Search

Advertisement, being one of the most effective marketing tools, induces customers to purchase their products and encourages them to behave in a certain way. This study focused on the relationship between demographic and cultural values of young Saudi Arabians. Primary data was collected from a total of 284 respondents from the Riyadh region using an online survey. The survey questionnaire was adopted from previous relevant studies and modified according to the objectives of the understudy by considering the cultural values apparent to Saudi citizens. The corresponding sub-items were also designed on a 5-point Likert scale. Based on the theoretical aspects presented in the literature, the hypotheses were formulated to find the substantial contributions of the sample data. The correlation using SPSS revealed that gender and marital status had no relation to the segmentation of advertisements, whereas other vital cultural factors such as religion, language, manners and customs, social institutions, aesthetics, and traditions demonstrated a strong linkage with segmenting firms’ advertisements. The study revealed important implications for international product advertisers and market communicators. It also provided several directions for future researchers.

Millennials and Generation X (Gen-X) are the fastest-growing market segment in Indonesia. The study aims to discover the salient values of those generations and to investigate their value differences. Data were obtained via questionnaires from 200 respondents of each generation. The questionnaires measure the importance of the values of each generation, consisting of nine values from the List of Values established by Kahle (1986), namely Sense of belonging, Excitement, Being well respected, Fun and enjoyment, Security, Self-fulfillment, Self-respect, Warm relationships with others, and Sense of accomplishment. This study employed factor analysis to identify sets of values representing their underlying values. This method resulted in three inherent values of Gen X and two of Millenials. Gen X shows the importance of Achievement, Family enjoyment, and Social relationship. Meanwhile, the Millennials are conspicuous by the values of Social recognition and Self-pleasing. Companies that choose Gen X as their target market can use their above-mentioned values to be expressed in their marketing strategies. Meanwhile, those who choose Millennials may use the two inherent values of this generation. This study fills a research gap on the characters of the emerging young generation segments in the country that can be adopted to generate market segment characters in the country. Acknowledgment This work was funded by a research grant from the Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia.

The article presents the proposals for population aging rates defined from the perspective of potential demography – in a static and dynamic perspective. It also presents the method of calculating life potentials for the population and for individual age groups, which are the starting point in potential demography. The values of the population aging rates in terms of the concepts of potential demography were calculated for Poland as a case study. Artykuł przedstawia propozycje współczynników starzenia się ludności z perspektywy demografii potencjalnej – w ujęciu statycznym i dynamicznym. Prezentuje sposób wyliczania potencjałów życiowych dla populacji oraz dla poszczególnych grup wiekowych, które stanowią punkt wyjścia w demografii potencjalnej. Wartości współczynników starzenia się ludności w kategoriach pojęć demografii potencjalnej zostały obliczone na przykładzie Polski.

Research on income distributions focuses mainly on attempts to match theoretical distributions to the empirical income distribution and on the analysis of these distributions. The analysis results show that three‑parameter models very well approximate the income distribution of many countries. The Daguma distribution is recognised in the literature on income research as one of the best three parameter income distribution models. In 2010 Zenga proposed a new three‑parameter model for economic size distribution which possesses interesting statistical properties. The aim of this paper is to use the Dagum and Zenga model to analyze the distribution of Polish household income by regions. The D’Addario invariant methods and the maximum likelihood method were used to estimate the density function parameters. The calculations presented in the paper has been based on the individual data coming from the random sample obtained within the Household Budget Survey by regions by the Central Statistical Office in 2016. The article presents income inequality measures based on the considered models. The results of the calculations confirm that Zenga distribution is a good income distribution model which can be applied to analyze the income households of the Polish population. Badania rozkładów dochodów skupiają się głównie na próbach dopasowania rozkładów teoretycznych do empirycznego rozkładu dochodów w różnych przekrojach oraz na analizie tych rozkładów. Wyniki analiz wykazują, że modele trzyparametrowe bardzo dobrze aproksymują rozkłady dochodów wielu państw. Jednym z najczęściej używanych rozkładów trzyparametrowych jest rozkład Daguma. W 2010 roku Zenga skonstruował trzyparametrowy model rozkładu dochodów, który ma wiele interesujących własności statystycznych. Celem artykułu jest zastosowanie modeli Daguma i Zengi do analizy rozkładu dochodów ludności Polski dla regionów. Do estymacji parametrów funkcji gęstości zastosowano inwariantną metodę D’Addario oraz metodę największej wiarygodności. Obliczenia zostały przeprowadzone na podstawie danych indywidualnych gospodarstw domowych dla regionów, zaprezentowanych przez Główny Urząd Statystyczny w 2016 roku. W artykule zastosowano miary nierówności dochodowych obliczone na podstawie rozważanych modeli. Wyniki analizy potwierdzają zasadność stosowania modelu Zengi do analizy badania nierówności dochodowych gospodarstw domowych ludności Polski.

The COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine measures have transformed the media agenda. The aim of the study is to identify the behavioral characteristics of the youth news audience, which is formed in the context of COVID-19. To solve research tasks, from March 24 to April 5, 2020, an intelligence survey of young Ukrainians as news readers was conducted. 364 respondents aged from 18 to 29, living in different regions of Ukraine, answered the questions of the Google questionnaire. The results of the survey are qualitative in nature and highlight the trends that exist in the youth audience. According to the data, the topic of coronavirus has become a priority for 82% of respondents. Phobias of young respondents increased: more than 70% stated they were worried and afraid. The alarm response to the pandemic has prompted many media consumers (46%) to turn to more information sources than usual. On the other hand, some media consumers have reduced their contact with the media, which is a typical protective reaction. Uncertainty, suspicion, and anxiety shake the confidence of the youth audience in public institutions and the media. The study showed the emergence of new challenges for media companies. The media should anticipate the consequences of disseminating information, fake news, and adjust content strategies accordingly: compliance with journalistic standards, responsible dissemination of news, fact-checking.

Web‑scraping is a technique used to automatically extract data from websites. After the rise‑up of on‑lines shopping (which results in more shops posting their full price offer on their websites) it allows to acquire information about prices of goods sold by the retailers such as supermarkets or internet shops. Usage of web‑scraped data allows to lower the costs, improve the measurement quality and monitor the price change in real time. Due to before mentioned reasons this method became the object of research studies from both statistical offices (Eurostat, British Office of National Statistics, Belgium Statbel) and universities (for ex. Billion Prices Project conducted on MIT). However, usage of scrapped data for the CPI calculation entails with multiple challenges with their collection, processing and aggregation. The purpose of this article is to examine the possibility of using scrapped data in toy price dynamic analysis. Especially the purpose is to compare the results from different inde Xformulas. In this article the empirical study based on data from 4 different shops is presented (53 chosen products sold in Amazon, Wallmart, Smarterkids and KBKids). Web‑scraping to technika, którą można wykorzystać do automatycznego pozyskiwania danych zamieszczonych na stronach internetowych. Wraz ze wzrostem popularności zakupów on‑line coraz więcej sklepów i usługodawców zainwestowało w strony WWW z ofertą cenową. Przekłada się to na możliwość automatycznego ściągania przez badaczy cen detalistów z wielu branż, m.in. odzieżowej czy spożywczej. Wykorzystanie danych scrapowanych skutkuje nie tylko znaczącym obniżeniem kosztów badania cen, ale także poprawia precyzję szacunków inflacji i daje możliwość śledzenia jej w czasie rzeczywistym. Z tego względu web‑scraping jest dziś popularnym obiektem badań zarówno ośrodków statystycznych (Eurostat, brytyjski Office of National Statistics, belgijski Statbel), jak i uniwersytetów (m.in. Billion Prices Project prowadzony w Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Zastosowanie danych scrapowanych do liczenia inflacji wiąże się jednak z wieloma wyzwaniami na poziomie ich zbierania, przetwarzania oraz agregacji. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie możliwości wykorzystania danych scrapowanych do analizy dynamiki cen zabawek, a w szczególności porównanie wyników uzyskanych za pomocą różnych formuł indeksowych. W opracowaniu przedstawiono wynik badania empirycznego na podstawie danych pochodzących z czterech sklepów (z 53 wybranych produktów sprzedawanych w Amazonie, Wallmarcie, Smarterkids oraz KBkids).

