim dijelom lapora. Istraživane Prominske naslage taložene su u Dinarskom predgorskom bazenu čija je površina uslijed tektonike borana i diferencirana u nekoliko asimetričnih subbazena. Istraživani lokaliteti nalaze se u subbazenima Krke, Čikole, Korlata i Novigrada. Lokaliteti Kistanje, kanjon Čikole, Karin i Korlat pokazuju smjer slampiranja prema JZ, dok lokaliteti Ključica i Novigrad imaju orijentaciju slampiranja prema SI. Smjer slampiranja je općenito okomit na pružanje rubova subbazena, a njihov prostorni raspored ukazuje da su subbazeni generalno bili strmiji duž sjeveroistočnih rubova, što je pogodovalo opetovanom slampiranju uzrokovanom najvjerojatnije sintaložnom tektonskom aktivnošću. This Master’s Thesis describes slumps within the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene Promina Beds in the areas of Karin, Korlat, Novigrad and the Krka and Čikola canyons. Analysis of the investigated deposits and slumps enables the interpretation of sedimentary environments, in which frequent changes in particle size most likely indicate frequent changes in basin conditions. The deposits and the slumps themselves comprise mainly calcarenites and calcilutites and marl to a smaller extent. The investigated Promina Beds were deposited in the Dinaric Foreland Basin, which was folded due to tectonics and consequently differentiated into several asymmetrical sub-basins. The investigated slumps are in the sub-basins of Krka, Čikola, Korlat and Novigrad. Slumps at localities Kistanje, Čikola canyon, Karin and Korlat are oriented towards the SW, while slumps in the area of Ključica and Novigrad are oriented towards the NE. The direction of slumping is generally perpendicular to the strike of the sub-basin margins, and their spatial distribution indicates that the sub-basins were generally steeper along their north-eastern margins, which favoured repeated slumping, caused most likely by syndepositional tectonic activity.

U ovome radu analizirani su i uspoređeni uzorci uzorkovani s dva područja unutar Nacionalnog parka Paklenica, s istočne i zapadne strane potoka Velika Paklenica. Glavne metode analize korištene u radu su metoda kalcimetrije te metoda bojanja karbonata. Uzorci predstavljaju dolomite i pješčenjake. Interpretirani su kao naslage nastale u plitkome moru tijekom ranoga trijasa, s izraženim utjecajem okolnog kopna. This work deals with analysis and comparison of deposits from two areas within the Paklenica National park, sampled on the eastern and western sides of the Velika Paklenica stream. The main methods used for analysis were calcimetry and carbonate staining. Samples represent dolomites and sandstones and are interpreted as deposits formed in the shallow sea during the Early Triassic, with pronounced terrigenous influence of the surrounding area.

Iz dobivenih 50 uzoraka bubrežnih kamenaca, od Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta Josip Juraj Strossmayer, radila se analiza morfologije pomoću stereo – mikroskopa. Ciljano su se proučavali oblik, tekstura, boja te sjaj bubrežnih kamenaca. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da se u najvećem broju radi o kamencima smeđe boje, zaobljenog oblika, grube teksture te zemljanog sjaja. Vanjski izgled bubrežnih kamenaca nam izrazito malo može reći o njihovom mineralnom sastavu te kako bi se dobio cjelokupni uvid u njihovu građu, mineralogiju i način postanka, potrebno je proširiti istraživanja na veliki broj primjeraka. Ovaj rad predstavlja uvod za sva daljnja istraživanja potrebna za razumijevanje bubrežnih kamenaca koja će pomoći pri njihovom liječenju. From the obtained 50 samples of kidney stones from the Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, morphology analysis was performed using a stereo microscope. The shape, texture, color and luster of kidney stones were studied in a targeted manner. The obtained results show that most of them are brown stones, rounded in shape, rough in texture and earthy in luster. The external appearance of kidney stones can tell us very little about their mineral composition, and in order to gain an overall insight into their structure, mineralogy and method of origin, it is necessary to expand the research to a large number of specimens. This paper provides an introduction to all further research needed to understand kidney stones that will help in their treatment.

