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Benzylic stereogenic centers are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceuticals. A potentially general, though challenging, approach toward their selective creation would be asymmetric unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) reactions that proceed through highly reactive benzylic cations. We now report a broadly applicable solution to this problem by identifying chiral counteranions that pair with secondary benzylic cations to engage in catalytic asymmetric C−C, C−O, and C−N bond-forming reactions with excellent enantioselectivity. The critical cationic intermediate can be accessed from different precursors via Lewis- or Brønsted acid catalysis. Key to our strategy is the use of only weakly basic, confined counteranions that are posited to prolong the lifetime of the carbocation, thereby avoiding nonproductive deprotonation pathways to the corresponding styrene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant yield losses in major cereal-growing regions around the world have been linked to cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.). Identifying and deploying natural sources of resistance is of utmost importance due to increasing concerns associated with chemical methods over the years. We screened 141 diverse wheat genotypes collected from pan-Indian wheat cultivation states for nematode resistance over two years, alongside two resistant (Raj MR1, W7984 (M6)) and two susceptible (WH147, Opata M85) checks. We performed genome-wide association analysis using four single-locus models (GLM, MLM, CMLM, and ECMLM) and three multi-locus models (Blink, FarmCPU, and MLMM). Single locus models identified nine significant MTAs (−log10 (P) > 3.0) on chromosomes 2A, 3B, and 4B whereas, multi-locus models identified 11 significant MTAs on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 3B, 3D and 4B. Single and multi-locus models identified nine common significant MTAs. Candidate gene analysis identified 33 genes like F-box-like domain superfamily, Cytochrome P450 superfamily, Leucine-rich repeat, cysteine-containing subtype Zinc finger RING/FYVE/PHD-type, etc., having a putative role in disease resistance. Such genetic resources can help to reduce the impact of this disease on wheat production. Additionally, these results can be used to design new strategies for controlling the spread of H. avenae, such as the development of resistant varieties or the use of resistant cultivars. Finally, the obtained results can also be used to identify new sources of resistance to this pathogen and develop novel control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of a pharmaceutical drug is a significant physicochemical parameter that impacts biopharmaceutical properties of drugs and other chemical characteristics. Determination of pKa and Partition coefficient of Montelukast Sodium by spectrophotometric technique and HPLC technique individually. From the measurement structure plan of dosage form and pharmaceutical examination point of view, the pKa and Partition coefficient are the most significant physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical drug which should be assessed. The pKa estimation of Montelukast Sodium was done by utilizing UV-Visible spectrophotometric strategy and Partition coefficient was evaluated utilizing HPLC technique. Experimental estimation value of pKa1 of Montelukast Sodium was found to be 3.3 and pKa2 of Montelukast Sodium was found to be 4.4. Two graphical techniques were utilized to estimate the acid dissociation constant (pKa) for Montelukast Sodium and the Partition coefficient of Montelukast Sodium by HPLC method was experimentally estimated to be 2.42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Lateral Force Impact Tribometer (LFIT) is designed to quantify the dynamic friction of synthetic seat belt and D Ring Polymer (DRP) under transient conditions during the initial sliding period. LFIT simulates the sliding between two bodies subjected to a sudden lateral force applied, resulting in relative motion. Transient friction under suddenly applied initial acceleration conditions is obtained from the displacement response. LFIT overcomes stiffness concerns of most displacement-controlled tribometers in which the sensors and actuators influence the contact stiffness, nature of asperity interaction, and frictional characteristics. The displacement vs. time response showed the variation in displacement during the initial 0.3 mm sliding distance. LFIT is modelled as a spring-mass-Coulomb damper system applied for transient analysis. The effect of contact pressure on the transient Coefficient of Friction (CoF) is studied in the present work. This paper perhaps presents the first report that enables the capture of the friction transition within 10 ms from the start of sliding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epigenetic modifications act as conductors of inheritable alterations in gene expression, all while keeping the DNA sequence intact, thereby playing a pivotal role in shaping plant growth and development. This review article presents an overview of techniques employed to investigate and manipulate epigenetic diversity in crop plants, focusing on both naturally occurring and artificially induced epialleles. The significance of epigenetic modifications in facilitating adaptive responses is explored through the examination of how various biotic and abiotic stresses impact them. Further, environmental chemicals are explored for their role in inducing epigenetic changes, particularly focusing on inhibitors of DNA methylation like 5-AzaC and zebularine, as well as inhibitors of histone deacetylation including trichostatin A and sodium butyrate. The review delves into various approaches for generating epialleles, including tissue culture techniques, mutagenesis, and grafting, elucidating their potential to induce heritable epigenetic modifications in plants. In addition, the ground breaking CRISPR/Cas is emphasized for its accuracy in targeting specific epigenetic changes. This presents a potent tools for deciphering the intricacies of epigenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, the intricate relationship between epigenetic modifications and non-coding RNA expression, including siRNAs and miRNAs, is investigated. The emerging role of exo-RNAi in epigenetic regulation is also introduced, unveiling its promising potential for future applications. The article concludes by addressing the opportunities and challenges presented by these techniques, emphasizing their implications for crop improvement. Conclusively, this extensive review provides valuable insights into the intricate realm of epigenetic changes, illuminating their significance in phenotypic plasticity and their potential in advancing crop improvement. • Epigenetic changes impact plant growth without altering DNA. • Crop plant epigenetic diversity, including natural and induced variations. • Creation of epialleles: tissue culture, mutagenesis, grafting, and precise CRISPR/Cas targeting. • Opportunities and obstacles in epigenetic techniques for crop improvement. • Epigenetic research's promise for improving crop yields and resilience to changing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fiber-based hybrid composites have been explored in this study as possible structural materials. Detailed investigation of sound insulation property of a series of hybrid and nonhybrid composites has been carried out using impedance tube having four microphones. Hybrid biocomposites were prepared with chopped and randomly oriented coir and banana fibers. Polypropylene was used as a matrix and compression molding technique was used for composite fabrication. The ratio of both fibers in hybrid biocomposites was maintained at 1:1. The effect of fiber loading and arrangement of fibers on sound insulation property of composites was investigated. It was found that fiber loading and hybridization bear a significant role in improving sound insulation property of hybrid composites. Experimental results showed that increase in fiber loading considerably improved the sound insulation up to a certain limit. The sound insulation property of hybrid and nonhybrid composites has been subsequently discussed. The results showed that sound insulation performance can be customized by structural parameters such as volume fraction, dispersion, ratio, and placement of fibers with respect to sound source, without necessitating a change in raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a facile, green and eco‐friendly approach has been applied for the synthesis of fluorescent green‐blue carbon dots (GB‐CDs) through the one‐pot hydrothermal treatment of Artocarpus lakoocha seeds for the first time and entirely characterized via a variety of instrumental techniques like fluorescent spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectra (XPS), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra‐red (FTIR) analysis. The as‐prepared GB‐CDs displayed high fluorescent quantum yield (QY) up to 38.5% and high photostability based on which GB‐CDs were successfully applied as a sensitive nanoprobe for the detection of Fe3+ ion. The sensing of Fe3+ shows a linear range from 2 to 6 μM and the limit of detection was found to be 0.62 μM. The sensing of Fe3+ was further investigated in the bona fide sample like river water and human blood serum. In addition, to explore the potential application, MTT assay was carried out on SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The results showed negligible cytotoxicity as well as high cell viability, which revealed that GB‐CDs could be utilized as a fluorescent probe in living cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Though several genes governing various major traits have been reported in rice, their superior haplotype combinations for developing ideal variety remains elusive. In this study, haplotype analysis of 120 previously functionally characterized genes, influencing grain yield (87 genes) and grain quality (33 genes) revealed significant variations in the 3K rice genome (RG) panel. For selected genes, meta‐expression analysis using already available datasets along with co‐expression network provided insights at systems level. Also, we conducted candidate gene based association study for the 120 genes and identified 21 strongly associated genes governing 10‐grain yield and quality traits. We report superior haplotypes upon phenotyping the subset of 3K RG panel, SD1‐H8 with haplotype frequency (HF) of 30.13% in 3K RG panel, MOC1‐H9 (HF: 23.08%), IPA1‐H14 (HF: 6.64%), DEP3‐H2 (HF: 5.59%), DEP1‐H2 (HF: 37.53%), SP1‐H3 (HF: 5.05%), LAX1‐H5 (HF: 1.56%), LP‐H13 (3.64%), OSH1‐H4 (5.52%), PHD1‐H14 (HF: 15.21%), AGO7‐H15 (HF: 3.33%), ROC5‐H2 (31.42%), RSR1‐H8 (HF: 4.20%) and OsNAS3‐H2 (HF: 1.00%). For heading date, Ghd7‐H8 (HF: 3.08%), TOB1‐H10 (HF: 4.60%) flowered early, Ghd7‐H14 (HF: 42.60%), TRX1‐H9 (HF: 27.97%), OsVIL3‐H14 (HF: 1.72%) for medium duration flowering, while Ghd7‐H6 (HF: 1.65%), SNB‐H9 (HF: 9.35%) were late flowering. GS5‐H4 (HF: 65.84%) attributed slender, GS5‐H5 (HF: 29.00%), GW2‐H2 (HF: 4.13%) were medium slender and GS5‐H9 (HF: 2.15%) for bold grains. Furthermore, haplotype analysis explained possible genetic basis for superiority of selected mega‐varieties. Overall, this study suggests the possibility for developing next‐generation tailor‐made rice with superior haplotype combinations of target genes suiting future food and nutritional demands via haplotype‐based breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescent gel has been prepared by deprotonation of non-fluorescent adipic acid derived ligand (H4AL) with LiOH followed by coordination with Cd(II) in DMF. The mechanism of gelation is examined by IR, 1H NMR, UV-vis, Job's plot, PXRD, SEM and TEM. Chelation enhanced fluorescence by Cd(II) has been established by fluorescence experiments. In addition to synthesis and characterization of this gel, we compared the gel properties by varying the core of the ligand using citric (H6CL) acid derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • This is first report of synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from Dunaliella salina. • A-NPCDs were used as fluorescent probe for selective detection of Hg (II), Cr (VI). • A-NPCDs offer excellent multi-color cell imaging. • Limit of detection for Cr (VI) and Hg (II) were 0.018 μM. • MTT assay showed that carbon dots were biocompatible and slightly cytotoxic. Abstract The impact of hazardous chemicals and toxic metal ions in the environment played havoc to the ecosystem. In the present work green chemistry approach was applied for one-step hydrothermal synthesis of nitrogen, phosphorus dual doped carbon dots, utilizing green precursor i.e, biomass of halophilic microalgae Dunaliella salina (algal derived nitrogen phosphorous carbon dots i.e A-NPCDs). Synthesized A-NPCDs were characterized through TEM, FT-IR, P-XRD, DLS and XPS. It showed appreciable optical properties with significant fluorescence quantum yield (8%)and exhibited blue color under UV – light (λ ex = 365 nm). A-NPCDs acted as fluorescent turn off sensor for toxic metal ion such as Hg (II) and Cr (VI) with good selectivity and sensitivity. Interestingly, ANPCDs detected Cr (VI) up to 0.018μM which was below the permissible level of Cr (VI) in drinking water. Such sensing resulted because of combination of inner filter effect and dynamic quenching mechanism. Moreover, it also showed good selectivity (0.018μM) for Hg (II) via dynamic quenching mechanism. MTT assay of A-NPCDs on HEK-293 cell line showed biocompatibility with negligible cytotoxicity. Therefore, these were successfully employed for live cell imaging and intracellular detection of Hg (II) and Cr (VI) in HEK-293 cell line. Thus, green synthesized A-NPCDs may be a good alternative for chemically derived CDs in intracellular detection of Hg (II) and Cr (VI) of a complex biological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Herein, we were synthesized fluorescent carbon quantum dots via facile one-step hydrothermal treatment of mustard seeds (M-CQDs). It showed excellent optical property with fluorescent quantum yield 4.6%. The as-prepared M-CQDs exhibited peroxidase-like mimetic activity and catalyzed the oxidation of chromogenic substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of H 2 O 2 to produce a blue color reaction mixture with the prominent peak at 652 nm. Furthermore, the peroxidase-like catalytic performance of M-CQDs followed the steady-state kinetics behavior and exhibited similar catalytic activity as that of natural enzyme Horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In addition to this, the double reciprocal plot showed a parallel line which suggested the occurrence of Ping-Pong type of mechanism. The H 2 O 2 dependent oxidation of TMB was helpful for the colorimetric detection of H 2 O 2 in the linear range of 0.02–0.20 mM with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.015 mM. Interestingly, the oxidized TMB (ox-TMB) was further reduced to native TMB by the reducing agent ascorbic acid. Hence M-CQDs showed its potential towards the selective and sensitive detection of ascorbic acid in the linear range of 10–70 μM having a correlation coefficient of 0.998 with LOD of 3.26 μM. The practical feasibility of the proposed detection method of AA was also investigated in common fresh fruits. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Green precursor and ecofriendly route were applied for the synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots. • The synthesized M-CQDs showed peroxidase like activity to oxidize the TMB in presence of H 2 O 2 via ping- pong mechanism. • The H 2 O 2 dependent oxidation of TMB by M-CQDs act as sensor for detection of H 2 O 2 with lower limit up to 0.015 mM. • Interestingly, ox-TMB further reduced to native form by ascorbic acid with good selectivity and sensitivity. • The ox-TMB based sensing showed excellent practical feasibility for the detection of AA in edible fruits viz. real sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly fluorescent nitrogen and phosphorus-doped carbon quantum dots (N,P-CQDs) were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method and fully characterized via various techniques such as TEM, DLS, FT-IR, P-XRD and XPS analysis. The as-synthesized N,P-CQDs showed excellent optical properties and exhibited bright blue colour under UV-light with CIE coordinate (0.20, 0.22) along with a high quantum yield of 73%, due to which they could act as on–off fluorescent nanoprobes for the selective and sensitive detection of highly toxic Cr(vi) below its permissible limit via the inner filter effect (IFE) and static quenching mechanism. In addition, Cr(vi) could be reduced to lower valent chromium species. Therefore, the N,P-CQDs + Cr(vi) system further acted as a selective off–on sensor for reductant ascorbic acid (AA) because it reduced Cr(vi) to Cr(iii) species, resulting in the elimination of IFE and recovery of fluorescence of N,P-CQDs. Notably, this system possesses excellent biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity; therefore, it can be potentially applied for fluorescence imaging of intracellular Cr(vi) and ascorbic acid (AA) in living cells and complex biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraoperative ultrasound is a promising tool for intraoperative tumor resection control. Navigated three-dimensional US (n3DUS) has many benefits over standard two-dimensional US (2DUS). Two cohorts (2DUS and n3DUS) of patients with histologically confirmed adult diffuse gliomas undergoing US-guided resection control were compared. The primary outcomes assessed were extent of resection and morbidity. Multivariate analysis was performed to account for tumor characteristics (delineation and eloquence) and surgeon experience, which could confound the results. n3DUS was used more often (n = 252) than 