1,433 results on '"Purine Derivative"'
Search Results
2. A purine derivative, paraxanthine, promotes cysteine uptake for glutathione synthesis
- Author
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Nobuko Matsumura, Chisato Kinoshita, Wattanaporn Bhadhprasit, Toshio Nakaki, and Koji Aoyama
- Subjects
Purine derivative ,Paraxanthine ,Cysteine uptake ,Glutathione ,Hippocampus ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Purine derivatives such as caffeine and uric acid have neuroprotective activities and are negatively correlated with the incidence of both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We have reported that an increment of intracellular glutathione (GSH) via cysteine uptake in neuronal cells is one of the mechanisms by which caffeine and uric acid confer neuroprotection. Here, we investigated whether caffeine metabolites such as paraxanthine, theophylline, theobromine, 1,7-dimethyluric acid and monomethylxanthines would increase cysteine uptake in mouse hippocampal slices. The metabolites were administered to hippocampal slices for 30 min at doses of 0, 10, or 100 μM, and then cysteine was added for 30 min. Paraxanthine, a major metabolite of caffeine, increased cysteine content in the slices, whereas the other metabolites did not. In vitro treatment with paraxanthine promoted cysteine uptake and increased GSH in HEK293 cells. The paraxanthine-induced cysteine uptake was inhibited by an excitatory amino-acid carrier-1 (EAAC1) inhibitor, and H2O2-induced cell damage was prevented by the paraxanthine treatment of SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that paraxanthine, an active metabolite of caffeine, acts to increase intracellular GSH levels via EAAC1 leading to neuroprotection.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The Genome of a Pigeonpea Compatible Rhizobial Strain '10ap3' Appears to Lack Common Nodulation Genes.
- Author
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Bopape, Francina L., Chiulele, Rogerio M., Shonhai, Addmore, and Gwata, Eastonce T.
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PIGEON pea , *GENOME size , *NITROGEN fixation , *ADENOSINE monophosphate , *GENES , *ATMOSPHERIC nitrogen - Abstract
The symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N) in root nodules of tropical legumes such as pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is a complex process, which is regulated by multiple genetic factors at the host plant genotype microsymbiont interface. The process involves multiple genes with various modes of action and is accomplished only when both organisms are compatible. Therefore, it is necessary to develop tools for the genetic manipulation of the host or bacterium towards improving N fixation. In this study, we sequenced the genome of a robust rhizobial strain, Rhizobium tropici '10ap3' that was compatible with pigeonpea, and we determined its genome size. The genome consisted of a large circular chromosome (6,297,373 bp) and contained 6013 genes of which 99.13% were coding sequences. However only 5833 of the genes were associated with proteins that could be assigned to specific functions. The genes for nitrogen, phosphorus and iron metabolism, stress response and the adenosine monophosphate nucleoside for purine conversion were present in the genome. However, the genome contained no common nod genes, suggesting that an alternative pathway involving a purine derivative was involved in the symbiotic association with pigeonpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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4. N6-(5-Phenylpentan-1-yl)adenine—A New Non-competitive Receptor-Specific Anti-cytokinin.
- Author
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Zenchenko, A. A., Savelieva, E. M., Drenichev, M. S., Romanov, G. A., and Oslovsky, V. E.
- Subjects
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ADENINE , *GENE expression , *ARABIDOPSIS thaliana , *CYTOKININS , *ROOT growth , *PLANT regulators - Abstract
For the first time, N6-(5-phenylpentan-1-yl)adenine, a synthetic adenine derivative with a receptor-specific anticytokinin effect, was obtained. This compound exhibits a pronounced anticytokinin effect, reducing cytokinin-induced expression of the GUS reporter gene when interacting with the cytokinin receptor CRE1/AHK4 of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This effect manifests itself much weaker with the related AHK2 receptor and is not observed at all with the AHK3 receptor. We showed that N6-(5-phenylpentan-1-yl)adenine does not bind to the ligand-binding sites of the Arabidopsis cytokinin receptors, which does not allow it to be classified as a true cytokinin antagonist. Despite the currently unknown mechanism of action, this compound may find its use as a component of plant growth regulators. Like true anticytokinins, it enhances root growth of Arabidopsis seedlings, apparently suppressing the action of endogenous cytokinins on the "root" receptor CRE1/AHK4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Nutrients digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and rumen and blood parameters in sheep feeding grape pomace treated with Neurospora sitophila.
- Author
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Hasanzadeh, Mohammad, Dayani, Omid, Tahmasbi, Reza, Khezri, Amin, and Dadvar, Poorya
- Subjects
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MICROBIOLOGICAL synthesis , *RUMEN fermentation , *SHEEP feeding , *PROTEIN synthesis , *NEUROSPORA , *GRAPES , *SHEEP farming - Abstract
Context: Agricultural by-products such as grape pomace (GP), could form an important component of ruminant diets. Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of treating GP with Neurospora sitophila on chemical composition, digestibility, nitrogen balance, rumen, and blood parameters. Methods: Twenty-four adult Kermani rams were allocated to one of three treatments arranged as a completely randomised design for a 26-day period. The first 21 days were for adaptation, and the last 5 days were for sample collection. The animals were placed in individual cages equipped with a urine–faeces separator. They were fed with (1) a basal diet without GP (control), (2) a basal diet with 20% of untreated grape pomace (UGP), and (3) a basal diet with 20% of N. sitophila -treated grape pomace (TGP). Key results: Treating GP increased the percentages of crude protein (CP), lignin and rumen-degradable protein (RDP; P < 0.01), but decreased rumen-undegradable protein (RUP; P < 0.05) and total phenols and tannins (P < 0.01). Nutrient digestibility in the TGP- and UGP-supplemented groups was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The mean excretion of allantoin (P < 0.05), xanthine plus hypoxanthine (P < 0.01), total purine derivatives (P < 0.05), and microbial protein synthesis (P < 0.05) were lower in the sheep fed UGP than in the control group. The acetate (P < 0.01), propionate and total volatile fatty acids (P < 0.05) in rumen fluid were the highest in the control group. The UGP-supplemented group had a higher rumen pH and a lower NH3-N concentration than did other groups, 1.5 h after feed intake. Also, blood glucose and urea nitrogen in animals fed UGP were lower than in those in other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Treating of GP with N. sitophila fungus increases the CP and RDP and reduces the adverse effects of GP on ruminal kinetics. Implications: The GP that has been exposed and treated with N. sitophila may provide a suitable supplementary feed for ruminants when incorporated into diets at rates of up to 20%. Utilisation of the by-products in the animal nutrition results in less consumption of cereal grain by animals. These by-products, such as grape pomace (GP), could form an important component of ruminant diets. The GP is being produced after extracting juice that is not used by humans or industries. Results showed that GP that has been exposed and treated with Neurospora sitophila may provide a suitable supplementary feed for ruminants when incorporated into diets at rates of up to 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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6. N6-(5-Phenylpentan-1-yl)adenine—A New Non-competitive Receptor-Specific Anti-cytokinin
- Author
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Zenchenko, A. A., Savelieva, E. M., Drenichev, M. S., Romanov, G. A., and Oslovsky, V. E.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Replacing soybean meal with flax seed meal: effects on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis and growth performance in sheep
- Author
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X.Y. Hao, S.C. Yu, C.T. Mu, X.D. Wu, C.X. Zhang, J.X. Zhao, and J.X. Zhang
- Subjects
average daily gain ,feed efficiency ,nutrient digestibility ,purine derivative ,rams ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Flax seed meal (FSM) is rich in various nutrients, especially CP and energy, and can be used as animal protein feed. In animal husbandry production, it is a long-term goal to replace soybean meal (SBM) in animal feed with other plant protein feed. However, studies on the effects of replacing SBM with FSM in fattening sheep are limited. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of replacing a portion of SBM with FSM on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis and growth performance in sheep. Thirty-six Dorper × Small Thin-Tailed crossbred rams (BW = 40.4 ± 1.73 kg, mean ± SD) were randomly assigned into four groups. The dietary treatments (forage/concentrate, 45 : 55) were isocaloric according to the nutrient requirements of rams. Soybean meal was replaced with FSM at different levels (DM basis): (1) 18% SBM (18SBM), (2) 12% SBM and 6% FSM (6FSM), (3) 6% SBM and 12% FSM (12FSM) and (4) 18% FSM (18FSM). The rams were fed in individual pens for 60 days, with the first 10 days for adaptation to diets, and then the digestibility of nutrients was determined. There was no significant difference in DM intake, but quadratic (P < 0.001) effects on the average daily gain and feed efficiency were detected, with the highest values in the 6FSM and 12FSM groups. For DM and NDF digestibility, quadratic effects were observed with the higher values in the 6FSM and 12FSM groups, but the digestibility of CP linearly decreased with the increase in FSM in the diet (P = 0.043). There was a quadratic (P < 0.001) effect of FSM inclusion rate on the estimated microbial CP yield. However, the values of intestinally absorbable dietary protein decreased linearly (P < 0.001). For the supply of metabolisable protein, both the linear (P = 0.001) and quadratic (P = 0.044) effects were observed with the lowest value in the 18FSM group. Overall, the results indicated that SBM can be effectively replaced by FSM in the diets of fattening sheep and the optimal proportion was 12.0% under the conditions of this experiment.
