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Konoplja je rastlina, ki se že vrsto let uporablja v medicinske, kozmetične, prehranske in industrijske namene. Njena uporaba je bila v preteklosti marsikje prepovedana, danes pa je v večini evropskih držav dovoljena v medicinske namene. Poznana je po svojih učinkih na živčevje in imunski sistem, na primer pri bolečinah in vnetjih. Te farmakološke lastnosti so značilne predvsem za kanabinoide, to so molekule, ki jih najdemo v vseh delih rastline. Z ustreznimi topili jih lahko iz rastline ekstrahiramo in uporabimo. V nalogi smo se osredotočili na optimizacijo etanolne ekstrakcije kanabinoidov iz konoplje. Najprej smo izvedli etanolno ekstrakcijo kanabinoidov iz posušenih cvetov industrijske konoplje in določali vsebnost kanabinoidov v različnih frakcijah ekstrakta. Izkazalo se je, da je njihova vsebnost približno enaka v vseh plasteh v bučki. Nadaljevali smo s profilom ekstrakcije, pri čemer smo sprva želeli ugotoviti, če se količina ekstrahiranih kanabinoidov razlikuje glede na temperaturo ekstrakcijskega topila in v kateri časovni točki je vsebnost kanabinoidov največja. Najprej smo uporabili nemleto drogo, pri kateri so bili rezultati ekstrakcij med seboj precej neprimerljivi. Zato smo v nadaljevanju drogo homogenizirali. Ugotavljali smo vpliv hlapnosti etanola na vsebnost kanabinoidov v supernatantu, ter vpliv stresanja in ultrazvočne homogenizacije na učinkovitost ekstrakcije. Rezultati so pokazali, da je za večjo učinkovitost ekstrakcije bolje uporabiti homogenizirano drogo, zatesnjen vsebnik in vključiti stresanje. Ker je bila učinkovitost ekstrakcije po dotedanjih poskusih še vedno le nekaj več kot 75 %, smo poskusili z večkratnim spiranjem droge z etanolom in z ožemanjem droge. Z ožemanjem droge smo izboljšali metodo ekstrahiranja za približno 15 %, medtem ko večkratno spiranje droge ni pripomoglo k večji učinkovitosti ekstrakcije. Nazadnje smo s pomočjo pristopa Design of experiments in programa Modde postavili model ekstrakcije. Spremljali smo vpliv časa ekstrakcije, temperature topila pri ekstrakciji in ultrazvočne homogenizacije na učinkovitost ekstrakcije, torej deleža kanabidiola, kanabidiolne kisline in nečistot v ekstraktu. Pri tem smo ugotovili, da daljši čas, višja temperatura in daljša homogenizacija pri ekstrakciji povečujejo ekstrakcijo drugih snovi in tudi kanabinoidov, medtem ko poteka optimalna ekstrakcija kanabinoidov pri nizkih temperaturah (-24 °C), srednjem času (1-4 min) in brez ultrazvočne homogenizacije. Hemp is a plant that has been used for many years for medicinal, cosmetic, nutritional and industrial purposes. Its use was banned in many places in the past, but today it is allowed for medical purposes in most European countries. It is known for its effects on the nervous system and the immune system, for example in pain and inflammation. These pharmacological properties are mainly characteristic of cannabinoids, which are molecules found in all parts of the plant. With appropriate solvents, they can be extracted from the plant and used. Within master thesis, we focused on the optimization of cannabinoids ethanol extraction. First, we performed ethanol extraction of cannabinoids from dried flowers of industrial hemp and determined the content of cannabinoids in different fractions of the extract. It turned out that their content is approximately the same in all layers in the flask. We continued with the extraction profile, initially looking to determine if the amount of cannabinoids extracted varies with the temperature of the extraction solvent and at what time point the cannabinoid content is highest. First, a non-ground drug was used, and the results of the extractions were quite incomparable. Therefore, we further homogenized the drug. We determined the influence of ethanol volatility on the content of cannabinoids in the supernatant, as well as the influence of shaking and ultrasonic homogenization on the extraction efficiency. The results showed that for higher extraction efficiency it is better to use a homogenized drug, a sealed container and include shaking. Since the extraction efficiency after the previous experiments was still only slightly more than 75%, we tried repeatedly rinsing the drug with ethanol and wringing the drug. The extraction method was improved by wringing the drug fo approximately 15%, while repeated washing of the drug did not contribute to greater extraction efficiency. Finally, with the help of the Design of experiments approach and the Modde program, we set up the extraction model. We monitored the influence of the extraction time, the temperature of the solvent during extraction and the use of an ultrasonic homogenization on the extraction efficiency, the proportion of cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid and impurities in the extract. We found that longer time, higher temperature and longer ultrasonic homogenization during extraction increase the extraction of other substances and also of the cannabinoids, while optimal extraction of cannabinoids takes place at low temperatures (-24 °C), medium time (1-4 min) and without ultrasonic homogenization.

Konoplja (lat. Cannabis) je biljka čija je primjena u medicinske svrhe poznata stoljećima. Postoje dvije vrste ove biljke, Cannabis sativa i Cannabis indica. Prva se kroz dugu povijest koristila kao medicinski pripravak za liječenje brojnih bolesti. Zbog njezinog psihoaktivnog učinka koristila se i kao droga te je zbog toga bila na popisu supstancija čije je korištenje i prodaja ilegalno. Otkrićem njezinih aktivnih supstanci, kanabinoida THC-a, CBD-a i CBN-a, započelo je istraživanje njihovih farmakoloških učinaka kao i ponovno korištenje u terapijske svrhe. Aktivne tvari učinak ostvaraju putem endokanabinoidnog sustava u čovjeka. Dosada su provedena brojna klinička istraživanja koja su dokazala pozitivan učinak u liječenju neuroloških bolesti, karcinoma i HIV/AIDS-a. Odobrene su indikacije za korištenje u tim bolestima te registrirani lijekovi na bazi konoplje i kanabinoida. Problem u širem korištenju predstavljaju nuspojave tih lijekova kao i njihovo doziranje koje je standardizirano, ali doze različito utječu na pojedine bolesnike te je nužna individualna prilagodba. Medicinska primjena lijekova na bazi konoplje i kanabinoida i dalje je predmet brojnih kliničkih istraživanja. Postoji terapijski potencijal u brojnim drugim bolestima, no rezultati učinka na velikom broju pacijenata i analiza doziranja su neophodni za odobrenje dodatnih indikacija., Hemp (lat. Cannabis) is a plant whose use for medicinal purposes has been known for centuries. There are two species, Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica. The first has long been used as a medicinal preparation for the treatment of many diseases. Due to its psychoactive effect, it was also used as a drug and was therefore on the list of substances whose use and sale is illegal. With the discovery of its active substances, the cannabinoids THC, CBD and CBN, research into their pharmacological effects as well as re-use for therapeutic purposes began. The active substances have an effect through the endocannabinoid system in humans. So far, numerous clinical studies have been conducted that have proven to have a positive effect in the treatment of neurological diseases, cancer and HIV / AIDS. Indications for use in these diseases have been approved and hemp and cannabinoid-based medicines have been registered. A problem in wider use is the side effects of these drugs as well as their dosage which is standardized, but the doses affect different patients differently and individual adjustment is necessary. The medical use of cannabis and cannabinoid-based drugs remains the subject of numerous clinical studies. There is therapeutic potential in a number of other diseases, but the results of effects in a large number of patients and dosing analysis are necessary to approve additional indications.

