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The continuous annealing treatment of 5052 aluminum alloy pipe fittings for alpine skiing sticks was carried out in the temperature range of 300-500 °C by means of metallographic observation and mechanical property test. The results show that with the increase of annealing temperature, the strength and hardness of the samples decrease continuously, and the impact value, section shrinkage and elongation change significantly. The experimental results provide a technical reference for preventing the fracture of alpine skiing sticks during use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the difference in the pyrolysis reactivity and molecular composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) between sub-bituminous and lignite during pyrolysis, the pyrolysis behaviors of six low-rank coals (LRCs) were performed with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS). There existed an obvious difference in the pyrolysis reactivity and molecular composition of VOCsbetween sub-bituminous and lignite. The macromolecular structure of sub-bituminous coals was more thermal stability than that of lignite. The VOCs of the LRCs during pyrolysis can be classified into alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, arenes, phenols, and other compounds (OCs). The total relative content of hydrocarbons in the VOCs of sub-bituminous coals was more than 80%, while the phenols were the dominated compounds in the VOCs of lignite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pitch height–dependent optical extinction spectra and the electric field enhancement of helical and multiring nanostructures are studied by the discrete dipole approximation method. For light incident along the axis of the helix, with the increase of the pitch height, the plasmon peak wavelengths redshift monotonically and the electric coupling between two adjacent pitches weakens. The plasmon peak can also be tuned by changing the polarization of the incident light, particularly by circularly polarized light. In most cases, the maximum electric field is distributed near the surface of the helix. As a comparison, since multiring structures do not have helicity, the extinction spectra are polarization independent and the maximum electrical fields always distribute on the top ring. These results show that the optical properties of helical structures are different when irradiated by left or right circular polarized light. Understanding and manipulating pitch height allow one to tune the plasmon peak and rearrange the electric field enhancement distribution of helical nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the discrete dipole approximation method to investigate the length-dependent optical extinction spectra and the E-field enhancement of Ag nanorods with different topologic shapes, such as cylindrical, needlelike, periodic, L, and Y shapes. Comparing to nanorods with a simple shape (cylinder and needle), irregular nanorods show many distinct plasmon resonances over a large spectral range. The main plasmon peaks are redshifted with the increase of the lengths and enhanced E-field distribution at those wavelengths depends strongly on the shapes of the nanorods. More hot spots are observed for the nanorods with more defects (i.e., periodic, L, and Y shapes) and the maximum E fields are in the same order of magnitude for cylindrical nanorods and depends on the polarization and propagation directions of the excitation light. The polarization dependent extinction spectra of nanorods with different shapes have also been calculated and are shown to be dependent on the symmetry of the nanorod structure. With specific incident direction, by changing the incident polarization angle, the maximum E field of L- and Y-shaped nanorods can vary in location and magnitude. These results show that defects or imperfections in Ag nanorod structures could drastically change the optical properties, generate extra hot spots for surface enhanced spectroscopy, and have different enhanced field distribution for future plasmonic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The s- and p-polarization absorbance spectra of Ag nanorod arrays with different heights prepared by oblique angle deposition are studied in detail. For short nanorods, both s- and p-polarization spectra, are dominated by a similar and single resonant peak. For long nanorods, a sharp UV peak dominates the s-polarization spectrum, while a broad vis–near infrared peak dominates the p-polarization spectrum. Three different absorbance peaks located at 293, 360, and 420–720 nm, respectively, have been observed and evolve differently for s- and p-polarization absorbances with the nanorod height. The change of the absorbance as a function of the nanorod height is a reflection of the growth dynamics of the nanorod. The discrete dipole approximation was used to calculate the extinction spectra of Ag nanorod with 80-nm-diameter and different lengths, and the calculated results are qualitatively consistent with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effect of surface roughness on magnetic domain wall thickness, domain size, and coercivity of thin magnetic films. We show that the roughness increases (decreases) the domain wall thickness and domain size for Bloch walls (Néel walls). The surface roughness affects the domain wall movement and causes the increase of coercivity for Néel walls. The coercivity due to domain rotation for Bloch walls decreases with the increase of roughness. The domain wall thickness, domain size, and coercivity are each related to the demagnetizing factor, which depends on the roughness and type of wall (Bloch wall or Néel wall). The calculated coercivity versus thickness is compared with experimental data of ultrathin Co films, where the thickness dependent roughness parameters are available. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the surface roughness of a computer disk using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and light scattering. Anisotropic rough surfaces and experimental techniques; AFM measurements; Light scattering measurements.