- Published
- 2020
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8. Effects of feeding corn bran and soybean hulls on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and growth performance of finishing lambs
- Author
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X.Y. Hao, M.Z. Zhang, X.Z. Zhang, C.T. Mu, C.X. Zhang, J.X. Zhao, and J.X. Zhang
- Subjects
Feed efficiency ,Grain processing by-products ,Metabolizable protein ,Purine derivative ,Sheep production ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Some grain processing by-products rich in digestible fiber are good feed resources for ruminants. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing a portion of corn and corn stover with the combinations of corn bran and soybean hulls in the diet of fattening lambs on nutrient digestion, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and growth performance. A total of 36 Dorper × Small Thin-Tailed crossbred ram lambs (BW = 22.2 ± 0.92 kg; mean ± SD) were randomly divided into three groups, and each group was fed 1 of 3 treatment diets: 1) 0% corn bran and soybean hulls (control); 2) 9% corn bran and 9% soybean hulls (18MIX); and 3) 17% corn bran and 17% soybean hulls (34MIX). The feeding experiment was conducted for 70 days, with the first 10 days for adaption. The DM intake was higher for 34MIX (1635.3 g/d) than for control diet (1434.7 g/d; P = 0.001). Lambs fed 18MIX and 34MIX diets (230.2 and 263.6 g/d, respectively) had higher average daily gain and feed efficiency than those fed control diet (194.8 g/d; P 0.05). The metabolizable protein supplies were improved with increasing co-products inclusion rate. The results indicated that corn bran and soybean hulls in combination can effectively replace a portion of corn and corn stover in the ration of finishing lambs with positive effect on nutrient digestion and growth performance.
- Published
- 2021
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9. Effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on ruminal parameter, blood metabolites, and microbial protein synthesis in Zel ram
- Author
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Zahra Alizadeh, Asadollah Teymouri Yansari, Yadollah Chashnidel, Mohammad Kazemifard, and Samaneh Azarpajouh
- Subjects
microbial protein ,purine derivative ,ruminal ammonia ,nutrients digestion. ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on feed intake, ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, dry matter, nutrients digestion, and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in ram. Rams were used for four 21-day periods. The experimental design was a 4×4 Latin square design. The experiment has consisted of the following four rations: 1) basic diet with soybean meal as a protein source, 2) basic diet with soybean meal plus 0.5 % of DM slow-release urea (SRU), 3) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1 % of DM SRU, and 4) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1.5 % of SRU, respectively. Soybean meal replacement by SRU decreased ruminal ammonia and blood urea. SRU increase in diets significantly increased acetic acid 3 hours after morning feeding, blood glucose, total purine, uric acid excretion, microbial nitrogen, and microbial protein. The results showed that soybean meal replacement by SRU sources had no negative effect on rams performance.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Effect of storage of wet brewer’s grains with incremental levels of salt on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and purine derivative excretion in dairy heifers.
- Author
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Hatungimana, Eric, Stahl, Tess C., and Erickson, Peter S.
- Abstract
Objectives of this study were to evaluate apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and purine derivative (PD) excretion in dairy heifers limit-fed diets containing wet brewer’s grains (WBG) treated with salt. A 12-wk replicated 4 × 4 Latin square was conducted using 8 Holstein heifers of 224.5 ± 19.4 d of age, and body weight (BW) of 219.2 ± 28.1 kg (mean ± SD). Fresh WBG were treated with 0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% salt and stored for 4 d before being fed. Salt was added either to the WBG or separately to equalize the amount of salt in the diet. The diet contained 9% grass silage, 47% corn silage, 19% corn meal, 17.6% WBG and salt, 2% soybean meal, and 3% mineral mix. Diets were formulated to be limit-fed at 2.15% of BW, provide 14% crude protein (CP) and 2.27 Mcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg of dry matter (DM). Heifers were adapted to diets for 14 d followed by a 7-d collection period. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily during the collection week while BW was recorded once a week. Urine and fecal samples were collected during the last 4 d of the collection period. Acid insoluble ash was used as an internal marker to determine apparent nutrient digestibility. Weight loss of WBG during storage was determined from days 1 to 11 and initial and final yeast and mold counts were determined. Final yeast counts were similar among treatments while final mold counts tended to be lesser (P = 0.07) for the 0.8% and 1.6% salt treatments. Urinary volume was similar among treatments while allantoin (P = 0.14), and uric acid (P < 0.01) and total PD excretion tended to increase (P = 0.13) quadratically. DMI was varied by treatment (linear, quadratic, and cubic effects P < 0.01). Heifers fed the 0.8% treatment had the least DMI. Nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC) digestibility linearly decreased (P < 0.04) as salt increased. Digestibility of DM, and organic matter (OM), tended to decrease (P < 0.10) with increasing levels of salt added to WBG. Fat digestibility was quadratic with the greatest value for the 1.6% treatment. Treating WBG with salt reduced its deterioration based on lesser mold counts for the 0.8% and 1.6% treatments. These treatments had resulted in greater fat digestibility and tended to have increased PD excretion suggesting improved microbial protein synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on ruminal parameter, blood metabolites, and microbial protein synthesis in Zel ram.
- Author
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Alizadeh, Zahra, Yansari, Asadollah Teymouri, Chashnidel, Yadollah, Kazemifard, Mohammad, and Azarpajouh, Samaneh
- Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on feed intake, ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, dry matter, nutrients digestion, and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in ram. Rams were used for four 21-day periods. The experimental design was a 4×4 Latin square design. The experiment has consisted of the following four rations: 1) basic diet with soybean meal as a protein source, 2) basic diet with soybean meal plus 0.5 % of DM slow-release urea (SRU), 3) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1 % of DM SRU, and 4) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1.5 % of SRU, respectively. Soybean meal replacement by SRU decreased ruminal ammonia and blood urea. SRU increase in diets significantly increased acetic acid 3 hours after morning feeding, blood glucose, total purine, uric acid excretion, microbial nitrogen, and microbial protein. The results showed that soybean meal replacement by SRU sources had no negative effect on rams performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Circumventing the Crabtree effect: forcing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) via galactose medium increases sensitivity of HepG2 cells to the purine derivative kinetin riboside.
