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Background: HNSCC (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) is a serious global health problem, with estimated more than 550,000 new cases and 300,000 deaths annually. More than 90% of these malignancies are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: Patients selected were asked to fill the detailed structured case history proforma and thorough clinical examination, structured, pre-designed, pre-evaluated (UW-QOL) UW Questionnaire version 4 on quality of life (QOL) of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients containing thirteen subjective questionnaires and three global questionnaires. All the patients of OSCC after one month (1 month) of radiation and chemotherapy were assessed for quality of life by questionnaire. Result: Post-treatment QOL assessment of OSCC patients reveals a number of problems such as chewing, swallowing, saliva, lack of activity, and mood disturbances. Preoperative clinical features including tumor site, tumor stage, and extent of mouth opening have a significant impact on post-treatment problems in different ways. Conclusion: The need to balance clinician's need and use of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) data against patient's burden should be considered in the selection process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong ground motions at a particular site played an important part from the point of view of seismic hazard estimation. For this purpose, various methods/techniques are present in the seismological literature. A hybrid technique, based on the composite source model and envelope technique has been modified in the present research to simulate the ground motions for an earthquake at the surface level. For modifying the technique, the effects of high-frequency parameter kappa (κ) and empirical transfer functions have been included in the hybrid method. The reliability of the modified hybrid technique has been confirmed by modelling the empirical accelerograms of the 2011 Sikkim earthquake (M 6.9). The empirical transfer functions have been computed by the use of observed data of the earthquake. The causative fault of the earthquake has been identified by simulating the accelerograms considering both the nodal planes separately. The essential parameters of the strong ground motions are peak ground acceleration (PGA), duration of the accelerograms, response and Fourier spectrum of simulated accelerograms have been found consistent with recorded ones. Based on the comparison between simulated and observed accelerograms, the regression relation for attenuation of PGA and quality factor (Q) for the region have been identified. The hybrid technique modified here is capable of generating realistic simulated accelerograms for future similar earthquakes in the region. These findings might be obliging in preparing seismic-scenario hazard maps of the region required in the mitigation plans. Article Highlights: Hybrid Technique is modified by introducing the high-frequency parameter (kappa) and empirical transfer function. Modified Hybrid technique is used to model the empirical accelerograms for 2011, Sikkim Earthquake (Mw 6.9). Constrained the attenuation relation of PGA and frequency-dependent Q-relation for the Sikkim Himalaya region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimum quantity of nitrogen fertilizer to maximize the production and minimize the cost of cultivation is need of the day. Therefore, it is obligatory to know the nitrogen demand of potato crop for economical production and minimizing the negative effect on environment. Consequently, an experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, for 2 years to investigate the effect of nitrogen levels on newly developed potato varieties Kufri Surya and Kufri Sadabahar. Nitrogen dose of 300 kg/ha gave the highest values for growth parameters which were at par with 225 kg/ha nitrogen, whereas the maximum values for yield parameters as well as dry matter content (tubers + haulms) were recorded with nitrogen dose of 225 kg/ha. It means nitrogen above 225 kg/ha has no significant effect on crop yield parameters. The variety Kufri Sadabahar gave significantly higher values for all the growth and yield parameters than Kufri Surya. It was concluded that the variety Kufri Sadabahar supplied with nitrogen 225 kg/ha gave the maximum productivity (388.7 q/ha), net income (Rs. 2,08,576/ha) and benefit to cost ratio (2.31). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil heavy metal pollution is widespread and has severe adverse effects on soil organisms. Earthworms are the major soil organisms which perform several beneficial ecological functions butare vulnerable to damage from heavy metal pollution of soil. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential toxicity of arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) on the biochemical response of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Following exposure to various sub-lethal concentrations ofAs (34, 68, 102 and 136 mg/kg) and Cr(26, 51, 77 and 102 mg/kg ) for 28 days, the levels of several biochemical markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were assessed. The results showed that both heavy metals significantly (p<0.05) impacted the antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content during the entire exposure period. Compared with the control, SOD, CAT, POD and GST activities increased significantly (p<0.05) by (6.21-23.23, 6.32-18.6, 15.87-34.18 and 0.84-5.45% respectively) at 14th day, but after prolonged exposure, these activities were significantly (p<0.05) decreased (9.58-38.13, 10.09-30.03, 19.05-53.16 and 2.26-9.36% respectively) at 28th day. The contents of MDA showed significant (p<0.05) increase (17.84-45.59%) in all exposure groups for entire exposure period. Therefore, it can be concluded that antioxidants play a direct role in the adaptive response of E. fetida for survival in heavy metal contaminated soil. This adaptive antioxidant response can be used as an important biomarker to assess the toxicity of heavy metals in the soil ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, ternary metal oxide composite CuO/Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO was synthesized through sol-gel method and further modified with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to form a novel and effective β-CD-CuO/Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO catalyst for the organic pollutants adsorption and degradation. Both catalysts were characterized by P-XRD, SEM, EDX, DRS, PL, DTA/TGA and FT-IR. The adsorption and photocatalytic activity of the above synthesized catalyst were carried out at neutral pH and 1 g/L catalysts dosage for the different types of water pollutants. β-CD-CuO/Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO achieved degradation efficiency as 89.3% in 160 min (RhB), 93.2% in 160 min (Gunner 500), 84.1% in 200 min (Cefixime), and 81.5% in 180 min (p -NP). It was also observed that presence of β-CD enhanced the adsorption/degradation efficiency. Kinetics results followed to the pseudo first order (PSO) with the k 1 values as 10.40 × 10−3min−1, 0.17 × 10−3min−1, 4.94 × 10−3min−1 and 1.83 × 10−3min−1 for RhB, Gunner 500, Cefixime and p -NP respectively. These photocatalysts exhibit high efficiency in a short reaction time, and good reusability for real wastewater application. • Synthesize a ternary metal oxide of CuO/Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO by sol-gel method. • Ternary metal oxide combinded with β-CD. • Synthesized