This paper aims to investigate the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) companies on consumer buying behavior in the Ukrainian market. The qualitative data for this study were collected with the help of semi-structured interviews conducted with a total of 10 respondents, including 5 Ukrainian consumers (with different levels of responsible consumption adoption) and 5 CSR experts from FMCG companies located in Ukraine (both local and global; with CSR adoption level varying from low to well-developed). The data obtained for this study revealed that the level of consumer awareness about CSR in Ukraine is still low. However, the level of awareness and the actual consumption of responsible products are constantly growing. The results also show that Ukrainian consumers who already have some level of awareness about CSR perceive CSR communication as more credible when it does not originate from the company directly or is endorsed by a third party. At the same time, interviewed experts stated that to raise awareness among the wider population, FMCG companies have to communicate their CSR achievements directly and massively. Ukrainian consumers are mostly impacted by the product-related CSR type, such as bio-ingredients and sustainable packaging. Price premium for responsible products is the key factor that causes the “intention-behavior gap” in Ukraine.Practitioners from the FMCG industry in Ukraine may use the information provided by this study to shape their CSR strategies, which will allow them to cater to societal demands and, as a result, impact consumer buying behavior.

This study aims to find and analyze the profitability level of Fried Onion Small Business in Palu City, influenced by Patronage Buying Motives (PBM), which consist of company reputation, location of sales, selling price and guarantee to profitability. The population of this study was 52. Population was chosen based on small business that still survives in fried onion business as a local business. The sample taken by purposive sampling was 35. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to the managers of fried onion small businesses. The analytical tool used is multiple linear analysis. The results shows that F test of PBM had a significant influence on profitability at 0,822 or 82.2%. This means a very strong influence of the value of PBM. T-test shows that corporate reputation is of significant value of 0,286, location of sales – 0,426, and selling price has a significant value of the 0.235 influence on profitability, except guarantees that do not affect profitability because the value of 0.151 is less than the t table value of 2.0395. The impact of this study implies that small food businesses do not really need a guarantee like electronic products, because reputation and quality have become their guarantee.

The concept of dissonant cultural heritage is well recognized in the literature. It appears in several perspectives, in relation to shameful nation’s history, fratricidal wars, totalitarian past, political regime, or aesthetic. In this article, subject of research is dissonant heritage that was the legacy of Soviet regime times 1945–1989 and at the same time – modernistic architecture, which is ambiguous in aesthetic valuation. Modernistic architecture (from socialistic era in polish history – called socmodernism) is visible in every polish city. It is used for residential, cultural, economic, public and other functions. Over the decades these buildings have devaluated in physical and moral aspects. More and more often in public discourse appears opinion which claim about necessity of removal these part of unwanted history from polish cities landscape. The question arises whether the removal through destruction or general renovation of cultural heritage is the best way to urban renewal? This particular work includes induction approach, basing on intentionally selected object, that indicate clear stigmatizing as well as historic features. The main aim of the work is to estimate the value of chosen socmodernistic object, which for many years was the most recognizable and dominant object in central area. The research challenge in this area was an appropriate selection and adaptation of valuation method and also results interpretation. Research were achieved basing on Stated Preference Methods (SPM). The subject of research is recognizable, distinctive for the city of Lodz and its residents, arbitrary chosen office and commercial complex – “Central”. The study was conducted among users of the facility. Research results prove that if a building is characterized by a high level of usability, its value remains high despite the stigmas of dissonant cultural heritage. Przedmiotem badań jest trudne dziedzictwo, będące spuścizną okresu wpływu sowieckiego w Polsce (1945–1989). Architektura z czasów PRL obecna jest w każdym polskim mieście – w zakresie funkcji mieszkaniowych, kulturowych, gospodarczych, użyteczności publicznej i innych. Przez dziesięciolecia budowle te dewaluowały się zarówno w rozumieniu fizycznym, jak i moralnym. Coraz częściej w dyskursie publicznym pojawiają się opinie o konieczności usunięcia tej części historii z krajobrazu polskich miast. Powstaje więc pytanie, czy usuwanie przez zniszczenie lub generalną przebudowę dziedzictwa kulturowego miast jest właściwym kierunkiem ich odnowy. W opracowaniu zastosowano podejście indukcyjne, przyjmując, iż podstawą wnioskowania będzie celowo wybrany obiekt, mający wyraźne cechy stygmatyzujące oraz właściwości zabytkowe. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest oszacowanie wartości ekonomicznej wybranego obiektu socmodernistycznego, który przez wiele lat pełnił funkcję dominanty w przestrzeni centralnej. Wyzwaniem badawczym w tym zakresie jest zarówno właściwy dobór i adaptacja metody wyceny, jak i interpretacja wyników. Badanie zrealizowano za pomocą metody deklarowanych preferencji (SPM). Przedmiotem badań jest charakterystyczny dla miasta i mieszkańców, arbitralnie wybrany kompleks biurowo‑handlowy „Central” w Łodzi. Badanie zrealizowano wśród użytkowników obiektu.

The issue of eco‑innovation of enterprises is an important research area in the light of today’s economy. The implementation of ecological innovations in enterprises can bring many benefits, mainly related to lowering the costs of the company’s operations and increasing its competitiveness, and thus increasing the competitiveness of the Polish economy against the economies on a European and global scale. The aim of the study is to present selected issues related to the eco‑innovation of Polish enterprises, in particular their specificity, effectiveness, development factors and financing sources. The research conducted so far shows that most enterprises undertaking innovative activities in the field of ecology focus on innovative technological solutions, and to a lesser extent on changes in employment or organizational structure of the unit. Knowledge management is an equally important element in this activity. Investments in eco‑innovation so far are insufficient. This is the result of the lack of adequate financial and technical resources, as well as the lack of knowledge and qualified staff. Actions supporting the government and the institutional business environment seem necessary. Zagadnienie ekoinnowacyjności przedsiębiorstw jest ważnym obszarem badań współczesnej gospodarki. Wdrażanie innowacji ekologicznych w przedsiębiorstwach może przynieść wiele korzyści, związanych przede wszystkim z obniżeniem kosztów działalności przedsiębiorstwa i zwiększeniem jego konkurencyjności, a co za tym idzie – ze wzrostem konkurencyjności polskiej gospodarki na tle gospodarek europejskich oraz światowych. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych zagadnień związanych z ekoinnowacyjnością polskich przedsiębiorstw, w szczególności ich specyfiki, efektywności, czynników warunkujących rozwój oraz źródeł finansowania. Z dotychczasowych badań wynika, że większość przedsiębiorstw podejmujących działania innowacyjne w obszarze ekologii skupia się na innowacyjnych rozwiązaniach technologicznych, a w mniejszym stopniu na zmianach w zatrudnieniu czy strukturze organizacyjnej jednostki. Nie mniej ważnym elementem w przedmiotowym działaniu jest zarządzanie wiedzą. Dotychczasowe inwestycje w ekoinnowacje są niewystarczające. Jest to rezultat braku odpowiednich zasobów finansowych i technicznych, a także wiedzy i wykwalifikowanej kadry. Niezbędne wydają się zatem działania wspierające rządu oraz otoczenia instytucjonalnego biznesu.

In recent years, continuous changes in geo-economics and environment, especially the rise in global trade protectionism, have severely impacted China’s sporting goods manufacturing industry, which is dominant in international trade. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine the geo-economic environment and influence factors of China’s sporting goods manufacturing industry, and puts forward strategies to improve the competitiveness of China’s sporting goods manufacturing industry and promote its high-quality development.This paper selects indicators that can reflect the geo-economic relationships of competition and complementarity, including household final consumption expenditure (% of GDP), sporting goods import and export trade volumes (% of GDP), FDI (% of GDP) and R&D (% of GDP) from 2013 to 2018. Using the standardized Euclidean distance method, the geo-economic relationship of sporting goods manufacturing industry between China and each One Belt and One Road Initiative (BRI) country is obtained. Statistic results show that the geo-economic relationship of the sporting goods manufacturing industry between China and other BRI countries is more competitive than complementary. Meanwhile, a map generated by the ARCGIS10.0 platform shows that competition between China and the BRI countries increased from 2013 to 2018. According to the analysis of statistical data regarding the aspects of the industrial structure of China’s sporting goods manufacturing industry, geo-economics and geopolitics, respectively, several proposals are put forward for the high-quality development of the sporting goods manufacturing industry in China.