- Author
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Orlicka-Płocka, Marta, Gurda-Wozna, Dorota, Fedoruk-Wyszomirska, Agnieszka, and Wyszko, Eliza
- Subjects
OXIDATIVE phosphorylation ,CELL respiration ,REACTIVE oxygen species ,GALACTOSE ,CANCER cells ,CELLS - Abstract
Small-molecule compound-based therapies have provided new insights into cancer treatment against mitochondrial impairment. N6-furfuryladenosine (kinetin riboside, KR) is a purine derivative and an anticancer agent that selectively affects the molecular pathways crucial for cell growth and apoptosis by interfering with mitochondrial functions and thus might be a potential mitotoxicant. Metabolism of cancer cells is predominantly based on the Crabtree effect that relies on glucose-induced inhibition of cell respiration and thus on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which supports the survival of cancer cells in metabolic stress conditions. The simplest way to circumvent this phenomenon is to replace glucose with galactose in the culture environment. Consequently, cells become more sensitive to mitochondrial perturbations caused by mitotoxicants. In the present study, we evaluated several cellular parameters and investigated the effect of KR on mitochondrial functions in HepG2 cells forced to rely mainly on OXPHOS. We showed that KR in the galactose environment is a more potent apoptosis-inducing agent. KR decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential, reduces glutathione level, depletes cellular ATP, and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the OXPHOS state, leading to the loss of cell viability. Taken together, these results demonstrate that KR directly acts on the mitochondria to limit their function and that the sensitivity of cells is dependent on their ability to cope with energetic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Replacing soybean meal with flax seed meal: effects on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis and growth performance in sheep.
- Author
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Hao, X. Y., Yu, S. C., Mu, C. T., Wu, X. D., Zhang, C. X., Zhao, J. X., and Zhang, J. X.
- Abstract
Flax seed meal (FSM) is rich in various nutrients, especially CP and energy, and can be used as animal protein feed. In animal husbandry production, it is a long-term goal to replace soybean meal (SBM) in animal feed with other plant protein feed. However, studies on the effects of replacing SBM with FSM in fattening sheep are limited. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of replacing a portion of SBM with FSM on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis and growth performance in sheep. Thirty-six Dorper × Small Thin-Tailed crossbred rams (BW = 40.4 ± 1.73 kg, mean ± SD) were randomly assigned into four groups. The dietary treatments (forage/concentrate, 45 : 55) were isocaloric according to the nutrient requirements of rams. Soybean meal was replaced with FSM at different levels (DM basis): (1) 18% SBM (18SBM), (2) 12% SBM and 6% FSM (6FSM), (3) 6% SBM and 12% FSM (12FSM) and (4) 18% FSM (18FSM). The rams were fed in individual pens for 60 days, with the first 10 days for adaptation to diets, and then the digestibility of nutrients was determined. There was no significant difference in DM intake, but quadratic (P < 0.001) effects on the average daily gain and feed efficiency were detected, with the highest values in the 6FSM and 12FSM groups. For DM and NDF digestibility, quadratic effects were observed with the higher values in the 6FSM and 12FSM groups, but the digestibility of CP linearly decreased with the increase in FSM in the diet (P = 0.043). There was a quadratic (P < 0.001) effect of FSM inclusion rate on the estimated microbial CP yield. However, the values of intestinally absorbable dietary protein decreased linearly (P < 0.001). For the supply of metabolisable protein, both the linear (P = 0.001) and quadratic (P = 0.044) effects were observed with the lowest value in the 18FSM group. Overall, the results indicated that SBM can be effectively replaced by FSM in the diets of fattening sheep and the optimal proportion was 12.0% under the conditions of this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Meat fatty acid and purine derivatives in hair lambs in tropical climates.
- Author
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Campos, Ana Claudia Nascimento, Evangelista, Monalisa Eva Santos, Rocha Junior, José Nery, Pinheiro da Silva, Luciano, Bezerra, Leilson Rocha, Oliveira, Ronaldo Lopes, Furtado, Rafael Nogueira, Carneiro, Maria Socorro Souza, Souza, Jocely Gomes, and Pereira, Elzania Sales
- Subjects
TROPICAL climate ,SATURATED fatty acids ,LAMBS ,FATTY acid derivatives ,ANIMAL welfare ,NITROGEN excretion ,UNSATURATED fatty acids - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Supplementation of nicotinic acid to prepartum Holstein cows increases colostral immunoglobulin G, excretion of urinary purine derivatives, and feed efficiency in calves.
- Author
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Aragona, K.M., Rice, E.M., Engstrom, M., and Erickson, P.S.
- Subjects
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NIACIN , *IMMUNOGLOBULIN G , *CALVES , *COWS , *FREE fatty acids , *DNA - Abstract
We evaluated the effects of incremental levels of unprotected nicotinic acid (NA) supplementation prepartum (0, 16, 32, or 48 g/d; CON, 16NA, 32NA, and 48NA, respectively) on colostrum yield and composition and cow and calf performance. Previous research indicated that 48 g/d of NA prepartum increased colostrum IgG concentration. Exact mechanisms for this increase are not clear. The effects of NA supplementation to prepartum cows on growth and performance of their calves have not been studied. Thirty-six multiparous Holstein cows housed in a tie-stall barn were blocked by expected calving date and randomly assigned to treatments at 4 wk prepartum. Blood samples were collected 3 times weekly for analysis of nonesterified fatty acids, ketones, and IgG. Urine samples were also collected 3 times weekly for analysis of creatinine and purine derivatives. Colostrum was collected within 90 min after parturition. Calves were removed from their dams before suckling, weighed within 30 min of birth, and received 4 L of maternal colostrum. The 38 calves born were blocked based on treatments of dams. All calves were fed 449 g dry matter (DM) of milk replacer (19.3% crude protein, 19.5% fat, DM basis) and a textured starter (41% starch, DM basis) at 2 d of age until weaning at 42 d, with water available ad libitum. Feeding NA resulted in linear decreases in DM intake in cows, but colostrum yield was not affected. Yield of metabolizable energy (ME) tended to change cubically, decreasing from control (CON) to 16NA, increasing from 16NA to 32NA, and decreasing from 32NA to 48NA. Concentration of IgG, protein, ash, and solids increased linearly with NA. Concentration of ME showed a tendency to increase quadratically with NA. Yield of IgG, fat, protein, and solids content increased quadratically with NA, while allantoin and total purine derivatives increased linearly. Calf 24-h IgG and apparent efficiency of absorption were not affected by NA. Calf ME intake from colostrum tended to increase quadratically with NA, but calf starter intake was not affected. Feed efficiency of calves increased quadratically with NA. Calf average daily gain changed cubically with NA, decreasing from CON to 16NA, increasing from 16NA to 32NA, and decreasing from 32NA to 48NA. Hip width gain, body length gain, and final body length changed cubically with NA, decreasing from CON to 16NA, increasing from 16NA to 32NA, and decreasing from 32NA to 48NA. Calf blood concentrations of ketones increased quadratically with NA. These data suggest that increasing levels of NA can be fed prepartum to increase colostral components and 32 g/d NA can improve calf performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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16. Optimized oral supplementation of vitamins improves feed intake and rumen microbial protein synthesis in Deoni cows.