Presents information on a study conducted which examined the characteristics of silicon (Si) random rough surfaces, with focus on physics. Methodology used in the study; Details on the reciprocal space structure of the self-affine rough surface; Information on surface roughness parameters; Limitations in the determination of the roughness of parameters; Results of the study.

Transcription factors are involved in lipid metabolism, and in present study, the transcription factor WRINKLED 1 (GhWRI1) was cloned from Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 201 by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The Pro35S:WRI1 vector was constructed and transformed into upland cotton cv. Sumian 20 using the pollen tube pathway method. After PCR and Southern blot verification of the positive transgenic plants, T2 transgenic lines derived from T1 individuals with the insertion gene in a single copy were chosen for further dissection. Semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR analyses indicated that GhWRI1 gene expression increased in transgenic plants compared with that in the wild-type. Seed lipid content increased at most transgenic plants, and at the same time, protein content decreased. Compared to the control, major agronomical traits were not affected by overexpression of GhWRI1 in transgenic plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the effect of surface roughness on the magnetization reversal of cobalt (Co) films on plasma-etched silicone (Si(100) substrates using thermal evaporation in high vacuum. Measurement of the surface morphologies and magnetic properties of Co films; Suggestion that the magnetization reversal process changed with the surface roughness.

An equivalent model for MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is used to characterize the frequency behavior of MTJs up to 20 GHz in this paper. From the extracted parasitic factor of MTJ, we found that the parasitic components (beside the junction resistance) significantly yield adverse effect, especially at microwave frequencies. Full parametric studies show that the interfacial capacitance, rather than the geometric capacitance, plays a key role in the drop of efficiency in microwave frequency applications of MTJs. Interfacial resistance engineering is proposed as a solution to improve the parasitic factor, as well as the operation frequency of MTJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shengli lignite (SL) and Xiaolongtan lignite (XL) were extracted with carbon disulfide, benzene, methanol, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran sequentially. The OFs of organinitrogen compounds in the lignites and their residues were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis, and the nitrogen-containing organic species in the extracts were identified with gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The results show that pyridinic nitrogenNp, pyrrolic nitrogenNp′, quaternary nitrogenNq, and oxidized nitrogenNoare the four OFs of organic nitrogen in the two lignites, and the content ofNp′in XL is higher than that in SL. The relative contents (RCs) of pyridines and quinolines in the extracts from XL are higher than those from SL, while the RCs of amides and amines in the extracts from SL were higher than those from XL. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides the length-weight relationship ( LWR) and other biological information of a threatened plateau freshwater fish species Ptychobarbus chungtienensis in the subfamily Schizothoracinae of the family Cyprinidae, from the Bita Lake of Shangri-la, in Yunnan, China. The LWR was BW = 0.00954 TL2.95 for a total of 392 individuals, where the coefficient b was close to 3.0, suggesting a near-isometric growth in this species. The total length: standard length relationship was TL = 0.399 + 1.151 SL. Fitting a von Bertalanffy growth function to the observed length-at-age data resulted in L (t) = 53.1 (1-e−0.08(t−0.2)). The natural mortality rate ( M) was 0.20 year−1. Length at first maturity ( Lm) was 20.57 cm, and 6.3 years the theoretical estimated age at first maturity ( Am). Ptychobarbus chungtienensis mature gradually beginning in May, reaching a reproduction peak around August, with most individuals completing reproduction by October. The gonadosomatic index ( GSI) was highest in August ( GSI = 0.1351) and lowest in October ( GSI = 0.0467). The male index ( GSI = 0.0866) was lower than in females ( GSI = 0.1466) (P < 0.05). Mean condition factor ( Km) of P. chungtienensis was 0.8500, and not significantly different between sexes (P = 0.124), but differing significantly between seasons. In October the condition factor ( Km = 0.9211) was significantly higher than in May ( Km = 0.8379) or in August ( Km = 0.8412) (P < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deuterium high-confinement (H-mode) plasmas, lasting up to 3.45 s, have been generated in the EAST by ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating. H-mode access was achieved by coating the molybdenum-tiled first wall with lithium to reduce the hydrogen recycling from the wall. H-mode plasmas with plasma currents between 0.4 and 0.6MA and axial toroidal magnetic fields between 1.85 and 1.95 T were generated by 27MHz ICRF heating of deuterium plasma with hydrogen minority. The ICRF input power required to access the H-mode was 1.6-1.8MW. The line-averaged density was in the range (1.83-2.3)×1019 m-3. 