Istra pripada sjeverozapadnom dijelu bivše Jadranske karbonatne platforme, jedne od najvećih mezozojskih karbonatnih platformi Perimediteranske regije. Intenzivna postsedimentacijska tektonika tijekom paleogena i neogena uzrokuje kompleksnu građu cijelog područja karbonatne platforme čime se izdvajaju specifični sustavi taloženja s čestim bočnim i vertikalnim varijacijama facijesa unutar nekad homogenog područja. Unutar ovog rada istraživani su i opisani mikrofacijesi na području Savudrije, Istra. Mikroskopskom analizom utvrđeno je pet facijesa/mikrofacijesa gornjokredne starosti taloženi na karbonatnoj platformi. Većinu facijesa karakteriziraju bentičke foraminifere, alge, cijanobakterije i peloidi u različitim omjerima što upućuje da su naslage taložene u plitkomorskim okolišima karbonatne platforme. Prepoznati facijesi/mikrofacijesi mogu se korelirati s formacijom Milna (cenoman) na otoku Braču gdje je prvi put opisan slijed gornjokrednih naslaga. Istria belongs to the northwestern part of the former Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP), one of the largest Mesosoic carbonate platforms of the Perimediterranean region. Intensive post-depositional tectonics during Paleocene and Eocene causes a complex structure of the entire carbonate platform. Specific deposition systems characterised by frequent lateral and vertical variations of facies were established within a formerly homogeneous area. Within this paper, microfacies in the area of Savudrija, Istria were investigated and described. Microscopic analysis revealed five upper Cretaceous facies/microfacies deposited on the carbonate platform. Most facies are characterized by benthic foraminifera, algae, cyanobacteria, and peloids in varying proportions suggesting that deposits are deposited in the shallow marine environments of the carbonate platform. The identified facies/microfacies can be correlated with the Milna (Cenomanian) formation on the island of Brač, where the sequence of Upper Cretaceous deposits was first described.

Termalna voda u Tuheljskim Toplicama s izvora do kompleksa bazena dolazi pomoću dovodnih cijevi unutar kojih se taloži precipitat. Precipitat ili talog netopljiva je čvrsta tvar koja je nastala reakcijom u otopini. Precipitat u Termama Tuhelj nastao je na stijenkama dviju različitih dovodnih cijevi, jedna željeznog, a druga plastičnog sastava. Za potrebe ovog rada i istraživanja precipitata korištene su metode: određivanja sadržaja karbonata volumetrijskim mjerenjem Schieblerovim kalcimetrom, kompleksometrija, infracrvena spektroskopija s Ferierovom tranformacijom (FTIR) i rendgenska difrakcija na prahu (XRPD). Cilj ovog istraživanja je uočiti razlike između precipitata istaloženog u dvije različite cijevi. Rezultati pomoću četiri različite analize potvrdili su da su precipitati izgrađeni od kalcijevog karbonata, da sadrže sličan udio magnezija i kalcija te da su po sastavu i strukturi jednaki. Thermal water in Tuheljske Toplice comes from the spring to the pool complex by means of supply pipes within which the precipitate settles. A precipitate is an insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution. The precipitate in Terme Tuhelj was formed on the walls of two different supply pipes, one of iron and the other of plastic composition. For the purposes of this work and precipitate research, the following methods were used: determination of carbonate content by volumetric measurement with a Schiebler calcimeter, complexometry, infrared spectroscopy with Ferier transformation (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). The aim of this study is to observe the differences between the precipitate precipitated in two different supply pipes. The results using four different analyzes confirmed that the precipitates were composed of calcium carbonate, that they contained a similar proportion of magnesium and calcium, and that they were identical in composition and structure.

Predmet istraživanja ovog diplomskog rada je obalni klif Duilovo koji je formiran u eocenskom flišu, a nalazi se u urbanoj zoni grada Splita. U proteklih jedanaest godina (2012.-2021.), prikupljane su fotografije te je 2018. obavljeno snimanje dijela klifa nakon odrona, nakon čega su metodom SfM fotogrametrije izrađeni digitalni modeli površine, kako bi se utvrdili prisutni padinski procesi, njihovi uzroci i posljedice. Analizom slika uočeno je dominantno mehaničko trošenje lapora uzrokovano procesima vlaženja i sušenja (slaking), površinskog otjecanja (spiranje i brazdanje) i procjeđivanja (sapping). Ovi površinski procesi trošenja u kombinaciji sa periodima intenzivnih padalina dovode do masovnog kretanja materijala na padini, tj. pojave odrona i klizišta. Proces osipavanja je inicijalno uzrokovan procesom slakinga, a trošeni materijal premješta se gravitacijski i u bazi klifa formira konusna tijela koja su periodički erodirana valovima. Analizom modela razlike (DoD) za područje odrona i slika osipavanja zapažena je direktna ugroza infrastrukture i objekata na rubnim dijelovima vrha klifa, te potencijalna opasnost za kupače na plaži u njegovom podnožju. The subject of research carried out for this thesis is the coastal cliff Duilovo, which was formed in the Eocene flysch, and is located in the urban zone of the city of Split. In the past eleven years (2012-2021), photographs were collected and in 2018 a partof the cliff was surveyed after the landslide, after which digital surface models were made by SfM photogrammetry. Models were then used to determine the present slope processes, their causes and consequences. Image analysis showed that dominant weathering of marl is caused by the processes of wetting and drying (slaking), surface runoff (sheet wash and rilling) and seepage (sapping). These weathering processes, in combination with periods of intense rainfall lead to mass movement of material on the slope, ie rockfalls and landslides. Surface disintegration is initially caused by the slacking process. Weathered material which is produced moves gravitationally and forms talus cones at the base of the cliff that are periodically eroded by waves. The analysis of the difference model (DoD) for the landslide area and repeat photography images indicate that slope processes pose a direct threat to the infrastructure and facilities at the edge of the clifftop and are a potential danger for swimmers on the beach at its base.