- Author
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KANDATHIL, Ashwin and BANDLA, Srinivas
- Subjects
- *
MICROBIOLOGICAL synthesis , *WATER-soluble vitamins , *PROTEIN synthesis , *RUMEN fermentation , *VITAMINS , *FOLIC acid , *COWS - Abstract
The present study was conducted to optimize oral doses of fat- and water-soluble vitamins in cattle using in vitro gas production model and to ascertain their effects on dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility, and rumen microbial protein (RMBP) synthesis. Doses optimized using the in vitro model were 3.66, 6.78, 16.3, 41.1, 3.87, 0.323, 4.12, and 0.055 mg/kg DMI, respectively, for thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and B12 and 500 IU/kg DMI for vitamin K. Thirty-two adult, nonproducing Deoni cows (375 ± 13.4 kg body weight, BW) were randomly divided into four equal groups (n = 8) and fed a basal diet (CON) or diets supplemented with in vitro optimized doses of water-soluble (WS), fat-soluble (FS), or both (WSFS) vitamins. The DMI values in WS and WSFS were higher than that of FS (92.6 and 96.17 vs. 82.85 g/kg BW0.75; P = 0.048) but comparable to CON (90.34 g/kg BW0.75). The purine derivative creatinine index was significantly higher in the WSFS group compared to CON (270.3 vs. 224.6; P = 0.035). Oral supplementation of optimized doses of vitamins as derived from in vitro trials improved DMI and RMBP production in Deoni cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Relationship of Milk Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids with Urine Parameters and Ruminal Microbial Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows Fed Different Proportions of Maize Silage and Red Clover Silage
- Author
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Edwin Westreicher-Kristen, Joaquín Castro-Montoya, Mario Hasler, and Andreas Susenbeth
- Subjects
purine derivative ,microbial protein ,odd- and branched-chain fatty acids ,red clover ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) with urinary purine derivates and estimated ruminal microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis. Forty-four lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-day periods comprised of a 13-day adaptation phase to diet followed by an 8-day sampling phase. Differences in estimated MCP yield and milk OBCFA composition were found by feeding total mixed rations containing forage (maize silage, MS; red clover silage, RCS) and concentrates (0.75:0.25) with targeted proportions of RCS to MS of 0.15:0.60, 0.30:0.45, 0.45:0.30, and 0.60:0.15 on a dry matter basis. The MCP was estimated from the total urinary purine derivate (PD) excretion (MCPPD) and intakes of metabolizable energy (MCPME) or digestible organic matter (MCPdOM). The Pearson correlations of individual OBCFA with urinary parameters (uric acid, allantoin, PD and nitrogen) were generally weak (r = −0.37 to 0.55). Yields of individual OBCFA correlated positively with MCPME and MCPdOM (r = 0.21 to 0.55). The prediction of urinary PD concentration was moderate (R2 = 0.64) when including the proportion of iso-C17:0. The prediction of total PD excretion was low (R2 = 0.21) with yields of iso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, and iso-C16:0. The prediction of MCPPD was high (R2 = 0.99) when including the iso-C16:0 and cis-9 C17:1 concentrations, while those of MCPME and MCPdOM were low (R2 = 0.37 and 0.36, respectively) when including yields of iso-C15:0, cis-9 C17:1, and iso-C18:0. The correlations and regression analyses demonstrate that the estimated MCP synthesis and urinary PD excretion can be only moderately predicted by yields and concentrations of individual or total OBCFA in cow’s milk. However, milk OBCFA can still be seen as a promising, non-invasive method for predicting rumen function and microbial protein supply in dairy cows because MCP flow was not directly measured in this study but instead indirectly estimated probably comprising considerable deviations of the assumed values from the true ones.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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18. Nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and growth performance in sheep consuming rations containing sea buckthorn pomace.
- Author
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Hao, Xiaoyan, Diao, Xiaogao, Yu, Shengchen, Ding, Na, Mu, Chuntang, Zhao, Junxing, and Zhang, Jianxin
- Subjects
- *
SHEEP -- Nutrition , *RUMEN microbiology , *SEA buckthorn , *MICROBIAL proteins , *DIGESTION , *MAMMAL growth , *BERRIES , *PROTEIN synthesis , *SHEEP - Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and growth performance when different proportions of sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) were included in the diet of sheep. A total of forty1/2 Dorper × 1/2 thin-tailed Han ram lambs (BW = 22.2 ± 0.92 kg, age =120 ± 11 d; mean ± SD) were selected and divided into four groups in a randomized design and were randomly allocated to one of four treatment diets. Diets were formulated isonitrogenously and contained different levels of SBP: 1) 0% SBP (control), 2) 7.8% of DM SBP (8SBP), 3) 16.0% of DM SBP (16SBP), and 4) 23.5% of DM SBP (24SBP). A portion of corn and forages were replaced with SBP. DMI and ADG increased linearly (P = 0.001), but feed efficiency was not affected (P = 0.460) by increasing SBP inclusion rate. As the SBP inclusion increased, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility decreased linearly (P = 0.005) and that CP increased linearly (P = 0.012). Response to inclusion level of SBP was quadratic (P = 0.003) for the estimated microbial CP yield with the greatest at intermediate SBP levels. For intestinally absorbable dietary protein, quadratic (P = 0.029) effects were observed among treatments. The metabolizable protein (MP) supplies were linearly (P < 0.0001) improved with increasing SBP inclusion rate. The results indicated that SBP can be incorporated in the ration of ram lambs and improve MP supply and ADG. However, high content of it in the diet was adverse for nutrient digestibility. The optimal proportion was 16.0% under the condition of this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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19. Replacing maize silage plus soybean meal with red clover silage plus wheat in diets for lactating dairy cows.
