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A palladium-catalyzed interannular C–H amination of biaryl amines with O-benzoylhydroxylamines is reported. This reaction undergoes smoothly with operational practicality and good tolerance of functional groups, thereby providing a concise synthesis of 2,2′-diaminobiaryls. Moreover, the readily accessible scale-up synthesis and the ability to transform the products into structurally diverse N-containing heterocycles demonstrate the synthetic potential of this catalytic protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile synthesis of isocoumarin and α‐pyrones derivatives by Ru(II)‐catalyzed oxidative annulation of aromatic acids and alkynes is reported. This reaction could undergo smoothly in water by use of air as the sole oxidant and accomplishes with the tolerance of a wide range of functional groups. Additionally, the oxidative cyclization of benzoic acid and acrylate is also achieved in the same conditions to furnish the isobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐one scaffold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutated COX-2 has become the new molecular marker of aspirin resistance. However, there is still a technical 'bottleneck' for direct and sensitive detection of circulating COX-2 mutant gene. In this work, we reported a simple and ultrasensitive electrochemical method for COX-2–765G/C (rs20417) detection for the first time. Polyallylamine (PAA) functionalised Pt nanostructures with long-spined sea urchin-like morphology (Pt-LSSUs@PAA) was synthesised by a simple chemical method for the construction of nano-sensing interface. Ru(NH3)63+ is used as a primary electron acceptor that is electrostatically attracted to peptide nucleic acid modified electrodes and Fe(CN)63− is introduced into the redox system as secondary electron acceptor to regenerate Ru3+ after electrochemical reduction for multiple redox cycles. Different pulse voltammetry was applied to record the electrochemical signals. Under optimal conditions, the DNA sensors showed a wide linear relationship, from 10 fM to 1 nM, with detection limits of 3.3 fM (S/N = 3). This study will provide the basis for the precise use of aspirin, and it has important guiding value for individual drug testing of cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's 55 non-Han ethnic minority groups were at least in part politically and institutionally 'invented' by China's ethnic classification project, and also through the effects of the system of continuous population census. This paper investigates population change of the non-Han ethnic minorities (NHEMs) over the past six decades. The number of NHEMs as a whole tripled from 1953 to 2010. However, growth has differed among individual groups and in different time periods. The population of some groups has fluctuated while that of others has grown steadily, regardless of the size of the groups. As a whole, since 2000 the growth rate of NHEMs has been lower than that of the Han Chinese, and the population of 13 NHEM groups has begun to decline. A growing number of people belonging to ethnic minorities have switched their ethnic identities to Han. This has especially been the case for NHEM youth. The change in ethnic minority populations has been influenced by dynamic interactions among demographic factors, ethnic identification as well as political, economic and policy changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgae plays an important role in coastal ecosystems. The accurate delineation of macroalgae areas is important for environmental management. This study compared the pixel- and object-based methods using Gaofen satellite no. 2 image to explore an efficient classification approach. Expert system rules and nearest neighbour classifier were adopted for object-based classification, whereas maximum likelihood classifier was implemented in the pixel-based approach. Normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, mean value of the blue band and geometric characteristics were selected as features to distinguish macroalgae farms by considering the spectral and spatial characteristics. Results show that the object-based method achieved a higher overall accuracy and kappa coefficient than the pixel-based method. Moreover, the object-based approach displayed superiority in identifying Porphyra class. These findings suggest that the object-based method can delineate macroalgae farming areas efficiently and be applied in the future to monitor the macroalgae farms with high spatial resolution imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We here provide the first report on the construction of nanoparticles formulating highly potent cytotoxic therapeutics using albumin. Maytansinoid DM1 can be efficiently integrated into albumin nanoparticles, resulting in remarkable alleviation of in vivo drug toxicity and expanding the repertoire of albumin technology available for cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove swamps and salt marshes are noted for their large carbon sequestration and storage capacity. In southeastern China, mangrove transplantation is conducted as ecological restoration where exotic Spartina alterniflora (hereafter Spartina) is removed. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mangrove transplantation on carbon sink potential. We analyzed chronological sediment accretion, soil carbon sequestration, and carbon storage of mangroves and Spartina on Maoyan and Ximen islands. Results showed that on both islands mangroves and invasive Spartina stored 12.7%–31.4% more carbon than bare mudflats over top meter soils, with Spartina outperforming restored mangroves. Both restored mangroves and invasive Spartina enhanced sediment accretion, but this enhancement was minimal in high sediment supply areas like Maoyan. Spartina invasion improved carbon sequestration capacity compared to bare mudflats in Maoyan, but mangrove restoration failed. In low sediment supply areas like Ximen, restored mangroves have outperformed Spartina invasion on carbon sequestration enhancement since >5 years of planting. Thus, carbon sink potential of mangrove restoration depended on sediment supply and time, with sediment supply being more important. We suggested that it was preferable to conduct mangrove restoration with Spartina eradication in low sediment supply areas in subtropics. [Display omitted] • K. obovata and S. alterniflora averagely store 15.8% more soil C than bare mudflat. • S. alterniflora enhances sediment accretion more than mangroves in subtropics. • C sequestration effect of mangrove restoration depends highly on sediment supply. • S. alterniflora invasion to restored mangroves improves C sequestration in short term. • Better to restore mangroves in low sediment supply site in subtropics for more C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid cancer (TC) incidence in China has increased rapidly in recent years. Hangzhou is one of the areas with the highest TC incidence in China. However, the composite space-time variation and risk factors of TC are rarely investigated. We acquired 7147 TC cases from 2008 to 2012 in Hangzhou. Descriptive statistics were employed to compare the incidence disparities in different sub-populations. Geographical information systems were used to create spatial distribution maps. Hotspot analysis was applied to detect high/low incidence clusters, and the GeogDetector model was implemented to investigate the relationship between TC incidence and environmental factors. TC incidence in Hangzhou increased dramatically from 2008 to 2012: a noticeable 244.9 % increase, from 10.04 to 34.63 per 100,000 individuals, with a female to male ratio of 3.0, an urban to rural ratio of 3.2 and iodine sufficient to iodine deficient ratio of 3.5. Significantly high TC cluster was detected in the northeast area of Hangzhou. Elevation was found to be the most powerful determinant of TC distribution, followed by soil parent materials and slope. TC incidence decreased as elevation and slope