2DUS (n = 86). Tumor delineation was similar in 2DUS and n3DUS cohorts, although the n3DUS cohort included more nonenhancing, histologically lower grade (2–3) gliomas and had more gliomas located in eloquent regions; also, n3DUS was more often used by senior surgeons. Gross total resection (GTR) rates were 47%, and major morbidity was 9.5%. On multivariate analysis, after controlling for all other variables between the 2 groups, patients with well-delineated tumors, patients with prior treatment, and patients who underwent n3DUS were more likely to have GTR (adjusted odds ratios 3.0, 1.8, and 2.2, respectively), whereas patients with tumors in eloquent locations were half as likely (adjusted odds ratio 0.5) to have GTR. Eloquent located tumors were likely to be associated with higher neurological morbidity, although major morbidity was not significantly different. Good delineation, noneloquent location, and use of n3DUS was associated with a higher probability of GTR in glioma surgery. Surgeons' experience did not influence the extent of resection. Morbidity was predominantly associated with eloquent location, independent of all other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In hexaploid wheat, quantitative trait loci (QTL) and meta-QTL (MQTL) analyses were conducted to identify genomic regions controlling resistance to cereal cyst nematode (CCN), Heterodera avenae. A mapping population comprising 149 RILs derived from the cross HUW 468 × C 306 was used for composite interval mapping (CIM) and inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM). Results: Eight main effect QTLs on three chromosomes (1B, 2A and 3A) were identified using two repeat experiments. One of these QTLs was co-localized with a previously reported wheat gene Cre5 for resistance to CCN. Seven important digenic epistatic interactions (PVE = 5% or more) were also identified, each involving one main effect QTL and another novel E-QTL. Using QTLs earlier reported in literature, two meta-QTLs were also identified, which were also used for identification of 57 candidate genes (CGs). Out of these, 29 CGs have high expression in roots and encoded the following proteins having a role in resistance to plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs): (i) NB-ARC,P-loop containing NTP hydrolase, (ii) Protein Kinase, (iii) serine-threonine/tyrosine-PK, (iv) protein with leucine-rich repeat, (v) virus X resistance protein-like, (vi) zinc finger protein, (vii) RING/FYVE/PHD-type, (viii) glycosyl transferase, family 8 (GT8), (ix) rubisco protein with small subunit domain, (x) protein with SANT/Myb domain and (xi) a protein with a homeobox. Conclusion: Identification and selection of resistance loci with additive and epistatic effect along with two MQTL and associated CGs, identified in the present study may prove useful for understanding the molecular basis of resistance against H. avenae in wheat and for marker-assisted selection (MAS) for breeding CCN resistant wheat cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel hybrid fluorophore (FHPY) has been synthesized based on a condensation reaction of two standard fluorescent hydrophobic–hydrophilic molecules, viz. pyrene and fluorescein, with an objective to tune the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) along with the morphology. Owing to the distinct photophysical properties of pyrene and fluorescein, the hybrid FHPY dramatically exhibits a fluorescence change from colourless to yellow-green via a blue colour upon varying the volume fraction of water (poor solvent) in methanol (good solvent). FHPY has exhibited not only AIE, but also an outstanding quantum yield (ΦF) of 97% at a 70% water fraction in methanol (70 : 30, v/v). We attribute the reason behind the tuning of the AIE and quantum yield to the opening of the lactam ring of fluorescein as well as to the amassing of hydrophobic pyrene at a certain water fraction. The mechanism involved in the AIE has been well supported by detailed UV-vis, fluorescence, lifetime, SEM, AFM, DFT, PXRD and 1H NMR experiments. In addition, FHPY serves as a good candidate for the live cell imaging of HeLa cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to develop, optimize and evaluate a nanoemulsion (NE) of Amphotericin B (AmB) using excipients with inherent antifungal activities (Candida albicansandAspergillus niger) for topical delivery. AmB-loaded NE was prepared using Capmul PG8 (CPG8), labrasol and polyethylene glycol-400 by spontaneous titration method and evaluated for mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and zone of inhibition (ZOI). NE6 composed of CPG8 (15%w/w), Smix(24%w/w) and water (61%w/w) was finally selected as optimized NE. AmB-NE6 was studied for improvedin vitrorelease,ex vivoskin permeation and deposition using the Franz diffusion cell across the rat skin followed with drug penetration using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) as compared to drug solution (DS) and commercial Fungisome®. The results ofin vitrostudies exhibited the maximum ZOI value of NE6 as 19.1 ± 1.4 and 22.8 ± 2.0 mm againstA. nigerandC. albicans, respectively, along with desired globular size (49.5 ± 1.5 nm), zeta potential (−24.59 mV) and spherical morphology. AmB-NE6 revealed slow and sustained release of AmB as compared to DS in buffer solution (pH 7.4). Furthermore, AmB-NE6 elicited the highest flux rate (22.88 ± 1.7 μg/cm2/h) as compared to DS (2.7 ± 0.02 μg/cm2/h) and Fungisome®(11.5 ± 1.0 μg/cm2/h). Moreover, the enhancement ratio and drug deposition were found to be highest in AmB-NE6 than DS across the stratum corneum barrier. Finally, CLSM results corroborated enhanced penetration of the AmB-NE6 across the skin as compared to Fungisome®and DS suggesting an efficient, stable and sustained topical delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present investigation was undertaken on the effect of certain nutrients on fruit setting, fruit retention, physical characters and yield of ber fruit (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk). c.v. Banarasi Karaka at main experiment station, Department of Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during the years 2008-2009. Plants received uniform cultural operations throughout the experimental period. Treatments included control, Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) @ 0.3%, Ferrous sulphate @ 0.6%, Potassium sulphate (K2SO4) @ 1.0%, Potassium sulphate @ 2.0%, borax (Na2B4O7 10H2O ) @ 0.5%, borax @ 1.0%, (FeSO4 @ 0.3%+K2SO4 @ 1.0%+borax @ 0.5%, (FeSO4 @ 0.6%+K2SO4 @ 2.0%+borax @ 1.0%. The nutrients were sprayed as aqueous solutions using Tween-20 as a surfactant. First spray was done in month of September just before flowering and second spray was done after fruit setting. The results were found that the foliar spray of FeSO4 @ 0.6%, along with K2SO4 @ 2%, and borax @ 1.0%, proved most effective in recording maximum initial fruit setting, fruit retention, minimum fruit drop, and maximum length and breath, stone weight of fruit, pulp stone ratio and weight of fruit which contributed to maximum yield. The better fruit quality parameters viz. % of TSS, sugar, ascorbic acid, lowest acidity was also recorded with the application of the same treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of micronutrient on ber fruit quality during storage in cv. Banarasi Karaka under ambient condition, laid out at main experiment station department of horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during the years 2008-2009. Plants received uniform cultural operations throughout the experimental period. Treatments included control, ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) @ 0.3%, ferrous sulphate @ 0.6%, potassium sulphate (K2SO4) @ 1.0%, potassium sulphate @ 2.0%, borax (Na2B4O7 10H2O) @ 0.5%, borax @ 1.0%, FeSO4 @ 0.3%+K2SO4 @ 1.0%+borax @ 0.5%, FeSO4 @ 0.6%)+K2SO4 @ 2.0%)+Borax @ 1.0%. The nutrients were sprayed as aqueous solutions using Tween-20 as a surfactant. First spray was done in month of September just before flowering and second spray was done after fruit setting. The result were found that the fruit quality with respect of highest TSS. sugar, ascorbic acid, lowest acidity was obtained with spray of FeSO4 @ 0.6%+K2SO4 @ 2.0%+borax @ 1.0% followed by treatment and consisting 0.3% ferrous sulphate+1.0% potassium sulphate+0.5% borax and FeSO4 @ 0.6%. While minimum physiological weigh loss was recorded (6.53%) with the treatment FeSO4 @ 2.0%+borax 1.0%+K2SO4 @ 2.0% followed by treatment borax @ 1.0%, minimum decay loss recorded 8.83% with the treatment borax @ 0.5% followed by treatment, FeSO4 @ 0.3%+K2SO4 @ 1.0%+borax @ 0.