Zadatak ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati utjecaj dodatka prirodnih antioksidanasa i sinergista na promjenu oksidacijske stabilnosti mješavine konopljinog i visokooleinskog suncokretovog ulja. Oba ulja pripadaju kategoriji hladno prešanih ulja što znači da su proizvedena prešanjem, primjenom visokih tlakova bez termičkog tretiranja i dodatka kemikalija. Od antioksidanasa korišteni su ekstrakt zelenog čaja, ekstrakt ružmarina (tip OxyLess CS), ekstrakt kadulje, ekstrakt tropa jabuke, te sinergisti kofeinska kiselina, ružmarinska kiselina i limunska kiselina. Antioksidacijsko djelovanje pojedinog antioksidansa pratilo se provedbom Schaal Oven testa tijekom četiri dana pri konstantnoj temperaturi od 63 °C. Rezultati ispitivanja stabilnosti mješavine ulja prikazani su vrijednostima peroksidnog broja tijekom određenog vremena provedbe testa. Od ispitivanih antioksidanasa ekstrakt ružmarina pokazuje najbolju zaštitu mješavine ulja od oksidacijskog kvarenja. Dodatkom sinergista limunske kiseline uz ekstrakt ružmarina i ekstrakt zelenog čaja malo je povećana stabilnost ulja. Kofeinska kiselina nije pokazala antioksidacijsko djelovanje u ovoj mješavini ulja. The aim of this thesis was to examine the effect of supplementation of natural and synthetic antioxidants and synergists to alter oxidative stability of a mixture of hemp and sunflower, high oleic oil. Both oils belong to the category of cold pressed oils which means that they are produced by pressing, by applying high pressures without thermal treatment and the chemical additions. The oxidants used were the green tea extract, rosemary extract (OxyLess CS type), sage extract, apple trope extract, and the following synergists: caffeic acid, rosemary acid, and citric acid. The antioxidant action of a particular antioxidant was monitored by Schaal Oven test implementation during a four days period at a constant temperature of 63 °C. The results of the oil mixture stability test are shown in values of peroxide value over a specified test period. Among examined antioxidants, rosemary extract shows the best protection of the oil mixture from oxidative damage. With the addition of citric acid synergist along with rosemary extract and green tea extract, the stability of the oil is slightly increased. Caffeic acid did not show antioxidant activity in this oil mixture.

Uvod: Kanabinoidi imajo zagotovo terapevtski potencial. Nekatere raziskave kažejo na to, da bi lahko bili kanabinoidi v veliko pomoč pri različnih stanjih in boleznih, zlasti pri epilepsiji v otroštvu, ki je odporna na zdravljenje. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je bil oceniti kakovost življenja in zdravstveno stanje otrok z epilepsijo ali drugimi razvojnimi motnjami, ki se že zdravijo s konopljo in kanabinoidi ter ugotoviti, v kolikšni meri se je kakovost življenja in zdravstveno stanje izboljšalo po uvedbi zdravljenja z omenjenimi pripravki. Metode dela: V teoretičnem delu je bila uporabljena opisna metoda dela. V empiričnem delu sta bili uporabljeni tako kvalitativna kot tudi kvantitativna metoda dela. Merska instrumenta sta bila anketni vprašalnik in intervju za starše otrok. Število vrnjenih vprašalnikov je bilo 64 in izvedenih intervjujev 9. Statistično analizo smo naredili s SPSS programom, analizo intervjujev pa po metodi analize vsebine. Rezultati: Kvantitativni rezultati pokažejo, da je od vseh sodelujočih (n=64) bilo 33 otrok moškega in 31 ženskega spola. Največ je bilo otrok v starostni skupini 6–11 let. Največ staršev je označilo, da je imel otrok prej niti slabo, niti dobro stanje, vendar pa se povprečje nagiba na slabše stanje. Vprašalnik, ki meri kvaliteto življenja na različnih področjih je pokazal, da imajo čustvene funkcije otrok najboljše povprečje. Največ staršev je ocenilo, da je pri njihovem otroku sedaj zdravstveno stanje nekoliko boljše, kot je bilo pred uvedbo kanabinoidov. Nobeden od staršev pa ni podal ocen, ki predstavljajo kakršno koli poslabšanje po tem. Rezultati kvalitativne raziskave nam dajo uvid v osebne izkušnje staršev in njihovih otrok. Analiza vsebine intervjujev nam je pokazala lastnosti otrok, stanje prej in po, vse kar se tiče njihove bolezni, pripravka in odločitve za terapijo s konopljo ter nasvete za druge starše in zdravstvene delavce. Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovili smo, da po tem, ko so v otrokovo terapijo vključili kanabinoide in / ali pripravke iz konoplje, so starši opisovali izboljšave na več vidikih otrokovega življenja. Kot kažejo zaključki naše raziskave je potrebno na tem področju nadaljevati raziskave in poskrbeti za ustrezno izobraževanje in izpopolnjevanje tako zdravniškega, kot ostalega zdravstvenega osebja. Introduction: Cannabinoids certainly have therapeutic potential. Some research suggest that cannabinoids could be of great help in a variety of conditions and diseases, especially in childhood epilepsy, which is resistant to treatment. Purpose: The purpose of the master's thesis was to assess the quality of life and health status of children with epilepsy or other developmental disorders already treated with cannabis and cannabinoids and to determine the changes in quality of life and health status after the introduction of this products. Methods: The descriptive method of work was used in the theoretical part. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of work were used in the empirical work. The measurement instruments were a questionnaire and an interview for parents of children. The number of returned questionnaires was 64 and 9 interviews were conducted. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS program, and the analysis of interviews was performed using the content analysis method. Results: Quantitative results show that of all participants (n = 64), 33 were male and 31 female. Most children were in the age group 6-11 years. Most parents indicated that the child had neither a bad nor a good condition before, but the average tends to be in a worse condition. A questionnaire measuring the quality of life in different areas showed that children's emotional functions have the best average. Most parents estimated that their child is now slightly better than he was before the introduction of cannabinoids. Neither parent, however, gave estimates that represent any deterioration. The results of the qualitative research give us an insight into the personal experiences of parents and their children. The analysis of the content of the interviews showed us the characteristics of the children, the condition before and after, everything related to their illness, preparation and decision for cannabis therapy, and advice for other parents and health professionals. Discussion and conclusion: We found that children were largely in poor health before the introduction of cannabinoids and/or cannabis products. However, after the mentioned products were included in the child's therapy, the parents describe the improvements in several aspects of the child's life. One of the conclusions of our thesis show also that, it is necessary to continue research in this area and provide appropriate special education and training for medical staff.