The goal of this paper is to examine the effect of business orientation on the success of small and medium-sized enterprises in Saudi Arabia. Corporate performance is a dependent variable, whereas business orientation, competitor orientation and inter-functional orientation are used as independent variables. This cross-section analysis was based on a quantitative survey design. The target population consisted of 72 SMEs (industrial, commercial and service) identified by the Saudi Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh. The companies were selected from Riyadh, Jeddah, Abha, Dammam and Bisha, which were founded before March 1, 2005 with less than 100 employees in Saudi Arabia. The findings showed that consumer orientation, competitor orientation and inter-functional cooperation had a substantial positive influence on the success of SMEs in Saudi Arabia during the study period. Market orientation dimensions, in particular, demonstrated a modest relationship to company efficiency. It was concluded that the greater the orientation of the business, the higher the output and the income of the enterprises. SME owners/managers are advised to understand the consumer orientation dimensions that have a positive effect on the success of their firms. Involved parties also need to establish more consistent business-oriented strategies that assess corporate success in order to boost the output of Saudi companies.

It is necessary to understand the customers’ perceptions of internet banking because it helps determining the direction and patterns of intention to continue using internet banking. This could also help bank policymakers to develop appropriate strategies to increase internet banking usage. The study aims to examine the determinants of user’s intention to continue using internet banking since there have been no systematic attempts to understand this aspect, especially in the Indian context. This research suggests and tests an extended model to predict the intention to continue using internet banking in India. The suggested study model was examined using survey data from 206 internet banking users. PLS-SEM was employed for data analysis. The findings imply that the most significant determinants of intention to continue using internet banking are service quality, trust, and user satisfaction. On the other hand, the study finds that intention to continue using internet banking is not impacted by system quality and information quality.

The online food delivery market in India perseveres to grow at a sustained pace. The business has unique dynamics and challenges with the spike in orders during weekends, meeting delivery schedules during peak demand, offering deep discounts to address wavering customer loyalty, reducing cash burns, and managing food quality inconsistency. In contrast, the fast-paced life and the rise of millennials in the workforce is likely to assure a promising future for the food aggregators. The above backdrop has led the researchers to pursue this study. An empirical study was carried out to explore the consumption occasion and the antecedents of online food ordering in the select cities in Karnataka, India. The data was collected from 385 respondents through telephonic and mail survey using a structured questionnaire. The responses were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression. The result of the study indicated a positive association between the constructs ‘buying motives’, ‘aggregator attractiveness’, and customer satisfaction. The variation in customers` satisfaction is largely attributable to the convenience of order placing, food quality, availability of food and restaurant reviews, offers and discounts, faster home delivery, and the wide choice of restaurants listed on the aggregator’s website. Additionally, the aggregator attractiveness showed a higher impact on customer satisfaction as compared to buying motives.

Sektor perladangan kelapa sawit merupakan sektor yang sangat penting dalam industri pertanian dan merupakan penyumbang terpenting kepada ekonomi Malaysia. Namun begitu, isu tenaga buruh di sektor ini sering diperkatakan kerana masih berintensif buruh. Penyertaan golongan belia dalam sektor perladangan kelapa sawit adalah kurang memberangsangkan berbanding sektor lain walaupun sektor ini menawarkan peluang pekerjaan yang lebih luas. Oleh sebab itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti golongan belia yang lebih bersedia untuk melibatkan diri dalam sektor perladangan kelapa sawit berdasarkan faktor demografi mereka. Borang soal selidik digunakan bagi mengumpul data daripada responden yang terdiri daripada golongan belia berusia 18 hingga 35 tahun. Seramai 724 orang responden yang telah menjawab soal selidik ini mewakili setiap negeri di Malaysia. Data yang dikumpul dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisis faktor dan model regresi logistik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa faktor jantina, bangsa, tempat tinggal, pengalaman, dan penglibatan ahli keluarga dalam sektor perladangan kelapa sawit merupakan faktor yang menyumbang kepada kesediaan belia untuk melibatkan diri dalam sektor tersebut. Faktor gaji, faedah, persekitaran kerja dan keselamatan perlu ditambah baik bagi menarik lagi minat golongan belia untuk melibatkan diri dalam industri pertanian negara khususnya di sektor perladangan kelapa sawit. Abstract The oil palm plantation sector is a very important sector in the agricultural industry and is a major contributor to the Malaysian economy. However, the issue of labour in this sector is often addressed as it is labour-intensive. The participation of youths in the oil palm plantation sector is less favourable than the other sector although it offers greater employment opportunities. Therefore, this study aimed to identify youths who are better prepared to participate in the oil palm plantation sector based on their demographic factors. The questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents in the age range of 18 to 35 years. A total of 724 respondents answered this questionnaire representing each state in Malaysia. The data collected were analysed using the factor analysis method and logistic regression model. The results show that the gender, race, residence, experience and involvement of family members in the oil palm plantation sector are factors contributing to youths’ readiness to participate in the sector. Factors such as salary, benefits, work environment and safety factors need to be improved to attract more youths to participate in the agricultural industry, especially in the oil palm plantation sector. Keywords: Youth, labour force, oil palm, demographic factors, logistic regression.

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti kesan langsung dan tak langsung yang dimiliki oleh integrasi kelakuan kumpulan pengurusan atasan (KPA) ke atas dua keupayaan dinamik firma iaitu keupayaan pembelajaran dengan keupayaan konfigurasi semula, yang kedua-duanya diterjemahkan melalui pemboleh ubah kapasiti penyerapan dan ketangkasan organisasi. Analisis Partial Least Square ke atas maklum balas soal selidik daripada 159 buah firma perkilangan bersaiz besar dan sederhana di Malaysia menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara integrasi kelakuan KPA dan kedua-dua kapasiti penyerapan serta ketangkasan organisasi. Hasil analisis juga menyokong hipotesis bagi hubungan tak langsung antara integrasi kelakuan KPA dan ketangkasan organisasi dengan kapasiti penyerapan sebagai faktor pengantara. Penemuan kajian ini menggesa KPA agar menonjolkan sikap yang mementingkan tingkah laku berkolaboratif, pertukaran maklumat yang berkualiti dan pembuatan keputusan secara bersama kerana ketiga-tiga aspek ini didapati secara kolektif memberi kesan yang positif kepada keupayaan dinamik firma. Dapatan kajian ini turut memberi isyarat kepada pengurusan atasan kepentingan untuk memastikan ketiga-tiga ciri ini dimiliki oleh calon yang bakal dipilih sebagai ahli KPA. Hasil kajian ini juga mampu menjadi titik rujuk kepada kajian lanjut yang dijalankan secara kualitatif yang dijangka dapat menyediakan gambaran lebih jelas mengenai peranan KPA dalam pembangunan keupayaan dinamik firma di Malaysia. Abstract This study was conducted to examine the direct and indirect effects of top management team (TMT) behavioural integration on two dynamic capabilities, that is, the learning capability and reconfiguration capability which have been translated through the absorptive capacity and organisational agility. The Partial Least Square analysis on the survey responses from 159 large- and medium-sized manufacturing firms in Malaysia shows that there are significant positive relationships between the TMT behavioural integration and both the absorptive capacity and organisational agility. The analysis results also support the hypothesis of an indirect relationship between the TMT behavioural integration and organisational agility with absorptive capacity as the mediator. The findings reveal the need for the TMT to emphasise collaborative behaviour, quality information exchange and collective decision-making as the three aspects are collectively found to have positive impacts on the firm's dynamic capabilities. The TMT also has to ensure that the candidates selected as its team members must have these characteristics. The results of the study can also be a reference point for qualitative studies conducted which can provide a clearer picture of the role of TMT in the development of dynamic capabilities of firms in Malaysia. Keywords: Top management team behavioural integration, absorptive capacity, organisational agility, dynamic capabilities of firms, Malaysia.