Dugogodišnja praksa uklanjanja naslaga (banketa) morske cvjetnice Posidonia oceanica na plaži Sakarun u prestanku je 2020. godine zbog pojačane erozije sedimenta. Ostavljanje banketa na plaži otvorilo je priliku za proučavanje morfologije i dinamike banketa i sedimenta, kao i procjenu posljedica njihovog uklanjanja s plaže. Kroz pet jesenskih i zimskih mjeseci praćene su promjene količine istaložene posidonije i njena interakcija sa sedimentom. Na mjesečnoj bazi su uzorkovani uzorci iz 1/16 m3 naslaga posidonije radi utvrđivanja količine zarobljenog sedimenta. Za karakterizaciju taložnog okoliša i definiranja njegovih geoloških i sedimentoloških parametara sakupljeni su uzorci sedimenta plaže, plitkog podmorja i okolnih stijena. Napravljena je procjena količine sedimenta koja nestaje s plaže zajedno s uklonjenom posidonijom, te je prikazan utjecaj livada posidonije u moru i njenih banketa na obali na ukupni budžet sedimenta na plaži The Long-term practice of seagrass deposits (banquettes) of Posidonia oceanica removal from the Sakarun beach has come to an end in 2020 due to the increased sediment erosion. Leaving banquettes on the beach provided an opportunity to study the morphology and dynamics of the banquettes, as well as the impact of their removal from the beach. During the five autumn and winter months changes in seagrass debris quantity have been monitored, as well as its interaction with sediment. In total, 1/16 m3 of banquettes was sampled on monthly basis in order to determine the quantity of sediment caught within the seagrass deposits. Samples of beach and submarine sediment together with nearby rocks were collected in order to characterize the depositional environment and to determine its geological and sedimentological parameters. Quantities of sediment removed together with banquettes were assessed, and the effect of banquettes and seagrass meadow of Posidonia oceanica on the total sediment budget was given.

In the estuaries, sediments may represent both a sink and a secondary source of metals, due to the various biological and physico-chemical processes which control the metal dynamics in the sediment and the overlying water column. To evaluate the sediment contamination by metals and to identify the main metal input pathways, surface sediments were sampled at 40 locations in the Krka River estuary, an environment so far regarded as relatively unpolluted. To study the dynamics of metal behaviour in the estuarine environment and to quantify metal exchanges at the sediment water interface, sediment cores were retrieved from 7 locations within the estuary. To achieve research objectives, a comprehensive approach was used, which included geochemical characterization of dissolved (pore water) and solid fraction of the sediment and the overlying water column, determination of mineralogical and granulometric composition of the sediment, measurement of physico-chemical parameters of the sediment and water column and dating of one sediment core. Two distinct areas were distinguished; the upper unpolluted estuary and the lower estuary where sediment profiles reflected the history of anthropogenic metal input associated with the city of Šibenik. Three main point sources of contamination were identified: the former Electrode and Ferroalloy Factory, the Port of Šibenik and nautical marina/repair shipyard. The mobility of metals in the sediment was mainly controlled by the degradation of organic matter, either through primary redox reactions in the sediment, such as reductive dissolution of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides by which metals are released to the pore water, either through secondary reactions which may remove metals from the pore water through formation of the authigenic phase or increase metals solubility by forming metal-DOM, metal-(poly)sulphide or metal-sulphide-DOM complexes. According to calculated benthic diffusive fluxes, sediment in the Krka River estuary is dominantly acting as a source of metals. U estuarijima, sedimenti mogu biti krajnje odredište metala, ali i njihov sekundarni izvor zbog djelovanja različitih bioloških i fizikalno-kemijskih procesa koji kontroliraju dinamiku metala u sedimentu i na granici faza sediment-vodeni stupac. Kako bi se procijenilo onečišćenje sedimenta metalima i odredili glavni izvori onečišćenja, površinski sediment je uzorkovan na 40 lokacija duž estuarija rijeke Krke koji je smatran relativno čistim okolišem. Kako bi se istražila dinamika metala u estuarijskom okolišu te kvantificirala izmjena metala na granici faza sediment-vodeni stupac, jezgre sedimenta su uzorkovane na 7 lokacija u estuariju. Za postizanje ciljeva istraživanja, primijenjen je sveobuhvatni pristup koji je uključivao geokemijsku karakterizaciju krute frakcije sedimenta i dijela frakcije koje je prešao u otopinu (porna voda) te vodenog stupca, određivanje mineraloškog i granulometrijskog sastava sedimenta, mjerenje fizikalno-kemijskih parametara u sedimentu i vodenom stupcu, te datiranje jedne sedimentne jezgre. Na temelju rezultata, estuarij se može podijeliti na dva područja; gornji, nezagađeni tok i donji tok, gdje udio metala u sedimentnim jezgrama odražava povijest antropogenog utjecaja grada Šibenika na okoliš. Tri su glavna izvora onečišćenja: bivša tvornica elektroda i ferolegura (TEF), Luka Šibenik i nautička marina/remontno brodogradilište. Mobilnost metala u sedimentu uglavnom je kontrolirana procesima razgradnje organske tvari, bilo primarnim redoks reakcijama u sedimentu, poput reduktivnog otapanja Fe i Mn oksihidroksida u suboksičnoj zoni sedimenta pri čemu se metali oslobađaju u pornu vodu, bilo kroz sekundarne reakcije koje mogu ukloniti metale iz porne vode stvaranjem autigenih minerala ili povećati topivost metala stvaranjem kompleksa metal-DOM, metal-(poli)sulfid ili metal-sulfid-DOM u anoksičnom sedimentu. Prema izračunatim difuznim tokovima, sedimenti u estuariju rijeke Krke većinom predstavljaju izvor metala za pridneni sloj vodenog stupca.