materials were characterized by using different characterization techniques. • Photocatalytic activity of catalyst wass investigated by adsorption and degradation of Rhodamine Blue, Gunner 500, Cefixime and p -NP. • Reaction rate kinetics, order, and scavanager study was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are present as pollutant in the industrial waste water. The present work deals with the photocatalytic degradation of Ortho‐Nitrophenol by using Zinc oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and its composite with β‐Cyclodextrin (β‐CD) represented as ZnO‐β‐CD. ZnO NPs were prepared by using Sol Gel Method. The morphological and structural properties were studied using SEM EDAX, PXRD, FT‐IR and UV‐DRS. Effect of pH was also studied. ZnO NPs degraded the Ortho‐Nitrophenol up to 25.8 % and it was enhanced by the addition of β‐CD up to 88.9 % in 100 minutes. Catalysts used were 1 g/L during the degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2011 Sikkim earthquake (M 6.9) of the Himalaya has shown that a moderate size earthquake may also cause severe damage to the region. Simulated accelerograms using a modified hybrid technique have been generated at spatially distributed 702 points for a moderate size (M 6.9) earthquake in the Sikkim region of Himalaya to evaluate the seismic hazard in the region. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) values and response spectra have been derived from the simulated accelerograms. The synthetic PGA values, corresponding modified mercalli (MM) intensity values and response spectral acceleration values have been contoured to present the scenario hazard maps of the region. A PGA value of 400 cm/s2 has been estimated in the region near the epicentre of the earthquake. The response spectral acceleration values for five periods corresponding to the natural period (T) of single-storey buildings, double-storey buildings, 3–4 storey buildings, tall buildings and high-rise buildings have been obtained. The maximum values of response spectral accelerations estimated in the centre of meizoseismal zone are 1200 cm/s2 (T = 0.1 s), 1800 cm/s2 (T = 0.2 s), 900 cm/s2 (T = 0.5 s), 800 cm/s2 (T = 1.0 s) and 80 cm/s2 (T = 6 s). The decay curves show that PGA values in the west direction are lower as compared to the values in other directions at similar distances. Also, it has been observed that the PGA and spectral acceleration values decay slowly in the west direction compared to other directions. The scenario hazard maps present here are expected to be useful for mitigating seismic hazards from the region as these maps indicate the damage potential due to future moderate size earthquakes in the region. Article Highlights: The application of a modified hybrid technique has been presented to evaluate the seismic hazard based on simulating accelerograms for a moderate size earthquake in the Sikkim region of Himalaya. The synthetic accelerograms have been generated at 702 points distributed spatially on a grid. The scenario hazard maps showing the spatial distribution of PGA values, MM intensity values and response spectral acceleration values at different periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought and high temperature stress affect chickpea growth and productivity. Often these stresses occur simultaneously in the field and lead to a wide range of molecular and metabolic adaptations. Two chickpea varieties; GPF2 (heat sensitive) and PDG4 variety (heat tolerant) were exposed to 35 °C for 24 h individually and along with drought stress. Five heat responsive signalling genes and 11 structural genes were analyzed using qPCR along with untargeted metabolites analysis using GC MS. Expression of antioxidant genes (CaSOD and CaGPX, CaAPX and CaCAT), transcription factors (CaHSFB2, CaHSFB2A, CaHSFB2B, CaHSP17.5 and CaHSP22.7) and signalling genes (CaCAM, CaGAD, and CaMAPK) were upregulated in GPF2 as compared to PDG4 variety. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and heat map analysis were applied to the metabolomics data to identify the differential response of metabolites in two chickpea varieties. GC-MS analysis identified 107 and 83 metabolites in PDG4 and GPF2 varieties respectively. PDG4 variety accumulated more sugars, amino acids, sugar alcohols, TCA cycle intermediates which provided heat resistance. Additionally, the differential metabolic pathways involved in heat tolerance were alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, pantothenate CoA biosynthesis, fructose and mannose metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway in PDG4 variety. There was less accumulation of metabolites in the primed plants of both varieties as compared to the non-primed plants indicating less damage due to heat stress. The present study gives an overview of the molecular changes occurring in response to heat stress in sensitive and tolerant chickpea. • Chickpea is exposed to terminal heat and drought stress. • Five heat signaling genes and 11 structural genes were analyzed using qPCR along with GC-MS analysis. • High temperature and combinatorial stress enhanced the expression of almost all genes in GPF2. • In PDG4 only selective genes and metabolites were upregulated. • Priming modulates the transcriptional, metabolic activity and maintains cellular homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges for potato producers is to maximize its yield and quality by properly managing the nitrogen fertilization. An experiment was conducted under North-Western Indian conditions during two consecutive years with two potato varieties, i.e. Kufri Surya and Kufri Sadabahar under five nitrogen levels (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg/ha) in a randomized block design (factorial) with three replications. The results revealed that most of the growth parameters and NPK uptake by haulms were maximum at 300 kg/ha nitrogen level that was statistically at par with nitrogen level 225 kg/ha, while for yield parameters and NPK uptake by tubers, nitrogen level 225 kg/ha was the best with the highest value. It depicts that crop yield parameters are negatively affected by the nitrogen dose of above 225 kg/ha. So far the variety is concerned, Kufri Sadabahar was significantly better for all the noted growth and yield parameters as well as NPK uptake by tubers and haulms than the variety Kufri Surya. Regarding the soil fertility behaviour after harvest of the crop, higher left over nitrogen in soil was recorded for the highest applied nitrogen dose, whereas phosphorus and potassium left over in soil was recorded more where no nitrogen was applied (control plot), which was closely followed by 75 kg/ha nitrogen level. The results provide useful recommendations for the improvement of nitrogen fertilization rate for these two varieties in sub-tropical region of north western India in Haryana state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water, the primary source of life, is contaminated with various organic/inorganic impurities in the course of development. Organic dyes, a waste product from dying industries, have evolved as one of the major contributor to water pollution. The present work involves the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye as a model substrate using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and its composite with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). ZnO NPs are found to be a worthy catalyst due to their bandgap and easy availability. The role of β-CD in ZnO photocatalyst is explored. With ZnO NPs, electron–hole recombination takes place very easily; hence, to restrict