200-500 Hz type-III edge localized mode activity was observed during the H-mode phase. The H-mode confinement factor, H98IPB(y, 2), was ~0.7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma heating using fast waves was successfully performed on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) in the H minority regime in deuterium plasmas at 27MHz and Bo = 2.0 T. With 1.0MW of ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) power injected at a line-averaged electron density of 4.0 × 1019 m-3, the electron temperature increased from 1.0 keV to above 2.0 keV and the loop voltage dropped. An increase in the stored energy by 30 kJ was obtained. The first H-mode plasma of 6.4 s was achieved with a combination of lower hybrid wave and ICRF heating. Density pump-out was observed during L-mode discharges at a high electron density of 4.0 × 1019 m-3. In these discharges, re-attachment of the plasma was observed when ICRF power was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the volatile compounds between Changyu XO and Hennessy XO. Sensory evaluation was performed by a panel of tasters. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis was achieved by headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME), coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). A total of 160 volatile compounds were identified in the two brands of brandy. Of these, 118 compounds were common to both Changyu XO and Hennessy XO; 18 compounds were specific to Changyu XO and 24 were specific to Hennessy XO. A total of 85 aroma compounds responsible for brandy lavour were identified by GC-O, of which 68 were common to both brands, while seven and ten were specific to Changyu XO and Hennessy XO, respectively. The study provided detailed information about the compounds responsible for the characteristic flavour of specific brandies. According to statistical analysis, significant differences were recorded between Changyu XO and Hennessy XO. Most volatile compounds in Changyu XO occurred at lower concentrations than those in Hennessy XO. Based on sensory evaluation analysis, the floral, alcohol and rancid aroma descriptors achieved higher scores in Changyu XO and Hennessy XO, while the lime aroma seemed specific to Hennessy XO. Herb and almond aromas were specific to Changyu XO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A capillary discharge 46.9 nm Ne-like Ar laser is achieved with peak current of 20–23 kA. The variation of laser pulse duration with initial Ar pressure and rise-time of main current is reported. Measurements show that the laser pulse durations slightly increase with the increased pressure and increased rise-time of current. A comparison of the experimental results with the calculation of snow-plow model indicates that the increase of laser pulse duration is the result of decreased Z-pinch velocity at the pinch time when the radius of plasma is minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Using two consecutive regarding glancing angle depositions at different deposition angles and with different materials, a WO3-core TiO2-shell nanostructure has been fabricated and has photocatalytic enhancement up to 70 times over amorphous single layer TiO2 thin films, 13 times enhancement over crystalline (anatase) TiO2 thin films, and 3 times enhancement over c-TiO2/a-WO3 two-layer thin films, with much less the load of TiO2. We believe that the mechanism for the photocatalytic enhancement is from the increased density of charge separated electron-hole pairs aided by the WO3 layer, the interfacial area between the two-layers, and the large surface area from the porous nanostructure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The downregulation of zinc ribbon domain-containing 1 (ZNRD1) protein was recently found to partially reverse the resistance of human leukemia cells toward chemical therapeutic drugs. Therefore, the ZNRD1 protein might be involved in the process of DNA damage and repair. To explore the possible protective effects of ZNRD1 on DNA damage induced by ultraviolet (UV)-C irradiation in human esophageal squamous cancer cell line EC109, we designed and transfected a expression vector into EC109 cells, and established an overexpression cell line. The single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) was used to investigate the DNA damage and repair in UV-C-irradiated control and transfected cells. It was found that the ZNRD1-expressing cells exhibited a significant enhanced DNA repair capacity. Moreover, the overexpression of ZNRD1 could upregulate the expression of excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC1) gene. Collectively, these findings suggested that ZNRD1 might play an important role in the process of DNA damage and repair by regulating the expression of ERCC1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A packed Cytodex 3 microbead array was fabricated as a simple three-dimensional (3-D) cell-based biosensing format. Resting membrane potentials and voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) function of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells cultured on the microbead array versus collagen-coated flat (2-D) substrates were evaluated by confocal microscopy with a potentiometric dye, tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester, and a calcium fluorescent indicator, Calcium Green-1. SH-SY5Y cells, differentiated with 1mM dibutyryl cAMP and 2.5μM 5-bromodeoxyuridine, showed significant resting membrane potential establishment on the topographical scaffolds in a period of 13 days into differentiation, in contrast to the previously reported insignificant resting membrane potential establishment of the same cells within collagen hydrogels. On days 2, 8 and 13 into differentiation, cells on collagen-coated flat substrates developed resting membrane potentials of −6.0±19.5mV (n =198), −30.5±19.9mV (n =191) and −21.7±18.9mV (n =308), in contrast to values for cells on 3-D scaffolds of −25.8±14.7mV (n =112), −37.6±13.1mV (n =120) and −28.7±12.2mV (n =158), respectively. The development of VGCC function, as measured by percentage of cells responsive to 50mM high K+ depolarization, was significantly slower for cells on 3-D scaffolds (20.0% on day 13 into differentiation) than for cells on 2-D substrates (30.7% on day 8 into differentiation). The exaggerated 2-D cell calcium dynamics, in comparison with those of 3-D cells, is consistent with previous 2-D/3-D comparative studies. This study established the rationale and feasibility of the microbead array format for 3-D cell-based biosensing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A review is presented of the mechanics of microscale adhesion in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Some governing dimensionless numbers such as Tabor number, adhesion parameter and peel number for microscale elastic adhesion contact are discussed in detail. The peel number is modified for the elastic contact between a rough surface in contact with a smooth plane. Roughness ratio is introduced to characterize the relative importance of surface roughness for microscale adhesion contact, and three kinds of asperity height distributions are discussed: Gaussian, fractal, and exponential distributions. Both Gaussian and exponential distributions are found to be special cases of fractal distribution. Casimir force induced adhesion in MEMS, and adhesion of carbon nanotubes to a substrate are also discussed. Finally, microscale plastic adhesion contact theory is briefly reviewed, and it is found that the dimensionless number, plasticity index of various forms, can be expressed by the roughness ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous silicon nanocolumns, square nanospirals, and multilayer spiral/column rods are fabricated on bare Si substrates and monolayer colloid substrates by glancing angle deposition. The grown films are studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The size of the deposited Si columns and spirals increases with the size of colloid particles for fixed incident angle of deposition flux. The feasibility of fabricating separated, well-ordered square spirals provides a cost effective and simple way to fabricate photonic crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequency (ICRF) heating system of the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is intended to provide plasma heating with a minimum power output of 20 MW, which demands the Radio Frequency (RF) window to possess a higher performance requirement. This paper presents the design of an RF window for the CFETR ICRF heating system and focuses primarily on the design and confirmation of its electromagnetic performance. The RF window can be effectively matched in the operating frequency range and has an S11 of under −59 dB. The geometry of the cone type ceramics was optimized to reduce the surface tangential electric field distribution. An analysis of the electric field distribution of the RF window at 50 kV indicates that the pressure side was below 2.3 kV/mm and the vacuum side was below 1.3 kV/mm. Furthermore, a transmission line test bench with an open-terminated setup was constructed to conduct withstand voltage tests on the mockup, and the results showed that the mockup could withstand 62 kV for 2 s and 47 kV for 120 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the discrete dipole approximation method, two visible extinction peaks are found for Ag nanohelixes. Both of them redshift periodically in an approximate half pitch with the helix height and redshift linearly with the helix diameter and pitch height. At the two absorbance peaks, an integer number of E-field maxima occur along the helix. These field maxima could be treated as results of collective electron oscillations by periodic effective dipoles within a half pitch along the helix. The wavelengths of the absorbance peaks are found to scale with the effective dipole length, which is consistent with the periodic structure of the helix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bubble propulsion model based on catalyzed hydrogen peroxide decomposition and momentum change via O2 bubbles detaching from the catalytic surface is proposed to explain the autonomous motion of catalytic nanomotors. The propelling force closely depends upon the surface tension of the liquid as well as the bulk concentration of hydrogen peroxide, and the model predictions are supported by the experimental data of Pt-coated spherical silica microbead motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that helicon waves may be an attractive option for driving an efficient off-axis current drive in order to supplement bootstrap current for steady state operation in fusion reactors. Based on the China fusion engineering test reactor parameters, the helicon wave trajectories, profiles of driven current and current driven efficiency are calculated with the ray-tracing code GENRAY. Both the peak position and the peak value of driven current profiles are dependent on the wave frequency. In the frequency range of 1.6 GHz–2.0 GHz, the peak value increases with the increase of frequency, and the peak position has a slight change (concentrate around ρ= 0.75). High electron temperature and low electron density seem to be favorable for the helicon wave absorption. A driving current of I/P > 70 kA MW−1 at the off-axis position of ρ < 0.7 can be obtained with the electron temperature at the plasma center, T e(0) < 25.4 keV and the electron density at the plasma center, n e(0) ∼ 0.7 × 7.8 × 1019m−3–0.8 × 7.8 × 1019m−3. The current drive efficiency decreases with the increase of the electron density. Peak positon of the driven current profile