- Author
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Schulz, Franziska, Westreicher-Kristen, Edwin, Knappstein, Karin, Molkentin, Joachim, and Susenbeth, Andreas
- Subjects
- *
FEED corn silage , *DAIRY cattle feeding & feeds , *SOYBEAN as feed , *COMPOSITION of milk , *RED clover , *WHEAT as feed - Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of replacing maize silage plus soybean meal with red clover silage (RCS) plus wheat on feed intake, diet digestibility, N partitioning, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, and milk production in dairy cows. Forty-four lactating German Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods composed of a 13-d adaptation phase followed by an 8-d sampling phase. Experimental diets offered as total mixed ration consisted of a constant forage-to-concentrate ratio (75:25) with targeted proportions of RCS-to-maize silage of 15:60 (RCS15), 30:45 (RCS30), 45:30 (RCS45), and 60:15 (RCS60) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Increasing the proportion of RCS plus wheat in the diet decreased linearly the intake of DM from 22.4 to 19.8 kg/d, and of organic matter from 21.1 to 18.1 kg/d. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM and organic matter did not differ across diets and averaged 68.4 and 70.5%, respectively. However, ATTD of N decreased linearly from 68.5 to 63.2%, whereas ATTD of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber increased linearly from 50.4 to 59.6% and from 48.4 to 57.7%, respectively, when increasing the proportion of RCS plus wheat. Fecal N excretion increased from 31.6 (RCS15) to 37.2% (RCS60) of N intake, whereas urinary N excretion was the lowest (32.8% of N intake) with RCS45. Hence, N efficiency (milk N/N intake) decreased linearly with incremental levels of RCS plus wheat, being the lowest when feeding RCS60 (25.4%), probably due to increased nonprotein N proportion in total dietary N. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives decreased linearly from 378 to 339 mmol/d, which suggests that increasing levels of RCS plus wheat reduced the microbial crude protein flow at the duodenum. Milk yield and milk protein concentration declined linearly from 35.9 to 30.2 kg/d and from 3.20 to 3.01%, respectively, when increasing the proportion of RCS plus wheat. In conclusion, caution should be taken before introducing high levels of RCS plus wheat in diets of high-yielding dairy cows. However, RCS plus wheat can be included up to 30% of the dairy cow diet (DM basis) without a reduction in lactation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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20. Convergent synthesis, drug target prediction, and docking studies of new 2,6,9‐trisubstituted purine derivatives
- Author
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Alejandro Castro, Margot Paulino, Alondra Villegas, Andrés Ballesteros-Casallas, Cristian O. Salas, Christian Espinosa-Bustos, and Rajendran Satheeshkumar
- Subjects
Docking (dog) ,Chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Drug target ,Convergent synthesis ,Purine derivative ,Combinatorial chemistry - Published
- 2021
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21. Study of the N7 Regioselective Glycosylation of 6-Chloropurine and 2,6-Dichloropurine with Tin and Titanium Tetrachloride
- Author
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Lenka Tranová and Jakub Stýskala
- Subjects
Purine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Glycosylation ,chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Titanium tetrachloride ,Regioselectivity ,Purine derivative ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Selectivity ,Tin ,Combinatorial chemistry ,Catalysis - Abstract
6-Chloropurine and 2,6-dichloropurine were regioselectively glycosylated at position 7 to give the corresponding peracetylated N7-nucleosides, which can be suitable for other purine transformations. In this work, we study the distribution of N7/N9-isomers produced via the Vorbruggen method under different conditions, using an N-trimethylsilylated purine derivative and SnCl4 or TiCl4 as a catalyst. The main effort is devoted to reversing the disadvantageous predominant selectivity of most glycosylation reactions at the N9 position and thus to determining conditions that maximize the regioselectivity of glycosylation toward the desired N7-isomer.
- Published
- 2021
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22. Applications of Purine Ring Opening in the Synthesis of Imidazole, Pyrimidine, and New Purine Derivatives
- Author
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Irina Novosjolova, Māris Turks, Kristaps Leškovskis, and Jānis Miķelis Zaķis
- Subjects
Purine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nucleophilic addition ,Pyrimidine ,chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Imidazole ,Purine derivative ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Ring (chemistry) ,Nucleobase - Published
- 2021
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23. Crystal structure of 6,7-dihydroxy-6,7-dihydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-a]purin-9(5H)-one
- Author
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Wei Guo, Cheng-Xun Li, Jie Lv, and Jing Wang
- Subjects
crystal structure ,purine derivative ,hydrogen bonding ,framework structure ,Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
The title purine derivative, C7H7N5O3, is an adduct of guanine with glyoxal. In the molecule, the dihydroimidazole ring adopts a twisted conformation on the C—C bond, and the two hydroxyl groups lie on opposite sides of the mean plane of the ring. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by N—H...O, O—H...N and N—H...N hydrogen bonds forming a three-dimensional framework. The crystal packing is reinforced by C—H...O hydrogen bonds and by offset π–π stacking of the purine ring systems of inversion related molecules [intercentroid distance = 3.4839 (12) Å].
- Published
- 2016
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24. Flow of Nucleic Acids from the Rumen and Recovery of Purine Derivatives in the Urine of Cattle and Buffaloes
- Author
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Soejono, M., Yusiati, L. M., Bachrudin, Z., Budhi, S. P. S., Widyobroto, B. P., Utomo, R., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
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- View/download PDF
25. An Overview on the Use of Urinary Purine Derivatives Excretion as a Method for Estimation of Rumen Microbial Protein Production in Swamp Buffaloes and Zebu Cattle
- Author
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Liang, J. B., Pimpa, O., Jelan, Z. A., Balcells, J., Abdullah, N., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Effect of Physiological Status on Endogenous Excretion of Purine Derivatives in Cattle
- Author
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Balcells, J., Vicente, F., Orellana-Boero, P., Martin-Orue, S., Gonzalez-Ronquillo, M., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
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27. The Use of Urinary Excretion of Purine Metabolites as an Index of Microbial Protein Supply in Ruminants
- Author
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Nolan, J. V., Kahn, L. P., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Some Aspects of Recovery of [14C]-Allantoin in the Urine of Sheep
- Author
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Prasitkusol, P., Ørskov, E. R., Chen, X. B., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Research on Urinary Excretion of Purine Derivatives in Ruminants: Past, Present and Future
- Author
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Chen, X. B., Ørskov, E. R., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Measurement of Purine Derivatives and Creatinine in Urine by HPLC
- Author
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Piani, B., Fabro, C., Susmel, P., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The Effect of Plane of Nutrition on the Urinary Purine Derivative Excretion in Sheep and Goats
- Author
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Poshiwa, X., Ngongoni, N. T., Manyuchi, B., Chakoma, C., Tigere, A., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Purine Derivatives/Creatinine Ratio as an Index of Microbial Protein Synthesis in Lactating Holstein Cows
- Author
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Orellana, R., Pulido, P., Briones, M., Sarabia, A., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Effect of Diffe Rent Levels of Feed Intake on the Urinary Excretion of Purine Derivatives in Chinese Yellow Cattle
- Author
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Mo, F., Wang, Y. X., Xing, Z., Yang, Y. F., Chen, X. B., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Development, Standardization and Validation of Nuclear Based Technologies for Estimating Microbial Protein Supply in Ruminant Livestock for Improving Productivity
- Author
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Makkar, H. P. S., Makkar, Harinder P. S., editor, and Chen, X. B., editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Synthesis of Pyrimidine Conjugates with 4-(6-Amino-hexanoyl)-7,8-difluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-[1,4] benzoxazine and Evaluation of Their Antiviral Activity
- Author
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Krasnov, V. P., Musiyak, V. V., Levit, G. L., Gruzdev, D. A., Andronova, V. L., Galegov, G. A., Orshanskaya, I. R., Sinegubova, E. O., Zarubaev, V. V., Charushin, V. N., Krasnov, V. P., Musiyak, V. V., Levit, G. L., Gruzdev, D. A., Andronova, V. L., Galegov, G. A., Orshanskaya, I. R., Sinegubova, E. O., Zarubaev, V. V., and Charushin, V. N.