We aim to analyze the evolution and the social and intellectual structure of relationship marketing/CRM scientific field and develop a research agenda. We performed a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 290 articles published between 2015 and 2020. The social structure of the field shows the concentration of publication in developed countries and the predominance of the North-American approach and its focus on consumer centricity. Five research perspectives compose the intellectual structure of relationship marketing scientific field: business-to-business, customer loyalty, adoption and implementation strategies, theoretical developments and digital relationship marketing. We recommend scholars to address relational studies in emerging economies and the role of sociocultural elements in relationship marketing strategies; the impact of social media in consumers and firms relational dynamics; the multichannel context; and the rise of consumption journey as an opportunity to develop relationships in the multiple touchpoints between consumers and firms during the stages of consumption experience.

O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência da prática de selos verdes no comportamento dos consumidores. Procedeu-se, inicialmente, a uma revisão da literatura, focando na discussão acerca do marketing societal, sua origem e evolução, discorrendo também sobre o marketing verde, seu conceito e sua importância, adentrando-se na temática da prática de selos verdes. Tendo a literatura como suporte, adotou-se metodologicamente uma abordagem quantitativa, realizada por meio de dois levantamentos quantitativos (surveys), o primeiro que analisou três produtos com o mesmo selo verde exposto, em conjunto (n=316), e o segundo que os analisou isoladamente (n=69), comparando-os posteriormente. Foi possível verificar certa ambiguidade dos respondentes acerca da prática de selos verdes, de um lado valorizando-a como diferencial competitivo, mas, de outro, reconhecendo a falta de percepção e preocupação dos consumidores sobre isso.

Lacking awareness of appropriate type of power to apply might cause top management to implement equitable practices that fail to produce job satisfaction among subordinates. This study attempts to assess the relationship between organisational justice, power distance and job satisfaction among employees of Selangor Office of State secretary, Malaysia. It employed a survey method to gather data from the employees. The SmartPLS is used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the survey data and test the research hypotheses. The results of SmartPLS path model analysis revealed two important findings: First, the interaction between distributive justice and low power distance was significantly correlated with job satisfaction. Second, the interaction between procedural justice and high-power distance was significantly correlated with job satisfaction. This outcome confirms that the relationship between distributive justice and job satisfaction is moderated by low power distance, while the relationship between procedural justice and job satisfaction is moderated by high power distance. Further, significant recommendations from this study can help practitioners to understand diverse perspectives of power distance and draw up cross-cultural management plans to enable their human resource to contribute towards the attainment of the organisation’s vision and missions.

Awareness of healthy food, population growth, increasing incomes, and urbanization raise the global demand for fruit, where the second position goes to apples. However, their supply is insufficient, implying the lost revenues and exacerbating nutritional food insecurity. To help growers, traders, and consumers cope with such a challenge, this research focused on revealing some world patterns in apple production and trade detailed by groups of countries, their capacities, and prices. The explored data on fresh and processed apples derived from the Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics. The methodological framework of the study engaged divisive hierarchical clustering, analysis of interval variation series, and inequality indicators. The research findings identified two major clusters of 50 out of 96 countries specialized in production and foreign sales of 83.2% and 76.9% of apples. The study outcome comparing fair trade via two triple histograms specified the prevailing deviations between –82% and 80% around farm gate apple prices in 47 exporting countries and the same between –83% and 83% in 46 importing countries. Based on the Gini coefficient, Ratio 20/20, and Hoover index, the accomplished evaluations quantified total disparity in apple trading by 13% to 40%, calculated misbalance between 20% of the top and bottom world traders, and grounded preferable market alignments ranged from 9% to 38%.

This paper examines the influence of asymmetric information on foreign capital inflows in ASEAN PLUS THREE (ASEAN+3) countries. Linking capital flows to stock market setting, it substantiates other efforts concerning the debatable issues of the effect of asymmetric information on foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign portfolio investment (FPI). The asymmetric information is captured through the stock market microstructure perspective on the width and depth dimensions using highly frequency cross sectional data from year 2000 to 2015. Roll and Amivest models are employed to quantify the width and depth aspects of the asymmetric information. Employing the panel data technique, the results demonstrate the significant effect of market transparency on foreign capital inflows specifically the FDI as compared to the FPI. An increase in the width and depth analysis based on the Amivest model signifies a high informational transparency, thus shows a lower asymmetric information which consequently leads to the high foreign capital inflows. The results of the study provide information to the policymakers in monitoring capital inflows on the aspect of market transparency and highlight the importance of the stock market microstructure in assessing the asymmetric information for ASEAN+3 countries.

Innovative marketing has given rise to practitioners' and scholars' attention in the 21st-century market. Given this, social media marketing has become the order of the day when accessing modern tools for marketing communication. However, the adoption of this innovation comes with its associated challenges, particularly, from a developing country perspective. Against this background, this study sought to examine the inhibitors characterized in the application of social media channels as an innovative tool for advertising and communication among SMEs (small and medium enterprises) in Ghana. For study results to be achieved, a quantitative research approach with a questionnaire of 650 was distributed among managerial staff of the fashion industry in the central part of Ghana of which 512 respondents were duly received and correctly filled for data processing and analysis. Results from the partial least square structural equation method (PLS-SEM), showed that despite the importance of innovation, lack of managerial skills/marketing expertise, perceived cost, regular systems/links upgrade, and financial constraints are significant inhibiting factors affecting the application of social media as advertising and communication tools among SMEs in developing economy. Interestingly, the findings further showed that 'company's size' as well as 'availability of social media channel/tool' significantly control for the outcome variable (internet/social media) as a marketing communication tool., IGA/FaME/2019/002, IGA/FaME/2019/008, IGA/FaME/2020/002, Tomas Bata University in Zlin [IGA/FaME/2019/002, IGA/FaME/2020/002, IGA/FaME/2019/008]

Цель - исследовать проблемы внедрения системы стратегического планирования на промышленных предприятиях. Дизайн / Метод / Исследовательский подход . Теоретический подход, основанный на обобщении имеющихся исследований, анализа и сравнения для выявления препятствий для реализации стратегического планирования на промышленных предприятиях. Выводы. Обосновано, что разработка стратегии и реализация системы стратегического планирования являются необходимыми условиями функционирования современного промышленного предприятия в силу динамизма и нестабильности экономической среды. Одним из важнейших факторов, влияющих на эффективность хозяйствующего субъекта, является осознание необходимости внедрения системы стратегического планирования, поскольку это позволяет компании добиться динамичного развития и укрепить свои позиции на рынке. Утверждается, что среди проблем, влияющих на реализацию стратегического планирования на промышленных предприятиях, есть внешние факторы влияния, внутренние факторы организации и факторы, связанные с мотивами собственника предприятия. Theoretical implications. The research's theoretical significance is to change the research focus in strategic planning from external factors to the enterprise owner's motives research. Practical implications. Owners and top managers can use the research to prevent problems with the enterprise's strategic planning implementation. Originality/Value. The paper's originality is because, for the first time, the relationship between the dynamics and problems of strategic planning system implementation in industrial enterprises is considered by the personal motives of the enterprises' owners. Ограничения исследований / Будущие исследования . В прогнозах дальнейших исследований далее анализируется взаимосвязь между внешними и внутренними факторами, влияющими на проблемы внедрения системы стратегического планирования на промышленных предприятиях. Тип статьи - теоретическая.