increased. Concerning soil parent materials, deposited materials were generally linked to higher TC incidence than were eluvium ones. The spatial/temporal pattern of TC incidence is affected by geomorphology and soil property variations. Excessive iodine exposure may be a TC risk factor. Health research and management should pay sufficient attention to the improved understanding and prediction of the composite space-time distribution of the quickly increasing TC incidence described in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rhodium(iii)-catalyzed tunable oxidative cyclization of readily available N-tosylacrylamides and diazo compounds is presented, which offers a novel method for the selective construction of fully substituted α-pyrones and furans in a regiospecific manner by employing the acylsulfonamide group as a versatile in situ removable directing group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil heavy metal concentrations exhibit significant space-time trends due to their accumulation along the time axis and the varying distances from the pollution sources. Thus, concentration trends cannot be ignored when performing spatiotemporal soil heavy metal predictions in an area. In this work, datasets were used of soil cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the Qingshan district (Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China) sampled during the period 2010–2014. Spatiotemporal Kriging with four Trend models (STKT) and non-separable space-time correlation was implemented to assimilate multi-temporal data in the mapping of Cd distribution within the contaminated soil area. Soil Cd trends were represented by four different space-time polynomial functions, and a non-separable power function-exponential variogram model of Cd distribution was assumed. Plots of the predicted space-time Cd distributions revealed a marked tendency of the Cd concentrations over time to spread from the southwest part to the entire study area (higher soil Cd concentrations are found in the southwest part of the Qingshan area, whereas the temporal Cd trend is characterized by a constant increase from 2010 to 2014). Thus, the maps indicate that the entire study area is contaminated by Cd, a situation that seems to be stable over time. STKT can reduce prediction errors in practically and statistically significant ways. A numerical comparison of the STKT technique vs. the mainstream Spatiotemporal Ordinary Kriging (STOK) technique showed that STKT can perform better than STOK when the trend model's goodness of fit to the Cd data was satisfactory (producing minimal data fit error statistics), implying that adequate trend modeling is a key issue for space-time prediction accuracy purposes. In particular, quantitative results obtained at the Qingshan region showed that, by incorporating local Cd values and distance-based dependence structures the STKT techniques produced the best prediction error statistics, resulting in considerable prediction error reductions (the level of which depend on the trend model specification; e.g., in the case of STKT with trend model 3 the improvement comparing to STOK was almost 30%). Future studies of Cd contamination in the region (sampling design optimization) can benefit from the results of the geostatistical analysis of the present paper (variogram and trend modeling, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National boundaries and border cities have been transformed globally. This is partly due to neoliberal globalisation, the continuous formation of a ‘borderless world’ and partly to the global ‘war on terror’. Darwin, the capital city of the Northern Territory (NT), is on the northern coast of Australia, bordering its overseas Asian neighbours. Far away from the main Australian population centres in the south, the city grows slowly, relying mainly on Australian government investments, infrastructure, and the incorporation of defence programs in the north. The rise of Asia, as well as Australia's increasing economic reliance on Asia, has created new opportunities for Darwin's growth. The development of Asian economies has resulted in growing global investment in resource extraction in NT. Asia, though, has been seen as a key threat in the modern history of Australia. This national sensitivity is underpinned by the global ‘war on terror’ in which Australia is deeply involved. Australia has tight border control regimes and a growing military presence on the northern border area. This paper examines how these co-existing but contradictory dynamics have reshaped the urban development of Darwin City. The consequential social and spatial patterns are identified and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. The primary aim of this work is the study of breast cancer disparity among Chinese women in urban vs. rural regions and its associations with socioeconomic factors. Data on breast cancer incidence were obtained from the Chinese cancer registry annual report (2005–2009). The ten socioeconomic factors considered in this study were obtained from the national population 2000 census and the Chinese city/county statistical yearbooks. Student’s T test was used to assess disparities of female breast cancer and socioeconomic factors in urban vs. rural regions. Pearson correlation and ordinary least squares (OLS) models were employed to analyze the relationships between socioeconomic factors and cancer incidence. It was found that the breast cancer incidence was significantly higher in urban than in rural regions. Moreover, in urban regions, breast cancer incidence remained relatively stable, whereas in rural regions it displayed an annual percentage change (APC) of 8.55. Among the various socioeconomic factors considered, breast cancer incidence exhibited higher positive correlations with population density, percentage of non-agriculture population, and second industry output. On the other hand, the incidence was negatively correlated with the percentage of population employed in primary industry. Overall, it was observed that higher socioeconomic status would lead to a higher breast cancer incidence in China. When studying breast cancer etiology, special attention should be paid to environmental pollutants, especially endocrine disruptors produced during industrial activities. Lastly, the present work’s findings strongly recommend giving high priority to the development of a systematic nationwide breast cancer screening program for women in China; with sufficient participation, mammography screening can considerably reduce mortality among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the dynamic relationship between economic development and the identification of ethnic minorities and argues that identification of China's ethnic minorities manifests itself at various levels. At the national level, the introduction of market mechanisms and economic growth initiatives have been concentrated predominantly in the coastal areas and metropolises, and are thus increasingly distant from ethnic minorities, a disproportionate majority of which reside in the western parts of the country. This growing regional disparity has placed ethnic regions and populations in a distinctly unfavourable position in terms of economic engagement and development. Regional development in the ethnic-minority homelands has been characterized by the representation and reinvention of ethnic cultural traditions and the production of cultural economies. Unequal economic growth has resulted in a massive migration of ethnic minorities to the cities. Simultaneously, urban development has reinforced ethnic identity, particularly through urban labour-market development. Urban and regional development has, in turn, led to the production, activation and magnification of ethnic identity at individual and group levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Darwin, the capital of the Northern Territory, is a port city located in Australia's Top End and facing Southeast Asia. The distance from Darwin to Australia's main economic