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is a major threat to cereal crop production globally including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present study, single-locus and multi-locus models of Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) were used to find marker trait associations (MTAs) against CCN (Heterodera avenae) in wheat. In total, 180 wheat accessions (100 spring and 80 winter types) were screened against H. avenae in two independent years (2018/2019 "Environment 1" and 2019/2020 "Environment 2") under controlled conditions. A set of 12,908 SNP markers were used to perform the GWAS. Altogether, 11 significant MTAs, with threshold value of −log10 (p-values) ≥ 3.0, were detected using 180 wheat accessions under combined environment (CE). A novel MTA (wsnp_Ex_c53387_56641291) was detected under all environments (E1, E2 and CE) and considered to be stable MTA. Among the identified 11 MTAs, eight were novel and three were co-localized with previously known genes/QTLs/MTAs. In total, 13 putative candidate genes showing differential expression in roots, and known to be involved in plant defense mechanisms were reported. These MTAs could help us to identify resistance alleles from new sources, which could be used to identify wheat varieties with enhanced CCN resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is a major threat to cereal crop production globally including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present study, single-locus and multi-locus models of Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) were used to find marker trait associations (MTAs) against CCN (Heterodera avenae) in wheat. In total, 180 wheat accessions (100 spring and 80 winter types) were screened against H. avenae in two independent years (2018/2019 "Environment 1" and 2019/2020 "Environment 2") under controlled conditions. A set of 12,908 SNP markers were used to perform the GWAS. Altogether, 11 significant MTAs, with threshold value of −log10 (p-values) ≥ 3.0, were detected using 180 wheat accessions under combined environment (CE). A novel MTA (wsnp_Ex_c53387_56641291) was detected under all environments (E1, E2 and CE) and considered to be stable MTA. Among the identified 11 MTAs, eight were novel and three were co-localized with previously known genes/QTLs/MTAs. In total, 13 putative candidate genes showing differential expression in roots, and known to be involved in plant defense mechanisms were reported. These MTAs could help us to identify resistance alleles from new sources, which could be used to identify wheat varieties with enhanced CCN resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic and systemic use of biocide is a requirement to mitigate the problem of resistance along with decrease frequency of treatment. Therapeutic and persistent efficacy of single subcutaneous injection of long acting Ivermectin at a concentration of 630 μg/kg b.wt. (1ml/50 kg b.wt.) was able to eliminate 88.11%, 96.12% and 99.89% of tick infestation on 3rd, 7th and 28th post treatment days, respectively while the persistent efficacy lasted for 65 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombinant envelope protein-1 (E1) and E2 of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been shown to elicit neutralizing antibodies and a balanced Th1/Th2 response in mice however with limited protection. Recently reported CHIK virus-like particles showed augmented immunity and protection in adult mice in comparison to E1 and E2, however exacerbated the disease in aged subjects. In order to improve the overall efficacy of protein based vaccines, novel strategies need to be adopted. The discovery of IgM Fc receptor (FcμR) and its role in humoral immune response led us to hypothesise that fusion of an antigen with Fc of IgM may enhance its immunogenicity by polymerizing it and FcμR mediated activation of B and other immune cells. We report in the current study, expression of E2 subunit of CHIKV in fusion with various IgM Fc domains/peptides in E. coli , their in-vitro refolding, characterization and immune response in C57BL/6 mice. Candidates fused with CH3-CH4 Fc fragment produced stable oligomers, whereas the one fused with peptides remained monomeric. The latter elicited a strong humoral and a balanced Th1/Th2 response in mice, whereas the polymeric candidate despite eliciting a strong humoral response, stimulated a biased Th1 response and exhibited higher virus neutralization in Vero cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycoprotein D (gD) of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 is used as an antigen in various anti-herpes subunit vaccines owing to its involvement in binding the host cell receptors for host infectivity. However, most of these monomeric protein based candidates have shown low immunogenicity in animal models. To enhance the immunogenicity of gD, a fresh approach of fusing its ectodomain with the Fc domain(s) of IgM has been adopted to oligomerize the viral antigen and to exploite the immune-modulating potential of IgM Fc. Six vaccine constructs, generated by fusing three gD-ectodomain-length-variants with the Ig µ-chain domain 4 (µCH4) and µCH3-CH4 fragment, were cloned in Escherichia coli using pET28b(+) vector. The vaccine proteins were expressed in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs) and were in vitro refolded into protein oligomers of high stoichiometries of ~ 15–24, with 70–80% refolding yields. The conformations of gD and Fc components of the refolded oligomers were analyzed by ELISA and CD spectroscopy and were found to be native-like. The sizes and profiles of the size-distribution of oligomers were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The candidate C2 (gD-μCH3-CH4), showing the most compact oligomer size and uniform distribution of its particles was chosen as the suitable candidate for mice immunization studies to assess the immunogenicity of the antigen gD. The C2 oligomer stimulated a strong anti-gD humoral response with an antibody titer of 102,400 and a strong, biased Th1 immune response in C57BL/6 mice, indicating its potential as a strong immunogen which may serve as an effective vaccine candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) was efficiently synthesized by one pot hydrothermal method and effectively used for on-off-on sensing of Hg2+ and GSH in pure aqueous medium and live cell imaging application on MCF-7 cancer cell line. • One step hydrothermal synthesis of N-CQDs via simple and cost efficient precursors with fluorescence quantum yield of 41%. • N-CQDs act as fluorescent probe for on-off-on detection of Hg2+ and GSH with good selectivity and sensitivity. • The MTT assay of N-CQDs on MCF-7 cancer cell line showed negligible toxicity and excellent biocompatibility. • The cell imaging result showed intracellular internalization of N-CQDs in MCF-7 cell in dichromic region (blue & green). • The N-CQDs could be utilized for multifunctional applications such as sensing of Hg2+, biothiol and cell imaging agent. The present work describes the synthesis of N-CQDs via one step hydrothermal methods. The synthesized N-CQDs was fully characterized by TEM, P-XRD, FT-IR, XPS and Zeta sizer. It exhibited excitation independent emission behaviour with fluorescent quantum yield of 41% respect to quinine sulphate standard. The excellent optical properties of N-CQDs made it fluorescent probe for turn off detection of toxic heavy metal ion Hg2+ with good selectivity and sensitivity. The limit of detection was found to be 0.08 μM with correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.992). After addition of various reducing agent such as amino acid, EDTA and GSH in the quenched solution of N-CQDs + Hg2+, the fluorescence property was selectively recovered in the presence of GSH and hence the quenched solution further acts as selective turn on sensing of GSH up to lower limit of 2.0 μM with correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.996). The on-off-on sensing behaviour of N-CQDs was utilized for the implication of logic gate in absence and presence of Hg2+ and GSH to construct the molecular switches. The MTT assay of N-CQDs was performed on MCF-7 cancer cell line to check their applicability in biological system and the result showed negligible cytotoxicity and good permeability. The cell imaging on MCF-7 cells visualized in dichromic region (blue and green). Therefore, it could be smart material for sensing of heavy toxic metal as well as cell imaging application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Estimating genetic gains and formulating a future salinity elite breeding panel for rice pave the way for developing better high-yielding salinity tolerant lines with enhanced genetic gains. Genetic gain is a crucial parameter to check the breeding program's success and help optimize future breeding strategies for enhanced genetic gains. To estimate the genetic gains in IRRI’s salinity breeding program and identify the best genotypes based on high breeding values for grain yield (kg/ha), we analyzed the historical data from the trials conducted in the IRRI, Philippines and Bangladesh. A two-stage mixed-model approach accounting for experimental design factors and a relationship matrix was fitted to obtain the breeding values for grain yield and estimate genetic trends. A positive