Manipulacija izražanja spola pri navadni konoplji (Cannabis sativa L.) je povezana s hermafroditizmom, ki je genetsko in okoljsko pogojen. To lastnost lahko uporabimo pri križanju rastlin in pri pridelavi feminiziranih semen, kjer s stresnimi dejavniki na genetsko ženskih rastlinah sprožimo nastanek moških cvetov oziroma maskuliniziramo ženske rastline. Cilj magistrske naloge je bil preveriti delovanje koloidnega srebra in srebrovega tiosulfata (STS) na nastanek ženskih in moških cvetov na šestih populacijah genetsko različnih ženskih konopelj ter preveriti kalivost nastalega peloda. Izkazalo se je, da smo največji odstotek (90 %) moških cvetov na rastlino inducirali s tretiranjem z dnevnim nanosom 90 ml koloidnega srebra. Drugi največji odstotek moških cvetov je induciralo tretiranje z 0,3 mM STS (77 %). Najbolj odzivna je bila žlahtnjiteljska populacija MX-CBD-707, ki je skoraj edina tvorila kalivi pelod. Najboljši sredstvi za tvorbo kalivega peloda, ki sta pri žlahtnjiteljski populaciji MX-CBD-707 razvili kalivi pelod, sta bili 0,3 mM STS (4,8 %) in dnevno nanešeno 30 ppm koloidno srebro (2 %). Povprečni odstotek nastalih moških cvetov pri populaciji MX-CBD-707, sproženih z 0,3 mM STS, je bil 51 %. V zaključku ugotavljamo, da je za razvoj moških cvetov na genetsko ženskih rastlinah in za razvoj kalivega peloda bilo najbolj uspešno tretiranje z 0,3 mM STS, kjer je bil za uspeh predvsem ključen optimalen genotip. Manipulation of gender expression in cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is connected with hermaphroditism that is conditioned genetically and environmentally. This trait can be used in cannabis breeding and in the production of feminized seeds where stress factors are applied on genetically female plants to induce male flowers or so called masculinization of female plants. The goal of this thesis was to check the effect of colloidal silver and silver thiosulfate (STS) on the formation of female and male flowers on six genetically different cannabis female populations and on the germination of the developed pollen. As it turned out, the highest share (90%) of male flowers per plant was induced by treatment with daily application of 90 ml of colloidal silver. The second highest share of male flowers was induced by an application of 0,3 mM STS (77%). Almost the only and most responsive genetically female population that has produced germinative pollen was MX-CBD-707. The two most effective treatments that have produced germinative pollen on MX-CBD-707 were an application of 0,3 mM STS (4,8%) and a daily application of colloidal silver (2%). The average share of induced male flowers on population MX-CBD-707 (induced by a one time application of 0,3 mM STS) was 51%. In conclusion, we have found that the most effective treatment for induction of male flowers on genetically female plants and production of germinative pollen was an application of 0,3 mM STS, in which the optimal genotype was crucial for success.

Indijska konoplja (lat. Cannabis sativa L., podvrsta indijska) prati čovjeka od pradavnih vremena pa sve do danas. Prepoznati učinci indijske konoplje kao psihoaktivnog sredstva (glavni sastojak THC delta-9-tetrahidrokanabinol) doveli su do različitih oblika uporabe, ali i kao lijeka u medicinske svrhe. Tehnološki napredak, brojna istraživanja, dovela su do otkrića velikog broja drugih sastojaka (CBD kanabidiol – kanabinoidi) koje sadržava indijska konoplja, a nisu psihoaktivni, međutim našli su svoju primjenu u medicinskoj terapiji. Samom uporabom nužno se pojavila i zlouporaba. Marihuana je danas, iako samo kao jedan od produkata, postala u svakodnevnoj komunikaciji sinonim za indijsku konoplju. Na nelegalnim je tržištima najraširenija droga, kako u ponudi tako i potražnji (produkti hašiš, ulje hašiša, razne mješavine i oblici produkata indijske konoplje nisu toliko rasprostranjeni kao marihuana). Proizvodnju, prenošenje – krijumčarenje, preprodaju i konzumaciju trebalo je staviti pod državni nadzor, odnosno u zakonske okvire, što je i učinjeno, ali uz stalne promjene. To se nije moglo i ne može se regulirati samo u nacionalnim okvirima, već prema konvencijama na širokoj međunarodnoj sceni, uz učešće međunarodnih organizacija, poglavito UN-a. Ipak usklađenost nacionalnih zakonskih okvira s međunarodnima ostavlja prostor za današnje trendove u smislu dekriminalizacije, depenalizacije i legalizacije, što je isto tako dio kulturoloških, bihevioralnih, socioloških, ali i političkih pristupa prema određivanju uporabe i zlouporabe. Granicu između nelegalne odnosno nezakonite primjene ponekad će biti teško odrediti, ali svakako u tom smislu potreban je znanstveni i empirijski multidisciplinarni pristup, razumijevanje, ali i donošenje odgovarajućih odluka., This paper elaborates the importance of the use and abuse of Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa L., subspecies Indian). Its recognized effects as a psychoactive agent (the major constituent is THC delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) have led to different forms of use, which also include its use as a medicine for medical purposes. Technological advances and related research have led to the discovery of a large number of other ingredients (CBD cannabidiol – cannabinoids) in Indian hemp which are not psychoactive, but have nevertheless found application in medical treatment. Marijuana today, though only as one product, has in daily communication become synonymous with Indian hemp. It is the most widely offered and sought after drug in illegal markets (hashish products, hashish oil, various blends and forms of Indian hemp products are not as widespread as marijuana). The boundary of use illegal will sometimes be difficult to determine, but certainly in this respect, a scientific and empirical multidisciplinary approach, understanding and decision-making are needed.

Ekstrakcija kanabinoida, primarno kanabidiola (CBD), iz industrijske konoplje je relativno nova grana industrije i ostavlja dovoljno prostora za inovacije i optimiranje procesa. Standardni procesi uključuju primjenu etanola i drugih organskih otapala te superkritičnog CO2. Kao alternativa ovim postupcima ispitana je mogućnost primjene lipofilnih eutektičkih otapala (DES). U radu su napravljena preliminarna laboratorijska istraživanja i optimiranje procesa na odabranom DES-u uz varijacije omjera suhe tvari i otapala, vremena ekstrakcije te temperature. Udio ekstrahiranih ukupnih kanabinoida, CBD i kanabinola (CBN) određen je putem tekućinske kromatografije dok je udio nepoželjnih klorofila u ekstraktu određen spektrofotometrijski. Provedeni su toksikološki testovi in vitro na staničnim linijama, koji pokazuju povoljne učinke na stanično preživljenje. Time je dokazano da ekstrakt CBD-a u hidrofobnom DES-u ima značajan potencijal za daljna istraživanja i moguću primjenu u prehrambenoj industriji, farmciji i kozmetici The extraction of cannabinoids, primarily cannabidiol (CBD), from industrial hemp is a relatively new branch of the industry and leaves plenty of room for innovation and optimization of the process. Standard processes include the use of ethanol and other organic solvents and supercritical CO2. As an alternative to these procedures, the possibility of using lipophilic eutectic solvents (DES) was examined. In the paper, preliminary laboratory research and optimization of the process on the selected DES were carried out with variations in the ratio of dry matter and solvent, extraction time and temperature. The proportion of extracted total cannabinoids, CBD and cannabinol (CBN) was determined by liquid chromatography, while the proportion of undesirable chlorophylls in the extract was determined spectrophotometrically. In vitro toxicological tests were performed on cell lines, which show favorable effects on cell survival and genome stability. This proved that CBD extract in hydrophobic DES has signifivant potential for further research and possible application in the food industry, pharmacy and cosmetics.