this recombination β-CD has been used. We have characterized the synthesized nanomaterials by using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DSR), scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Various parameters, such as the concentration of dye, pH and amount of catalyst have optimized for the photocatalysis process. More basic medium adsorption is more favourable than degradation, which decreases the reusability of the catalyst. Based on the photodegradation efficiency and rate constant (k), we observed that ZnO–β-CD showed better photocatalytic activity than ZnO NPs. The plausible mechanism for photocatalytic degradation has also been reported with the help of photoluminescence spectra and scavenger activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papilloma virus (HPV) has emerged as a primary cause of cervical cancer worldwide. HPV is a relatively small (55 nm in diameter) and non-enveloped virus containing approximately 8 kb long double stranded circular DNA genome. To date, 228 genotypes of HPV have been identified. Although all HPV infections do not lead to the development of malignancy of cervix, only persistent infection of high-risk types of HPV (mainly with HPV16 and HPV18) results in the disease. In addition, the immunity of the patients also acts as a key determinant in the carcinogenesis. Since, no HPV type specific medication is available for the patient suffering with cervical cancer, hence, a deep understanding of the disease etiology may be vital for developing an effective strategy for its prevention and management. From the immunological perspectives, the entire mechanisms of disease progression still remain unclear despite continuous efforts. In the present review, the recent developments in immunology of HPV-mediated cervix carcinoma were discussed. At the end, the prevention of disease using HPV type specific recombinant vaccines was also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiological and biochemical parameters of plants among five wheat genotypes: KH-65, KRL-210, KRL-99, PBW-343 and PBW-373 were studied. Wheat plantlets, at three-leaf stage, were supplemented with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM of NaCl for 48 hours. Principal component analysis revealed chlorophyll and carotenoid degradation as best salinity indicator for studied wheat genotypes. Salt tolerance levels of studied wheat genotypes were in the order: KH-65 > KRL-210 > KRL-99 > PBW-343 > PBW-373. The study has revealed that observed physiological and biochemical data may provide an insight into the existence of internal mechanism in salt tolerant genotypes to cope up with salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption is the primary initiating cause of cerebral small-vessel diseases including leukoaraiosis (LA). β-Catenin is a key regulator of the BBB and plays an important role in cell–cell adhesion at adherens junctions by interacting with cadherin molecules. Thus, β-Catenin may be a good candidate gene for LA. We performed a genetic analyses to investigate the association between β-catenin alleles and LA. Materials and Methods: A total of 339 LA cases and 203 controls were enrolled from individuals who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging with obtainable vascular risk factors. Genotyping of β-catenin single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs1880481 C > A, rs13072632 C > T, and rs4135385 A > G, was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction using a LightCycler 2.0. Results: Two SNPs, rs1880481 and rs4135385, showed significant differences in their allelic frequencies between the control and LA groups and the combinatorial effects of the risk alleles for these two SNPs also significantly increased the risk of LA. The G–T–A, A–T–A, and A–T–G haplotypes for the three SNPs showed significant differences in both types of LA: LA-periventricular white matter and LA-deep white matter. However, the C–T–G haplotype was only significantly different for LA-PVWM, while the A–C–A was only significantly different for LA-DWM. The combination of diabetes mellitis, hypertension, and these risk alleles increased the likelihood of both types of LA. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that β-catenin polymorphisms and their associated haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to LA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition plays an important role in preventing metabolic disorders post calving and during lactation. Metabolic process dysfunctions are associated with malfunctioning of separate parts or the whole organism. Metabolic disease or disorder is interference of one or more metabolic processes associated with regulation of certain metabolite in body fluids. Metabolic disorders such as ketosis, fatty liver syndrome, hypocalcaemia etc can have major effect not only on cow's lactation, but also on fertility. Vitamins are essential amines and have significant role as nutrients. Nutrients play significant role in control of host immune defence as well as balancing the physiologic and pathologic conditions. Hypervitaminoses usually occur in fat soluble vitamins, which are stored in liver and fatty tissue of body. Macro-minerals and trace elements are essential for all physiological functions and support optimal growth, health condition, immune system, productivity and reproduction. For better functioning of a lot of enzymes and proteins, trace elements are required, which are implied in various physiological, biochemical and metabolic processes that regulates growth and production. Adequate antioxidant concentrations such as Selenium (Se) and Vitamin E not only maintain the health and performance of ruminants but also ensure high productivity. Role of nutrients in immunomodulation in food producing animals is to regulate immunity for the benefit of animal health and production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were conducted to evaluate response of two genetically different drought tolerant varieties of Cicer arietinum L. namely PUSA 1103, Desi variety and PUSA 1105, Kabuli variety to the basal applications of nickel chloride doses viz; 0, 0.62, 3.12, 12.5, 62.5 and 125 µg g-1. Significant increase in the growth was observed at 0.62 and 3.12 µg g-1 nickel chloride doses. Addition of nickel dose above this level reduced the leaf area, plant growth, root length and yield of the plants. Fruiting stage showed more severe toxicity symptoms in comparison to the vegetative stages. Protein contents in seeds and chlorophyll contents along with nitrate reductase activity increased significantly in the leaves at the lower nickel doses. Peroxidase and superoxide-dismutase activities increased in a concomitant manner with increasing nickel concentrations. Increased concentrations of the soil applied nickel demonstrated an increase in the content of nickel higher in shoots also followed by roots. Accumulation of nickel and grain yield was higher in Desi chickpea variety PUSA 1103, indicating for its potential utilization in crop improvement strategies to breed new chickpea genotypes for nickel and drought resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have concluded that the medical students of hostels are at high risk of anemia due to inappropriate diet and their long schedules that indirectly affect their performance. Thus, concerning for the long duration of medical studies, it has become a serious medical issue. Aims and Objective: Thus, our objective is to determine the prevalence of anemia among medical students in Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted and Teaching Hospital from January 2017 to December 2017 where all the subjects were selected with convenient sampling technique. The total of 150 MBBS students (male=95, female=55), age 18-25 years were included in the study who were clinically healthy. The demographic data (name, age, sex, address) and anthropometric variables (height, weight, body mass index) were recorded and hemoglobin was estimated by Sahli’s acid hematin method. Results: Only 42.1% of total were mild anemic and 11.6 % were moderately anemic. Among female, 1.8% were severely anemic, 9.1% were moderately anemic and 41.8% were mild anemic. Compared to male, anemia in female medical students was found to be more extensive. Conclusions: It has been concluded from the above study that the mild anemia is highly prevalent among medical students regardless of gender. Though the subjects are not severely affected, it is a concerned issue since the cause might be inappropriate food habit or the food facilities available at hostels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION The well being of the fetus and hence the baby is influenced by a number of factors among which the length and diameter of umbilical cord is one important aspect. Studies have found association between gestational hypertension and the structure of umbilical cord. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of gestational hypertension on the length and diameter of umbilical cord. MATERIAL AND METHODS Atotal of70 umbilical cords with placenta were collected inNobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital for comparison of umbilical cords length and diameter between normotensives and patients with gestational hypertension. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The difference in umbilical cords' diameter was statistically significant between normotensives and patients with gestational hypertension whereas the length of the umbilical cord had no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION We concluded that gestational hypertension affects the diameter of umbilical cord by decreasing it significantly which may affect normal fetal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current scenario of medical sciences, homeopathy, the most popular system of therapy, is recognized as one of the components of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) across the world. Despite, a long debate is continuing whether homeopathy is just a placebo or more than it, homeopathy has been considered to be safe and cost-effectiveness therapeutic modality. A number of human ailments ranging from common to serious have been treated with homeopathy. However, selection of appropriate medicines against a disease is cumbersome task as total spectrum of symptoms of a patient guides this process. Available data suggest that homeopathy has potency not only to treat various types of cancers but also to reduce the side effects caused by standard therapeutic modalities like chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery. Although homeopathy has been widely used for management of cancers, its efficacy is still under question. In the present review, the anti-cancer effect of various homeopathic drugs against different kinds of cancers has been discussed and future course of action has also been suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil and water pollution, rapid industrialization, contaminated irrigation-water, increased waste-production and surge in agricultural land leads to the accumulation of Heavy Metals (HM) with time. HM contamination has raised concern over the past years and new remediation strategies are required to deal with it. HM-contaminated soil is often used for the production of food, which makes a gateway for toxic metals into the food-chain, thereby affecting food security and human health. To avoid HM-toxicity, decontamination of important resources is essential. Therefore, exploring phytoremediation for the removal, decomposition and detoxification of hazardous metals from HM-contaminated sites is of great significance. Hyper-accumulator plants can efficiently remove HMs. However, despite many hyper-accumulator plant species, there is a research gap in the studies of phytotechnology. Hence biotechnological efforts advocating omics studies i.e. genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and phenomics are in order, the purpose being to select and enhance a plant's potential for the process of phytoremediation to be more effective. There is a need to study newly developed high-efficiency hyper-accumulator plants as HM-decontaminator candidates for phytoremediation and phytomining. Therefore, this review focuses on various strategies and bio-technological methods for the removal of HM contaminants from sites, with emphasis on the advancement of phytoremediation, along with applications in cleaning up various toxic pollutants. • Heavy metals (HM) pollution threatens food and health. • Phytoremediation is not only cost-effective but also eco-friendly. • Omics can be used to enhance phytoremediation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemoglobins (Hbs) are evolutionarily conserved small globular proteins with characteristic 3-over-3 α-helical sandwich structure that is typically known as “globin fold”. Hbs have been found to be involved in diverse biological functions and the characteristic property of oxygen transportation is relatively a recent adaptation. Drosophila genome possesses three globin genes ( glob1 , glob2, and glob3 ) and it was previously reported that adequate expression of glob1 is required for various aspects of development, and also to regulate the cellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study illustrates the explicit role of glob1 gene in Drosophila development. We demonstrate a dynamic expression pattern of glob1 in larval tissues which largely concentrate around F-actin rich structures and also co-precipitate. Reduced expression of glob1 leads to developmental abnormalities which appeared to be largely mediated by inappropriately formed F-actin based cytoskeletal structures. Our subsequent analysis in FLP/FRT mediated somatic clones establishes specific role of Drosophila glob1 in maintenance of the integrity of F-actin based cytoskeleton during development. For the first time, we report interaction between Glob1 and actin, and propose a novel role of glob1 in maintenance of F-actin based cytoskeleton in Drosophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea is one of the most important pulse crops in the world. However, chickpea productivity is not high enough to fulfill the requirements of an ever-increasing demand. One of the major constraints in the chickpea improvement is the narrow genetic base in the cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) and its sexual incompatibility with other Cicer species. Knowledge of molecular characterization, genetic diversity, and relatedness in the germplasm is a prerequisite for varietal registration, protection and overall crop improvement. The present study reports molecular characterization of 75 genotypes using 46 STMS markers. All the STMS loci were found to be highly polymorphic. A total of 132 alleles were found with an average of 2.87 per locus. The highest numbers of alleles were observed with marker TA-21. A cluster analysis arranged these 75 genotypes in 7 clusters. The genotypes ICRISAT 3073 and Pusa 212 showed remarkable genetic similarity (0.796) and the largest genetic distance was observed between C. reticulatum wild-1 and CSG 9505 (0.547). The present analysis provides an insight into the