Rijeka Sava pokazuje meandrirajuć karakter na svojoj dionici između Slavonskog Broda i sela Račinovci gdje je 2014. godine na dva mjesta probila nasip i uzrokovala dosad nezabilježenu poplavu u brodskoj Posavini. Kontinuiranom erozijom i taloženjem meandrirajuća rijeka se razvija u horizontalnoj ravnini, stoga se može reći kako njeno korito migrira. U ovome radu izvršena je usporedba stare karte „Slawonische Militärgrenze“ (1780) i modernih satelitskih snimaka te su se na taj način uočile i zabilježile migracije meandara rijeke Save u proteklih 240 godina. Također, uporabom podataka o maksimalnim godišnjim protocima prikupljenih na trima hidrološkim postajama izračunati su parametri intervala i vjerojatnosti pojavljivanja te je na taj način u ovome radu procijenjen rizik od poplava na dionici rijeke Save između Slavonskog Broda i Račinovaca. The Sava River is meandering on its section between Slavonski Brod and the village of Račinovci, where in 2014 it broke through the embankment in two places and caused an unprecedented flood in area known as brodska Posavina. Through continuous erosion and deposition, the meandering river evolves in a horizontal plane, so it can be said that its channel migrates. This thesis presents a comparison of the old map „Slawonische Militärgrenze“ (1780) and modern satellite images to show the migrations of the Sava River meanders in the past 240 years. Also, using maximum annual discharge data from three hydrological stations, recurrence intervals and probabilities of occurrence were calculated, leading to an estimate of flood risk on the section of the Sava River between Slavonski Brod and Račinovci village.

Dvije plitke sedimentne jezgre ručno su uzorkovane u južnom dijelu Tršćanskog zaljeva, na dubinama od 13,2 i 13,6 m. U zaljev koji je zaštićen, plitak i ima izrazito urbaniziranu obalu (mogući izvori organskih i kemijskih zagađivača) ulijeva se više rijeka (Soča, Timava, Rižana). 10 cm debele jezgre (KPF 1, KPF 4) podijeljene su u 2 cm debele poduzorke, koji su tretirani Rose bengalom i iz svakog poduzorka analizirane su foraminiferske zajednice, njihov sastav, indeksi bioraznolikosti (Simpsonov indeks, Shannon-Wienerov indeks, Berger-Parkerov indeks i Fisher (α) indeks) i BFOI indeks. Zajednice sadrže kućice recentnih bentičkih foraminifera i pretaloženih, većinom planktonskih, foraminifera. Određeno je 36 rodova i 71 vrsta recentnih foraminifera, udio obojenih/živućih kućica kao i onih koji su zahvaćene nekim promjenama (piritizacijom, fragmentacijom ili drugim mehaničkim oštećenjima). U svim zajednicama jezgre KPF 1 dominira rod Ammonia, a u jezgri KPF 4 u pojedinim intervalima brojnošću se izmjenjuju rodovi Ammonia, Nonion, Anomalinoides, Valvulineria i Porosnonion. Dominantne vrste, indeksi bioraznolikosti i BFOI indeks zajednica istraživanih jezgara ukazuju na taloženje u plitkom morskom okolišu, normalnog saliniteta u kojem vladaju visoko do nisko oksični uvjeti. Two shallow sedimentary cores were sampled manually in the southern part of the Gulf of Trieste, at a depth of 13.2 and 13.6 m. Several rivers (Soča, Timava, Rižana) flow into a sheltered and shallow bay, with highly urbanized coastline (possible sources of organic and chemical contaminants). 10 cm long sediment cores (KPF 1, KPF 4) were divided into 2 cm thick subsamples and treated with Rose Bengal. Composition, biodiversity indices (Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, Berger-Parker index and Fisher (α) index) and BFOI index were calculated for foraminiferal assemblages from each sample. The assemblages contain recent and reworked (mostly planktonic) foraminiferal tests. A total of 36 genera and 71 species were identified, with the proportion of stained/living tests and those affected by some diagenetic changes (due to pyritization, fragmentation). Genus Ammonia is dominant in all the assemblages of core KPF 1, but in core KPF 4 there is a change in the dominance of genera Ammonia, Nonion, Anomalinoides, Valvulineria and Porosononion at different intervals. Dominant species, biodiversity indices, and BFOI index of the studied assemblages indicate shallow marine environment with normal salinity where high to low oxic conditions prevail.