centres of Sydney and Melbourne is almost the same as to Singapore. This central geographical location has inspired the development of the Port and the City of Darwin from time to time while being held back by its remoteness, and especially the lack of an efficient railway link to Australia's major southern centres. The Port of Darwin has been redeveloped with the vision of repositioning the City of Darwin as Australia's gateway to Asia which it was expected to achieve with the completion of the transcontinental railway link from Adelaide to Darwin. This paper analyses trade and cargo movements for the Port of Darwin between 2000 and 2009-5 years for each period before and after the availability of intermodal transport-and examines the processes by which transformation of the gateway is actually occurring. The evidence to date, however, suggests that the landbridge development has had little material effect in terms of trans-shipments and throughputs for the Port of Darwin. The volume of container trade and interstate export and import cargo that passes through the port has in fact declined since the availability of the transcontinental railway in 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of recent changes in both migration patterns and urban labour market conditions, the permanent settlement migration paradigm has become insufficient to guide our understanding of rural-to-urban migrant workers in China's market transition. Using Shenzhen City as a case study we consider migrant workers as enabling agents who interact with the urban labour market. We therefore examine the ways that migrant workers' social capital accumulation, migration experience, and job mobility influence urban labour market dynamics. In painting a picture of migrant workers we complement existing institutional and labour market analyses. As we demonstrate, by frequently changing jobs and destination cities, migrant workers accumulate social and human capital so as to improve their opportunities in the urban labour market. This is evidenced by migrants' improved occupational positions and increased wage earnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Competitive planning programmes for global integration have been created in cities throughout developed and developing countries during the past 2 decades. In China, global aspiration planning has been characterised by the establishment of Pudong New Area of Shanghai in 1990, with a group of foreign direct investment (FDI)-oriented themed zones targeting different types of global flows. Pudong very rapidly became a focus of FDI in the city, which extended to China as a whole in the 1990s, and now is further extended to playing a global role. However, spatial planning for the themed zones in Pudong has been limited in its scope to the physical design, land use, and the pattern of transport routes. This limited role of land use planning has been inadequate to coordinate the mutual engagement between global and local factors; however, an improved mechanism for coordinating planning has not yet emerged to replace it. The competitive and entrepreneurial approach of land management in conjunction with the imperatives of global firms has effectively diminished the original plan''s intention that each zone should focus on particular industries, with each of them complementing the others. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With the increase of global integration, the peri-urban area (PUA) of megacities in Asia has become a favourite destination for foreign direct investment (FDI). This paper uses the PUA of Shanghai as a case study to investigate the impact of global forces on the urban expansion of the city, and the link between urban growth and sustainable development in this mega-urban context. Shanghai has grown impressively during the past two decades in terms of economic and physical transformation. Much of this transformation has rested on the unbridled exploitation of land and other environmental resources in its peri-urban area. This is characterised by the designation of development zones and the concentration of manufacturing FDI, resulting in dispersed growth and environmental degradation. The disruption of the physical environment, combined with the concentration of the urban poor in these areas (in particular ‘temporary migrants’), has turned the PUA into a potential crisis point threatening the social and economic development of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Soil map units were taken into account in geostatistical prediction of heavy metals concentrations in a contaminated site of Fuyang Valley, Zhejiang Province, China. To compare the spatial variabilities of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations in different soil map unit or combination of soil map units, a total of 94 samples distributed in three map units (Yellowish-red soil, Gravelly-yellowish-red soil and Gritty-yellowish-red soil) were collected in this area. The values of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations were natural logarithm transformed to fit normal distribution. The variations of four heavy metal concentrations in Gravelly-yellowish-red soil was similar to that in Gritty-yellowish-red soil, but they were different to that in Yellowish-red soil. Then, the 94 soil samples were grouped into two classes (samples of Yellowish-red soil, and samples of Gravelly-yellowish-red soil or Gritty-yellowish-red soil). Semivariogram analysis revealed that all the four heavy metal concentrations in the study area showed moderate to strong spatial dependency, and local spatial variability (i.e. the variance between soil map units) played an important role in their spatial prediction. The spatial distribution maps of the four heavy metals were drawn by using only the measured data and by using the measured data plus taking into account soil map units, respectively. The results showed that spatial prediction by taking into account soil map units could reveal the huge spatial variability of the heavy metals, much better than the prediction without using soil map information in this contaminated site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: *: The flow of capital between cities has shaped both the global urban network and the internal structure of cities. Chinese cities have attracted a substantial amount and variety of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the past two decades. The intra-urban distribution of FDI and the location of fixed assets have been significant in their restructuring. This paper investigates the causes and consequences of different patterns of FDI within Chinese cities using Shanghai as a case study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The blue carbon ecosystem, including the salt marsh ecosystem, possesses a significant carbon sequestration potential. Therefore, accurately quantifying the carbon storage within such ecosystems is crucial for the adequate accounting of carbon sequestration. The present work chose a Spartina alterniflora ecosystem in the Xiaogan Island (China) as the study area (approximately 11 ha), and employed the Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) approach to assimilate both hard organic carbon (OC) data and soft OC data measured from 2 cm and 10 cm stratified samples. A 3-dimensional model was developed for space-time OC estimation purposes based on the sediment chronology results. The 10-fold BME cross validation results demonstrated a high estimation accuracy, with the R2, RMSE and MAE values equal to 0.8564, 0.1026 % and 0.0748 %, respectively. A noteworthy outcome was the BME-generated carbon storage density maps with 1 m spatial resolution. These maps revealed that the carbon storage density at the top 30 cm sediment depth in the stable zone (with elder stand age of S. alterniflora) was higher than that in the rapid expansion zone, i.e., 71.79 t/ha vs. 69.82 t/ha, respectively. Additionally, the study found that the averaged carbon burial rate and the total carbon storage