genetic trend of 0.1% per annum with a yield advantage of 1.52 kg/ha was observed in IRRI, Philippines. In Bangladesh, we observed a genetic gain of 0.31% per annum with a yield advantage of 14.02 kg/ha. In the released varieties, we observed a genetic gain of 0.12% per annum with a 2.2 kg/ha/year yield advantage in the IRRI, Philippines. For the Bangladesh dataset, a genetic gain of 0.14% per annum with a yield advantage of 5.9 kg/ha/year was observed in the released varieties. Based on breeding values for grain yield, a core set of the top 145 genotypes with higher breeding values of > 2400 kg/ha in the IRRI, Philippines, and > 3500 kg/ha in Bangladesh with a reliability of > 0.4 were selected to develop the elite breeding panel. Conclusively, a recurrent selection breeding strategy integrated with novel technologies like genomic selection and speed breeding is highly required to achieve higher genetic gains in IRRI’s salinity breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing trends in the occurrence of diabetes underline the need to develop low glycemic index (GI) rice with preferred grain quality. In the current study, a diverse set of 3 K sub-panel of rice consisting of 150 accessions was evaluated for resistant starch and predicted glycemic index, including nine other quality traits under transplanted situation. Significant variations were noticed among the accessions for the traits evaluated. Trait associations had shown that amylose content possess significant positive and negative association with resistant starch and predicted glycemic index. Genome-wide association studies with 500 K SNPs based on MLM model resulted in a total of 41 marker-trait associations (MTAs), which were further confirmed and validated with mrMLM multi-locus model. We have also determined the allelic effect of identified MTAs for 11 targeted traits and found favorable SNPs for 8 traits. A total of 11 genes were selected for haplo-pheno analysis to identify the superior haplotypes for the target traits where haplotypes ranges from 2 (Os10g0469000-GC) to 15 (Os06g18720-AC). Superior haplotypes for RS and PGI, the candidate gene Os06g11100 (H4-3.28% for high RS) and Os08g12590 (H13-62.52 as intermediate PGI). The identified superior donors possessing superior haplotype combinations may be utilized in Haplotype-based breeding to developing next-generation tailor-made high quality healthier rice varieties suiting consumer preference and market demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a green synthetic approach for the synthesis of water-soluble fluorescent CQDs via a simple one-step hydrothermal treatment using Tamarindus indica leaves for the first time. The prepared CQDs show an excitation-dependent behavior in the range from 260 to 400 nm with a high QY of approximately 46.6%. Further, the prepared CQDs serve as a very sensitive nanoprobe for the turn-off sensing of Hg2+ with a minimum LOD as low as 6 nM in the dynamic range from 0 to 0.1 μM. The attractiveness of the present sensing system is that it further acts as a turn-on sensor for GSH detection with good selectivity. The feasibility of the present sensing system is also examined using pond water samples for the detection of Hg2+. Thus, the present sensing system is reliable for sensing and several another analytical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fistula-in-ano, or perianal fistula, is a challenging clinical condition for both diagnosis and treatment. Imaging modalities such as fistulography, anal endosonography, perineal sonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) are available for its evaluation. MRI is considered as the modality of choice for an accurate delineation of the tract in relation to the sphincter complex and for the detection of associated complications. However, its availability and affordability is always an issue. Moreover, the requirement to obtain multiple sequences to depict the fistula in detail is cumbersome and confusing for the clinicians to interpret. The inability to show the fistula in relation to normal anatomical structures in a single image is also a limitation. Multi detector computed tomography fistulography (MDCTF) is an underutilized technique for defining perianal fistulas. Acquisition of iso-volumetric data sets with instillation of contrast into the fistula delineates the tract and its components. Post-processing with thin sections allows for a generation of good quality images for presentation in various planes (multi-planar reconstructions) and formats (volume rendered technique, maximum intensity projection). MDCTF demonstrates the type of fistula, its extent, whether it is simple or complex, and shows the site of internal opening and associated complications; all in easy to understand images that can be used by the surgeons. Its capability to represent the entire pathology in relation to normal anatomical structures in few images is a definite advantage. MDCTF can be utilized when MRI is contraindicated or not feasible. This pictorial review shares our initial experience with MDCT fistulography in evaluating fistulain- ano, demonstrates various components of fistulas, and discusses the types of fistulas according to the standard Parks classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants experience different stresses, i.e., abiotic, or biotic, and to combat them, plants re-program the expression of growth-, metabolism-, and resistance-related genes. These genes differ in their synonymous codon usage frequency and show codon usage bias. Here, we investigated the correlation among codon usage bias, gene expression, and underlying mechanisms in rice under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. The results indicated that genes with higher expression (up- or downregulated) levels had high GC content (≥60%), a low effective number of codon usage (≤40), and exhibited strong biases towards the codons with C/G at the third nucleotide position, irrespective of stress received. TTC, ATC, and CTC were the most preferred codons, while TAC, CAC, AAC, GAC, and TGC were moderately preferred under any stress (abiotic or biotic) condition. Additionally, downregulated genes are under mutational pressure (R2 ≥ 0.5) while upregulated genes are under natural selection pressure (R2 ≤ 0.5). Based on these results, we also identified the possible target codons that can be used to design an optimized set of genes with specific codons to develop climate-resilient varieties. Conclusively, under stress, rice has a bias towards codon usage which is correlated with GC content, gene expression level, and gene length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gliomas are among the most typical brain tumors tackled by neurosurgeons. During navigation for surgery of glioma brain tumors, preoperatively acquired static images may not be accurate due to shifts. Surgeons use intraoperative imaging technologies (2-Dimensional and navigated 3-Dimensional ultrasound) to assess and guide resections. This paper aims to precisely capture the importance of preoperative parameters to decide which type of ultrasound to be used for a particular surgery.Methods: This paper proposes two bagging algorithms considering base classifier logistic regression and random forest. These algorithms are trained on different subsets of the original data set. The goodness of fit of Logistic regression-based bagging algorithms is established using hypothesis testing. Furthermore, the performance measures for random-forest-based bagging algorithms used are AUC under ROC and AUC under the precision-recall curve. We also present a composite model without compromising the explainability of the models.Results: These models were trained on the data of 350 patients who have undergone brain surgery from 2015 to 2020. The hypothesis test shows that a single parameter is sufficient instead of all three dimensions related to the tumor ([Formula: see text]). We observed that the choice of intraoperative ultrasound depends on the surgeon making a choice, and years of experience of the surgeon could be a surrogate for this dependence.Conclusion: This study suggests that neurosurgeons may not need to focus on a large set of preoperative parameters in order to decide on ultrasound. Moreover, it personalizes the use of a particular ultrasound option in surgery. This approach could potentially lead to better resource management and help healthcare institutions improve their decisions to make the surgery more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance to cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied using 114 doubled haploid lines from a novel ITMI mapping population. These lines were screened for nematode infestation in a controlled environment for two years. QTL-mapping analyses were performed across two years (Y1 and Y2) as well as combining two years (CY) data. On the 114 lines that were screened, a total of 2,736 data points (genotype, batch or years, and replication combinations) were