interrelationship among the genotypes and highlights the requirement for effective supplementation of morphological data with additional molecular markers to efficiently unearth the genetic inter-relationship among the genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is attempted to analyze the thermoelastic interactions in a homogeneous isotropic electro-microstretch semi-space caused by mechanical source acting on the initially stressed surface. The problem is treated on the basis of two-temperature thermoelasticity without energy dissipation proposed by Youssef. Normal mode analysis is applied to derive the exact expressions for displacement components, force stresses, couple stress, microstress, conductive temperature, thermodynamic temperature and electric field. Numerical computations have been performed for magnesium crystal material to depict the response of mechanical source in the medium for thermally insulated boundary. Some comparisons have been made in figures to estimate the effects of two-temperature parameter and initial stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present society there is a demand to formulate human capital. It means that quality of human beings helps in the development of the country in accelerating the pace of development. For enhancing the pace of growth and development, there should be equal access to rights for everyone. However, equal access to rights is generally unequal. When one subordinated partner (women in patriarchal society) enters in 'power zone' of another it creates uncomfortable notion men. In order to achieve the same rank and stop the infringement in power the most sensitive aspect is encroached and it generates sexual harassment which affect women mentally and physically. Indian societies are generally not open to sexual harassment and it is taken as private affair. However, it is high time to build discourse on sexual harassment and truly providing equal access to rights may be economic or power dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, a model of the equations of generalized electromicrostretch thermoelasticity in an initially stressed perfectly conducting elastic medium under the effect of temperature-dependent properties is studied. The entire elastic medium is rotating with a uniform angular velocity. Reflection phenomena of plane waves in electromicrostretch thermoelasticity is investigated under two theories proposed by Lord and Shulman (L–S) and Green and Lindsay (G–L). Amplitude ratios and energy ratios of various reflected waves are presented when an elastic wave is made incident obliquely at the plane boundary of an electromicrostretch thermoelastic solid half-space. It has been verified that there is no dissipation of energy at the boundary surface during reflection. Numerical examples calculate the amplitude ratios to evince the effects of initial stress parameter, rotation, and temperature-dependent properties, and the results obtained are depicted graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Many conventional dosage form comes in market to achieve their therapeutic value as it administered through the given route. But sometimes People feel trouble in swallowing of conventional dosage forms like tablet and capsule without taking water or due to lack availability of water during long journey. In these cases, rapidly disintegrating tablets in oral cavity are paid attention nowadays. These are known as orally dispersible tablets which disintegrate in mouth as put on tongue resulting in release of drug which dissolve and disperse in saliva. Drug rapidly converts into solution from solid form resulting in rapid absorption and onset of action. After formulations development, evaluation of these tablets were done such as weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, drugpolymer interaction, FTIR studies, SEM studies, drug content, water absorption ratio, wetting time and in-vitro drug release and short term stability studies. These tablets (all formulations that is F1-F10) showed weight variation in range of 253± 0.05 to 291± 0.61 mg, hardness of 2.1± 0.1 to 3.5± 0.07 Kg/cm?, friability of 0.44±0.01 to 0.69±0.01%, disintegration time of 20± 0.08 to 34±1.1 seconds, drug content of 92.0 to 99.18%, water absorption ratio of 26±1.12 to 49 ± 3.01%, wetting time of 53± 1.89 to 104± 4.89 sec and in-vitro drug release showed 85.66 to 99.88% within 5 minutes. FTIR studies showed that there is no interaction between drug and polymer. Stability studies showed that there is no change in drug release upon storage on different temperature and humidity. Results revealed that orally dispersible tablets of chlorpheniramine maleate prepared by fusion method result in rapid dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Dental caries is an infectious, transmissible disease. Maternal transfer of mutans streptococci (MS) has been a subject of research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transmission of MS from mother to children through genetic analysis. Methods: Thirty mother-child pairs were included and divided into three groups according to the age of the children. Saliva samples were collected and MS colonies from each mother-child pair were isolated. After inoculation and incubation, MS colonies were submitted to amplification technique by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identification and arbitrarily primed PCRs (AP-PCRs) to determine various MS genotypes. Results: From birth to six months of age, 30 per cent of children exhibited MS colonization, and by the age of 30 months, 100 per cent harboured the bacteria (P < 0.001). Factors associated with MS colonization were eruption of teeth (P < 0.001), feeding habits with mean colony count being significantly lower in breast-fed as compared to bottle-fed children (P < 0.001) and a significant association between mean MS count of child and mother's practice of sharing spoon with child (P < 0.001). The AP-PCR fingerprinting profile analysis showed 17 MS groups (clusters) containing identical or highly related isolates in mother-child pairs with a high level of similarity (77.27 %). Interpretation & conclusions: The presence of matching MS genotypes suggested vertical transmission from mothers to children. Feeding habits, gum cleaning and number of erupted teeth in children had significant effect on MS colonization. There is a need to develop strategies to present MS colonization in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Visual Evoked Potential is the assessment of the visual pathway and the visual cortex. The present study was descriptive analysis of normal VEP between the age of 6 months to 4 years of age and the determination of the neuronal development among healthy children of above age group. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in neurological lab of BPKIHS on healthy children (n=36) of well-baby clinic between the age of 0.5 to ≤4 years (yr). Subjects were divided into subgroup 1(0.5 to ≤2 yr), subgroup 2(2 to ≤3 yr) and subgroup 3(3 to ≤4 yr). Visual stimulator provided with fl ash light emitting diode (LED) goggle was used to stimulate the retina and VEP recording was done. Flash VEP parameters: latencies (N90, P120) and amplitude (N90-P120) were recorded. Post hoc (Bonferroni) analysis was done for comparing VEP variables. Pearson correlation were done for VEP with respect to age. Results: VEP latencies of children, age-group 3 to ≤4 yr showed significantly less N90 latency on right eye stimulation comparing age-group 0.5 to ≤2 yr (103.75±22.54 vs. 79.09±17.77ms, p=0.012). P120 latency was significantly less on right eye stimulation (148.5±15.38 vs.116.67±13.65ms p=0.001) and on left eye stimulation (145.91±18.11 vs. 116.67±13.65 ms, p=0.001) in age-group 3 to ≤4 yr children as compared to age-group 0.5 to ≤2 yr. Conclusion: Significant decrement of VEP latencies as age advances which explains the maturation of central nervous system and functionally approaching to adult value at around 3 to 4 yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Solid multicystic ameloblastoma (SMA) is a locally aggressive, benign odontogenic tumor of odontogenic origin with greater rate of recurrence. Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction plays an important role in tooth morphogenesis that shows complete differentiation of epithelial and ectomesenchymal components to the level of tooth formation. Tumor stroma in ameloblastoma is normal mature collagen that prevents differentiation to the level of tooth formation. Current study evaluates the role of stromal elements in aggressive behavior of SMA using picrosirius red staining with polarizing microscopy and CD44v6 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Objectives: To compare nature of collagen using picrosirius red staining under polarized microscope and IHC expression of CD44v6 marker in SMA and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: Thirty blocks were retrieved from departmental archives and subjected to picrosirius red staining and CD44v6 IHC staining. Slides stained with picrosirius red were observed under polarized microscope to report the birefringence pattern. IHC slides were annotated for intensity of staining of tumor cells. Results: In contrast to OSCC's 40% red, 40% yellowish-red, and 20% greenish-yellow birefringence, SMA displayed 87% red, 13% yellowish-red, and 0% greenish-yellow. Compared to OSCC, which had tumor cells stained 9% strongly, 64% moderately, 27% mildly, and 0% negatively, SMA revealed 0% strong, 10% moderate, 60% weak, and 30% negative staining. Conclusion: As opposed to OSCC, which exhibited a greater quantity of greenish-yellow birefringence of immature collagen, SMA showed predominantly red birefringence, which is suggestive of mature collagen with a lack of metastasis. Comparing SMA to OSCC, the lack of significant CD44v6 positivity suggests that there has not been perineural invasion or regional metastases in SMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic degradation of dyes using metal oxides and their composite has become a smart process for detoxification of pollutants from wastewater system. The coupling of metal oxides increases the efficiency due to its broad light absorption, fast dynamic process and natural p-n characteristics. Sol-gel method was selected to prepare the binary nanocomposite Copper Oxide/Zinc Oxide (CuO/ZnO) & its ternary nanocomposite with beta cyclodextrin (β-CD), β-CD-CuO/ZnO. The synthesized materials were characterized using PXRD, FT-IR, TEM, TGA-DTA and Uv–Visible spectroscopy. For both the materials photocatalytic performance was studied for of model textile dyes pollutants degradation, malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB). The efficiency of the prepared catalysts and degradation mechanism are discussed. The involvement of various active species in degradation process is confirmed by applying suitable scavengers. Further the limitation of electron hole recombination was improved by β-CD addition. The photocatalytic activity of β-CD-CuO/ZnO was observed superior to CuO/ZnO catalyst. The degradation efficiency was observed up to 89.15 and 79.90% for MB and MG dyes after 180 min of irradiation using β-CD-CuO/ZnO. In addition to that, β-CD-CuO/ZnO has good adsorption tendency because of its hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic interior cavity due to which they can encapsulate pollutant molecules in cavity. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of ternary nanocomposite with beta cyclodextrin (β-CD), β-CD-CuO/ZnO. • Properly characterization of β-CD-CuO/ZnO with various techniques. • Role of β-CD in photocatalytic activity is enlightened. • Performance of β-CD-CuO/ZnO as photocatalyst is measured by MG and MB dyes. • Study of Efficiency, Kinetic, Reusability and Photocatalytic degradation mechanism of β-CD-CuO/ZnO is accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamical interactions caused by a line heat source moving inside a homogeneous isotropic thermo-microstretch viscoelastic half space, whose surface is subjected to a thermal load, are investigated. The formulation is in the context of generalized thermoelasticity theories proposed by Lord and Shulman ( J. Mech. Phys. Solid, 15, 299 (1967)) and Green and Lindsay ( Thermoelasticity, J. Elasticity, 2, 1 (1972)). The surface is assumed to be traction free. The solutions in terms of displacement components, mechanical stresses, temperature, couple stress, and microstress distribution are procured by employing the normal mode analysis. The numerical estimates of the considered variables are obtained for an aluminium-epoxy material. The results obtained are demonstrated graphically to show the effect of moving heat source and viscosity on the displacement, stresses, and temperature distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive efforts are being made to use biocatalysts for addressing an important millennium development goal i.e. global warming/climate change with recourse to CO capture valorisation and storage (CCVS). New advanced enzyme-based catalysts with significantly improved catalytic properties and stability have been discussed in detail with specific reference to carbonic anhydrase for biomimetic CO sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to develop a single enzyme nanoparticle of carbonic anhydrase (SEN-CA), formed by modifying the surface of CA with a thin layer of organic/inorganic hybrid biopolymer such as chitosan. SEN-CA enhances the rate of CO2 hydration further, for subsequent fixation into stable mineral carbonates, compared to free CA. SENCA shows CO2 sequestration capacity of 147 mg of CaCO3/mg of CA, which is far better than CO2 sequestration capacity of 35 mg of CaCO3/mg for free CA under limiting concentration of CO2 (14.5 mg of CO2/10 ml). SEN-CA showed improved stability compared to free enzyme assayed by carbonation reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle technology is being increasingly used in environmental sciences. We prepared single enzyme nanoparticle (SEN) by modifying the surface of carbonic anhydrase (CA) with a thin layer of organic/inorganic hybrid polymer. SEN-CA appears to be improving the stability of free enzyme. CA, as ubiquitously found enzyme, is involved in gaseous CO sequestration and is being looked as a promising candidate for combating global warming. We report here physical characterization of SEN-CA using transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Average size of SEN-CA particles appears to be in the range of 70-80 nm. We also report the effect of SEN formation on the kinetic parameters of free CA such as Michaelis-Menten constant ( K), maximum reaction velocity ( V), and storage stability of free CA and SEN-CA. The V of SEN-CA (0.02857 mmol/min/mg) and free enzyme (0.02029 mmol/min/mg) is almost similar. K has decreased from 6.143 mM for SEN-CA to 1.252 mM for free CA. The stabilization of CA by SEN formation results in improved the half-life period (up to 100 days). The formation of carbonate was substantiated by using gas chromatography (GC). The conversion of CO to carbonate was 61 mg of CaCO/mg of CA and 20.8 mg of CaCO/mg of CA using SEN-CA and free CA, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: STMS markers and morphological traits were used to investigate the genetic relationship and allelic diversity in chickpea. In this study, we focused on the selection and more efficient utilization of core germplasm in breeding programs for chickpea crop improvement using STMS and quantitative/morphological traits. Methods: Seeds of elite accessions of chickpea were obtained from ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. 