U mjestu Otruševec, na sjeveroistočnom dijelu Samoborskog gorja, odrađen je terenski dio rada i prikupljeno je 17 uzoraka sa 17 točaka. Na daljnju laboratorijsku analizu uzeto je deset uzoraka. Od njih deset, šest je analizirano mikroskopski, a četiri makroskopski. Uzorci su podvrgnuti analizi brojanja zrna, kalcimetriji, petrografskoj analizi, analizi nanofosila i dijatomeja. Iz dobivenih rezultata bilo je moguće odrediti sastav pješčenjaka kao i njegovu vrstu prema različitim trokomponentnim dijagramima, odrediti podrijetlo materijala te donijeti zaključke o vrsti reljefa, klimatskim uvjetima i indeksima trošenja čestica. Od četiri pješčenjaka, jedan je svrstan u litične grauvake, dok ostala tri spadaju pod litične arenite. Daljnja je interpretacija dobivenih podataka ukazala na subhumidnu klimu u vrijeme taloženja, kao i na moguće brdoviti reljef te na metamorfno i sedimentno podrijetlo čestica. Pronađeni proslojci ugljena, crvenkasta boja pojedinih uzoraka te limonitizacija zrna, ukazuju na sezonske klimatske promjene subhumidne do moguće subaridne klime. Također, značajni udio olivina ukazuje na različitu stopu trošenja i višestruko recikliranje stabilnijih minerala. Fosilni ostaci nisu pronađeni u niti jednom uzorku pa je o starosti naslaga teže donositi konkretnije zaključke. The field-work part of this master thesis was done in Otruševec, in the northeastern part of the Samoborsko gorje hills, where 17 samples were collected from 17 localities. Ten samples were taken for further laboratory analysis. Out of ten, six were analyzed microscopically, and four macroscopically. The samples were analysed by means of grain counting, calcimetry, petrographic analysis, nannofossil and diatom analysis. From the results obtained, it was possible to determine sandstone composition and type according to different ternary diagrams, to determine the origin of the material and to draw conclusions on the type of relief, climatic conditions and the weathering index. Out of the four sandstones, one is classified as a lithic graywacke, while the other three are lithic arenites. Data analysis suggests that weathering occurred due to sub-humid climate at the time of deposition, in areas of possibly hilly relief composed of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Traces of coal, the reddish color of some samples, and grain limonitization, point to seasonal climate changes from sub-humid to possibly subarid climate. Also, significant amounts of olivine have been found, suggesting different weathering rates and multiple recycling of more stable minerals. Fossil remains were not found in any of the samples so it is difficult to make more concrete conclusions on the age of the deposits.