acquired. For QTL analysis, 12,093 markers (11,678 SNPs and 415 SSRs markers) were used, after filtering the genotypic data, for the QTL mapping. Composite interval mapping, using Haley-Knott regression (hk) method in R/QTL, was used for QTL analysis. In total, 19 QTLs were detected out of which 13 were novel and six were found to be colocalized or nearby to previously reported Cre genes, QTLs or MTAs for H. avenae or H. filipjevi. Nine QTLs were detected across all three groups (Y1, Y2 and CY) including a significant QTL "QCcn.ha-2D" on chromosome 2D that explains 23% of the variance. This QTL colocalized with a previously identified Cre3 locus. Novel QTL, QCcn.ha-2A, detected in the present study could be the possible unreported homeoloci to QCcn.ha-2D, QCcn.ha-2B.1 and QCcn.ha-2B.2. Six significant digenic epistatic interactions were also observed. In addition, 26 candidate genes were also identified including genes known for their involvement in PPNs (plant parasitic nematodes) resistance in different plant species. In-silico expression of putative candidate genes showed differential expression in roots during specific developmental stages. Results obtained in the present study are useful for wheat breeding to generate resistant genetic resources against H. avenae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented which discusses the knowledge of surrogates with regard to management of their kin in the intensive care units and the barriers to effective communication between the caregivers and the surrogates.

We recently developed a database for hexaploid wheat QTL (WheatQTLdb; www.wheatqtldb.net), which included 11,552 QTL affecting various traits of economic importance. However, that database did not include valuable QTL from other wheat species and/or progenitors of hexaploid wheat. Therefore, an updated and improved version of wheat QTL database (WheatQTLdb V2.0) was developed, which now includes information on hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) and the following seven other related species: T. durum, T. turgidum, T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. monococcum, T. boeoticum, and Aegilops tauschii. WheatQTLdb V2.0 includes a much-improved list of QTL, including 27,518 main effect QTL, 202 epistatic QTL, and 1321 metaQTL. This newly released WheatQTLdb V2.0 also has additional valuable options to search and choose the QTL, category-wise, and trait-wise data for their use in research or breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chebulinic acid (CA), originally isolated from the flower extract of the plant Terminalia chebula, has been shown to inhibit infection of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), suggestively by inhibiting the host entry step of viral infection. Like HSV-2, the dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) also use receptor glycosaminoglycans (GAG) to gain host entry, therefore, the activity of CA was tested against these viruses. Co-treatment of 8 µM CA with DENV-2 caused 2 log decrease in the virus titer (4.0 log10FFU/mL) at 120 h post infection, compared to virus control (5.95 log10FFU/mL). In contrast, no inhibitory effect of CA was observed against CHIKV infection under any condition. The mechanism of action of CA was investigated in silico by employing DENV-2 and CHIKV envelope glycoproteins. During docking, CA demonstrated equivalent binding at multiple sites on DENV-2 envelope protein, including GAG binding site, which have previously been reported to play a crucial role in host attachment and fusion, indicating blocking of these sites. However, CA did not show binding to the GAG binding site on envelope protein-2 of CHIKV. The in vitro and in silico findings suggest that CA possesses the ability to inhibit DENV-2 infection at the entry stage of its infection cycle and may be developed as a potential therapeutic agent against it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance to cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied using 114 doubled haploid lines from a novel ITMI mapping population. These lines were screened for nematode infestation in a controlled environment for two years. QTL-mapping analyses were performed across two years (Y1 and Y2) as well as combining two years (CY) data. On the 114 lines that were screened, a total of 2,736 data points (genotype, batch or years, and replication combinations) were acquired. For QTL analysis, 12,093 markers (11,678 SNPs and 415 SSRs markers) were used, after filtering the genotypic data, for the QTL mapping. Composite interval mapping, using Haley-Knott regression (hk) method in R/QTL, was used for QTL analysis. In total, 19 QTLs were detected out of which 13 were novel and six were found to be colocalized or nearby to previously reported Cre genes, QTLs or MTAs for H. avenae or H. filipjevi. Nine QTLs were detected across all three groups (Y1, Y2 and CY) including a significant QTL "QCcn.ha-2D" on chromosome 2D that explains 23% of the variance. This QTL colocalized with a previously identified Cre3 locus. Novel QTL, QCcn.ha-2A, detected in the present study could be the possible unreported homeoloci to QCcn.ha-2D, QCcn.ha-2B.1 and QCcn.ha-2B.2. Six significant digenic epistatic interactions were also observed. In addition, 26 candidate genes were also identified including genes known for their involvement in PPNs (plant parasitic nematodes) resistance in different plant species. In-silico expression of putative candidate genes showed differential expression in roots during specific developmental stages. Results obtained in the present study are useful for wheat breeding to generate resistant genetic resources against H. avenae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgenic animal technologies are one of the fastest growing techniques in the biotechnology areas. It is used to incorporate exogenous genes into the animal genome by genetic engineering technology so that these genes can be inherited and expressed by offspring. Two fundamental determinants of the success of any transgenic exploitation of a livestock species are the transport of DNA across the plasma membrane of the recipient cell, and the transport of that DNA across the nuclear membrane to gain access to the chromosomes. A variety of transgenic technologies are available like microinjection method, chemical method mediated transgenesis, somatic cell nuclear transfer, restriction enzyme-mediated integration, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, sperm mediated gene transfer and embryonic stem cell mediated method etc. Use of transgenic animals will provide solutions for drug research, xenotransplantation, disease resistance and tissue repair etc. This review focuses on various methods of transgenesis and its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elite Indian rice variety, Naveen is highly susceptible to major biotic and abiotic stresses such as blast, bacterial blight (BB), gall midge (GM) and drought which limit its productivity in rainfed areas. In the present study, a combined approach of marker-assisted forward (MAFB) and back cross (MABC) breeding was followed to introgress three major genes, viz., Pi9 for blast, Xa21 for bacterial blight (BB), and Gm8 for gall midge (GM) and three major QTLs, viz., qDTY1.1, qDTY2.2 and qDTY4.1 conferring increased yield under drought in the background of Naveen. At each stage of advancement, gene-based/linked markers were used for the foreground selection of biotic and abiotic stress tolerant genes/QTLs. Intensive phenotype-based selections were performed in the field for identification of lines with high level of resistance against blast, BB, GM and drought tolerance without yield penalty under non-stress situation. A set of 8 MAFB lines and 12 MABC lines with 3 to 6 genes/QTLs and possessing resistance/tolerance against biotic stresses and reproductive stage drought stress with better yield performance compared to Naveen were developed. Lines developed through combined MAFB and MABC performed better than lines developed only through MAFB. This study exemplifies the utility of the combined approach of marker-assisted forward and backcrosses breeding for targeted improvement of multiple biotic and abiotic stress resistance in the background of popular mega varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root lesion nematode (RLN; Pratylenchus thornei) causes extensive yield losses in wheat worldwide and thus pose serious threat to global food security. Reliance on fumigants (such as methyl bromide) and nematicides for crop protection has been discouraged due to environmental concerns. Hence, alternative environment friendly control measures like finding and deployment of resistance genes against Pratylenchus thornei are of significant importance. In the present study, genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using single-locus and multi-locus methods. In total, 143 wheat genotypes collected from pan-Indian wheat cultivation states were used for