Financial decision-making through social media blogs and opinions is an area not much explored by the researchers. This study intends to understand the perceived usefulness of social media in financial decision-making amongst individuals and groups based on demographic similarities and social parameters. This paper aims to understand the perception of various subgroups in society within the large population sample. The paper applies Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests to examine the proposed research questions from a dataset of 201 individuals residing in two most populated states in Northern India. The analysis reveals the differences between different groups categorized based on generation, financially dependent, educational background, occupation, and geographical location. In terms of social media's perceived utility in financial decision-making, results suggest that segregated groups based on cohort generation and occupation have significant variations relative to others. Based on the educational context, all other segments, number of financially dependent, geographical location, were found insignificant. The novelty of the paper lies in investigating the perceived usefulness of social media in financial decision-making amongst various homogenous groups based on demographics in a developing country. The study outcomes can be useful for the financial service providers and social media platforms in comprehending consumer behavior to devise an innovative marketing strategy for financial products targeting specific segments through enhanced coordination between them., Internal Grant Agency of FaME TBU [IGA/FaME/2019/002]

The study aims to synthesize the challenges that retailers are facing during the COVID-19 emergency The research is definitive, informative, and based on a single design of cross-sectional research Quantitative data based on the research instrument were produced (a questionnaire) Five hundred responses were collected from employees of major retail stores in India Retailer performance is considered a dependent variable, whereas employee well-being, customer and brand protection, use of technology, government policies, and supply chain are used as independent variables The current study results indicated that employee well-being and government policies have a significant positive impact on retailer performance, while customer and brand protection, use of technology, and supply chain have a significant positive impact on retailers' performance This study will help retailers develop strategies for their employees to protect them and understand that technology is needed in the new normal times This study highlights the need to be flexible in executing strategic strategies, but retailers need to develop comprehensive action plans, including selecting managers of initiative and defining goals and deadlines Provided that retailers' current reality is different from the old normal, no time is lost in taking audacious action © This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International license, which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

The main objective of this paper is to determine total investments by activities in Brod-Posavina County, revenues and expenditures level, number of entrepreneurs by activities, including the achieved financial results of entrepreneurs of the Brod-Posavina County over the past five years. During research of facts and possibilities that currently exist, the following research methods are used in a different combination: historical method, the method of analysis and synthesis, classification, description method and generalization.

This paper presents scientific research at the national level in the Republic of Croatia, i.e. the analysis of the motives for the arrival of the younger age group, the generation Y so-called millennials and generation Z's in city and national theatres. The institutions of culture in the Republic of Croatia are always trying to find the best way to contain existing and attract new audiences. The aim of this paper is to investigate the development of young theatre audiences, i.e. their motives, but also the obstacles of attendance in to city and national theatres.

The paper aims to explore how the Balanced Scorecard method can improve budgetary users' performance audit in Croatia. Literature review on performance measurement in the Croatian public sector gives an overview of the development level in strategic planning, control, and monitoring performance. The paper gives some suggestions for improving Croatia's budget system based on the identified disadvantages and weaknesses in measuring and monitoring performance.

The methodological approach for assessing the formation of food demand in unforeseen situations using digital Internet-technologies and the assessment itself, is substantiated in the paper (in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020) Comparison and theoretical generalization, as well as statistical test-assessment of hypotheses and structural regularities based on the data of Google Trends Internet platform, is used to analyze consumer preferences and intensity of demand changes for meat, milk, sugar, bread, and flour during the pandemic and quarantine, both in developed and developing countries It is discovered that the biggest changes can be observed in the developed countries: consumer preferences shifted from rather expensive food products (milk and meat) to much cheaper ones (flour and bread) It is asserted that a decrease in consumer demand for basic food products will have a negative impact on the global economy In 2020, a considerable decrease in GDP is expected for the developed countries;in the developing countries, GDP decline will not be as large, but prices are expected to rise much more noticeably The following anti-crisis measures are proposed: support of the most vulnerable population and increase of food accessibility;temporary reduction of the VAT and other taxes influencing the price of food;reduction of central banks’ lending rates, etc With the correct measures applied, the stabilization of consumer demand for food and gradual growth of the global economy is expected by the end of 2021 © Iaroslav Gadzalo, Mykola Sychevskiy, Olha Kovalenko, Liudmyla Deineko, Lyudmila Yashchenko, 2020

The measures of the semantic relatedness of concepts can be categorised into two types: knowledge‑based methods and corpus‑based methods. Knowledge‑based techniques make use of man‑created dictionaries, thesauruses and other artefacts as a source of knowledge. Corpus‑based techniques assess the semantic similarity of two concepts making use of large corpora of text documents. Some researchers claim that knowledge‑based measures outperform corpus‑based ones, but it is much more important to observe that the latter ones are heavily corpus dependent. In this article, we propose to modify the best WordNet‑based method of assessing semantic relatedness, i.e. the Leacock‑Chodorow measure. This measure has proven to be the best in several studies and has a very simple formula. We asses our proposal on the basis of two popular benchmark sets of pairs of concepts, i.e. the Ruben‑Goodenough set of 65 pairs of concepts and the Fickelstein set of 353 pairs of terms. The results prove that our proposal outperforms the traditional Leacock‑Chodorow measure. Miary semantycznego podobieństwa pojęć można podzielić na dwa rodzaje: metody oparte na wiedzy i metody oparte na bazie tekstów. Techniki oparte na wiedzy stosują stworzone przez człowieka słowniki oraz inne opracowania. Techniki oparte na bazie tekstów oceniają podobieństwo semantyczne dwóch pojęć, odwołując się do obszernych baz dokumentów tekstowych. Niektórzy badacze twierdzą, że miary oparte na wiedzy są lepsze jakościowo od tych opartych na bazie tekstów, ale o wiele istotniejsze jest to, że te drugie zależą bardzo mocno od użytej bazy tekstów. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono propozycję modyfikacji najlepszej metody pomiaru semantycznego podobieństwa pojęć, opartej na sieci WordNet, a mianowicie miary Leacock‑Chodorowa. Ta miara była najlepsza w kilku eksperymentach badawczych oraz można zapisać ją za pomocą prostej formuły. Nową propozycję oceniono na podstawie dwóch popularnych benchmarkowych zbiorów par pojęć, tj. zbioru 65 par pojęć Rubensteina‑Goodenougha oraz zbioru 353 par pojęć Fickelsteina. Wyniki pokazują, że przedstawiona propozycja spisała się lepiej od tradycyjnej miary Leacock‑Chodorowa.

The rapid urbanisation of the world leads, among others, to dynamic development of metropolitan areas. The functional relationships between territorial units which make up a metropolitan area mean that the preparation of economically, spatially and environmentally coherent strategies needs to be coordinated at the metropolitan level in order to prevent negative effects of metropolisation and to ensure sustainable development of such an area. This in turn requires that the approach towards managing development shifts in favour of governance and integrated strategies. The paper aims at assessing whether the integrated planning and management is used in metropolitan areas in Romania. The desk research method was applied to analyse Romanian legislation for metropolitan areas, integrated strategies for the development of metropolitan areas and reports on their implementation. Interviews with representatives of selected associations of metropolitan areas provided additional valuable insight. Zachodzące na świecie procesy gwałtownej urbanizacji prowadzą między innymi do dynamicznego rozwoju obszarów metropolitalnych. Powiązania funkcjonalne między jednostkami terytorialnymi wchodzącymi w skład obszaru metropolitalnego powodują, że w celu zapobiegania negatywnym skutkom metropolizacji i zapewnienia zrównoważonego rozwoju takiego obszaru należy koordynować na poziomie metropolitalnym przygotowanie spójnych gospodarczo, przestrzennie i środowiskowo strategii. To z kolei wymaga zmiany podejścia do zarządzania rozwojem w kierunku współrządzenia i zintegrowanego planowania rozwoju. Celem artykułu jest ocena, czy zintegrowane planowanie i zarządzanie jest stosowane w obszarach metropolitalnych Rumunii. W badaniach wykorzystano metodę desk research, w ramach której przeanalizowano rumuńskie ustawodawstwo dotyczące obszarów metropolitalnych, zintegrowane strategie rozwoju obszarów metropolitalnych oraz raporty z ich realizacji. Cennym uzupełnieniem informacji były wywiady z przedstawicielami wybranych stowarzyszeń obszarów metropolitalnych.

