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La participació en el context de la planificació urbana està creixent en els processos urbans i arquitectònics de les ciutats democràtiques. La co-creació urbana significa treballar amb les comunitats integrant les seves necessitats i imaginaris, donant-los l'oportunitat de col·laborar en la transformació de la ciutat. Per a aconseguir-ho, es requereix una metodologia participativa complexa i preparada perquè professionals de l'urbanisme, de l'arquitectura i del paisatgisme treballin de manera interdisciplinària juntament amb altres agents socials. Aquesta recerca presenta un mètode comparatiu d'estudis de cas utilitzant una taxonomia semiòtica, generada a partir d'estudis anteriors. En aquesta nova etapa de la recerca, presentada en aquest article, es compara casos d'estudis i els seus “codis” per a poder trobar similituds entre si i entendre com influeix cada part d'una acció participativa. Els resultats mostren que aquests "codis" amb denominadors comuns es repeteixen en contextos a vegades molt diferents. Participation in the context of urban planning is growing in the urban and architectural processes of democratic cities. Urban co-creation means working with communities by integrating their needs, giving them the opportunity to collaborate in the transformation of the city. To achieve this, a complex and prepared participatory methodology is required for urban planning, architecture and landscape architecture professionals to work in an interdisciplinary way together with other social actors. This research presents a comparative case study method using a semiotic taxonomy, generated from previous studies. In this new stage of the research, presented in this paper, case studies and their "codes" are compared in order to find similarities between them and to understand how each part of a participatory action influences the other. The results show that these "codes" with common denominators are repeated in sometimes very different contexts. La participación en el contexto de la planificación urbana está resurgiendo en los procesos urbanos y arquitectónicos de las ciudades democráticas. La co-creación urbana significa trabajar con los habitantes para transformar las ciudades, dándoles la oportunidad de colaborar en la transformación de la ciudad. Para lograrlo, se requiere una metodología participativa compleja y preparada para que urbanistas, arquitectos paisajistas trabajen de forma interdisciplinar con otros especialistas. Esta investigación presenta un método de comparación de estudios de caso utilizando una taxonomía semiótica, generada a partir de estudios anteriores. Los resultados son "códigos" con denominadores comunes que se repiten en contextos a veces muy diferentes. Esta investigación ha sido apoyada por el Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad con referencias BIA2016-77464-C2-1-R y BIA2016-77464-C2-2- R. Ambas del Plan Nacional para Investigación científica, desarrollo e innovación tecnológica 2013– 2016, del Gobierno de España.

This article evaluates the various forms of emerging approaches in the professional conduct of the architectural practice and other forms of professional activities related to the design, planning, and space making in general, making explicit or inherent use of the notion of solidarity as an approach, method, and means of communication. A broad review of the evolution of the status of the professional attitude has been made with consideration of the changing social dynamics and social movements, throughout the recent history of modernization. The common characteristics observed with the adoption of the professional solidarity approach, are the dissolving of the duality and distinction between the professional and the community, the shift or enlargement of the target of the professional activity from the individual or people in need to a wider community, most of the time being the oppressed, less privileged, deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society. In line with this description, the concept of Solidarity Architecture can be evaluated to be an understanding in architecture attaching importance to the performance of the professional activities which are determinant in the formation of the built physical environment in a socially minded manner and together with the interacted social groups., Bu makale, mimarlık mesleki uygulaması ile birlikte tasarım, planlama ve genel olarak mekân yapımına ilişkin mesleki faaliyetlerin ifasında dayanışma kavramını bir yaklaşım, yöntem ve iletişim biçimi olarak açık veya örtülü bir şekilde içermek üzere çeşitli şekillerde ortaya çıkan yaklaşımları irdelemektedir. Mesleki tutumların özellikle modernleşmenin tarihsel süreci içindeki gelişimi ve değişimi, değişen toplumsal dinamikler ve toplumsal olaylar dikkate alınarak genel olarak değerlendirilmiş bulunmaktadır. Mesleki anlamda dayanışma yaklaşımını içeren bir tutum alınmasına ilişkin incelenen genel özellikler profesyoneller ve toplum arasındaki ikilik ve ayrışmanın giderek ortadan kalkması, mesleki faaliyetlerin hedeflerinin birey ölçeğinden veya ihtiyaç sahibi olan kesimlerden daha geniş katmanlara, özellikle toplumun çoğunlukla baskı altında bulunan, daha az ayrıcalıklı, yoksun ve dezavantajlı gruplarını içine alır şekilde genişlediği tespit edilmektedir. Bu tanımdan hareketle, Dayanışma Mimarlığı, yapılı fiziksel çevrenin oluşmasında etkin olan mesleki faaliyetlerin toplum odaklı bir şekilde, etkileşimde bulundukları toplumsal gruplarla beraber yürütülmesini önemseyen bir mimarlık yaklaşımı olarak ele alınabilir.

Although an emerging body of literature identifies co-design as a promising approach to addressing the most urgent social challenges, little research has been undertaken about how co-design can support social change within the communities and organisations with which they collaborate. This is important because behavioural and organisational change is usually associated with the emergence of social innovations. These pressing socio-cultural challenges require interdisciplinary expertise, and we argue that the practice of co-design is an approach that provides such expertise. Co-design by its nature is collaborative and can respond to the cultural demands of a society eager to participate. These demands require significant research to better understand how the practice of co-design can be a catalyst for social change and social innovation. In this paper, we explore what is meant by co-creation, social design, and co-design within the theoretical context of this study. We present a case study that focuses on a social enterprise committed to sustainability operating within the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Here we examine the transformative process - associated with co-design - that the social enterprise and its members encountered. Participatory Action Research (PAR) was implemented as the research approach to this study informed by ethnographic and co-design methods. The analysis suggests that the co-design process empowered the social enterprise and its members, enabling them to co-develop responsive and empathetic attitudes among themselves. Codesign supported organisational changes by nurturing collaborative attitudes, expanding perspectives about social issues and releasing latent human abilities and assets.