- Abstract
A series of pyrimidine conjugates containing a fragment of racemic 7,8-difluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-[1,4]benzoxazine and its (S)-enantiomer attached via a 6-aminohexanoyl fragment were synthesized by the reaction of nucleophilic substitution of chlorine in various chloropyrimidines. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by1H,19F, and 13 C NMR spectral data. Enantiomeric purity of optically active derivatives was confirmed by chiral HPLC. Antiviral evaluation of the synthesized compounds has shown that the replacement of purine with a pyrimidine fragment leads to a decrease in the anti-herpesvirus activity compared to the lead compound, purine conjugate. The studied compounds did not exhibit significant activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
- Published
- 2022
36. Simultaneous quantifications of four purine derivatives biomarkers in cow milk by SPE HPLC-DAD
- Author
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Miuta Filip, Catalin Dragomir, and Mihaela Vlassa
- Subjects
Cow milk ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,Purine derivative ,Spe hplc ,Food Science - Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Novel purine conjugates with N-heterocycles: synthesis and anti-influenza activity
- Author
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Ekaterina O. Sinegubova, Valery N. Charushin, Vera V. Musiyak, Dmitry А. Gruzdev, Marina А. Ezhikova, Sergey А. Vakarov, Galina L. Levit, Vladimir V. Zarubaev, Victor P. Krasnov, Evgeny N. Chulakov, Alexandrina S. Volobueva, Olga А. Vozdvizhenskaya, and Mikhail I. Kodess
- Subjects
Hexanoic acid ,Purine ,010405 organic chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Virus ,In vitro ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Purine derivative ,Cytotoxicity ,Linker ,Conjugate - Abstract
A number of novel amides were synthesized by coupling of 6-[(9H-purin-6-yl)amino]hexanoic acid to heterocyclic amines. The antiviral activity of the obtained compounds, as well as of purine conjugates in which 7,8-difluoro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine is linked to position 6 of purine through a fragment of ω-amino acids with varying lengths of polymethylene chains against influenza A and B viruses was studied in vitro. Purine derivatives have been shown to have moderate activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus. The antiinfluenza activity and cytotoxicity of conjugates with 7,8-difluoro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine depend on the length of the linker fragment.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Toward unsymmetrical 2,6-bistriazolylpurine nucleosides
- Author
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Anatoly Mishnev, Andrejs Spuris, Māris Turks, Ērika Bizdēna, Irina Novosjolova, and Dace Cīrule
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,Nucleophilic aromatic substitution ,Organic Chemistry ,Triazole ,Purine derivative ,Sequence (biology) ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Combinatorial chemistry ,0104 chemical sciences - Abstract
Synthetic routes toward purine derivatives containing two different 1,2,3-triazolyl substituents at their C-2 and C-6 positions were developed. 2,6-Bistriazolylpurines containing electron-withdrawing substituents in their triazole rings undergo C-6-selective SNAr reactions with other triazoles or NaN3. In the latter case, a CuAAC reaction provides differently substituted 2,6-bistriazolylpurines. Also a general synthetic sequence toward the title compounds regardless of their electronic character was developed. It makes a use of 6-amino-2-azidopurine derivatives, which are obtained by C-6-selective reduction of 2,6-diazidopurines.
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
39. Antiproliferative and Growth-Stimulating Activities of Synthetic Cytokinin Analogs
- Author
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Franěk, F., Strnad, M., Havlíček, L., Siglerová, V., Shirahata, Sanetaka, editor, Teruya, Kiichiro, editor, and Katakura, Yoshinori, editor
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Urinary purine derivatives as a tool to estimate dry matter intake in cattle: A meta-analysis.
- Author
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Dórea, J. R. R., Danés, M. A. C., Zanton, G. I., and Armentano, L. E.
- Subjects
- *
URINALYSIS , *PURINES , *META-analysis , *DAIRY cattle physiology , *DIGESTION , *CATTLE - Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between dry matter intake (DMI) and urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion, to develop equations to predict DMI and to determine the endogenous excretion of PD for beef and dairy cattle using a meta-analytical approach. To develop the models, 62 published studies for both dairy (45 studies) and beef cattle (17 studies) were compiled. Twenty models were tested using DMI (kg/d) and digestible DMI (dDMI, kg/d) as response variables and PD:creatinine (linear term: PD:C, and quadratic term: PD:C2), allantoin:creatinine (linear term: ALLA:C, and quadratic term: ALLA:C2), metabolic body weight (BW0.75, kg), milk yield (MY, kg/d), and their combination as explanatory variables for dairy and beef (except for MY) cattle. The models developed to predict DMI for dairy cattle were validated using an independent data set from 2 research trials carried out at the University of Wisconsin (trial 1: n = 45; trial 2: n = 50). A second set of models was developed to estimate the endogenous PD excretion. In all evaluated models, the effect of PD (either as PD:C or ALLA:C) was significant, supporting our hypothesis that PD are in fact correlated with DMI. Despite the BW-independent relationship between PD and DMI, the inclusion of BW0.75 in the models with PD:C and ALLA:C as predictors slightly decreased the values of root mean square error (RMSE) and Akaike information criterion for the models of DMI. Our models suggest that both DMI and dDMI can be equally well predicted by PD-related variables; however, predicting DMI seems more useful from a practical and experimental standpoint. The inclusion of MY into the dairy models substantially decreased RMSE and Akaike information criterion values, and further increased the precision of the equations. The model including PD:C, BW0.75, and MY presented greater concordance correlation coefficient (0.93 and 0.63 for trials 1 and 2, respectively) and lower RMSE of prediction (1.90 and 3.35 kg/d for trials 1 and 2, respectively) when tested in the validation data set, emerging as a potentially useful estimator of nutrient intake in dairy cows. Endogenous PD excretion was estimated by the intercept of the linear regression between DMI (g/kg of BW0.75) and PD excretion (mmol/kg of BW0.75) for beef (0.404 mmol/kg of BW0.75) and dairy cattle (0.651 mmol/kg of BW0.75). Based on the very close agreement between our results for beef cattle and the literature, the linear regression appears to be an adequate method to estimate endogenous PD excretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Microbial protein estimation in Murrah buffalo calves fed on diets with varying levels of energy and protein.
- Author
-
PRUSTY, SONALI, KUNDU, S. S., and TALUKDAR, PAPORI
- Subjects
RUMEN microbiology ,CALVES ,ALLANTOIN ,PROTEINS ,METABOLIZABLE energy values - Abstract
A study was conducted to predict the effect of energy and protein levels in diet on rumen microbial protein production in Murrah buffalo calves. Microbial protein was estimated from urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Six diets were formulated to provide 90% (12.30% CP), 100% (13.70% CP), and 110% (15.15% CP) protein level, and 90% (2.20 Mcal ME/kg DM) and 110% (2.42 Mcal ME/kg DM) energy level of ICAR 2013 recommendations for buffalo calves. Thirty calves (body weight; 254±7.4 kg) were divided into 6 groups and fed in 2x3 factorial designs. Dry matter intake was recorded by feeding animals for experimental period of 150 days. At the end of feeding trial, urine samples were collected. Collection, preservation, analysis and calculation of urinary purine derivatives were performed by methods described by IAEA (1997). Allantoin constituted the principal PD in the urine. Allantoin and uric acid ranged from 19.93 to 21.37 mmol/day and 2.32 to 3.49 mmol/day, respectively. Total PD varied from 23.01 to 24.28 mmol/day, whereas PD per kg BW
0.75 was within ranges of 362.77 to 384.23 mmol. The microbial N per kg DOMI or digestible OM retention (DOMR) was significantly higher in lower dietary energy group compared to higher ones. There was no significant effect of the energy and protein levels on allantoin, uric acid, creatinine, total purine derivatives and microbial N production per metabolic body weight (kg) in buffaloes. But microbial N production per digestible organic matter intake increased with decreased energy levels, whereas there was no significant effect of protein levels on it. Thus there was efficient conversion of feed N to microbial protein at CP of 12.3% and ME of 2.20 Mcal/kg DM in 250 kg BW Murrah buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Replacing alfalfa hay with dry corn gluten feed and Chinese wild rye grass: Effects on rumen fermentation, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and lactation performance in lactating dairy cows.
- Author
-
Hao, X. Y., Gao, H., Wang, X. Y., Zhang, G. N., and Zhang, Y. G.