Organizations place great value on corporate social responsibility (CSR), as it has been found to influence customer attitudes and intentions. This study analyzed the impact of CSR on consumers’ purchase intentions. The significance of this study arises from the fact that all progressive companies are increasing their expenditure on CSR activities. In this study, purchase intention was considered as a dependent variable, while trust, ethical, and legal CSR activities were the independent variables. Data for the study was collected from 210 randomly chosen respondents from amongst consumers of Delhi and National Capital Region of India. The data, analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling, found that trust, ethics, and legal CSR activities directly impacted consumer purchase intentions. These results indicate that legal factors do not significantly influence the corporate decision on spending on CSR activities. On the other hand, ethical factors and trust factors significantly influence the corporate decision on expenditure on CSR activities. The findings highlight companies’ requirements to be conscious of their social image. Probable limitations of the study could include sample size and the number of variables chosen.

The purpose of this study is to examine the conditions required for the application of association analysis in the identification of the collusive behaviour of contractors in public tenders. It also focuses on determining the values of the confidence and lift measures that will describe the rules specific to a tender cartel. Worldwide research has aimed to develop effective and easy‑to‑use screening tests to identify cartel cases in public procurement. The recent research focuses on price (its distribution, variance, range) and classifiers allowing for detection of contractors whose mode of operation deviates from that commonly observed. This study follows the direction of current research. The main results of the study include the confirmation of the applicability of the method for the detection of colluding entities and the determination of the value of the confidence and lift measures specific to cartel cases. The policymakers, law enforcement agencies, contracting authorities and competitors of the cartels can use the proposed method to eliminate or at least to limit the scale of the problem. The main shortcoming of the application of the results is the inability to apply them to cartels pursuing an avoidance strategy. Further research will be conducted to develop a conceptual application of association analysis to all cartel strategies. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie warunków niezbędnych do zastosowania analizy asocjacji w wykrywaniu zmów zawieranych przez wykonawców zamówień publicznych. Koncentruje się ono na określeniu wartości parametrów zaufania (confidence) oraz podniesienia (lift), charakteryzujących reguły asocjacyjne właściwe dla zachowania się uczestników zmowy przetargowej. Aktualnie prowadzone na świecie badania ukierunkowane są na opracowanie względnie łatwych w użyciu narzędzi, pozwalających na skuteczne ujawnianie przypadków karteli przetargowych. Podejmowane dotychczas próby ich opracowania skupiały się na analizie cen (rozkład, wariancja, rozstęp) oraz klasyfikatorach pozwalających na wykrycie wykonawców, których zachowanie w procedurze przetargowej odbiega od powszechnie obserwowanego. Analiza prezentowana w niniejszym artykule wpisuje się w ten kierunek badań. Do głównych wniosków z przeprowadzonej analizy zalicza się: potwierdzenie możliwości zastosowania analizy asocjacji do wykrywania zmów przetargowych oraz określenie wartości miar zaufania i podniesienia do identyfikacji podmiotów działających w sposób typowy dla karteli. Zaproponowana metoda może zostać zastosowana przez organy ochrony prawa, zamawiających oraz konkurentów, w celu wyeliminowania lub przynajmniej ograniczenia skali występowania porozumień przetargowych. Główną, zidentyfikowaną wadą proponowanej metody jest brak możliwości zastosowania do karteli realizujących strategię unikania konkurencji. Planowane jest prowadzenie badań ukierunkowanych na rozwinięcie użyteczności proponowanej metody na wszystkie strategie możliwe do zastosowania przez uczestników zmowy.

The purpose of this study is to recognize the share of self-generated sources of financing for activities of public higher education institutions as part of their general stream of financing. Therefore, the key question that will be answered in this study is: how is the structure of financing sources of a studied institution of higher education formed? In the theoretical section, findings were based on the results of literature research. In turn, in the empirical part, findings were based on the results of a case study supported by observation in a multi-field participating university. The entity's financial statements were also used. On the basis of the research results, the structure of financing sources for the studied public institution of higher education was determined, indicating the possibility of using the entity's financial reporting for this purpose. It was noticed, based on the classification of the sources of financial supply indicated in the literature, that they are heterogeneous – drawn from both the public and private sectors. An increase in the share of funds supplied from the private sector was also revealed. In turn, private sources mainly came from fees related to the teaching process. Private sources also included those from commercialization of research results. The research presented in the study has provided new knowledge about the structure of the financing sources of a public education of higher institution in the context of current conditions for its functioning. In particular, the research helps supplement the existing scarcity of knowledge about the share of self-generated financing for a public higher education institution in the general financing stream of its activities.

The article is of a theoretical and empirical nature. To prepare the theoretical part the available literature on marketing and consumer behaviour was cognitively and critically analysed. The results of the analysis allowed for identifying a knowledge gap and a research gap in this area. So far, purchaser activity in the context of relationships and image has not been analysed, especially in relation to offerors perceived as the initiators of communication and creation behaviours of purchasers. Therefore, the aim of the article was to define the significance of mutual relationships between purchasers and offerors in relation to the activity of final purchasers. A research hypothesis was verified: that the perception of offerors as the initiators of the activity of final purchasers differentiates the range of this activity. In order to achieve the goal and check the formulated hypothesis, a nationwide empirical research was conducted. The research involved a questionnaire for collecting primary data, which was afterwards statistically analysed by means of cluster analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results revealed that good relationships were important or very important for the majority of respondents. The perception of offerors was significant as far as the form of marketing activity for purchasers are concerned. However, it is possible to note statistically significant differentiation in the case of two forms of purchaser activity. So, the research hypothesis turned out to be valid only for these two forms.

The objective of this article was to identify examples of prosumer behaviour in the food market, to examine the degree of customer involvement and to measure the attitudes (opinions) of respondents regarding customer engagement in creation/improvement of a product. The most popular activities undertaken by consumers in the field of prosumption were selected and consumer involvement in various types of marketing campaigns organized by producers was determined. The survey was conducted among 320 respondents. The conducted research indicates consumer activity in the field of prosumption; however, respondents mainly manifest behaviour that do not require them to be very active. Sharing opinions on purchased food products is one of the manifestations of prosumer behaviour and these actions are undertaken with great frequency and willingness. The study also identified consumer participation in creating new products and improving existing ones. Over half of the respondents (64.4%) declared that they participated in these activities, however their participation is rare or very rare. In addition, consumers express positive opinions about the organization of such activities by companies and most of them believe that there are too few such activities on the market.

In our paper, we analyse the impact of funding structure on banking sector stability in EU countries. Our findings show that after the global financial crisis (GFC) there are four main funding models in the EU banking sectors. We document that funding structure is an important factor influencing the banking sector stability. We report that there are also some other banking business model characteristics as well as macroeconomic indicators which have impact on banking sector risk.

This paper aims to present the social cooperative movement in Poland’s rural areas as illustrated by social cooperatives operating in rural communes of the Masovian Voivodeship. Of the 32 units operating at least since 2014, only 10 have remained on the market. Based on the National Court Register data, the study examined activity profiles, employment levels, activity periods, founding entities and financial situations by using the method of indicators of dynamics and return on sales (ROS). Cooperatives were selected with regard to the legal nature of their founders in order to indicate any differences. The cooperatives established by legal persons had a stable financial situation in the case of 80% of the analysed entities. All of them recorded an increase in revenues in comparison to the year before and 80% of them reported a profit and a positive ROS. 80% of the entities established by natural persons generated a loss from conducted activities and a negative ROS in the last three years of conducted activities. The research results showed that the greatest chances for development were found in cooperatives that were established by legal persons and which rendered services of general interest.

W artykule zostały zaprezentowane wybrane modele regresji logistycznej, które służą do analizy przedsiębiorstw w zakresie zagrożenia bankructwem jak i zmiany w sytuacji finansowej. Jak wynika z literatury z zakresu finansów do oceny kondycji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa należy zastosować odpowiednie metody. Błędna ocena może przynieść przykre konsekwencje dla przedsiębiorstwa, w postaci podjęcia nietrafionych decyzji przez zarządzających, odmowy udzielenia kredytu bankowego lub niepodjęcia współpracy przez dostawców i odbiorców. Celem artykułu była weryfikacja skuteczności predykcji 12 modeli regresji logistycznej, które pozwalają na dokonanie oceny zagrożenia bankructwem przedsiębiorstwa a także zajęcia stanowiska odnośnie przyszłej kondycji finansowej. Próba badawcza wynosiła 40 przedsiębiorstw, w tym 8 przedsiębiorstw, dla których został złożony wniosek o upadłość. Jak wynika z przeprowadzonych badań, poszczególne modele odznaczają się różną sprawnością ogólną, która wyniosła od 54% do 98%. Ponadto wykazano, że wraz ze wzrostem wskaźników analizy finansowej użytych w konstrukcji funkcji nie zwiększa się sprawność poszczególnych modeli. Autor podsumowuje, że w celu uniknięcia ryzyka przeprowadzenia niewiarygodnej oceny kondycji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa, należy zastosować co najmniej kilka modeli logitowych.