Fetalni životinjski serum najčešća je hranjiva dopuna mediju za uzgoj životinjskih stanica. Zbog njegovog porijekla te drugih ograničenja seruma, već više od trideset godina ispituju se zamjenski supstrati poput hidrolizata proteina biljaka. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti in vitro utjecaj proteinskih hidrolizata uljne pogače lana i konoplje na rast, vijabilnost, metabolizam i produktivnost CHO DP-12 stanične linije uzgajane u suspenziji. Pritom je ispitan utjecaj peptidnih frakcija hidrolizata veličine do 10 i do 1 kDa u koncentracijama od 0,5 i 2 g Lˉ¹. Rezultati su pokazali da su ispitane frakcije hidrolizata proteina konoplje imale pozitivan učinak na produktivnost, a da na rast puno bolje utječe koncentracija hidrolizata od 0,5 g Lˉ¹, dok koncentracija od 2 g Lˉ¹ djeluje citotoksično na stanice. Frakcije proteina

In the present work, three natural fibres, namely jute, hemp and bamboo have been hybridized with seashell powder and polypropylene resin as biohybrid composites. Nine samples are considered for this study with various weight propositions of bamboo, hemp, and jute. The mechanical characteristics, such as the flexural, impact, and tensile strength of nine samples, are compared, and the Sample 9 shows very good results the obtained flexural, tensile strength and impact energy of Sample 9 are 239.36 MPa, 47.84 MPa, and 18.33 J, respectively. The main reason for this is the presence of jute material and layering pattern Sample 9 contains 60 % Jute, 20 % hemp, and 20 % bamboo the percentage of jute is high compared to the other eight samples. Furthermore, morphological analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) have been carried out with Sample 9. While comparing the properties of with the existing dashboard material properties, they show more desirable values and thus, the compositions of Sample 9 material can be used for various vehicle parts. When the experimental results are compared with the finite element analysis (FEA) results, the experimental results match with the FEA results, and few variations are noticed.

Za poliploidne rastline je značilno, da imajo zaradi pomnoženih kromosomov zmožnost utišanja ali izražanja novih genov, ki boljše vplivajo na rast, razvoj in druge lastnosti rastline. Na primeru konoplje (Cannabis sativa L.) in hmelja (Humulus lupulus L.), katera se gojita večinsko za uporabo sekundarnih metabolitov, ima indukcija poliploidnosti velik pomen. Konoplja se po svetu prideluje v medicinske namene za pridobivanje kanabinoidov CBD-ja in THC-ja. Slednji ima psihoaktivne učinke in zaradi tega večina držav na svetu konopljo uvršča med ilegalne droge. Z indukcijo poliploidnosti lahko mi povečamo ali zmanjšamo vsebnost določenih kanabinoidov ter tako omogočimo bolj ekonomično pridelavo. Pri hmelju je podobno in sicer so glavni pridelek ženska socvetja, s prisotnostjo alfa-kislin, katera se uporabljajo v pivovarski industriji. Z indukcijo poliploidnosti, specifično triploidnosti, lahko pridelujemo partenokarpa socvetja, katera ni potrebno predčasno tretirani z raznimi substancami, z namenom odstranitve semen, ki bi znižala ekonomsko vrednost in okus pridelka. Namen diplomskega dela je predstavitev do sedaj uporabljenih metod indukcije poliploidnosti pri teh dveh vrstah. Polyploid plants are characterized by the ability to use or express new genes, which have a beneficial influence on the growth, development and other characteristics of the plant, due to the multiplied chromosomes. In the case of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) and hops (Humulus lupulus L.), which are grown mostly for the use of secondary metabolites, the induction of polyploidy is of great importance. Cannabis is grown worldwide for medical purposes to obtain cannabinoids CBD and THC. The Latter has psychoactive effects and as a result most countries in the world classify cannabis as an illegal drug. By inducing polyploidy, we can increase or decrease the content of particular cannabinoids to enable more economical farming. In the case of hops, it is similar, the main yield are female inflorescences, which contain alpha-acids, that are used in the brewing industry. By inducing polyploidy, especially triploidy, we can grow parthenocarpic inflorescences, which do not need to be prematurely treated with various substances, to remove seeds, which would reduce the economic value and taste of the crop. The aim of the thesis is to present techniques that have been used to induce poliploidy in cannabis and hop.

Sjeme konoplje je nutricionistički vrijedan proizvod koji se sve više koristi u prehrambenoj i industriji dodataka prehrani. Dobiva se od industrijske konoplje (Cannabis sativa L.), višestruko iskoristive biljke, koja se nakon nekoliko desetljeća ponovo uzgaja u Hrvatskoj zahvaljujući prilagodbi zakonskog okvira. Cilj ovog rada je bio ispitati mogućnosti ekološke proizvodnje industrijske konoplje na području kontinentalne Hrvatske i to na primjeru Općine Križ. Usporedbom agroekoloških uvjeta na području općine i zahtjeva industrijske konoplje prema tlu, klimi i vodi, ustanovljeno je da u tom pogledu prepreke za uzgoj ne postoje. Postojeća poljoprivredna gospodarstva se u najvećem broju bave ratarskom proizvodnjom što znači da posjeduju nužne resurse za obradu tla i njegu usjeva. Većina od 145 ispitanika koji su sudjelovali u on-line anketi je čula za proizvode od sjemena konoplje (65 %), i to najviše za ulje. Nadalje, ispitanici s područja Općine Križ su u 54 % slučajeva izjavili kako im je ideja o ekološkoj proizvodnji industrijske konoplje za sjeme zanimljiva. Rezultati financijske analize ukazuju na isplativost uzgoja konoplje za sjeme (Ekonomičnost=1,9). Za uvođenje industrijske konoplje u strukturu sjetve i širenje ove proizvodnje potrebno je raditi na promociji ove kulture među poljoprivrednicima i na potencijalnom tržištu. Zainteresiranim proizvođačima treba pružiti pomoć u organiziranju, nabavi potrebne opreme i inputa te usvajanju suvremene tehnologije ekološkog uzgoja industrijske konoplje. Pri tome je organizacijska i savjetodavna potpora možda i važnija od financijske. Tu se kao jedno od rješenja nameće povezivanje s postojećim organizacijama, ustanovama i poduzećima koje se bave industrijskom konopljom na području Hrvatske i Europske unije.