Tema istraživanja su klastične naslage Istarskog fliša. Zajedno sa Foraminiferskim vapnencima, one čine ispunu Dinarskog predgorskog bazena koji je postojao na području Istre za vrijeme srednjeg eocena. Naslage fliša sastoje se od autohtonih hemipelagičkih lapora i naslaga taloženih iz gravitacijskih tokova. Za potrebe istraživanja analiziran je niz sedimentoloških stupova i točaka opažanja te su izdvojeni i opisani sedimentološki facijesi: olistoliti, megaslojevi, ruditni turbiditi, arenitni turbidit, lapori s rijetkim slojevima arenita, masivni lapori, te facijes slampova i klizišta. Megaslojevi su građeni od litoklasta porijeklom iz kredno-paleogenske karbonatne podloge, od fosilnog detritusa pretaloženog iz istovremenih karbonatnih rampi i od prerađenog bazenskog lapora. Karbonatni fosilni detritus prevladava i u ruditnim turbiditima, dok se siliciklastični detritus pojavljuje u tanjim turbiditima u gornjim dijelovima fliškog slijeda. Analize smjerova paleotransporta slojeva siliciklastičnog sastava ukazuje na dominantan smjer paleotransporta sa sjeverozapada prema jugoistoku, dok je za slojeve karbonatnog sastava prema sjeveru. Prema analizi facijesa možemo zaključiti da je Istarski fliš taložen na području podmorske padine i bazenske ravnice. Na taloženje megaslojeva glavni utjecaj imala je tektonika, koja je bila posljedica napredovanja dinaridskih struktura. Na temelju analiza zajednica planktonskih foraminifera i vapnenačkog nanoplanktona Istarskom flišu je potvrđena srednjeocenska starost. The topic of research are the clastic deposits of the Istrian flysch, which together with the Foraminiferal limestones, were deposited within a Dinaric foreland basin that existed in Istria during the Middle Eocene. The flysch consists of hemipelagic marls and various gravity-flow deposits which are the main focus of this study. For the purpose of the research, 13 sedimentological logs and four additional outcrops were analyzed. Sedimentary facies include: olistoliths, megabeds, rudite turbidites, arenite turbidites, marl with sparse beds of arenite, massive marl, slumps and landslides. The megabeds are composed of lithoclasts derived from older neritic limestones underlying the flysch, bioclastic sediments derived from synchronous carbonate ramps, and reworked basinal marls. Bioclastic fossil detritus is also one of the main components of rudite turbidites, while siliciclastic material is found only in arenite turbidites in the upper part of the Istrian flysch succession. Paleoflow measurments from siliciclastic strata indicate a dominant paleotransport direction towards the southeast, while the direction of carbonate beds was towards the north. According to the investigated facies, it is concluded that the Istrian flysch was deposited in deep-water paleoenvironments, base-of-slope and the basin plain. The deposition of megabeds and other deposits was influenced by tectonic activity related to the propagation of Dinaric structures. Based on the analysis of planktonic foraminifera and limestone nanoplankton assemblages, the age of the Istrian flysch was confirmed as Middle Eocene.

U gornjokrednom i paleocenskom dijelu slijeda uvale Likva nalazi se nekoliko dobro očuvanih razina koraljno-stromatoporoidnih grebena. Unutar grebena uočeni su različiti trošni ostaci koji se morfološki mogu grupirati u dvije skupine. Prva skupina predstavlja domaste forme sa strukturama nalik „prstima“ koji najvjerojatnije pripadaju koraljima, a druga skupina su nepravilne i kuglaste forme koje se nalaze oko domastih formi ili zasebno i vjerojatno pripadaju spužvama (najvjerojatnije stromatoporoidima). Prilikom terenskog istraživanja u listopadu 2020. godine, detaljno su istražene dvije grebenske razine unutar slijeda Likva: jedna unutar mastrihtskog i jedna unutar paleocenskog dijela slijeda. Novo prikupljeni uzorci, kao i oni prikupljeni na ranijim istraživanjima, korišteni su za paleontološke i sedimentološke analize. Analiza mikroskopskih izbrusaka omogućila je određivanje i interpretaciju dijagenetskih i mikrofacijesnih značajki karbonatnih stijena. Ostaci organizama i sediment pronađeni u obje grebenske razine su slični, što govori u prilog relativno brzom uspostavljanju povoljnih uvjeta za razvoj istih nakon izumiranja na kraju krede. In the Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene part of the Likva Cove section, there are several well-preserved levels of coral-stromatoporoid reefs. Within the reefs, various weathered remains have been observed and morphologically grouped in two groups. The first group represents domal forms with „finger-like“ structures which most likely belong to corals, and the second group represents irregular and bulbous forms which are found around the domal forms and likely belong to sponges (probably stromatoporoids). During field research in October 2020, two reef levels within the Likva section were investigated in detail: one reef from the Maastrichtian and one from the Palaeocene part of the section. Newly taken samples, as well as samples collected from previous investigations, were used for palaeontological and sedimentological analyses. Analysis of microscopic thin sections enabled the determinations and interpretations of diagenetic and microfacies characteristics of carbonate rocks. The remains of organisms and sediment found in both patch reef levels are similar, which implies of the relatively rapid establishment of favourable conditions for their development after the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.