is insensitive to the parallel refractive index n ∥. It is found that the poloidal launch angle has some effect on the peak positon and its value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple torsion balance is designed to directly determine the force generated by catalytic nanomotor nanorods. A 1 cm1 silicon substrate coated with ∼3.1×108 nanomotors was attached to a balancing weight and submerged into different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The force generated through the catalytic reaction leads to a measurable torque applied to the torsion balance. The force is on the order of 10-14-10-13 N per individual nanomotor and has a linear concentration dependence with a slope of 4.82×10-14 N per percentage of hydrogen peroxide in agreement with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extinction spectra and field distribution of Ag helical nanostructures have been calculated using the discrete dipole approximation method. The plasmon peak of the Ag helix can be tuned not only by the structural parameters but also by the polarizations of the incident light, especially the circular polarizations. In addition, the polarization direction of the incident light can change the spatial distribution of the maximum E field, which provides a simple way to spatially resolve analyte’s distribution on the nanostructures for sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of spreading of a water drop on a vertically aligned Si nanorod array surface is studied with a fast charge coupled device camera. Four dynamic spreading regimes are identified, with a precursor rim advancing ahead of the contact line. The diameters of the precursor rim Dp, the precursor length δ, and the contact line Dc obey dynamic scaling laws, Dc,p∝tnc,p/2, with nc≈0.216 and np≈0.272, and δ≈t1/2. The exponents do not vary significantly with the nanorod height and are consistent with the dynamic spreading behavior on a rough or porous surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical extinction spectra of four topologically different Ag nanorod structures, needle, periodic, L, and Y shapes, have been calculated by the discrete dipole approximation. Both the needle and periodic shaped nanorods can be used to effectively tune plasmon resonant peaks, while the L- and Y-shaped nanorods influence the shape of the extinction spectra. This study shows that the topologic defects of nanorods have significant effects on the optical properties, and provides an alternative way to tune the plasmonic characteristics of metallic nanorods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple model based on the balance between mechanical bending and capillary interaction is proposed to understand the bundling of nanorods in nanocarpet effect. The cluster energy minimization reveals that the cluster size is closely related to the nanorod aspect ratio, diameter, density, Young's modulus, as well as the surface tension of the liquid. The experimental result on the cluster size versus the nanorod height is consistent with the prediction of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the development of an in situ real-time light scattering technique to study the wet chemical etching process of Si(100). Based on a simple scattering theory, the number of etch pits and other statistical parameters such as correlation length and interface width on a pitted surface are extracted from the scattering profile. The time evolution of the surface morphology can be interpreted by a simple rate equation. © 1996 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coupling model for the waves in ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) in tokamak plasmas is described. The simulation is performed based on the finite element method. A cold plasma dielectric tensor is used. A perfectly matched layer (PML) is applied to describe the ICRF wave single-pass absorption in the core plasma. The selection of PML characteristic parameters is optimized in a wide wave frequency range and validated for plane waves and ICRF waves. The dependencies of the coupling resistance on the plasma-antenna gap, average plasma density, and plasma profiles are given. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth contact area optimization/meshing of the straight worm pair is vital for improving its operation efficiency. Geometric parameters of a worm helicoid were derived via the gear meshing theory using the equations of the instantaneous contact line. The visualization function and powerful computing capability of MATLAB are used for the numerical analysis where the instantaneous contact line distribution is simulated for particular worm drive parameters, which yields the induced curvature and slip angle in the direction of the line. The above results are used for further optimization of the meshing performance of the straight worm gear and identification of its influencing factors. A case study of the particular cylindrical worm gear in compliance with the GB 10085-1988 Standard of China demonstrate that a reasonable selection of worm gear parameters can extend the contact line and the working range of the tooth surface of the worm gear and/or make the contact line distribution along the worm wheel more uniform, thus improving the local meshing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resonant frequency shifts of a circular membrane caused by an adsorbate are the sensing mechanism for a drum resonator. The adsorbate mass and position are the two major (unknown) parameters determining the resonant frequency shifts. There are infinite combinations of mass and position which can cause the same shift of one resonant frequency. Finding the mass and position of an