Tradicionalna uporaba konoplje sega daleč v zgodovino, ko so ugotovili njene številne uporabne lastnosti, zato se uporablja še danes v industrijske, prehranske, kozmetične ter medicinske namene. Odkritju kemijske strukture kanabinoida ⠆9-THC ter kasneje še endokanabinoidnega sistema v 2. polovici 20. stoletja so sledile številne raziskave, ki še vedno poskušajo razložiti ter čim bolje opisati terapevtsko delovanje rastline ter optimizirati farmacevtske formulacije. Eden izmed pripravkov iz konoplje je ekstrakt. V tej magistrski nalogi smo ugotavljali, kateri dejavniki ekstrakcije in dekarboksilacije najbolj vplivajo na stabilnost kanabinoidov v ekstraktu industrijske konoplje. Sprva nas je zanimalo, katero ekstrakcijsko topilo je ustreznejše za ekstrakcijo industrijske konoplje. Spoznali smo, da je bilo v naših poskusih boljše topilo heksan kot etanol, saj se je etanol počasneje odparil pri rotavapiranju in med testiranjem stabilnosti je v etanolnem ekstraktu nastala oborina. Oba ekstrakta smo raztopili v propilen glikolu ter sezamovem olju, etanolni se je bolje raztopil v propilen glikolu, saj je ostalo manj neraztopljenega ekstrakta, heksanski pa v sezamovem olju. Kanabinoidi so bili po 4 mesecih stabilnejši v heksanskem ekstraktu. Primerjali smo tudi heksanske ekstrakte, v katerih smo izvedli dekarboksilacijo v različnih fazah priprave ekstrakta. En alikvot ekstrakta smo dekarboksilirali v pečici na 130 °C eno uro, drugega smo raztopili v sezamovem olju ter ga dekarboksilirali v kaloti pri isti temperaturi, tretji ekstrakt je bil narejen iz dekarboksiliranega rastlinskega materiala. Ugotovili smo, da so bili vzorci najmanj stabilni pri ekstraktu, ki se je dekarboksiliral v pečici brez olja. V drugem delu poskusov smo izdelali heksanski ekstrakt, iz katerega smo naredili več vzorcev, ki smo jih izpostavili različnim razmeram dekarboksilacije. Ta je potekala v kaloti pri 110 °C 4 ure ali pri 130 °C 1 uro v atmosferi argona ali zraka, pri čemer smo ekstrakte predhodno raztopili v oljih (olivno olje, MCT olje, sezamovo olje) ali pa smo jih dekarboksilirali brez olja. Nato smo 7 mesecev spremljali koncentracijo kanabinoidov v njih. Ugotovili smo, da so bili ekstrakti, ki so se dekarboksilirali brez olja, najmanj stabilni. CBD je bil dokaj stabilen, na začetku je celo prišlo do povišanja koncentracije zaradi izhlapevanja vzorca skozi luknje pokrovčka, nastale pri vzorčenju. Najmanj stabilen je bil ⠆9-THC, ki je razpadal na CBN in tudi druge razpadne produkte, saj je njegova koncentracija padala veliko hitreje, kot je naraščal CBN. The usage of traditional cannabis has a long history. Its beneficial properties have already been discovered and are of great importance and nowadays are used for industrial, nutritional, cosmetic and medical purposes. The chemical structure of the cannabinoid ⠆9-THC and endocannabinoid system have been discovered in the second half of the 20th century. Therefore, numerous studies about the therapeutic effect of the plant were followed along with pharmaceutical formulation optimizations. One of the cannabis samples preparation is an extraction. In the present Master’s thesis we have done a research which factors of extraction and decarboxylation have the main influence on the stability of cannabinoids in the extract of industrial cannabis. Our initial experiments were focused on finding the most suitable solvent for the extraction. However, ethanol has shown to be less appropriate than hexane since its evaporation at rotavapor was slower and the precipitate was formed during the time. Both extracts were dissolved in propylene glycol and sesame oil. Ethanol extract solves better in propylene glycol while the hexane extract in sesame oil. Furthermore, the cannabinoids were more stable in the hexane extract after 4 months. During the research, we compared hexane extracts in different stages of the decarboxylation of extract preparation. One aliquot of the extract was decarboxylated in the oven at 130 °C for 1 hour. The second was dissolved in sesame oil and decarboxylated in the calotte at 130 °C and the last one was prepared from decarboxylated plant material. However, the less stable samples were found to be the ones decarboxylated in the oven without oil. The second part of this work is focused to the research of hexane extracts. The samples were exposed to different decarboxylation conditions. The experiment was carried out in the calotte at 110 °C for 4 hours or at 130 °C for 1 hour in either argon or air atmosphere. The extracts were pre-dissolved in different oils (olive oil, MCT oil, sesame oil) or were decarboxylated without oil. We monitored the concentration of cannabinoids for next 7 months. The research concluded that the decarboxylated extracts without the oil addition were less stable. CBD was fairly stable and the increase in concentration occurred at the beginning due to the evaporation through the holes at the caps (the holes were the consequence of sampling). The most unstable was ⠆9-THC which degradates to CBN and other side products. Its concentration decreased faster compared to the formation of CBN.

Navadna konoplja (Cannabis sativa L.) pridobiva priljubljenost zaradi svoje vsestranske uporabe v različnih industrijskih sektorjih, vključno s prehrambnim sektorjem, zaradi prisotnosti maščobnih kislin in drugih bioaktivnih spojin. Namen te diplomske naloge je pokazati kmetovalcem in potrošnikom, da je seme konoplje pomemben vir hrane. Navadno konopljo, si večina ljudi predstavlja kot drogo, zaradi prisotnosti tetrahidrokanabinola, ki se nahaja v indijski konoplji. Za uspešno rast potrebuje rodovitna tla. Pridelek semen je odvisen od sorte, rastišča in tehnologije, ki še posebej vplivajo na donos. Seme konoplje je bogato z beljakovinami (20 do 25 %), maščobami (20 do 30 %), ogljikovimi hidrati (20 do 30 %), vlakninami (10 do 15 %), vitamini in minerali. Maščobne kisline v konopljinih semenih predstavljajo enega od prehransko kakovostnih virov energije in dajejo zaščitni učinek pred mnogimi boleznimi. Konopljino seme vsebuje pretežno večkrat nenasičene linolenske med njimi omega 6 linolno (18:2n-6) in gama-linolensko kislino (18:3n-6) kot tudi omega 3 alfa- linolensko (18:3n-6) in stearidonsko kislino (18:4n-3). Razmerje omega 6 in omega 3 je (3:1 je optimalno), kar je znotraj priporočene vrednosti 5:1. Znano je, da linolenska omega 3 maščobna kislina krepi imunski sistem in vpliva na počutje ljudi in živali. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is gaining popularity due to its versatile use in different industrial sectors including food sector due to the presence of fatty acids and other bioactive compounds. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to show farmers and consumers the importance of hemp seeds as food source. Hemp is commonly mistaken for drug due to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol found in indian cannabis. For successful cultivation of Hemp you need very fertile soil. Amount and quality of seed yield depends of seed variety, cultivation and technology that specifically effect yield. Hemp seeds are rich in protein (20 to 25 %), fats (20 to 30 %), carbohydrates (20 to 30 %), fiber (10 to 15 %), vitamins and minerals. Fatty acids in hemp seeds represent one of the nutritionally high quality sources of energy. They show a protective effect against various diseases. Hemp seed contains predominantly polyunsaturated linolenic among them (omega - 6) linolic (18:2n-6) and γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6) as well as omega 3 alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3) and stearidonic acid (18:4n-3). Omega 6 omega 3 ratio (3:1 value is optimal) inside reccomended value of 5:1. Omega 3 fatty acid are known to strengthens the immune system and affects humans and animals well-being.

Konoplja je jedna od najkontroverznijih biljaka današnjice i njezina medicinska primjena je podijelila današnju znanstvenu zajednicu. Proizvodi od konoplje koriste se u prehrani ljudi, ţivotinja i u kozmetici, te imaju izrazitu nutritivnu vrijednost koja obiluje zdravim masnoćama, proteinima i brojnim mineralima. Konoplja se pokazala dobrom u lijeĉenju mnogih bolesti kao i u preventivi mnoštva oboljenja. U proizvode za ljudsku prehranu spadaju brašno od konoplje, ĉaj, protein, ulje, te sjemenke konoplje. Konoplja ima i vrlo vaţnu ulogu u ekološkoj poljoprivredi jer uvelike pridonosi oĉuvanju okoliša i to ne samo u smislu ĉišćenja oneĉišćenog tla već i u smanjenju emisije CO 2 . Cannabis is one of the most controversial plants today and its medical application has divided today’s scientific community. Cannabis products are used in human and animal diets and for cosmetic purposes rich in healthy fats, proteins and many minerals. Cannabis has been proven to be good in treating many diseases as well in preventing a multitude of diseases. Human food products include hemp flour, tea, protein, oil, and hemp seeds. Cannabis also has a very important role in organic agriculture because it greatly contributes to the preservation of the soil, not only in terms of cleaning contaminated soil but also in reducing CO 2 emissions.