Područje istraživanja obuhvaća šire područje račvanja potoka Vrapčak i potoka Mikulić, sjeverno od naselja Gornje Vrapče. Na promatranom području izdanjuju stijene paleozoika, gornjeg trijasa, gornje krede i miocena. Paleozojske stijene su predstavljene metamorfitima, pretpostavljene starosti devon-karbon. Izgrađuju sjeverni i istočni dio istraživanog područja, a razlikuju se parametamorfiti i ortometamorfiti. Odnosi metamorfita su isti kao i na širem područje Medvednice, odnosno parametamorfiti okružuju glavnu masu ortometamorfita. Naslage gornjeg trijasa, smještene su na jugozapadnom dijelu istraživanog područja, predstavljene su ranodijagenetskim dolomitima. Na središnjem dijelu istraživanog područja izdanjuju gornjokredne naslage. Unutar njih su određena četiri facijesa: bazni konglomerati, pelagički "scaglia vapnenci", flišolika serija najmlađe krede (Gozavske naslage) i turbiditni sedimenti. Južni dio istraženog terena obilježen je miocenskim naslagama. Unutar njih, badenske naslage predstavljene su baznim dolomitnim brečama na koje naliježu litotamnijski vapnenci a na njima slijede spongitni kalksiltiti i badenski pješčenjaci. Prijelaz u sarmat označen je početkom taloženja brakičnih naslaga, odnosno IV koso koritno uslojenih biokalkarenita na koje naliježu prijelazni koso laminirani onkoidni vapnenci. Najmlađe naslage istraživanog područja su donjopanonski ravno uslojeni glinoviti vapnenci poznatiji kao ''croatica naslage''. The research area includes the wider area of the fork of the Vrapčak stream and the Mikulić stream, north of the settlement of Gornje Vrapče. In the observed area, rocks of the Paleozoic, Upper Triassic, Upper Cretaceous and Miocene appear. Paleozoic rocks are represented by metamorphites, presumed to be Devonian-Carboniferous. They build the northern and eastern part of the investigated area, and parametamorphites and orthometamorphites are distinguished. The ratios of metamorphites are the same as in the wider area of Medvednica, ie parametamorphites surround the main mass of orthometamorphites. Upper Triassic deposits, located in the southwestern part of the study area, are represented by early diagenetic dolomites. Upper Cretaceous deposits are emitted in the central part of the study area. Within them, four facies have been identified: base conglomerates, pelagic "scaglia limestones", a flysch series of the youngest Cretaceous (Gozavske deposits) and turbidite sediments. The southern part of the investigated terrain is marked by Miocene deposits. Within them, the Baden deposits are represented by basic dolomite breccias on which lithotamnian limestones rest, followed by spongit calxillites and Baden sandstones. The transition to sarmat is marked by the beginning of the deposition of brackish deposits, ie obliquely layered biocalcarenites on which the transitional obliquely laminated oncoid VI limestones rest. The youngest deposits of the investigated area are Lower Pannonian flat layered clay limestones better known as "croatica deposits".

U ovome diplomskom radu određene su granulometrijske karakteristike površinskih sedimenata poplavne ravnice, korita i ušća rijeke Mirne te je u njima određen udio karbonata. Cilj rada je na temelju dobivenih terenskih i laboratorijskih rezultata dovesti u vezu karakteristike sedimenta s prepoznatim prirodnim i antropogenim procesima u donjem toku rijeke Mirne. Površinski uzorci poplavne ravnice pokazali su relativno jednoličan granulometrijski sastav. Dominantno su građeni od sitnozrnatih čestica veličine gline i praha, dok su frakcije pijeska i šljunka prisutne u manjim količinama, uglavnom kao biogena komponenta. Povećani nanos takvog sitnozrnatog sedimenta iz gornjih dijelova toka potječe od stijena podložnih eroziji: uglavnom fliša (lapori i pješčenjaci) i manje karbonatnih stijena, zaslužnih za stvaranje delte unutar estuarija. Količina materijala kojeg rijeka Mirna donosi do svoga ušća je značajna, a tome pridonose i prirodni i antropogeni procesi. Sedimentacija je uzrokovana mehaničkom erozijom kojoj potpomažu intervencije čovjeka, deforestacija tijekom prošlosti, nutrije, periodične poplave; procesi koji u svome međusobnom djelovanju mogu podjednako i pozitivno i negativno utjecati ne samo na prirodu, već i na čovjeka. In this graduate thesis, the granulometric characteristics of surface sediments of the floodplain, riverbed and mouth of the Mirna River were determined together with share of carbonates component. The aim of this paper is to link sediment characteristics with the recognized natural and anthropogenic processes in the lower course of the Mirna River, based on the obtained field and laboratory results. Surface floodplain samples showed a relatively uniform granulometric composition. They are predominantly composed of fine-grained (clay and silt) particles, while fractions of sand and gravel are less present, mainly as a biogenic component. The increased deposition of such fine-grained sediment from the upper parts of the stream originates from rocks subjected to erosion: mostly flysch (marls and sandstones) and less carbonate rocks. This deposition led to development of delta within the estuary. The amount of material brought by the Mirna River to its mouth is significant, and both natural and anthropogenic processes contribute to such a deposition. Sedimentation is caused by mechanical erosion aided by human interventions, deforestation during the past, nutria rodents, periodic floods; processes that in their interaction can equally positively and negatively affect not only nature but also a man.