at the top 30 cm sediment depth across the study area were 266 g C/m2/yr and 781.50 t, respectively. Lastly, the proposed BME-based framework of carbon storage estimation was found to be versatile and applicable to other blue carbon ecosystems. This approach can foster the development of a standardized carbon sink metrological methodology for diverse blue carbon ecosystems. • Carbon storage in salt marsh ecosystem was estimated at a spatial resolution of 1 m. • BME exhibited versatile ability for carbon storage estimation in a space-time domain. • Stand age of Spartina Alterniflora positively related to the carbon storage in sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrooxidative reconstruction of the indole core under ambient conditions is reported, resulting in the construction of tryptanthrins. This electrochemical strategy simplifies molecular skeleton‐hopping by employing commercially available NH‐indole feedstock as the starting materials. Furthermore, the synthetic value of this skeletal reconstruction was demonstrated by divergent further transformations. A preliminary mechanistic investigation involving control experiments and cyclovoltammetric studies showed the indispensability of electricity, as well as the importance of oxygen and TEMPO, thereby revealing a possible reaction pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present the first highly regio- and chemoselective C2 C–H acyloxylation of indole under rhodium catalysis and an N-quinolinyl auxiliary. This strategy accommodates a wide range of indoles and structurally diverse carboxylic acids with good reaction efficiencies to yield functionalized indoles. The utility of this logic was demonstrated by the concise synthesis of the functionalized 2-oxindole derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that catalyst turnover of RhIII–RhIV/V–RhII/III–RhIII might be involved in this catalytic C–H transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis, a newform of programmed cell death, driven by peroxidative damages of polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-containing phospholipids in cellular membranes and is extremely dependent on iron ions, which is differs characteristics from traditional cell death has attracted greater attention. Based on the curiosity of this new form of regulated cell death, there has a tremendous progress in the field of mechanistic understanding of ferroptosis recent years. Ferroptosis is closely associated with the development of many diseases and involved in many diseases related signaling pathways. Not only a variety of oncoproteins and tumor suppressors can regulate ferroptosis, but multiple oncogenic signaling pathways can also have a regulatory effect on ferroptosis. Ferroptosis results in the accumulation of large amounts of lipid peroxides thus involving the onset of oxidative stress and energy stress responses. The MAPK pathway plays a critical role in oxidative stress and AMPK acts as a sensor of cellular energy and is involved in the regulation of the energy stress response. Moreover, activation of AMPK can induce the occurrence of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis and p53-activated ferroptosis. In recent years, there have been new advances in the study of molecular mechanisms related to the regulation of ferroptosis by both pathways. In this review, we will summarize the molecular mechanisms by which the MAPK-AMPK signaling pathway regulates ferroptosis. Meanwhile, we sorted out the mysterious relationship between MAPK and AMPK, described the crosstalk among ferroptosis and MAPK-AMPK signaling pathways, and summarized the relevant ferroptosis inducers targeting this regulatory network. This will provide a new field for future research on ferroptosis mechanisms and provide a new vision for cancer treatment strategies. CQk632wjDSDpD5-dCjDzAa Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a zoonosis caused by hantavirus (belongs to Hantaviridae family). A large amount of HFRS cases occur in China, especially in the Heilongjiang Province, raising great concerns regarding public health. The distribution of these cases across space-time often exhibits highly heterogeneous characteristics. Hence, it is widely recognized that the improved mapping of heterogeneous HFRS distributions and the quantitative assessment of the space-time disease transition patterns can advance considerably the detection, prevention and control of epidemic outbreaks. Methods: A synthesis of space-time mapping and probabilistic logic is proposed to study the distribution of monthly HFRS population-standardized incidences in Heilongjiang province during the period 2005–2013. We introduce a class-dependent Bayesian maximum entropy (cd-BME) mapping method dividing the original dataset into discrete incidence classes that overcome data heterogeneity and skewness effects and can produce space-time HFRS incidence estimates together with their estimation accuracy. A ten-fold cross validation analysis is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed cd-BME implementation compared to the standard class-independent BME implementation. Incidence maps generated by cd-BME are used to study the spatiotemporal HFRS spread patterns. Further, the spatiotemporal dependence of HFRS incidences are measured in terms of probability logic indicators that link class-dependent HFRS incidences at different space-time points. These indicators convey useful complementary information regarding intraclass and interclass relationships, such as the change in HFRS transition probabilities between different incidence classes with increasing geographical distance and time separation. Results: Each HFRS class exhibited a distinct space-time variation structure in terms of its varying covariance parameters (shape, sill and correlation ranges). Given the heterogeneous features of the HFRS dataset, the cd-BME implementation demonstrated an improved ability to capture these features compared to the standard implementation (e.g., mean absolute error: 0.19 vs. 0.43 cases/105 capita) demonstrating a point outbreak character at high incidence levels and a non-point spread character at low levels. Intraclass HFRS variations were found to be considerably different than interclass HFRS variations. Certain incidence classes occurred frequently near one class but were rarely found adjacent to other classes. Different classes may share common boundaries or they may be surrounded completely by another class. The HFRS class 0–68.5% was the most dominant in the Heilongjiang province (covering more than 2/3 of the total area). The probabilities that certain incidence classes occur next to other classes were used to estimate the transitions between HFRS classes. Moreover, such probabilities described the dependency pattern of the space-time arrangement of HFRS patches occupied by the incidence classes. The HFRS transition probabilities also suggested the presence of both positive and negative relations among the main classes. The HFRS indicator plots offer complementary visualizations of the varying probabilities of transition between incidence classes, and so they describe the dependency pattern of the space-time arrangement of the HFRS patches occupied by the different classes. Conclusions: The cd-BME method combined with probabilistic logic indicators offer an accurate and informative quantitative representation of the heterogeneous HFRS incidences in the space-time domain, and the results thus obtained can be interpreted readily. The same methodological combination could also be used in the spatiotemporal modeling and prediction of other epidemics under similar circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We herein reprogrammed axial ligands of platinum(iv) prodrugs, conferring the constructed prodrug entities with the ability to self-assemble in aqueous solution. Further cloaking of the PEG chain with Pluronic surfactant makes this nanoassembly (termed Pt(iv)-NP) suitable for systemic injection. Notably, Pt(iv)-NP significantly alleviated