- Subjects
- *
ALFALFA as feed , *CORN as feed , *PROTEIN synthesis , *LACTATION in cattle , *DAIRY cattle feeding & feeds , *DAIRY cattle physiology - Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and lactation performance when a portion of alfalfa was replaced with combinations of dry corn gluten feed (DCGF) and Chinese wild rye grass in the diet of lactating cows. Six multiparous and 3 primiparous Chinese Holsteins were arranged in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment for 21-d periods. The animals were fed 1 of 3 treatment diets during each period: (1) 0% DCGF (0DCGF); (2) 6.5% DCGF (7DCGF); and (3) 11% DCGF (11DCGF). Diets were isonitrogenous, and a portion of alfalfa hay was replaced with DCGF and Chinese wild rye grass, with similar concentrate mixtures and corn silage contents. The dry matter intake was greater for 11DCGF (21.9 kg/d) than for 0DCGF (20.7 kg/d) or 7DCGF (21.2 kg/d). The treatment diets did not result in difference in milk production, fat and lactose concentration, or yield. Compared with 0DCGF, the ration containing 11% DCGF improved the milk protein concentration. Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility was greater for 7DCGF (62.7% and 45.6%) and 11DCGF (63.1% and 47.2%) than for 0DCGF (59.4% and 42.3%), and the nitrogen digestibility was similar for the 3 treatments. The concentration of rumen volatile fatty acids was higher in cows fed the 11DCGF diet than in those fed the 0DCGF diet, with no difference between the 7DCGF and 11DCGF diets. The estimated microbial crude protein yield was greater for the 11DCGF diet (1985.1 g/d) than for the 0DCGF diet (1745.0 g/d), with no difference between the 0DCGF and 7DCGF diets. Thus, it appears that feeding DCGF and Chinese wild rye grass in combination can effectively replace a portion of alfalfa hay in the rations of lactating dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Synthesis, Biological Validation, and Docking Studies of Novel Purine Derivatives Containing Pyridopyrimidine, Pyrazolopyridine, and Pyranonapthyridine Rings†
- Author
-
Anand R. Saundane, Vaijinath A. Verma, Bharathi Halu, and Rajkumar S. Meti
- Subjects
Polymers and Plastics ,010405 organic chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Combinatorial chemistry ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Docking (dog) ,chemistry ,Pyrazolopyridine ,Materials Chemistry ,Biological validation ,Purine derivative ,Acetonitrile - Abstract
New strategy for the synthesis of 2-(2,3,6,9-tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1H-purin-8-yl)acetonitrile through a molecular linking with pyridopyrimidine, pyrazolopyridine, and pyranonapthyridine derivatives. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral (FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR, Mass spectral) analyses and further screened for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Compound 6a indicated a higher activity against Gram-negative bacteria and compound 7d toward Gram-positive bacteria. Antifungal validation of the compounds revealed 7b as sensible against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Candida albicans, and Penicillium chrysogenum at all concentrations. Compound 6b showed prominent cytotoxic activity with IC50 (µM) values of 0.8 ± 0.61, 1.0 ± 0.3, 1.2 ± 0.7, and 0.90 ± 0.71 against MCF-7, A-549, HeLa, and Panc-1 cancer cell lines, respectively. Compounds 6c and 10c showed significant antioxidant activity at all concentrations with ED50 values (3.39 ± 0.3 and 4.27 ± 0.5 μM, respectively). Further, docking was performed at the 1SA5 active site to anticipate their conceivable binding mode by compound 6b.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. 1,2,3-Triazoles as leaving groups in SNAr–Arbuzov reactions: synthesis of C6-phosphonated purine derivatives
- Author
-
Māris Turks, Kārlis-Ēriks Kriķis, Irina Novosjolova, and Anatoly Mishnev
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,nucleophilic aromatic substitution ,Regioselectivity ,purinylphosphonates ,arbuzov reaction ,Medicinal chemistry ,Phosphonate ,Full Research Paper ,2,6-bistriazolylpurines ,lcsh:QD241-441 ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,lcsh:Organic chemistry ,Nucleophilic aromatic substitution ,Purine derivative ,lcsh:Q ,lcsh:Science - Abstract
A new method for C–N bond transformations into C–P bonds was developed using 1,2,3-triazoles as leaving groups in SNAr–Arbuzov reactions. A series of C6-phosphonated 2-triazolylpurine derivatives was synthesized for the first time, with the isolated yields reaching up to 82% in the C–P-bond-forming event. The SNAr–Arbuzov reaction of 2,6-bistriazolylpurines follows the general regioselectivity pattern of the C6-position being more reactive towards substitution, which was unambiguously proved by X-ray analysis of diethyl (9-heptyl-2-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-9H-purin-6-yl)phosphonate.
- Published
- 2021
45. Soybean oil supplementation and alfalfa hay inclusion in starter feed of Holstein dairy calves: growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and urinary purine derivatives
- Author
-
Younes Ali Alijoo, Abazar Karimi, Mehdi Kazemi-Bonchenari, Mehdi Mirzaei, and Hassan Sadri
- Subjects
food.ingredient ,Chemistry ,food and beverages ,dairy calf ,SF1-1100 ,Soybean oil ,Animal culture ,food ,Animal science ,Starter ,fat ,Alfalfa hay ,Ruminal fermentation ,Purine derivative ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Inclusion (mineral) ,purine derivatives ,alfalfa hay ,performance - Abstract
Forty newborn Holstein female calves (BW = 39.9 ± 2.1 kg) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (each consisting of 10 animals) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of supplemental soybean oil [0 vs. 3% soybean oil (SBO) on dry matter basis] and forage level [0 vs. 15% alfalfa hay (AH) on dry matter basis] to evaluate the interaction effect of supplemental fat and forage feeding level in starter feed of dairy calves. Treatments were; (1) neither SBO supplementation nor AH inclusion (NSBO-NAH); (2) SBO supplementation but no AH included (SBO-NAH); (3) no SBO supplementation but AH included (NSBO-AH); and (4) SBO supplementation with AH (SBO-AH). Calves had ad-libitum access to water and starters throughout the study and weaned on day 63 of age but remained in the study until day 73 of age. The results showed that SBO supplementation reduced starter intake, average daily gain (tendency) and faecal consistency compared to un-supplemented diets. The lowest digestibility for neutral detergent fibre and crude protein, as well as the lowest wither height and volatile fatty acid production, were found for SBO-AH diet among experimental treatments. Moreover, the lowest urinary purine derivatives excretion but the highest urinary nitrogen excretion found in SBO-AH diet indicated the lowest nitrogen utilisation efficiency among experimental treatments. In summary, based on the current study condition, because the negative effects of SBO supplementation were exacerbated when AH was incorporated in the starter feed, concurrent feeding of SBO and AH is not recommendable in young calves.HIGHLIGHTS Supplemental soybean oil and alfalfa hay inclusion in starter feed of dairy calves was evaluated. Supplementation of SBO reduced crude protein digestibility and ruminal propionate concentration and caused looser faecal consistency. The inclusion of AH exacerbated the negative effects of SBO supplementation on ruminal fermentation and microbial activity. Concurrent supplementation of SBO and AH inclusion is not recommendable in dairy calves.