Konoplja (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabinacae) je jednogodišnja dvodomna zeljasta kritosjemenjača, kojoj su stabljika i listovi prekriveni kratkim dlačicama. Od botaničkih podjela najzastupljenija je ona koja konoplju dijeli na tri vrste, i to: industrijska (lat. Cannabis sativa L. subsp. Sativa), indijska konoplja (lat. Cannabis sativa L. subsp. indica) I divlja konoplja (lat. Cannabis ruderalis). U biološkoj strukturi konoplje postoji više od 400 raznih strukturalno prepoznatljivih spojeva, od kojih su najvažniji kanabinoidi. Kanabinoidi su aktivni sastojci konoplje. Iz biljke Cannabis sativa L. najpoznatiji su kanabidiol (CBD), kanabinol (CBN), delta-9-tetrahidrokanabinol (delta-9-THC), te manje poznati kanabigerol (CBG), kanabikromen (CBC), kanabiciklol (CBL) i dr. Razlikujemo tri vrste kanabinoida: fitokanabinoidi, sintetski kanabinoidi, endokanabinoidi. Nakon otkrića endokanabinoidnoga sustava, ustanovljena je povezanost između ljudskoga tijela i biljke. Endogeni kanabinoidi u međudjelovanju su s određenim receptorima koji se nalaze u raznim dijelovima našeg tijela, poput središnjeg živčanog sustava i imunološkog sustava. Aktiviraju dvije vrste receptora: CB1 i CB2. Konoplja se koristi za izradu različitih komercijalnih i industrijskih proizvoda, uključujući: konop, tekstil, odjeću, obuću, hranu, papir, bioplastiku, izolaciju i biogorivo. Primjena medicinskog kanabisa može se podijeliti na nekoliko područja, a glavna djelovanja su: antiemetičko djelovanje, analgetičko, antidepresivno, u liječenju artritisa, karcinoma, za povećanje apetita, miran san i dr. Utjecaj kanabisa u liječenju simptoma karcinoma zasigurno nije malen. Međutim, kanabis mora, kao i svi ostali lijekovi, da bi bio prihvaćen kao lijek, proći brojna istraživanja, kao i što se treba odrediti odgovarajuća doza i mogući neželjeni učinci. U dosadašnjim istraživanjima, kanabis je pokazao zanimljivu djelotvornost protiv rasta tumorskih stanica. U Hrvatskoj je od 2016. godine dopušteno korištenje medicinskog kanabisa, propisano od strane liječnika. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabinacae) is an annual dioecious herbaceous angiosperm, whose stem and leaves are covered with short hairs. Of the botanical divisions, the most common is the one that divides hemp into three types: industrial (lat. Cannabis sativa L. subsp. Sativa), indian hemp (lat. Cannabis sativa L. subsp. Indica) and wild hemp (lat. Cannabis ruderalis). There are more than 400 different structurally recognizable compounds in the biological structure of hemp, the most important of which are cannabinoids. Cannabinoids are the active ingredients of hemp. From the plant Cannabis sativa L. the most famous are cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), and the less known cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromen (CBC), cannabicyclol (CBL) and others. We distinguish three types of cannabinoids: phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, endocannabinoids. After the discovery of the endocannabinoid system, a connection was established between the human body and the plant. Endogenous cannabinoids interact with certain receptors located in various parts of our body, such as the central nervous system and the immune system. They activate two types of receptors: CB1 and CB2. Hemp is used to make a variety of commercial and industrial products, including: rope, textiles, clothing, footwear, food, paper, bioplastics, insulation and biofuel. The use of medical cannabis can be divided into several areas, and the main effects are: antiemetic action, analgesic, antidepressant, in the treatment of arthritis, cancer, to increase appetite, restful sleep etc. The impact of cannabis in the treatment of cancer symptoms is certainly not small. However, cannabis, like all other kind of medicine, needs to undergo a number of studies in order to be accepted as a medicine, as well as the appropriate dose and possible side effects. In research to date, cannabis has shown interesting efficacy against tumor cell growth. In Croatia, the use of medical cannabis, prescribed by a doctor, has been allowed since 2016.

Kozmetična industrija v zadnjem obdobju vse večjo pozornost namenja naravni kozmetiki in sestavinam naravnega izvora, ki ugodno vplivajo na kožo. Med sestavinami naravnega izvora je v porastu uporaba izvlečkov iz konoplje in konopljinega olja. Konoplja je rastlina, ki so jo že v preteklosti uporabljali na različnih področjih. Poznamo tri podvrste navadne konoplje, med katerimi pa zakonodaja dovoljuje samo uporabo industrijske konoplje (Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa). Med vsemi spojinami v konoplji je za uporabo v kozmetiki najpomembnejši izvleček, ki vsebuje kanabidiol ter spada v skupino kanabinoidov. Poleg izvlečkov predstavlja pomemben vir naravnih spojin v kozmetiki tudi hladno stiskano konopljino olje, ki izkazuje pozitivne učinke na zdravje kože. Pozitivni učinki se kažejo kot zaviranje tvorbe sebuma in hiperproliferacije keratinocitov ter antioksidativno, protivnetno in vlažilno delovanje. V diplomski nalogi smo preučevali nabor 63 kozmetičnih izdelkov, ki so vsebovali sestavine, pridobljene iz konoplje. Izbranim izdelkom smo določili vrsto oziroma namen uporabe in tehnološko obliko. Podrobneje smo se lotili pregleda prisotnih izvlečkov konoplje in opredelili njihovo vlogo v kozmetičnih izdelkih. Ker je naravna kozmetika v trendu, smo analizirali oglaševanje izvlečkov konoplje in naravne kozmetike ter prisotnost certifikatov za naravno kozmetiko. Izdelke smo preučili tudi glede na državo proizvodnje, saj nas je zanimalo, ali so na trgu prisotni tudi izdelki, proizvedeni v Sloveniji. Pregled izbranih kozmetičnih izdelkov z izvlečki konoplje iz spletnih trgovin je pokazal različne tehnološke oblike z raznolikimi nameni uporabe. Izdelki se večinoma pojavljajo v obliki krem. Največ izdelkov najdemo v kategoriji izdelkov na nego obraza in telesa. Med vsemi sestavinami konoplje so najpomembnejše konopljino olje, izvleček kanabidiol in izvleček, pridobljen iz celotne rastline. Večinoma imajo vlogo kozmetično aktivne sestavine ter se uporabljajo v aktivni kozmetiki za aknasto, zrelo in problematično kožo. Pogosto jih najdemo tudi v vlogi emolientov in humektantov. Ugotovili smo, da veliko izdelkov oglašujejo kot naravno kozmetiko, vendar pri vseh ni prisoten certifikat za naravno kozmetiko. Na trgu zasledimo tudi vedno več slovenske kozmetike. Zaključimo lahko, da je konoplja rastlina z velikim potencialom in možnostjo uporabe v kozmetiki. The cosmetic industry has recently been paying increasing attention to natural cosmetics and natural ingredients with beneficial effect on skin. Among these natural ingredients, hemp extracts and hemp oil have seen increasing use. Hemp has been used for a variety of purposes throughout history. There are three subspecies of hemp, but under the current legislation, only the use of the so-called industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa) is allowed. Among all compounds found in hemp, the extract containing cannabidiol, which is one of the cannabinoids, is the most important for use in cosmetics. In addition to extracts, cold-pressed hemp oil is also an important source of natural chemicals in cosmetics with a positive effect on skin health. Positive effects include inhibiting sebum production and keratinocyte hyperproliferation, as well as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and moisturising effect. In the graduation thesis, we studied a set of 63 cosmetic products containing ingredients derived from hemp. Type or purpose, and technological form were determined for each of the selected products. We examined in more detail the hemp extracts in the products, and defined their role in cosmetic products. Since natural cosmetics is trending upwards, we analysed advertising of hemp extracts, natural cosmetics, and natural cosmetics certification. We also examined the products based on the country of production, as we took interest in whether products made in Slovenia were also present in the market. Analysis of cosmetic products containing hemp extracts, sourced from online stores, has shown a variety of technological forms and purposes of use. The products mostly appear as creams. The most products are found in the facial and body care product categories. Among the hemp ingredients, hemp oil, cannabidiol extract, and extract from the entire plant are the most commonly found. In most cases, only cosmetically active ingredients have an actual role and they are used in active cosmetics for treating acne, for mature skin, and for problematic skin. They are also often found in the role of emollients and humectants. We found that many products were advertised as natural cosmetics, yet they were not all certified as such. Moreover, there is an increasing number of Slovenian cosmetic products in the market. We can conclude that hemp is a plant with great potential and many possibilities of use in cosmetics.