the toxicity of the parent cisplatin drug in vivo while preserving the pharmacological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rh-Catalyzed cyclization of N-tosylacrylamides [e.g. (I)] and diazo compounds [e.g. (II)] gives fully substituted pyrones [e.g. (III)] in the absence of an external oxidant, while furans [e.g. (VIII)] are obtained in the presence of AgOAc as an external oxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a rodent-associated zoonosis caused by hantavirus. The HFRS was initially detected in northeast China in 1931, and since 1955 it has been detected in many regions of the country. Global climate dynamics influences HFRS spread in a complex nonlinear way. The quantitative assessment of the spatiotemporal variation of the “HFRS infections-global climate dynamics” association at a large geographical scale and during a long time period is still lacking. Methods and findings: This work is the first study of a recently completed dataset of monthly HFRS cases in Eastern China during the period 2005–2016. A methodological synthesis that involves a time-frequency technique, a composite space-time model, hotspot analysis, and machine learning is implemented in the study of (a) the association between HFRS incidence spread and climate dynamics and (b) the geographic factors impacting this association over Eastern China during the period 2005–2016. The results showed that by assimilating core and city-specific knowledge bases the synthesis was able to depict quantitatively the space-time variation of periodic climate-HFRS associations at a large geographic scale and to assess numerically the strength of this association in the area and period of interest. It was found that the HFRS infections in Eastern China has a strong association with global climate dynamics, in particular, the 12, 18 and 36 mos periods were detected as the three main synchronous periods of climate dynamics and HFRS distribution. For the 36 mos period (which is the period with the strongest association), the space-time correlation pattern of the association strength indicated strong temporal but rather weak spatial dependencies. The generated space-time maps of association strength and association hotspots provided a clear picture of the geographic variation of the association strength that often-exhibited cluster characteristics (e.g., the south part of the study area displays a strong climate-HFRS association with non-point effects, whereas the middle-north part displays a weak climate-HFRS association). Another finding of this work is the upward climate-HFRS coherency trend for the past few years (2013–2015) indicating that the climate impacts on HFRS were becoming increasingly sensitive with time. Lastly, another finding of this work is that geographic factors affect the climate-HFRS association in an interrelated manner through local climate or by means of HFRS infections. In particular, location (latitude, distance to coastline and longitude), grassland and woodland are the geographic factors exerting the most noticeable effects on the climate-HFRS association (e.g., low latitude has a strong effect, whereas distance to coastline has a wave-like effect). Conclusions: The proposed synthetic quantitative approach revealed important aspects of the spatiotemporal variation of the climate-HFRS association in Eastern China during a long time period, and identified the geographic factors having a major impact on this association. Both findings could improve public health policy in an HFRS-torn country like China. Furthermore, the synthetic approach developed in this work can be used to map the space-time variation of different climate-disease associations in other parts of China and the World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work uses a new space-time projection (STP) technique to study the distribution of PM 2.5 concentrations in one of the most populous, highly developed and highly polluted regions in China, the Shandong Province, during the period Jan 1–31, 2014. The theoretical and interpretational features of the STP technique are pointed out. A key feature of the technique is that it transfers the study of pollutant distribution from the original space-time domain R 2 × T onto a traveling domain of lower-dimensionality R 2 that moves in the pollutant spread direction; analysis and computations are much easier in the R 2 domain, avoiding the complexities of the R 2 × T domain; and the results are back-transformed to the original R 2 × T to generate space-time PM 2.5 concentration maps over the entire region of interest. The Shandong study shows that the proposed STP technique has certain noteworthy analytical and computational advantages over mainstream mapping techniques of higher dimensionality (like space-time ordinary kriging, STOK): it avoids serious difficulties associated with space-time metric determination and variogram estimation in the original space-time domain, it allows the selection of more appropriate variogram models representing the PM 2.5 variation, it generates more accurate PM 2.5 maps, and it is also a computationally more efficient technique than the STOK technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed aquaculture is vital in protecting the marine eco-environment and mitigating climate change. China generates more than half of the world's total seaweed production. However, despite multiple local studies, accurate and reliable information on broad-scale seaweed farms is still scarce. Using an object-based method to classify 3 m spatial resolution Planet Scope images along offshore China, a total of 129,494 ha of cultured seaweed was identified and delineated with an overall accuracy of 95.70% and a KAPPA index of 0.912, respectively. Then, a seaweed map in offshore China in 2018–2019 was developed. The results provided basic information about seaweed farms in China. The approach reported in this work is accurate and efficient, which can be used to replace the conventional method to obtain the culture seaweed information. This study can be of reference for mapping seaweed on a broader or global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangroves and saltmarshes are coastal blue carbon ecosystems with important eco-environmental functions. In this study, profile samples from five habitats (mangrove, saltmarsh, mudflat, paddy field, and mountain forest) were collected in the Maoyan Island of Yueqing Bay, China, to measure the concentrations of trace elements (TEs) (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, and Zn) among the five ecosystems and to assess their hazardous potentials on the environment. Our results showed that, compared to other sites, concentrations of TEs (except Cd, Pb, and Zn) in mangrove sediment were higher at the top 50 cm of the profile. Besides, significant enrichment of most of the TEs (except Cd, Ni, and Pb) in mangrove and Cd, Pb, and Zn in saltmarsh sediment was observed after the colonization of mangrove and saltmarsh vegetation. Correlation and principal component analysis suggested that the Co, Fe, Mn, and Ti in mangrove, saltmarsh, and mudflat sediments mainly derived from natural sources; whereas Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn possibly came from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The results of contamination indices showed that there was no serious prevalence of TEs (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) contamination across the sedimentary profile of all habitats, and the potential hazards of these six elements were low. This study indicates that coastal blue carbon ecosystems not only sequester a considerable amount of carbon but also enrich a substantial portion of trace elements that can minimize the adverse impacts of TEs on marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concise synthesis of axially chiral biaryl aldehydes through Pd/amino acid‐catalyzed atroposelective interannular C−H arylation of biaryl aldehydes with aryl iodides is developed. This reaction proceeds smoothly