The main purpose of the paper was to identify and present the situation and changes in the level of expenditure on public roads in Poland, taking into account the division of the country into voivodships. The data concerned the period from 2005 to 2017. Sources of materials were the analysis of available literature in the field of road transport, legal acts, data from the CSO database. The comparative method was used in the paper, dynamics indicators were evaluated, the Gini concentration coefficient was calculated and the degree of concentration was presented using the Lorenz curve. Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were also used. A descriptive, tabular and graphic method were used to present the results. Investment outlays on roads apply to both the construction of new roads and the repair of existing ones. Between 2005-2017, the length of public roads in Poland increased by 11% to 422,000 km. Changes in individual voivodships and in subsequent years varied. The largest increase in road length occurred in Podlaskie and Lublin, while the smallest was in Opole. The largest expenditure on public roads was incurred in 2009-2011, which was related to the preparation for the Euro 2012 football tournament, which took place in Poland and Ukraine. Investment outlays were related to the level of economic development of voivodships and the resources of public roads. The only exception to this rule occurred in 2009-2011, when many road investments were centrally financed by the government.

Diversos estudos têm debatido sobre as consequências do consumo, como os impactos ambientais e sociais. Esses estudos geram reflexões e, com isso, existem pessoas que estão mudando seus modos de viver em prol de um mundo melhor ou de uma vida com mais felicidade e qualidade. Um exemplo são as pessoas que vão na direção oposta ao consumo, buscando um estilo de vida minimalista. O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar quais são as motivações para as pessoas buscarem uma vida minimalista e quais são os impactos no consumo. Foram feitas entrevistas em profundidade com dez adeptos do minimalismo. As motivações relatadas foram principalmente de cunho pessoal, como busca pela liberdade, felicidade e desejo de melhor utilização do tempo e dinheiro. Aderir ao estilo de vida minimalista leva a grandes mudanças no consumo que afetam a forma de se vestir, se locomover, morar e até mesmo a forma como se dão os relacionamentos intrapessoais e interpessoais. Foram relatados benefícios ao adotar o minimalismo. Porém, os entrevistados citaram dificuldades, como a falta de compreensão de amigos e familiares. Apesar das dificuldades, eles sentem que vale a pena aderir ao minimalismo, pois se sentem mais felizes e com uma vida com mais propósito.

This paper analyses high-quality and recognizable tourism product, the coher-ence of all involved holders of the tourism as well as a good organization in the tourism destination, a strong brand, image and how to fulfil or even exceed the tourist expectations by ensuring a recognizable tourism product that creates positive experience. The aim of this research is to define the major precondi-tions for a quality tourism destination strategy as recognizable tourism product by including experts and their experience in a focus group interview.

This paper investigates the impact of gender on the individual probability of being unemployed and makes a cross‑country comparison across 13 European countries during the European recession. Applying a general logit model for each country and capital, whilst controlling for the year, as well as for individual and regional characteristics, the probability of unemployment was estimated using individual labour force data from 2011 to 2014. Cook’s distance is used to examine the differences between labour markets of capital regions (or cities) and non‑capital regions. Using the size of Cook’s distance, models are calibrated, and models which include the degree of urbanization and occupation type are evaluated. The results are presented in the form of a spatial map and show that gender affects the probability of unemployment in the majority of the analysed countries. Overall, the effect is lower in capital than in non‑capital regions. W niniejszym artykule zbadano wpływ płci na prawdopodobieństwo bezrobocia i dokonano porównania między 13 krajami europejskimi podczas recesji gospodarczej. Stosując ogólny model logitu dla każdego kraju i stolicy, jak również kontrolując rok oraz cechy indywidualne i regionalne, oszacowano prawdopodobieństwo bezrobocia na podstawie danych dotyczących siły roboczej w latach 2011–2014. Odległość Cooka służy do badania różnic między rynkami pracy regionów stołecznych (lub miast) a regionami niebędącymi stolicami. Korzystając z wielkości odległości Cooka, modele są kalibrowane, a modele uwzględniające stopień urbanizacji i typ zawodu – oceniane. Wyniki przedstawiono w formie mapy przestrzennej – pokazują one, że płeć wpływa na prawdopodobieństwo bezrobocia w większości analizowanych krajów. Ogólnie efekt jest mniejszy w przypadku regionów stołecznych.

This study aims to determine the influence of in-store promotion in the form of price discount and price package on customer value and purchase intention. The research sample was 120 consumers purchasing the private label products in modern stores using a purposive sampling technique. The data were then analyzed using SEM PLS. The result revealed that all hypotheses were accepted and each variable studied showed a strong and significant influence on each other, especially in terms of its influence on the purchase intention. In-store promotion is a more influencing variable of purchase intention in private label products than customer value. The result also pointed out the three most dominant items forming in-store promotion, customer value, and purchase intention. Those items are the frequency of discount program, the products’ quality, and the reference group that helps the company promoting private label products, usually friends’ recommendation. These findings are expected to be used by decision-makers in retail businesses to formulate in-store promotional activities and create customer value following the target market to increase consumers’ willingness to buy private label products. Acknowledgment The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Doctoral Dissertation Research Grant Program of the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education for funding this research. The authors highly appreciate the assistance, suggestions, and inputs from both editors and reviewers of this article.