- Published
- 2021
46. Effect of ryegrass hay and ryegrass silage, cut at two stages of development, on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and purine derivative excretion in growing sheep
- Author
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Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez, Alfonso J. Chay-Canul, Manuel González-Ronquillo, Lizbeth E. Robles-Jiménez, Jose Romero-Bernal, Bulmaro Valdez-Ramírez, and Cynthia Ariciaga-Gonzalez
- Subjects
Nitrogen balance ,Nutrient digestibility ,ryegrass ,Silage ,Chemistry ,allantoin ,Two stages ,SF1-1100 ,Animal culture ,Excretion ,rumen fermentation ,Animal science ,Hay ,Purine derivative ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Growing sheep ,Allantoin ,purine derivatives ,in vitro - Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and purine derivative excretion from growing sheep fed on ryegrass silage (S) or ryegrass hay (H) cut at two maturity stages (21 and 35 d). In an in vivo trial, 32 Suffolk × Merino growing sheep (22 ± 2 kg) were used in a completely randomised design with eighth replications in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Four diets were used containing 75% forage (S at 21 or 35 d and H at 21 or 35 d) and 25% concentrate. In an in vitro trial, a completely randomised design was used for gas production parameters. Contents of N and NDF were higher in H (30 and 674 g/kg DM) than in S (26 and 411 g/kg DM). Animals fed on S had higher digestibility (P
- Published
- 2021
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47. Estimasi Sintesis Protein Mikrobia Rumen Menggunakan Ekskresi Derivat Purin dalam Urin dengan Teknik Spot Sampling pada Kambing Bligon dan Kambing Kejobong
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Dianestu Putra, Lies Mira Yusiati, and Ristianto Utomo
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Bligon goat ,Kejobong goat ,Purine derivative ,Spot sampling ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
This study were aimed to determine the correlation between concentration of purine derivatives (PD) in spot sample with PD total excretion in Bligon and Kejobong goats and determine the appropriate sampling time, in order to predicting microbial protein synthesis in both breeds. Six male Bligon goats and six male Kejobong goats with age range from 8 to 14 months and body weight from 16 to 21 kg were placed in metabolism cages. Peanut straw and water were given to both groups of goats through ad libitum feeding and drinking. The study was done in 14 days for adaptation, 3 days for collection. Sample of feeds, feed residues, and feces were collected and then analyzed to determine dry matter and organic matter content. Spot urine and the total daily urine samples were also collected. Samples collection of spot sampling technique was run by taking the urine periodically with 3 hours intervals at 24 hours. Urine samples were analyzed for the content of creatinine and PD which includes allantoin, uric acid, xanthine, and hypoxanthine. Data were tested for the correlation between concentration of PD spot urine sample with total PD daily excretion. It is known that the concentration of PD and creatinine (µmol/L) for Bligon were 1,418.40 and 202.85 respectively, while for Kejobong were 1,547.40 and 219.68 respectively. Total excretion of PD, allantoin, uric acid, xanthyne and hypoxanthine and creatinine (µmol/W0,75/day) for Bligon were 114.14, 95.86, 17.31, 0.97, and 16.40 respectively, with microbial protein synthesis efficiency was 4.61 g N/kg degraded of organic matter in rumen (DOMR). Total excretion of PD allantoin, uric acid, xanthyne and hypoxanthine and creatinine (µmol/W0,75/day) for Kejobong were 180.18, 158.17, 20.60, 1.40, and 24.87 respectively, with microbial protein synthesis efficiency was 6.90 g N/kg DOMR. Based on this study also known that the best time for spot sampling to determine the total excretion of PD in Bligon was in the range time of 11.00 am to 2.00 pm, with equation Y=1.474X+48.81, while Kejobong goat in the range of 2.00 to 5.00 pm, with equation Y=2.678X+5.692.
- Published
- 2016
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48. Novel Tricyclic 2-Alkoxy-8-methyl-6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-f]purine Derivatives: Synthesis and Characterization
- Author
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Sara Bigonah-Rasti, Ali Shiri, Kayvan Saadat, and Seddigheh Sheikhi-Mohammareh
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Purine ,Polymers and Plastics ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,Stereochemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Materials Chemistry ,Alkoxy group ,Purine derivative ,Tricyclic - Abstract
A convenient approach for the synthesis of diversely functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-f]purine heterocyclic framework have been accomplished. The products were obtained through the combination of 5-amino-3-(methylthio)-1H-1,2,4-triazole with 5-bromo-2,4-dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine followed by a SNAr alkoxylation of the novel tricyclic heterocyclic core with various aliphatic alcohols. All newly synthesized heterocycles were fully elucidated by both computational and spectral evaluations.
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- 2020
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49. Circumventing the Crabtree effect: forcing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) via galactose medium increases sensitivity of HepG2 cells to the purine derivative kinetin riboside
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Eliza Wyszko, Marta Orlicka-Płocka, Dorota Gurda-Wozna, and Agnieszka Fedoruk-Wyszomirska
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0301 basic medicine ,Cancer Research ,Cancer cells ,Adenosine ,Cellular respiration ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Apoptosis ,Oxidative phosphorylation ,Mitochondrion ,Article ,Oxidative Phosphorylation ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,Neoplasms ,Humans ,Viability assay ,Crabtree effect ,Pharmacology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ,Reactive oxygen species ,Cell growth ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Galactose ,Purine derivative ,Cell Biology ,Hep G2 Cells ,Kinetin ,Cell biology ,Mitochondria ,Culture Media ,030104 developmental biology ,Metabolism ,Glucose ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer cell ,Kinetin riboside ,Glycolysis - Abstract
Small-molecule compound-based therapies have provided new insights into cancer treatment against mitochondrial impairment. N6-furfuryladenosine (kinetin riboside, KR) is a purine derivative and an anticancer agent that selectively affects the molecular pathways crucial for cell growth and apoptosis by interfering with mitochondrial functions and thus might be a potential mitotoxicant. Metabolism of cancer cells is predominantly based on the Crabtree effect that relies on glucose-induced inhibition of cell respiration and thus on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which supports the survival of cancer cells in metabolic stress conditions. The simplest way to circumvent this phenomenon is to replace glucose with galactose in the culture environment. Consequently, cells become more sensitive to mitochondrial perturbations caused by mitotoxicants. In the present study, we evaluated several cellular parameters and investigated the effect of KR on mitochondrial functions in HepG2 cells forced to rely mainly on OXPHOS. We showed that KR in the galactose environment is a more potent apoptosis-inducing agent. KR decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential, reduces glutathione level, depletes cellular ATP, and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the OXPHOS state, leading to the loss of cell viability. Taken together, these results demonstrate that KR directly acts on the mitochondria to limit their function and that the sensitivity of cells is dependent on their ability to cope with energetic stress.
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- 2020
50. A PASE Approach to the Synthesis of Benzimidazopurines as Polycondensed Purine Derivatives
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Victor V. Fedotov, Evgeny M. Mukhin, K. V. Savateev, Denis A. Gazizov, Evgeny B. Gorbunov, Vladimir L. Rusinov, and E. N. Ulomsky
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Purine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Purine derivative ,Crystal structure ,010402 general chemistry ,Purine metabolism ,01 natural sciences ,Combinatorial chemistry ,Catalysis ,0104 chemical sciences - Abstract
A highly efficient PASE approach to a new class of polycyclic purine derivatives has been proposed. The strategy includes a consecutive reduction, auto-aromatization, and heterocyclization of the initial nitrobenzimidazopyrimidines obtained by a three-component condensation. It was shown that reduction of nitrobenzimidazopyrimidines by metals in acidic media was more efficient than heterogeneous hydrogenation. Novel derivatives of benz[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]purines were obtained in good yields and the proposed structure was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The obtained convergent benzimidazopurines combine two relevant medicinal chemistry scaffolds – benzimidazole and purine.
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- 2020
- Full Text
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