involving excellent enantiocontrol and accomplishes with good tolerance of functional groups. Moreover, the readily accessible scale‐up synthesis and further transformation of products has highlighted the potential utility of this asymmetric catalytic protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main greenhouse gases leading to global warming, and the ocean is the largest carbon reservoir on the earth that plays an important role in regulating CO2 concentration on a global scale. The column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of atmospheric CO2 (XCO2) is a key parameter in describing ocean carbon content. In this paper, the Data Interpolation Empirical Orthogonal Function (DINEOF) and the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) methods are combined to interpolate XCO2 data of Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) and Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3 (OCO-3) from January to December 2020 occurring within the geographical range of 15–45°N and 120–150°E. At the first stage of our proposed analysis, spatiotemporal information was used by the DINEOF method to perform XCO2 interpolation that improved data coverage; at the second stage, the DINEOF-generated interpolation results were regarded as soft data and were subsequently assimilated using the BME method to obtain improved XCO2 interpolation values. The performance of the synthetic DINEOF–BME interpolation method was evaluated by means of a five-fold cross-validation method. The results showed that the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and the Bias of the DINEOF-based OCO-2 and OCO-3 interpolations were 2.106 ppm, 3.046 ppm, and 1.035 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, the MAE, RMSE, and Bias of the cross-validation results obtained by the DINEOF–BME were 1.285 ppm, 2.422 ppm, and −0.085 ppm, respectively, i.e., smaller than the results obtained by DINEOF. In addition, based on the in situ measured XCO2 data provided by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), the original OCO-2 and OCO-3 data were combined and compared with the interpolated products of the synthetic DINEOF–BME framework. The accuracy of the original OCO-2 and OCO-3 products is lower than the DINEOF–BME-generated XCO2 products in terms of MAE (1.751 ppm vs. 2.616 ppm), RMSE (2.877 ppm vs. 3.566 ppm) and Bias (1.379 ppm vs 1.622 ppm), the spatiotemporal coverage of XCO2 product also improved dramatically from 16% to 100%. Lastly, this study demonstrated the feasibility of the synthetic DINEOF–BME approach for XCO2 interpolation purposes and the ability of the BME method to be successfully combined with other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are a growing concern in mangrove ecosystems; however, their effects on archaeal communities and related ecological processes remain unclear. We conducted in situ biofilm-enrichment experiments to investigate the ecological influence of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene microplastics on archaeal communities in the sediments of mangrove ecosystems. The archaeal community present on microplastics was distinct from that of the surrounding sediments at an early stage but became increasingly similar over time. Bathyarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, and Asgardaeota were the most abundant phyla. Methanolobus, an archaeal biomarker, was enriched in PE biofilms, and significantly controlled by homogeneous selection in the plastisphere, indicating an increased potential risk of methane emission. The dominant archaeal assembly process in the sediments was deterministic (58.85%−70.47%), while that of the PE biofilm changed from stochastic to deterministic during the experiment. The network of PE plastispheres showed less complexity and competitive links, and higher modularity and stability than that of sediments. Functional prediction showed an increase in aerobic ammonia oxidation during the experiment, whereas methanogenesis and chemoheterotrophy were significantly higher in the plastisphere. This study provides novel insights into the impact of microplastic pollution on archaeal communities and their mediating ecological functions in mangrove ecosystems. [Display omitted] • The archaeal community on microplastics was distinct from that on sediments. • Methanolobus, an archaeal biomarker, was enriched on microplastic biofilm. • Determinism in archaeal assembly on plastisphere is enhanced with time. • Microplastic biofilm showed a higher potential archaeal methanogenesis than sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar (BC) aging that has not undergone soil processing before adding to soils may have a different effect on soil carbon (C) mineralization in the short term. This article focuses on studying short-term effects of fresh and aged biochars (without soil processing) on C mineralization in a typical infertile soil in the hilly red soil region of southern China. Tree bark charcoals with known ages of 10 years (BC 10years ) and 4 months (BC 4months ) were collected and fresh biochar (BC fresh ) was produced in the laboratory using the same feedstock under similar conditions. A 42 day incubation experiment was conducted with treatments consisting of soil + 2% BC 10years (SB10-2), soil + 2% BC 4months (SB4-2), soil + 2% BC fresh (SBf-2), soil + 5% BC fresh (SBf-5) and soil only (CK). Treatments with clean quartz sand (with a similar volume) instead of the soil were also conducted. During the incubation, enhanced C released as CO 2 (CO 2 -C) was observed in SB4-2, SBf-2 and SBf-5; but not in SB10-2, and no CO 2 -C was detected in the quartz sand treatments. Biochar additions increased the C amount in the treated soil. After incubation, minor changes of dissolved organic C were detected after biochar additions. The highest values of dissolved organic nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were detected in SB10-2. Biochar additions increased microbial biomass C, and pH levels with the highest values recorded in SBf-5 (14.71 mg kg − 1 and pH 5.30). The results suggest that soil C mineralization can be enhanced by the addition of fresh (BC fresh ) or relatively young biochar (BC 4months ), but is not evident when aged biochar (BC 10years ) is added. The biochar, whether newly produced or aged for several months without soil processing, can promote C mineralization of infertile soils in a relatively short time, but this does not appear to be the case for biochar aged for 10 years without soil processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) are of particular interest for efficient cancer therapy due to their improved drug delivery and therapeutic index in various types of cancer. However, the encapsulation of many chemotherapeutics into delivery NPs is often hampered by their unfavorable physicochemical properties. Here, we employed a drug reform strategy to construct a small library of SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin)-derived prodrugs, in which the phenolate group was modified with a variety of hydrophobic moieties. This esterification fine-tuned the polarity of the SN-38 molecule and enhanced the lipophilicity of the formed prodrugs, thereby inducing their self-assembly into biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PEGPLA) nanoparticulate structures. Our strategy combining the rational engineering of prodrugs with the pre-eminent features of conventionally used polymeric materials should open new avenues for designing more potent drug delivery systems as a therapeutic modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) are of particular interest for efficient cancer therapy due to their improved drug delivery and therapeutic index in various types of cancer. However, the encapsulation of many chemotherapeutics into delivery NPs is often hampered by their unfavorable physicochemical properties. Here, we employed a drug reform strategy to construct a small library of SN-38 (7-ethyl-10- hydroxycamptothecin)-derived prodrugs, in which the