Uvod: Za rabo v medicini je potrebno dobro proučiti delovanje kanabinoidov, njihov varnostni profil, prednosti in morebitne slabosti. Objavljenih je veliko tujih raziskav o vplivu endokanabinoidnega sistema in kanabinoidov na plodnost, prav tako pa je bilo narejenih že kar nekaj raziskav na področju uporabe kanabinoidov v namene zdravljenja. Kanabinoide lahko najdemo še v številnih drugih rastlinah poleg konoplje, ki pa vplivajo na naš endokanabinoidni sistem, ki uravnava naš hormonski sistem in vpliva na plodnost. Namen: Dokazati želimo pozitivne učinke uporabe kanabinoidov na plodnost pri moških, ženskah in samo zanositev pri ženskah. Namen je preučiti slovenske ter tuje raziskave o vplivu naravnih kanabinoidov (fitokanabinoidov) na človeški endokanabinoidni sistem, plodnost in možnost zanositve. Uporaba konoplje v medicini kot alternativa je trenutno zelo pereča tema in tudi izsledki te diplomske naloge bi lahko pripomogli do zaključkov o tem, kako uporabna oziroma škodljiva rastlina je konoplja. Metode dela: Uporabili smo deskriptivno metodo dela. Pregledali smo tujo in domačo literaturo s tematiko o vplivu kanabinoidov na reprodukcijo pri moških in ženskah. Baze, po katerih smo literaturo iskali, so bile PubMed, Medline, Cinahl in Cochrane. Konceptualni okvir diplomske naloge obsega pojme: kanabinoidi, endokanabinoidni sistem, plodnost, ženski reproduktivni sistem in konoplja. Kriteriji pri iskanju literature so bili starost literature manj kot 25 let, z izjemo ene, ki je iz leta 1986. Izbrana literatura je z vsebino o vplivu ter posledicah uporabe konoplje v času reprodukcije pri moških in ženskah in o vplivu na spočetje. Rezultati: Čeprav je na tem področju še veliko za raziskati, pa je že sedaj na voljo ogromno število znanstvenih publikacij na to temo. Nekatere študije ugotavljajo škodljive učinke kanabinoidov, spet druge pa pozitivne terapevtske učinke. Pomemben je način in cilj delovanja kanabinoidov, prepletanje delovanja endokanabinoidnega sistema in endokanabinoidov, hormonov in zunanjih dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na kakovost kanabinoidov. Pomembno je določanje točnih odmerkov in kombinacij za posameznika in poznavanje specifičnega mehanizma delovanja kanabinoidov. Razprava in zaključek: Na voljo je veliko raziskav in člankov. Nekateri ugotavljajo pozitivni, druge pa njen negativni vpliv na endokanabinoidni sistem in plodnost. Moramo se zavedati vpliva financerjev na rezultate, predvsem pa na interpretacijo rezultatov. Učinke na živalske organizme ne moremo enačiti z učinki, ki jih lahko ima konoplja na ljudi. Za utemeljeno rabo v medicini so potrebne nadaljnje študije o vplivu rastlinskih kanabinoidov na reprodukcijski sistem pri ljudeh. Ključne besede: kanabinoidi, ženski reproduktivni sistem, konoplja Introduction: For warranted use in medicine treatment we have to take a good look into activity of cannabinoids, their safety profile, advantages and eventual disadvantages. There is a lot of foreign researches about impact of endocannabinoid system and cannabinoids on fertility. Also a lot of researches were made about the use of cannabinoids in intentions of treatment. Cannabinoids can be found in many other plants, besides hemp, which have an influence on endocannabinoids system which is regulating hormonal system and have big impacts on fertility. Purpose: We want to show positive effects of using cannabinoids on fertility of male and female and conception of female. Our purpose is to examine Slovenian and fereign researches about impact of natural cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids) on human endocannabinoid's system, fertility and possibility of conception. Use of hemp in medicine and as an alternative is very popular theme at the moment and our findings could make a small conclusions about, how useful or harmful it is. Methods: We used descriptive method of work. We examined Slovenian and foreign literature about cannabinoids effects on fertility of male and female. Bases that we used for searching literature were PubMed, Medline, Cinahl and Cochrane. Conceptual frame of this diploma contains words such as: cannabinoids, endocannabinoid system, fertility, female reproduction system and hemp. Literature that was used in this diploma needed to be less than 25 years old with one exception which is from the year 1986. Used literature has a content about impact and consequences about hemp use during reproduction of male and female and impact on conception of female. Results: Although there is still a lot to look into, there is already enormous number of scientific publicitations about hemp and its impact on fertility and conception. Some studies identify the adverse effects of cannabinoids, while others identify potential therapeutic effects. Important is the way and the goal of cannabinoid action, the interplay of the endocannabinoid system and endocannabinoids, hormones and external factors that affect the quality of cannabinoids. It is important to determine the exact doses and combinations for individual organism and specific mechanism of cannabinoids functioning. Discussion and conclusion: Many researches and articles are available. Some of them talk about hemp advantages, others about hemp disadvantages on endocannabinoid system and fertility. We must keep in mind that the one who financed research has a huge impact on its final conclusions. The effects of cannabis on animals cannot be compare with the effects that cannabis can have on humans. For use of cannabis in medicine, we need further researches about influence of human's reproductive system. Key words: cannabinoids, female reproduction system, cannabis