adsorbate from the experimentally measured resonant frequencies forms an inverse problem. This study presents a straightforward method to determine the adsorbate mass and position by using the changes of two resonant frequencies. Because detecting the position of an adsorbate can be extremely difficult, especially when the adsorbate is as small as an atom or a molecule, this new inverse problem-solving method should be of some help to the mass resonator sensor application of detecting a single adsorbate. How to apply this method to the case of multiple adsorbates is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH), one of the main auxiliary methods, for high-power and long-pulse plasma heating had been developed in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). An impedance matching system, one important part of ICRH, had been developed for high-power injection and transmitter protection by reducing the reflected power from the antenna. The input impedance in the outlet of the stub tuner can be measured by voltage–current probes installed on the coaxial transmission line between the antenna and triple liquid stub tuners, and the optimum liquid levels in the stub tuners can be calculated based on the input impedance. The calculation and adjustment process of the optimum liquid levels are described comprehensively in this article. Finally, impedance matching had been achieved between two shots during EAST experiments. In the near future, a real-time impedance matching system will be developed to prevent large variations of the ICRH antenna impedance and achieve steady-state and long-pulse operation with the ICRH system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When subjected to a temperature gradient, the liquid film formed on a particle surface in nearcritical vapor may undergo osmotic flow. Such a flow can induce a normal vapor flux onto (away from) the particle surface to compensate the loss (release the excess) of liquid as a result of condensation (evaporation) and produce significant thermophoretic mobility due to the extreme fluid compressibility during the phase change. Based on this principle, we have formulated this unique process and solved for the phoretic mobility by applying the boundary layer method. Unlike the classic mechanisms, this term of phase transition-induced phoretic mobility scales reversely with particle size, which becomes dominant for nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, we have constructed a simple 1 + 1 dimension model by considering shadowing effect, bonding limitation, and monomer bulk diffusion, to simulate linear polymer thin film growth under vapor deposition polymerization. The simulation shows that the polymer chain length, the width of growth front, the film thickness, as well as the interfacial depth between the film and substrate increase as a function of the ratio of diffusion coefficient to deposition rate G, while the density of the polymer film decreases with G. These results are qualitatively consistent with some existing experimental results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) system with power up to 6.0MW and a lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) system up to 4MW have been applied for heating and current drive experiments in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokomak (EAST). Significant progress has been made with ICRF heating and LHCD for realizing the H-mode plasma operation in EAST. During 2010 and 2012 experimental campaigns, ICRF heating experiments were carried out at the fixed frequency of 27MHz, achieving effective ions and electrons heating with the H minority heating (H-MH) mode. The H-MH mode produced good plasma performance, and realized H-mode using ICRF power alone in 2012. In 2010, H-modes were generated and sustained by LHCD alone, where lithium coating and gas puffing near the mouth of the LH launcher were applied to improve the LHCD power coupling and penetration into the core plasmas of H-modes. In 2012, the combination of LHCD and ICRH power extended the H-mode duration up to over 30 s. H-modes with various types of edge localized modes (ELMs) have been achieved with HIPB98(y, 2) ranging from 0.7 to over unity. A brief overview of LHCD and ICRF Heating experiment and their application in achieving H-mode operation during these two campaigns will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a detailed study of the morphology of pits formed by corrosion of aluminum thin films using an in-plane light scattering technique. We show that the corrosion front of the Al thin film can be treated as a quasi-two-level random rough surface. Based on an elastic diffraction theory, we are able to determine the average depth, the area, and the density of pits, as well as the fractal dimension of the surface. Using the advantages of light scattering, one can quantify the morphological parameters of corroded films in situ and nondestructively. © 1998 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new quasioscillatory translational motion has been observed for big Janus catalytic micromotors with a fast CCD camera. Such motional behavior is found to coincide with both the bubble growth and burst processes resulting from the catalytic reaction, and the competition of the two processes generates a net forward motion. Detailed physical models have been proposed to describe the above processes. It is suggested that the bubble growth process imposes a growth force moving the micromotor forward, while the burst process induces an instantaneous local pressure depression pulling the micromotor backward. The theoretic predictions are consistent with the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]