phenolate group was modified with a variety of hydrophobic moieties. This esterification fine-tuned the polarity of the SN- 38 molecule and enhanced the lipophilicity of the formed prodrugs, thereby inducing their self-assembly into biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PEGPLA) nanoparticulate structures. Our strategy combining the rational engineering of prodrugs with the pre-eminent features of conventionally used polymeric materials should open new avenues for designing more potent drug delivery systems as a therapeutic modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an important oceanography attribute that has been used to study ocean climatic conditions, ocean dynamics and air-sea interactions. In the present work, the Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) method was used to interpolate a FY-3 C /VIRR satellite dataset in the region with coordinates 120°-150°W and 45°-60°S and during January 2020. A novel approach of constructing valuable soft data was developed by combining BME interpolation with highly correlated SST day and night data differences. The BME interpolation accuracy was assessed by cross-validation, and the results showed that the average RMSE (root mean squared error) was 0.700 and the average bias was 0.441°C. Furthermore, using the Argo data as a basis of comparison, the coverage and accuracy of the BME interpolation of the FY-3 C/VIRR satellite SST dataset were compared numerically with those of the Ordinary Kriging (OK) interpolation of the FY-3 C/VIRR satellite SST dataset and the Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) of the AVHRR satellite SST dataset. It was found that BME had the best SST interpolation performance among the three methods with the lowest average bias and the largest correlation coefficient. Although OISST had a full product coverage rate overall (due to its use of more perfect treatment means), BME's coverage rate (97.5%) considerably improved that of the FY-3 C/VIRR SST data. Also, both the BME and OK products maintained a 12hrs temporal resolution and a 0.05 decimal degrees longitude/latitude spatial resolution, which is an improvement over OISST data with a 24hrs time resolution and a 0.25 decimal degrees longitude/latitude spatial resolution. Another advantage of BME is that because of its broad theoretical support its performance in practice can be improved further as more knowledge sources become available (which can only be incorporated by BME). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping rice cropping areas with optical remote sensing is often a challenge in tropical and subtropical regions because of frequent cloud cover and rainfall during the rice growing season. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a potential alternative for rice mapping because of its all-weather imaging capabilities. The recent Phased Array-type L-band SAR (PALSAR) sensor onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) acquires multipolarization and multitemporal images that are highly suitable for rice mapping. In this pilot study, we demonstrate the feasibility of this sensor in mapping the rice planting area in Zhejiang Province, southeast China. High-resolution ALOS/PALSAR images were acquired at three rice growing stages (transplanting, tillering and heading) and were applied in a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to map rice and other land use surfaces. The results show that, based on the 1:10 000 land use/land cover (LULC) survey map, the rice fields can be mapped with a conditional Kappa value of 0.87 and at user's and producer's accuracies of 90% and 76%, respectively. The large commission error primarily came from confusion between rice and dryland crops or orchards because of their similar backscatter amplitudes in the rice growing season. The relatively high rice mapping accuracy in this study indicates that the new ALOS/PALSAR data could provide useful information in rice cropping management in subtropical regions such as southeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen Disrupts Genome Integrity and Activates a DNA Damage Response via Bubl Binding," by Jennifer Hein, Sergei Boichuk, Jiaping Wu, Yuan Cheng, Raimundo Freire, Parmjit S. Jat, Thomas M. Roberts, and Ole V. Gjoerup is presented.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic growth factor known to be up-regulated in ischemic heart and hypoxic endothelial cells. However, the transcriptional regulation of VEGF in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis is not fully understood. Transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) is a transcriptional factot family that can regulate many genes expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells by binding to myocytespecific chloramphenicol acetyltransferase heptamer elements in the promoters of these genes. In this study, we demonstrated that related TEF-1 (RTEF-1), a membet of the TEF-1 family, is up-regulated in hypoxic endothelial cells. Overexpression of RTEF-1 increases VEGF promoter activity and VEGF expression. Sequential deletion and site-directed mutation analyses of the VEGF promoter demonstrated that a GC-rich region containing four Spl response elements, located between -114 and -50, was essential for RTEF-1 function. This region is beyond the hypoxia-inducible factor-lα binding site and does not consist of M-CAT-related elements. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay, RTEF-1 was 'found to interact with the first Spl residue (-97 to -87) of the four consecutive Spl elements. Binding activity of RTEF-1 to VEGF promoter is also confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. In addition, induction of VEGF promoter activity by RTEF-1 results in an increase of angiogenic processes including endothelial cells proliferation and vascular structure formation. These results indicate that RTEF-1 acts as a transcriptional stimulator of VEGF by regulating VEGF promoter activity through binding to Spl site. In addition, RTEFl-induced VEGF promoter activity was enhanced in a hypoxic condition, indicating that RTEF-1 may play an important role in the regulation of VEGF under hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global vegetated coastal habitats (VCHs) represent a large sink for organic carbon (OC) stored within their soils. The regional patterns and causes of spatial variation, however, remain uncertain. The sparsity and regional bias of studies on soil OC stocks from Chinese VCHs have limited the reliable estimation of their capacity as regional and global OC sinks. Here, we use field and published data from 262 sampled soil cores and 181 surface soils to report estimates of soil OC stocks, burial rates and losses of VCHs in China. We find that Chinese mangrove, salt marsh and seagrass habitats have relatively low OC stocks, storing 6.3 ± 0.6, 7.5 ± 0.6, and 1.6 ± 0.6 Tg C (±95% confidence interval) in the top meter of the soil profile with burial rates of 44 ± 17, 159 ± 57, and 6 ± 45 Gg C/year, respectively. The variability in the soil OC stocks is linked to biogeographic factors but is mostly impacted by sedimentary processes and anthropic activities. All habitats have experienced significant losses, resulting in estimated emissions of 94.2–395.4 Tg CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) over the past 70 years. Reversing this trend through conservation and restoration measures has, therefore, great potential in contributing to the mitigation of climate change while providing additional benefits. This assessment, on a national scale from highly sedimentary environments under intensive anthropogenic pressures, provides important insights into blue carbon sink mechanism and sequestration capacities, thus contributing to the synchronous progression of global blue carbon management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) values measured by satellite sensors involve large amounts of uncertainty leading to non-negligible noise in remote Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration estimation. This work distinguished between two main stages in the case of estimating distributions of Chl-a within the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada). At the model building stage, the retrieval algorithm used both in-situ Chl-a measurements and the corresponding Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) L2-level data estimated Rrs at 412, 443, 469, 488, 531, 547, 555, 645, 667, 678 nm at a 1 km spatial resolution during 2004–2013. Through the training and validation of various models and Rrs combinations of the considered eight techniques (including support vector regression, artificial neural networks, gradient boosting machine, random forests, standard CI-OC3M, multiple linear regression, generalized addictive regression, principal component regression), the support vector regression (SVR) technique was shown to have the best performance in Chl-a concentration estimation using Rrs at 412, 443, 488, 531 and 678 nm. The accuracy indicators for both the training (850) and the validation (213) datasets were found to be very good to excellent (e.g., the R 2 value varied between 0.7058 and 0.9068). At the space-time estimation stage, this work took a step forward by using the Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) theory to further process the SVR estimated Chl-a concentrations by incorporating the inherent spatiotemporal dependency of physical Chl-a distribution. A 56% improvement was achieved in the reduction of the mean uncertainty of the validation data decreased considerably (from 1.2222 to 0.5322 mg/m3). Then, this novel BME/SVR framework was employed to estimate the daily Chl-a concentrations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during Jan 1-Dec 31 of 2017 (1 km spatial resolution). The results showed that the daily mean Chl-a concentration varied from 1.6630 to 3.3431 mg/m3, and that the daily mean Chl-a uncertainty reduction of the composite BME/SVR vs. the SVR estimation had a maximum reduction value of 1.0082 and an average reduction value of 0.6173 mg/m3. The monthly spatial Chl-a distribution covariances showed that the highest Chl-a concentration variability occurred during November and that the spatiotemporal Chl-a concentration pattern changed a lot during the period August to November. In conclusion, the proposed BME/SVR was shown to be a promising remote Chl-a retrieval approach that exhibited a significant ability in reducing the non-negligible uncertainty and improving the accuracy of remote sensing Chl-a concentration estimates. • BME and SVR (ML) were combined to retrieve Chl-a in optically complex waters. • SVR shows great ability to retrieve Chl-a using satellite remote sensing data. • Introducing BME can significantly reduce the uncertainty of Chl-a estimation. • The distribution pattern of Chl-a at GSL varies a lot during the summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing is the main approach to map aquatic vegetation, and classification tree (CT) is superior to various classification methods. Based on previous studies, modified CT can be developed from traditional CT by adjusting the thresholds based on the statistical relationship between spectral features to classify different images without ground-truth data. However, no studies have yet employed this method to resolve marine vegetation. In this study, three Gao-Fen 1 satellite images obtained on 30 January 2014, 5 November 2014 and 21 January 2015 were selected, and two features were then employed to extract macroalgae farms. Results show that the overall accuracies of traditional CTs for three images are 92.0, 94.2 and 93.9%, respectively, whereas those of the two corresponding modified CTs for images obtained on 21 January 2015 and 5 November 2014 are 93.1 and 89.5%, respectively. This indicates modified CTs can map macroalgae with multi-date imagery and monitor their spatiotemporal distribution in coastal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal water eutrophication and resource depletion have become serious issues in many coastal regions of the world. Seaweed aquaculture in Chinese coastal waters is a very important industry. This work assessed the major environmental benefits of seaweed cultivation, mapped the spatial distributions of various species and analyzed their environmental impacts during 2015 in China. This study found that seaweed aquaculture had brought in considerable environmental benefits, including the removal of about 75,563 t of nitrogen and 9592 t of phosphate from coastal waters, the sequestration of about 539,555 t of carbon, the absorption of 1,980,167 t of CO2, the release of 1,440,612 t of O2 into coastal waters, and the production of 5809 t of Iodine. In addition, seaweed cultivation saved approximately 29,313 t of chemical fertilizers, 1873 t of pesticide and 62,492 ha of farmland compared with terrestrial vegetable cultivation. These results demonstrate that Chinese seaweed aquaculture has turned the pollutants that cause eutrophication into nutrients, which generates considerable environmental benefits as well as socio-economic values. However, seaweed species, as well as coastal water qualities, vary by regions, spatial management of seaweed farms related to the coastal water quality is necessary. In the eutrophic coastal waters, more seaweed species that are highly capable of removing nitrogen and phosphate should be cultivated. Besides, the potentially negative effects of seaweed farming should also be considered before performing spatial management to ensure the healthy development of seaweed industry. As Chinese seaweed production continues to boom, it is a unique opportunity to strengthen the seaweed industry and to reach a win–win situation that both gains considerable environmental benefits and generates substantial socio-economic returns. This is also a promising way for other coastal developing nations/regions to follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Coastal salt marsh, one of the blue carbon ecosystems that can adapt and mitigate climate change influence, is drawing global attention due to its high carbon sequestration capability. In China, however, coastal salt marsh has suffered great losses. Nation-wide analysis of salt marsh trends and management is critical to ecosystem protection and restoration. Thus, by analyzing previous coastal salt marsh studies, we found that the extent of coastal salt marsh varied greatly among the Liao River Delta, the Yellow River Delta, the middle coast of Jiangsu Province, Chongming Dongtan and Jiuduansha in Shanghai, with a 59% overall loss of salt marsh extent from the 1980s to the 2010s. The rate of salt marsh loss slowed down after the year 2000. Coastal land-claim (reclamation) is the most dominant driver of salt marsh loss. Climate change and coastal erosion, invasive species, and vegetation dynamics driven by competition and succession have also led to various effects on salt marsh extent and the ecological services they provide. Sea level rise, reclamation pressure and environmental pollution are the main factors, as negative drivers, together with conservation and restoration policies, as positive ones, affecting future trends in salt marshes. China has implemented several measures to protect and restore salt marshes, such as setting up protected areas, drawing marine ecological redline, and making strict regulations on reclamation. However, stronger legal protection for wetlands, more effective enforcement, and participation by local communities can further enhance salt marsh restoration, conservation and management. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Great losses (59%) of salt marshes occurred in China from the 1980s to the 2010s due to a few main drivers. • Salt marshes in China face natural and anthropogenic threats. • China has taken even tougher measures to conserve and restore salt marshes. • Legal basis for wetland protection, more effective enforcement and public participation are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]