nematode screening. Genotypic data consisted of > 7K SNPs with known genetic positions on the high-density consensus map was used for association analysis. Principal component analysis indicated the existence of sub-populations with no major structuring of populations due to the origin. Altogether, 25 significant marker trait associations were detected with − log10 (p value) > 4.0. Three large linkage disequilibrium blocks and the corresponding haplotypes were found to be associated with significant SNPs. In total, 37 candidate genes with nine genes having a putative role in disease resistance (F-box-like domain superfamily, Leucine-rich repeat, cysteine-containing subtype, Cytochrome P450 superfamily, Zinc finger C2H2-type, RING/FYVE/PHD-type, etc.) were identified. Genomic selection was conducted to investigate how well one could predict the phenotype of the nematode count without performing the screening experiments. Prediction value of r = 0.40 to 0.44 was observed when 56 to 70% of the population was used as a training set. This is the first report where GWAS has been conducted to find resistance against root lesion nematode (P. thornei) in Indian wheat germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice yield is frequently impaired by abiotic adverse conditions in several parts of the globe. One of these constraints is soil iron toxicity. Plants respond to adverse conditions by activating different mechanisms, some of which have already been elucidated. Recently, autophagy has been associated with plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, however, the involvement of this mechanism in the response to iron toxicity has never been studied. Autophagy is a process of recycling cellular components and involves approximately 30 genes in rice. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterise the regulation and transcriptional activation of OsATG genes in rice seedlings under iron toxicity. In this condition, OsATG genes were induced in the tolerant genotype and repressed in the sensitive one. Also, OsATG gene promoters are rich in W‐box cis‐regulatory elements targeted by WRKY transcription factors. These results suggest that OsATG genes are involved in early iron toxicity response and the regulation of these genes can occur via WRKY. This study provides early insights into the involvement of autophagy in iron toxicity response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rice is a staple food for half of the world's population. Changing climatic conditions, water and labour scarcity are the major challenges that shall limit future rice production. Dry direct‐seeded rice (DDSR) is emerging as an efficient, resources conserving, mechanized, climate smart and economically viable strategy to be adopted as an alternative to puddled transplanted rice (TPR) with the potential to address the problem of labour‐water shortages and ensure sustainable rice cultivation. Despite these benefits, several constraints obstruct the adoption of DDSR. In principle, the plant type for DDSR should be different from one for TPR, which could be achieved by developing rice varieties that combine the traits of upland and lowland varieties. In this context, recent advances in precise phenotyping and NGS‐based trait mapping led to identification of promising donors and QTLs/genes for DDSR favourable traits to be employed in genomic breeding. This review discusses the important traits influencing DDSR, research studies to clarify the need for breeding DDSR‐specific varieties to achieve enhanced grain yield, climate resilience and nutrition demand. We anticipate that in the coming years, genomic breeding for developing DDSR‐specific varieties would be a regular practice and might be further strengthened by combining superior haplotypes regulating important DDSR traits by haplotype‐based breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthates generated after heading contributes to 60% - 80% of grain yield in rice. Delay in leaf senescence can contribute to a long grain-filling period and thereby increased yield. The objective of this study was to identify genomic region(s) responsible for delayed leaf senescence (DLS) and validate the role of underlying candidate genes in controlling target traits. 302 BC2F4 backcross-derived lines (BILs) developed from a cross between Swarna and Moroberekan were phenotyped for two seasons (DS2016 and WS2017) for chlorophyll content and yield parameters. KASPar-SNP assays based genotyping data with 193 SNPs of mapping population was used to identify the targeted genomic region(s). Significant positive correlation was observed between the two most important determinants of DLS traits viz., RDCF (reduced decline degree of chlorophyll content of flag leaf) and RDCS (reduced decline degree of chlorophyll content of second leaf) with plant height (PH), grain number per panicle (GPN), panicle length (PL), number of tiller (NT) and grain yield (GY). A total of 41 and 29 QTLs with phenotypic variance (PVE) ranging from 8.2 to 25.1% were detected for six DLS traits during DS2016 and WS2017, respectively. Out of these identified QTLs, 19 were considered as stable QTLs detected across seasons. 17 of the identified stable QTLs were found to be novel. In-silico analysis revealed five key genes regulating chlorophyll metabolism. Expression analysis of these genes confirmed their strong association with the senescence pattern in leaf tissue of parents as well as selected phenotypically extreme lines. The identified stable QTLs regulating DLS traits and validation of potential candidate genes provides insight into genetic basis of delayed senescence and is expected to contribute in enhancing grain yield through genomics-assisted breeding (GAB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

QTLs for rice grain yield under reproductive stage drought stress (qDTY) identified earlier with low density markers have shown linkage drag and need to be fine mapped before their utilization in breeding programs. In this study, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) based high-density linkage map of rice was developed using two BC1F3 mapping populations namely Swarna*2/Dular (3929 SNPs covering 1454.68 cM) and IR11N121*2/Aus196 (1191 SNPs covering 1399.68 cM) with average marker density of 0.37 cM to 1.18 cM respectively. In total, six qDTY QTLs including three consistent effect QTLs were identified in Swarna*2/Dular while eight qDTY QTLs including two consistent effect QTLs were identified in IR11N121*2/Aus 196 mapping population. Comparative analysis revealed four stable and novel QTLs (qDTY2.4, qDTY3.3, qDTY6.3, and qDTY11.2) which explained 8.62 to 14.92% PVE. However, one of the identified stable grain yield QTL qDTY1.1 in both the populations was located nearly at the same physical position of an earlier mapped major qDTY QTL. Further, the effect of the identified qDTY1.1 was validated in a subset of lines derived from five mapping populations confirming robustness of qDTY1.1 across various genetic backgrounds/seasons. The study successfully identified stable grain yield QTLs free from undesirable linkages of tall plant height/early maturity utilizing high density linkage maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a fast and eco-friendly one-pot hydrothermal technique is utilized for the synthesis of nitrogen/sulfur-co-doped fluorescent carbon quantum dots (NS-CQDs) from a simple precursor of citric acid (CA) and thiosemicarbazide (TSC). The obtained NS-CQDs exhibited strong blue emission under UV light, with fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of ~37.8%. The Commission internationale de l'eclairage (CIE) coordinates originated at (0.15, 0.07), which confirmed the blue fluorescence of the synthesized NS-CQDs. Interestingly, the prepared NS-CQDs were successfully used as a selective nanoprobe for the monitoring of environmentally hazardous explosive picric acid (PA) in different nitro- and non-nitro-aromatic derivatives of PA. The mechanism of the NS-CQDs was also explored, and was posited to occur via the fluorescence resonance electron transfer (FRET) process and non-fluorescent complex formation. Importantly, this system possesses excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity in HeLa cervical cancer cells; hence, it can potentially be used for PA detection in analytical, environmental, and pathological applications. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the proposed sensing system to pond water demonstrated the feasibility of our system along with good recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of global water scarcity, a successful transition of rice cultivation from puddled to dry direct-seeded rice (DDSR) is a future need. A genome-wide association study was performed on a complex mapping population for 39 traits: 9 seedling-establishment traits, 14 root and nutrient-uptake traits, 5 plant morphological traits, 4 lodging resistance traits, and 7 yield and yield-contributing traits. A total of 10 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) were found along with 25 QTLs associated with 25 traits. The percent phenotypic variance explained by SNPs ranged from 8% to 84%. Grain yield was found to be significantly and positively correlated with seedling-establishment traits, root morphological traits, nutrient uptake-related traits, and grain yield-contributing traits. The genomic colocation of different root morphological traits, nutrient uptake-related traits, and grain-yield-contributing traits further supports the role of root morphological traits in improving nutrient uptake and grain yield under DDSR. The QTLs/candidate genes underlying the significant MTAs were identified. The identified promising progenies carrying these QTLs may serve as potential donors to be exploited in genomics-assisted breeding programs for improving grain yield and adaptability under DDSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Puddled transplanted system of rice cultivation despite having several benefits, is a highly labor, water and energy intensive system. In the face of changing climatic conditions, a successful transition from puddled to dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) cultivation system looks must in future. Genome-wide association study was performed for traits including, roots and nutrient uptake (14 traits), plant-morphological (5 traits), lodging-resistance (4 traits) and yield and yield attributing traits (7 traits) with the aim to identify significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for traits enhancing rice adaptability to dry direct-seeded rice (DDSR) system. Results: Study identified a total of 37 highly significant MTAs for 20 traits. The false discovery rate (FDR) ranged from 0.264 to 3.69 × 10− 4, 0.0330 to 1.25 × 10− 4, and 0.0534 to 4.60 × 10− 6 in 2015WS, 2016DS and combined analysis, respectively. The percent phenotypic variance (PV) explained by SNPs ranged from 9 to 92%. Among the identified significant MTAs, 15 MTAs associated with the traits including nodal root, root hair length, root length density, stem and culm diameter, plant height and grain yield were reported to be located in the proximity of earlier identified candidate gene. The significant positive correlation of grain-yield with seedling establishment traits, root morphological and nutrient-uptake related traits and grain yield attributing traits pointing towards combining target traits to increase rice yield and adaptability under DDSR. Seven promising progenies with better root morphology, nutrient-uptake and higher grain yield were identified that can further be used in genomics assisted breeding for DDSR varietal development. Conclusions: Once validated, the identified MTAs and the SNPs linked with trait of interest could be of direct use in genomic assisted breeding (GAB) to improve grain yield and adaptability of rice under DDSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have reported easy and economical synthesis of highly fluorescent nitrogen-rich carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs). The as-prepared N-CQDs displayed strong blue color emission along with CIE co-ordinate index (0.15, 0.14). The N-CQDs possess comparatively high QY of 57% using quinine sulfate as a standard. Furthermore, the as-prepared N-CQDs defend against the high salt strength and longtime photostability over the six months of incubation. Apart from this, the as-prepared N-CQDs responded as a sensor for the 'turn-off' detection of Co2+ along with the detection limit of 0.12 μM over a linear range from 0.5 to 3 μM. The mechanistic study proved the detection of Co2+ was based on the IFE, static quenching, aggregation, and complex formation between the amino group of N-CQDs and Co2+. Moreover, the fluorescence of the quenched N-CQDs can reappear and get 'turn-on' by using GSH, AA, EDTA, and cyst; thus, the prepared N-CQDs could further execute as a probe for the Co2+ detection. Inspired by these outstanding properties, the as-prepared N-CQDs were also successfully employed for the practical application toward monitoring the trace level of Co2+ in a vitamin B-12 sample. • Nitrogen-rich carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) were synthesized by simple hydrothermal treatment of glycine and PEI. • The synthesized N-CQDs have relatively high QY of 57% using quinine sulfate as a reference. • The N-CQDs were found to be a promising nano-probe to detect Co2+. • The feasibility of the proposed system was checked in a vitamin B-12 sample toward the Co2+ detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directed C−H functionalization has been realized as a complementary tool to the traditional approaches for a straightforward access of non‐proteinogenic amino acids; albeit such a process is restricted mostly up to the γ‐position. In the present work, we demonstrate the diverse (hetero)arylation of amino acids and analogous aliphatic amines selectively at the remote δ‐position by tuning the reactivity controlled by ligands. An organopalladium δ‐C(sp3)−H activated intermediate has been isolated and crystallographically characterized. Mechanistic investigations carried out experimentally in conjunction with computational studies shed light on the difference in the mechanistic picture depending on the substrate structure. Remote δ‐C(sp3)−H activation enables the Pd‐catalyzed synthesis of non‐proteinogenic, (hetero)arylated leucine, and analogous amines. The transformation is demonstrated through the diastereoselective synthesis of δ‐arylated leucine, the incorporation of diverse natural products and drugs in amines, BODIPY labeling of bioactive amines, and sequential (hetero)arylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directed C−H functionalization has been realized as a complementary tool to the traditional approaches for a straightforward access of non‐proteinogenic amino acids; albeit such a process is restricted mostly up to the γ‐position. In the present work, we demonstrate the diverse (hetero)arylation of amino acids and analogous aliphatic amines selectively at the remote δ‐position by tuning the reactivity controlled by ligands. An organopalladium δ‐C(sp3)−H activated intermediate has been isolated and crystallographically characterized. Mechanistic investigations carried out experimentally in conjunction with computational studies shed light on the difference in the mechanistic picture depending on the substrate structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Subcortical motor mapping is crucial to ensure preservation of motor tracts during resections of tumors. Continuous dynamic mapping using a modified monopolar suction probe is a novel and effective way of achieving this goal. We describe our experience using this technique. Methods Forty patients were operated on between June 2017 and February 2018. Transcranial electric stimulation (TES) and direct cortical strip (DCS) motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were monitored. Subcortical stimulation (SCS) mapping was attempted in all cases by adapting the technique using a monopolar suction stimulator. Neurologic outcomes and extent of resection were analyzed. Results Motor fibers were between 0 and 7.6 mm away from the tumor boundaries in 26 patients. TES MEP were monitored in all patients. DCS MEPs were attempted in 31 and successfully monitored in 26 patients. SCS using the monopolar suction probe worked in all patients except one. SCS elicited no responses at 15-mA motor thresholds in 16 patients. The motor threshold ranged from 3 to 10 mA in the remainder. Overall, MEP changes were noted in 5 patients. Ten patients experienced neurologic worsening (6 transient, 3 prolonged, and 1 delayed). There was no permanent deficit at 3 months. DCS MEPs predicted neurologic worsening better than did TES MEPs. Radical resections were achieved in 68%. Neuromonitoring inputs resulted in premature termination of resection in 14 patients (35%). Radical resections (near-total resections) were still achieved in 8 of the 14 patients. Conclusions Continuous dynamic subcortical mapping is a reliable method to map the motor tracts. This process is crucial to correctly identify truly eloquent tumors and tailor the surgical procedure as per planned goals, maximizing the resections with acceptable morbidity. Highlights • White matter tract integrity is crucial in ensuring optimal neurological outcomes after surgery for eloquent region tumors. • Corticospinal tract fibers can be mapped with reliable estimate of distance to the fibers using monopolar train technique. • Dynamic and continuous subcortical mapping using a monopolar suction device optimizes temporal and geographical coverage. • We were able to successfully adapt this technique to our setup during routine resection of motor-eloquent tumors. • Combined with MEP monitoring it facilitated radical resections in 70% cases with no long term neurological morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]