Purpose – The purpose of the study was to test whether Instagram influencers can affect followers’ engagement using a simple modification to an Instagram post content. Design/Methodology/Approach – The study focused on the posts sampled from Croatian Instagram SMIs with more than ten thousand followers. Ten posts from each SMI were analysed for both low engagement, i.e. the number of likes, and high engagement, i.e. the number of comments, along with information on whether a face and other features of an SMI features were shown in a post. Findings and implications – Human face in a post increases engagement, but only the lower type (i.e. the number of likes a post receives), even when the effect of the number of followers is statistically controlled for. A higher type of engagement (i.e. the number of comments) is not affected by the presence of a face in a post. Limitations – A lack of formal operationalization of SMIs leads to a more conservative sample of only those SMIs with more than ten thousand followers. The content of the posts preceding the analysed post, which could have influenced the followers’ behaviour, could not be measured due to the study design. Originality – Although previous research has shown that a face in an Instagram post leads to more likes and comments among friends, the relationship between SMIs and their followers lacks the exact reciprocity of like-for-like. Given that the followers’ gains are not straightforward in this kind of relationship, the finding that a face shown in a post can affect engagement is worth scientific attention., Svrha - Svrha istraživanja bila je ispitati mogu li utjecajne osobe na Instagramu utjecati na uključenost pratitelja pomoću jednostavnog dodatka objavi. Metodološki pristup - Istraživanje je provedeno na objavama hrvatskih utjecajnih osoba na Instagramu s više od deset tisuća pratitelja. Deset objava svake od utjecajnih osoba analizirano je prikupljanjem podataka o nižoj uključenosti, to jest broju oznaka ‘sviđa mi se’, i višoj, to jest broju komentara ispod objave, zajedno s informacijom o tome prikazuje li objava ljudsko lice i nekoliko brojčanih opisa utjecajne osobe. Rezultati i implikacije - Ljudsko lice na objavi utjecalo je na nižu razinu uključenosti pratitelja, veći broj oznaka ‘sviđa mi se’ uočen je na objavama koje pokazuju lice kontrolirajući efekt broja pratitelja na uključenost. Viša razina uključenosti pratitelja ne razlikuje se s obzirom na prikazivanje lica u objavi. Ograničenja - Nepostojanje jednoznačne definicije pojma utjecajna osoba utjecalo je na odabir konzervativnog uzorka utjecajnih osoba s više od deset tisuća pratitelja. Osim toga, nije bilo mogućnosti kontrolirati sadržaj objava koje su prethodile analiziranim objavama, a mogle su utjecati na ponašanje pratitelja. Doprinos - Iako su prethodna istraživanja pokazala da je lice na objavi na Instagramu povezano s većim brojem oznaka ‘sviđa mi se’ i većim brojem komentara u kontekstu prijateljskih odnosa, utjecajne osobe i pratitelji nemaju takvu vrstu direktnog reciprociteta u međusobnom davanju oznaka ‘sviđa mi se’ i uzajamnog komentiranja objava. S obzirom da dobitci pratitelja nisu jednoznačni, nalaz da unutar takvog odnosa jednostavna preinaka objave može povećati uključenost pratitelja vrijedna je znanstvene pozornosti.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the interplay between consumer ethnocentrism and social identity as concepts with significant relevance for different consumer responses in globalized environment. Design/Methodology/Approach – The paper contains analysis of theoretical foundations, based on social identity theory, as well as conceptual content analysis of selected studies that deal with both the observed concepts. Findings and implications – This paper contributes to deeper insights into the interplay between consumer ethnocentrism and identity, and provides a good foundation for explaining and predicting different consumers’ responses in the globalized environment. From the perspective of social identity theory, ethnocentrism is considered to be an important factor in maintaining social identity and preserving it in the changing environment. This proposition is confirmed by empirical studies that show a positive relation between identity and consumer ethnocentrism. On the other hand, some empirical studies reveal somewhat mixed results which indicate that consumer ethnocentrism does not always correspond with the strength of identity. Also, studies that deal with consumer ethnocentrism and identity in the context of global changes and acculturation processes suggest that the relational matrix of those concepts can be far more complex. Limitations – The observed theoretical backgrounds mostly consider classical propositions of the social identity theory and focus on specific forms of social identity. Originality – This paper represents a synthesis of the dynamic perspective of social identity theory with conceptual analysis of consumer studies that deal with consumer ethnocentrism and identity., Svrha - Svrha je ovoga rada ponuditi uvid u interakciju između potrošačkog etnocentrizma i socijalnog identiteta kao koncepata od velikog značaja za različite reakcije potrošača u globaliziranom okružju. Metodološki pristup - Rad sadrži analizu teorijskih polazišta koncepata, zasnovanih na teoriji socijalnog identiteta, kao i konceptualnu analizu sadržaja odabranih studija koje se bave potrošačkim etnocentrizmom i identitetom. Rezultati i implikacije - Rad doprinosi dubljem uvidu u interakciju potrošačkog etnocentrizma i identiteta pružajući dobru osnovu za pojašnjenje i predviđanje različitih potrošačkih reakcija u globaliziranom okruženju. Iz perspektive teorije socijalnog identiteta, etnocentrizam predstavlja važan čimbenik u održavanju i očuvanju identiteta u promjenjivom okruženju. Navedena teorijska propozicija potvrđena je empirijskim studijama koje upućuju na pozitivan odnos između potrošačkog etnocentrizma i identiteta. S druge strane, određene studije pokazuju nešto drugačije rezultate u kojima razina etnocentrizma i snaga identiteta nisu u potpunosti usklađene. Studije koje se bave potrošačkim etnocentrizmom i identitetom, u kontekstu globalnih promjena i akulturacijskog procesa, upućuju na kompleksnost relacijske matrice između ovih dvaju koncepata. Ograničenja - Rad se, u većoj mjeri, zasniva na propozicijama klasične teorije socijalnog identiteta fokusirajući se na specifične oblike socijalnog identiteta. Doprinos - Rad predstavlja sintezu dinamičke perspektive teorije socijalnog identiteta s konceptualnom analizom studija koje se bave potrošačkim etnocentrizmom i identitetom.

Purpose – The aim of this paper was to challenge the purpose of financial education in the context of financial literacy of adolescents, and to test the efficiency of the developed high-school study book and program “My money, my future”. Also, the purpose was to identify the predictors of financial knowledge before conducting the workshop, as well as the characteristics of adolescents with best performances on the financial knowledge test. Design/Methodology/Approach – The data was collected from a purposive sample of teenagers who participated in “My money, my future” program from October 2016 to February 2018 and the questionnaire employed was a three-part tool. Findings and implications – Financial interventions contribute to young people’s financial knowledge. Interest, previous financial education and ownership of a bank account were found to be valid and reliable predictors of higher levels of knowledge among teenagers. Furthermore, most high school students in the sample reported they had already engaged in saving behaviour, and more than half of them claimed to have bank accounts. Financial knowledge after the workshop was significant compared to their knowledge before the workshop. Greater knowledge before the workshop led to significantly higher levels of knowledge afterwards. Differences in the levels of financial knowledge were also tested with respect to gender. Limitations – The sample only includes high-school students and the research was conducted exclusively on the territory of the Republic of Croatia. Originality – The paper emphasized the importance of financial education programs in increasing the level of financial literacy and efficiency of future financial decision making among adolescents.

Given the limited quantity of studies within the literature, this study investigates the moderator role of hedonic shopping value and mood in the relationship between consumer mindfulness and impulse buying behavior. The study is quantitative and descriptive and using a convenient sampling method, 223 online questionnaires were obtained in Samsun, Trabzon, and İstanbul. The responses collected from a close-ended questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale was tested at Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through AMOS.The findings of the study indicated that consumers with mindfulness exhibit negative impulse buying behavior. Although the study results reveal that hedonic shopping value has a moderator role in the relationship between consumers with low mindfulness and their impulse buying behavior, the moderator role of hedonic shopping value in the relationship between consumers with high mindfulness and impulse buying behavior is not proved. Besides, it is found that consumers’ positive and negative moods have not a moderator role in the relationship between mindfulness and impulse buying behavior. From this viewpoint, the study’s result will provide practitioners and academicians to understand the impulse buying behavior patterns of consumers with mindfulness.

This research aims to examine the factors influencing the Indonesian Muslim community’s actions in choosing halal items. This objective is accomplished by evaluating the factors of variable creation that affect halal product selection. 183 Muslim respondents in Indonesia collected data for the study by filling out questionnaires. There are nine variables in the questionnaire survey segment: personal social perception, halal certification, halal awareness, trust, subjective norms, satisfaction, attitude, religiosity, and interest. Data were obtained based on participants’ availability and willingness to participate in selecting the questionnaire. The approach used is quantitative descriptive, namely, factor analysis, to determine the factors that form variables. One of the most important results is that the nine variables were selected to create an element that significantly influences people’s behavior in choosing halal items. Next are satisfaction, personal social perception, subjective norms, attitude, halal certification, interest, trust, and halal awareness. The religiosity variable results give the most significant contribution of importance in shaping the variables. AcknowledgmentAuthors acknowledge the Covenant Faculty of Economics and Business of UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, who has supported this research.

Innovative marketing practices are essential for firms to increase sales and profitability. This paper aims to investigate the determinants of firms’ marketing innovation based on the employment of resource-based view and stakeholder theory. A probit regression model linking marketing innovation with proxies of firms’ resources and pressures from firms’ stakeholders was tested based on a dataset of 5,857 Vietnamese enterprises taken from a survey by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam in 2016. The findings indicate that firms’ size decreases the probability of marketing innovation by 1%, while internal knowledge gained from internal R&D causes the probability of marketing innovation to increase by 0.18%. Besides, the political connection and collaborations with competitors and private consultants drive the probability that firms implement the marketing innovation up by 0.09%, 0.12%, and 0.09%, respectively. On the other hand, export-oriented firms are more likely to implement marketing innovation by 0.03%, while foreign ownership reduces the chance of this decision by 0.05%. This research also reveals the essential role of the firm’s market pressures to enter into new markets or improve product quality in encouraging marketing innovation by 0.16% and 0.13%, respectively. AcknowledgmentThis research was supported by National Economics University, Grant Number: 343-QĐ-ĐHKTQD.