50 STMS markers and 11 quantitative traits were used for exploring the genetic variability and relationship in 35 chickpea accessions. Result: A total of 97 alleles were produced out of the 32 polymorphic STMS loci with an average of 3.03 alleles per locus ranging between 2-6 alleles per primer. The PIC value ranged from 0.029 to 0.768 with an average of 0.502. PIC value showed a highly positive correlation (r = 0.718) with number of alleles at the STMS loci. In both molecular and morphological markers/traits-based clustering, out of 35 chickpea accessions only one accession ICC-13892 was isolated at the end of clustering. The results indicated that highly polymorphic microsatellite markers NCPGR 68, NCPGR 50, NCPGR 81, NCPGR 48 and NCPGR 77 along with the accessions ICC-13892 having distant associations with ICC-13816, ICC-15697, ICC-15610, ICC-15868, ICC-15888, ICC-15996 with novel findings should be useful resources for strategies of allele mining, association genetics, mapping and cloning of gene(s) and in applied breeding to broaden the genetic base of chickpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work function (WF) of a material governs the back and forth movement of the charge carriers across the hetero-interface of two materials. Therefore, for optimum device performance, precise knowledge of the WF is prerequisite while employing any new material in electronic devices. In this work, using metal oxide semiconductor capacitors, we experimentally determine the WF of layered van der Waals topological semimetals (TSMs) 1T′-MoTe2, 1T-PtSe2, and Td-WTe2 as 4.87, 5.05, and 4.82 eV, respectively. The experimentally obtained results are corroborated with density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, by analyzing the vertical current transport across the metal oxide semiconductor stack using Fowler–Nordheim tunneling formalism, the barrier height between the TSMs and the gate insulator (SiO2) is experimentally calculated. The obtained barrier heights are also following the same trend as that of WF for three TSMs. These TSMs host unique topological nontrivial phases potentially useful for the development of emerging quantum technologies, and therefore, the findings of this study are significant for designing the future quantum devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) offer the ideal platform to optically initialize the qubits utilizing the superposition of valley polarized photons. However, in the commonly available 2H phase TMDCs, thickness sensitive crystal inversion symmetry demands the precise control over the number of layers, which makes the study of valley physics challenging. On the other hand, 3R-polymorphic phase TMDCs are non-centrosymmetric irrespective of the number of layers and therefore retain valley degree of freedom for all the thicknesses. Here, using polarization resolved photoluminescence measurements under linearly polarized excitations, we demonstrate the coherent superposition of the valley photons (known as valley coherence) in synthetic 3R-phase MoS2 with different numbers of layers ranging from 3 layers to 11 layers. With near-resonant excitation (633 nm for AX0), the degree of linear polarization (a measure of the valley coherence) is observed up to 70% at 80 K measurement temperatures and is found to be layer thickness independent. Robust valley coherence is attributed to the high optical quality and the 3R crystal symmetry of the MoS2. Using angle resolved polarization dependent measurements, it is established that the net dipolar emission aligns with the polarization orientations of the incident laser, which signifies the valley coherence to be independent of the crystal orientation. This study paves the way toward using 3R-phase MoS2 as a key material for the development of future quantum technologies utilizing valley polarized photons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to estimate the global prevalence of gingival recession (GR) in the general population. Materials and Methods: Population‐based observational studies reporting the prevalence of GR and published from 1991 to 2021 were identified from five electronic databases and manual searches. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies. The pooled prevalence of GR was calculated by using a random‐effect model. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to summarize the overall certainty of evidence. Results: A total of 15 studies involving 37,460 participants were included. The overall pooled prevalence was 78.16% at the minimal reported threshold values and 84.92% at ≥1 mm "cut‐off" with high heterogeneity among studies. A separate analysis for the buccal GR revealed a pooled prevalence of 75.42%. The risk of bias was found to be high for 10 and low for 5 studies. The overall certainty of the evidence was assessed to be very low. Conclusion: More than two‐thirds of the population worldwide was found to be affected by GR. Studies with standard case definition and less heterogeneity are required to accurately estimate the prevalence of GR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is a fungus closely related to medicinal mushroom, which belongs to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It is a well-known and rich herbal source of bioactive active constituents. The medicinal mushroom has garnered worldwide attention owing to its multifarious bioactivities. This mushroom grows on the larva of ghost moths (Hepialidae) and produces fruiting bodies, which serve as a vital natural source of medicine and supplementary diets. On account of the diverse pharmacological and bioactive constituents present in O. sinensis, it has been established as a potential antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory agent that has been successfully used for treating several health issues, including hypoxia-related problems encountered by mountaineers, pilgrims, tourists and soldiers occurring at high-altitude regions such as acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), frostbite, chilblains, hypothermia, etc. The most important pharmacologically active compounds present in the O. sinensis include nucleobases and its derivatives (adenosine, cordycepin, 3-deoxyadenosine, AMP, GMP, UMP, guanosine, uridine), polysaccharides (mannose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, galactose), proteins, peptides and steroids. This article focuses on the various research endeavors undertaken to scientifically establish the medicinal properties of O. sinensis, highlighting the various principally active compounds, their pharmacological action, drug designing and development and future perspective for various health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Angle of femoral torsion has an anatomical variation based on sex, geography, ethnicity and occupation and concludes various impact factor on determining the angulation as well as the length of the bone. Aims and Objective: Thus, present study is aimed to determine the angle of femoral torsion in Nepalese population. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out at the Department of Anatomy, Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. Of the total 60, unpaired and unknown gender, dry femora were collected during one year period and separated as right sided (n=30) and left sided (n=30) according to the standard anatomical landmarks. Measurement of angle was done by Kingsley Olmsted method and the length, mid-circumference by measuring tape. Results: The angle of torsion in dry femora (n=60) for right (16.73± 3.095) and left (16.67± 2.963) side were recorded. The mean shaft length, mid circumference for right sided femora were recorded as 39.367±0.9185 and 7.933 ± 0.6661cm respectively. The mean shaft length and mid circumference were 38.917± 0.8914 and 7.933 ± 0.5833cm respectively for left sided femora. Differences (ATF, p=0.932, LF, P=0.059, MCF, P=1) of variables between right and left femora were analyzed and correlation of angle of femoral torsion with shaft length and midshaft circumference (ATF vs MCF, p= 0.571 and LF, p=0.153) was done. Conclusion: Documenting the femoral angle of torsion with shaft length, midshaft circumference in normal dry femora of cadaver is of great importance for Orthopedic surgeons since it provides a knowledge for planning the hip surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of the emerging layered materials with the existing CMOS platform is a promising solution to enhance the performance and functionalities of the future CMOS based integrated circuits. In this direction, we have experimentally studied the suitability of the layered semimetals, namely, Td-WTe2, 1T′-MoTe2, 1T-PtTe2, and 1T-PtSe2, as an electrode with two most commonly used semiconductors, i.e., silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) used in the CMOS technology. Two kinds of devices, i.e., metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and metal-semiconductor (MS) diodes, are investigated with these semimetals as a conducting electrode. Through detailed electrical and physical characterizations, it is established that these semimetals form excellent interface with the underneath dielectric (SiO2) in the MOS structure and with the semiconductor (Ge) in the MS diode. Near ideal CV curves of MOS devices and large ON-current in the MS diodes signify that these semimetals act perfectly well as a contact electrode. Reduction in the Schottky barrier height of the MS diodes with decreasing values of the semimetal WF suggests the excellent interface of these semimetals with the Ge substrate. Most importantly, these semimetals do not add any unwanted series resistance across the current conduction path in the diode. Guided by these experimental observations, we propose that these semimetals can indeed be integrated with conventional CMOS platform, thus paving a way for an era of CMOS based heterogeneous electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are one of the five families of proteins acting as molecular chaperone. sHSPs possess a universally conserved alpha-crystallin domain, hence, also known as alpha-crystallin family. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an etiological agent of tuberculosis, a disease claiming million of lives every year across the world. MTB has two sHSPs: sHSP16.3 (a 16.3 kDa protein) and Acr2 (a 17.8 kDa protein). Of these, sHSP16.3 has been reported to be crucial for survival of MTB during prolonged period of dormancy, in addition to indispensable role in its growth, virulence and cell wall thickening. Additionally, this mycobacterial protein is also beneficial for host as well. Due to strong immunogenic properties and consistent presence in patients sera, sHSP16.3 has largely been implicated in vaccine development and diagnosis of latent and active infections of MTB in the clinical cases of TB. Recently, our study provided the substantial evidence to exploit this mycobacterial protein as a good drug target for developing novel therapeutic intervention. In the present review, a comprehensive analysis of various attributes of sHSP16.3 has been done and major gaps in area have been highlighted for future course of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The pulp is the most negatively impacted tissue during decalcification since it comprises the soft tissue components. The most effective decalcifying agent would be safest for cells and tissues while yet removing all traces of calcium. It has to get the job done quickly and have good staining properties. Aim and Objective: The goal of this research was to identify the most effective decalcifying agent for diagnostic purposes via a qualitative investigation of tissue preservation and a comparison of the efficiency of several decalcifying agents on human permanent teeth, covering both hard and soft tissue components. Materials and Methods: Fifty premolars from people aged 14 to 30 who needed them pulled for orthodontics were included in the research. Participants in the research were divided into five groups of ten. Group A, Group B, Group C, Group D, and Group E make up the total of five groups. In this investigation, we compared the efficiency of five decalcifying chemicals and analyzed their staining patterns and effects on tooth tissue. Fifty premolar teeth from participants aged 14-30 years old were removed for orthodontic therapy. For the research, they were split up into five groups of ten. Group A contains 5% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Group B contains 10% formic acid, Group C contains 5% Trichoraticectic acid, Group D contains 5% nitric acid, and Group E contains 5% formalin-nitric acid. Result: Regardless of the specifics of the chosen decalcification solution, all procedures benefit from the inclusion of external stimuli. None of the variables were used in the current investigation; it was conducted only to compare various decalcifying chemicals. Conclusion: When time is not a concern, neutral EDTA may be recommended for preservation and presentation because of its ability to maintain soft-tissue integrity and provide high-quality staining. The formalin-nitric acid solution was one agent that appeared to strike a good compromise between speed and tissue preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted to assess the nutritional diverseness and identify novel genetic resources to be utilized in chickpea breeding for macro and micro nutrients. The plants were grown in randomized block design. Nutritional and phytochemical properties of nine chickpea genotypes were estimated. The EST sequences from NCBI database were downloaded in FASTA format, clustered into contigs using CAP3, mined for novel SSRs using TROLL analysis and primer pairs were designed using Primer 3 software. Jaccard's similarity coefficients were used to compare the nutritional and molecular indexes followed by dendrograms construction employing UPGMA approach. The genotypes PUSA-1103, K-850, PUSA-1108, PUSA-1053 and the EST-SSR markers including the 5 newly designed namely ICCeM0012, ICCeM0049, ICCeM0067, ICCeM0070, ICCeM0078, SVP55, SVP95, SVP96, SVP146, and SVP217 were found as potential donor/marker resources for the macro–micro nutrients. The genotypes differed (p < 0.05) for nutritional properties. Amongst newly designed primers, 6 were found polymorphic with median PIC (0.46). The alleles per primer ranged 1 to 8. Cluster analysis based on nutritional and molecular diversities partially matched to each other in principle. The identified novel genetic resources may be used to widen the germplasm base, prepare maintainable catalogue and identify systematic blueprints for future chickpea breeding strategies targeting macro–micro nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]