V teoretičnem delu diplomske naloge sem opisal navadno konopljo in marihuano in njene kemične sestavine, kjer izstopa predvsem tetrahidrokanabinol, ki daje rastlini halucinogen učinek. Opisal sem, kako marihuana deluje na človeka, predvsem pri mladih in njen učinek na telo. Marihuana ima učinek sanjarjenja, zato je tako priljubljena pri mladih, da odmislijo realno življenje. Predstavil sem, kakšne so negativne posledice uživanja marihuane, ki se lahko pojavijo že v zgodnjih letih in kako uživanje konoplje zavira razvoj možganov mladih pri katerih je telo še v razvojnem procesu. Posledice se najbolj poznajo pri mladih, ki so še v adolescenci, malo manj pa so v nevarnosti mladi po osemnajstem letu starosti. Predstavljene so tudi predpisane kazni, ki te doletijo, če si zasačen pri uporabi ali preprodaji marihuane. Za raziskovalni del naloge sem uporabil spletno anketo med študenti, ki mi je dala potrebne podatke za odgovore na raziskovalna vprašanja. Zastavil sem si dve raziskovalni vprašanji in dve hipotezi, ki sem ju preveril z ustreznimi statističnimi testi. Pri prvem raziskovalnem vprašanju me je zanimalo, ali je konoplja najpogostejša ilegalna droga med študenti? Pri tem raziskovalnem vprašanju sem hipotezo potrdil, saj je statistična analiza pokazala, da je marihuana res najpogostejša droga, ki jo študentje uživajo. Pri drugem raziskovalnem vprašanju pa me je zanimalo, ali se študentje ne zavedajo posledic, ki jih povzroči ilegalna konoplja? Pri tem raziskovalnem vprašanju sem hipotezo zavrnil, saj je statistična analiza odgovorov pokazala, da se študentje v večini zavedajo posledic uživanja marihuane. Poudariti je potrebno, da izbor vzorca ni bil verjetnostni, uporabili smo princip snežene kepe, tako se rezultatov ne da brez zadržkov posplošiti na populacijo vseh študentov. V diplomski nalogi sem predstavil tudi opisne statistike po posameznem vprašanju ankete, ki so prikazane v tabelah in grafih. In the theoretical part of my thesis I described regular cannabis and marijuana and its chemical constituents, among which predominantly tetrahydrocannabinol stands out, which gives the plant hallucinogen effect. I described how marijuana works in humans, especially in young people, as well as the effect it has on the body. Marijuana has a daydreaming effect, which is why it is so popular with young people, especially in their desire not to think about real life. I presented the negative effects of marijuana use that can occur already at an early age and how cannabis use inhibits brain development in young people whose body is still in its developing process. The most evident are the consequences in young people who are still in their adolescence. Slightly less at risk are young people after the age of eighteen. I have also presented penalties that you face if you are caught using or dealing marijuana. I carried out an online survey among students for the research part of the thesis and thus obtained the necessary data to answer my research questions. I asked myself two research questions and two hypotheses and checked them all with appropriate statistical tests. In the scope of my first research question I was interested in whether cannabis is the most common illegal drug among college students? The hypothesis of the first research question was supported as the statistical analysis showed that marijuana is indeed the most common drug used by college students. The second research question looked into whether students are not aware of the consequences of illicit cannabis? The hypothesis of this research question was rejected, as the statistical analysis of the answers showed that students are mostly aware of the consequences of marijuana use. It should be emphasized that the selection of the sample was not probabilistic. Instead the snowball principle was applied, so the results cannot be generalized without reservation to the population of all students. In my diploma thesis I also presented descriptive statistics after each survey question, all displayed in tables and graphs.

Konoplja (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabinacae) je jednogodišnja dvodomna zeljasta kritosjemenjača, kojoj su stabljika i listovi prekriveni kratkim dlačicama. Od botaničkih podjela najzastupljenija je ona koja konoplju dijeli na tri vrste, i to: industrijska (lat. Cannabis sativa L. subsp. Sativa), indijska konoplja (lat. Cannabis sativa L. subsp. indica) i divlja konoplja (lat. Cannabis ruderalis). U biološkoj strukturi konoplje postoji više od 400 raznih strukturalno prepoznatljivih spojeva, od kojih su najvažniji kanabinoidi. Kanabinoidi su aktivni sastojci konoplje. Iz biljke Cannabis sativa L. najpoznatiji su kanabidiol (CBD), kanabinol (CBN), delta-9-tetrahidrokanabinol (delta-9-THC), te manje poznati kanabigerol (CBG), kanabikromen (CBC), kanabiciklol (CBL) i dr. Razlikujemo tri vrste kanabinoida: fitokanabinoidi, sintetski kanabinoidi, endokanabinoidi. Nakon otkrića endokanabinoidnoga sustava, ustanovljena je povezanost između ljudskoga tijela i biljke. Endogeni kanabinoidi u međudjelovanju su s određenim receptorima koji se nalaze u raznim dijelovima našeg tijela, poput središnjeg živčanog sustava i imunološkog sustava. Aktiviraju dvije vrste receptora: CB1 i CB2. Konoplja se koristi za izradu različitih komercijalnih i industrijskih proizvoda, uključujući: konop, tekstil, odjeću, obuću, hranu, papir, bioplastiku, izolaciju i biogorivo. Primjena medicinskog kanabisa može se podijeliti na nekoliko područja, a glavna djelovanja su: antiemetičko djelovanje, analgetičko, antidepresivno, u liječenju artritisa, karcinoma, za povećanje apetita, miran san i dr. Utjecaj kanabisa u liječenju simptoma karcinoma zasigurno nije malen. Međutim, kanabis mora, kao i svi ostali lijekovi, da bi bio prihvaćen kao lijek, proći brojna istraživanja, kao i što se treba odrediti odgovarajuća doza i mogući neželjeni učinci. U dosadašnjim istraživanjima, kanabis je pokazao zanimljivu djelotvornost protiv rasta tumorskih stanica. U Hrvatskoj je od 2016. godine dopušteno korištenje medicinskog kanabisa, propisano od strane liječnika.

Konoplja (Cannabis sativa L.) je jednogodišnja zeljasta biljka koja potječe iz Azije, a smatra se da se u Europi proizvodi od 15. stoljeća. Nakon otkrića Amerike širila se i duž tog kontinenta. Konoplja je dvodomna biljka što znači da ženske i muške reproduktivne organe ima na odvojenim biljkama. Mnogo korisnih proizvoda dobiva se od konoplje. Upotrebljava se u proizvodnji materijala, koristi se i za izradu goriva koji se prije koristio za lampe, dok danas ima širu primjenu kao gorivo pod nazivom biodizel. Za razliku od hladno prešanih, djevičanska ulja su proizvodi dobiveni iz odgovarajućih sirovina prešanjem na temperaturi većoj od 50 ˚(60 - 80 ˚C, 30 minuta) što tehnološki predstavlja fazu kondicioniranja sirovine prije prešanja. Proizvedeno djevičansko ulje podvrgava se mehaničkim postupcima čišćenja (taloženje, filtriranje) kako bi se uklonile nečistoće i onda se puni u odgovarajuću ambalažu. Hemp plant (Cannabis sativa L.) is an annual herbaceous plant native to Asia and believed to have been produced in Europe since the 15th century. After the discovery of America, it also spread along that continent. Hemp is a dioecious plant which means that the female and male reproductive organs are on separate plants. Many useful products are obtained from hemp. It is used in the production of all kinds of materials, it is also used to make fuel that was previously used for lamps, while today it has a wider application as a biodiesel fuel. Unlike cold-pressed, unrefined oils are products obtained from suitable raw materials by pressing at a temperature higher than 50 degrees (60-80 degrees, 30 minutes), which technologically represents the phase of conditioning the raw material before pressing. The produced virgin oil is subjected to mechanical procedures (precipitation, filtration) to remove impurities and then filled into appropriate packaging.