Uvala Stupica Mala nalazi se na JI dijelu otoka Žirja, najudaljenijeg naseljenog otoka u Šibenskom arhipelagu. Tri uzorka sedimenta s plaže iz uvale Stupica Mala, A (gornja plimna zona), B (donja plimna zona) i C (morski uzorak) granulometrijskom analizom definirani su kao pjeskoviti šljunci, a krećući se od plaže prema moru dolazi do smanjenja udjela šljunka i povećanja udjela pijeska. Uzorci imaju visok udio karbonata, koji se smanjuje sa smanjenjem veličine zrna. Rezultati analize mineralnog sastava pokazuju da sediment sadrži kalcit, magnezijski kalcit, aragonit i kvarc. Udio organske tvari u sedimentu iznosi 1,07 %. Iz materijala frakcije > 4 mm koji je prikupljen sa suhog dijela plaže izdvojeno je 0,47 g plastičnih čestica po 1 g sedimenta. Rezultati određivanja polimernog sastava 71 plastične čestice iz frakcije > 4 mm, pokazali su da je 68 % čestica sastava polietilena niske gustoće, 21 % je polipropilenskih čestica, polistirenskih čestica je 3 %, a kod 8 % uzoraka polimerni sastav nije određen. Analizom adsorbiranih metala na 15 uzoraka plastičnih čestica vidljivo je da maseni udjeli metala variraju ovisno o vrsti plastike, a najveći afinitet prema analiziranim metalima imaju polistirenski uzorci, slijede polipropilenski te polietilenski uzorci niske gustoće. Cink ima 7 puta veći afinitet za polietilenske uzorke niske gustoće u odnosu na elemente bakra, olova i kadmija. Kod polipropilenskih uzoraka afinitet za olovo je 30 puta veći nego kod polietilenskih uzoraka niske gustoće, dok kadmij ima slične vrijednosti kao i kod polietilenskih uzoraka niske gustoće. Polistirenski uzorak ima najveći afinitet za cink, 21 puta veći nego kod polietilenskih uzoraka niske gustoće, a afinitet za kadmij je 6 puta manji nego kod polietilenskih uzoraka niske gustoće i polipropilenskih uzoraka. Analizirani metali u malim količinama mogu biti prisutni u plastičnim uzorcima od njihove proizvodnje ili se mogu adsorbirati iz okolnog okoliša. U uvali Stupica Mala okolno tlo i stijene građeni su od karbonatnih stijena koje po prirodi nisu akumulator kao ni mogući izvor metala, stoga su metali vjerojatno podrijetlom ili s plastičnih čestica ili su adsorbirani iz morske vode. Stupica Mala Bay is located on the SE part of the Žirje Island, the most remote inhabited island of the Šibenik island group. Three sediment samples from the beach in Stupica Mala Bay, A (upper intertidal), B (bottom intertidal) and C (marine sample), were defined with granulometric characterization as sandy gravels, and moving from the beach to the sea there is a particle size reduction. The samples have a high carbonate content, which decreases with particle size reduction. Results of the mineral composition analysis of sediment sample A showed that the sediment contains calcite, magnesium calcite, aragonite, and quartz. The content of organic matter in sediment is 1,07 %. From the fraction of material > 4 mm which was sampled from the dry part of the beach, 0,47 g of plastic particles per 1 g of sediment were separated. Results of the polymer composition determination of 71 plastic particles larger than 4 mm, showed that 68 % particles are composed of low-density polyethylene, 21 % are polypropylene particles, 3 % particles are polystyrene and polymer composition of 8 % samples was not determined. Analysis of adsorbed metals on 15 samples of plastic particles showed that the mass fraction of metals varies depending on the type of plastic, and polystyrene samples have the highest affinity for the analysed metals, followed by polypropylene and low-density polyethylene samples. Zinc has 7 times higher affinity for low-density polyethylene samples compared to the copper, lead and cadmium. Polypropylene samples have 30 times higher affinity for lead than low-density polyethylene samples, while cadmium has similar values as in low-density polyethylene. Polystyrene samples have the highest affinity for zinc, 21 times higher than low-density polyethylene samples, and the affinity for cadmium is 6 times lower than low-density polyethylene and polypropylene samples. The analysed metals may be present in plastic samples from their production or they may be adsorbed from the surrounding environment. In the Stupica Mala Bay the surrounding soil and rocks are built of carbonate rocks, which are not usual accumulators of metals or a possible source of metals, therefore, the metals are probably originating either from plastic particles or are adsorbed from the seawater.