This paper explores the role of women’s struggle within residents’ movements in the production and transformation of space in Porto during the PREC (the Portuguese Revolutionary Process of 1974-1976), analysing the spaces where these movements started, the issues they focused on, and how it related and acted within explicit and implicit views of family and gender relations in institutional approaches to housing development. It also considers how these were mirrored in housing policy options and design paradigms. In this way, by shifting the focus to women’s struggle at the grassroots, looking at those who were both the recipients of houses and actors of an ongoing struggle, this research explores the intersection between class and gender in the processes of housing and urban development. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Recent discourses on participatory architectural practices have argued that despite their claims of a transformative agenda, these practices are typically coopted by power, utilised to manipulate and placate opposition, and prevent rather than enable progressive change. Elsewhere so-called critical practices of architecture have been judged equally ineffective at creating substantive change, unable to engage in the world as it is and instead retreating into abstract, speculative and utopian projects. Placing the discourses together it would appear that while participatory forms of architecture have difficulty maintaining criticality towards the relational power structures through which they operate, critical forms of architecture have somewhat reciprocal limitations participating in reality. To seek a possible means to navigate the apparent divergence between participation and criticality in architecture this thesis returns to a notion developed by one of the leading early exponents of participation. In 1971 the Italian architect, urbanist, writer and educator, Giancarlo De Carlo gave a lecture in Melbourne entitled An Architecture of Participation in which he introduced the concept of the ‘realistic Utopia’. Through the course of the thesis a layered definition of the realistic utopia is developed. This is done first through a close reading of De Carlo’s principle theoretical works on participation and by mapping the evolution and transformation of the core ideas through his work and the influential contexts in which he was operating. The changes in social, economic and political contexts which have occurred since De Carlo used the term are outlined, with reference to the accompanying discourses on participation and criticality in architecture, to examine the continued relevance and required amendments to the realistic utopia as a conceptual tool for contemporary practices. The thesis argues that the realistic utopia draws together a number of overlooked aspects of De Carlo’s architectural theorisation which explicitly sought a means for architecture to operate critically. The realistic utopia is understood as a means to stimulate social change through the practice of architecture, albeit indirectly, through an iterative and reticulating process of producing images of spatial alternatives in a dialectic relationship with its ‘public’. The thesis argues that the realistic utopia offers a distinct conception of the interaction between architectural objects, the processes by which they are formed and the societal structures which frame this formation. It shows that beyond being a means to understand the multi-directional relationship between architecture and society, the realistic utopia offers a conceptual tool to aid action within the complex set of forces at work in this relationship. In this way, it locates the realistic utopia as something of importance beyond an assessment of the work of De Carlo, or even the broader project of participation he fostered, and is here opened up for renewed use by practitioners today.

The mass construction of public housing throughout the 20 th -century across Europe had a great impact on the way cities grew. The urban and therefore social impact of housing estates has been thoroughly studied both within and outside the field of Space Syntax. However, decades after the first efforts within the field at deconstructing simplistic claims of deterministic relationships between architectural form and social problems, these continue to be used to justify dismantling public housing programmes and demolishing existing estates. This research searches to counter deterministic arguments by arguing that the architecture of 20 th -century public housing is not a homogeneous paradigm, but rapidly transforming design ideas that translated similarly shifting social views of city, class, and domesticity. The paper focuses on 33 housing projects built in Porto between 1969 and 1982, accompanying deep transformations in Portuguese society, most importantly the shift from dictatorship to democracy in 1974. The results show clear differences at all scales of housing between the different housing programmes implemented during this period that are significant to developing a more complete understanding of the role of 20th century public housing in city-shaping, but also for re-examining the classic syntactic definitions of estates and of the soft and hard solutions. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

[ES] El latente desplazamiento de los jóvenes de Pinedo a la ciudad de Valencia ha provocado un envejecimiento de esta población, que se ha convertido en una localidad de paso para gran parte de la población de Valencia. Con este proyecto se pretende revitalizar Pinedo, recuperando una tradición en la cual hasta tres generaciones vivían en el mismo hogar al mismo tiempo. De esta forma se busca potenciar la relación entre los jóvenes y mayores, dotando a las calles y plazas de Pinedo de una mayor vitalidad. Para ello se propone la conexión entre parques que permitan la creación de un eje verde que desemboque en la playa, siendo este el principal atractivo de Pinedo. El proyecto se ubica en una parcela privilegiada frente al mar, conectada al nuevo eje verde y en contacto con la característica huerta del lugar. De esta forma se pretende generar un contraste de visuales entre la huerta y el mar, siendo estos dos factores claves en la evolución de Pinedo y en el desarrollo de la propuesta., [EN] The latent displacement of the young people of Pinedo to the city of Valencia has caused an ageing of Pinedo, turning it into a passing locality for the great part of the population of Valencia. This project aims to revitalise Pinedo, recovering the tradition in which up to 3 generations lived in the same home at the same time. In this way, the aim is to strengthen the relationship between young and old, giving the streets and squares of Pinedo a greater vitality. To this end, it is proposed to connect parks that allow the creation of a green axis that leads to the beach, which is the main attraction of Pinedo. The project is located on a privileged plot, as it is in front of the sea, connected to the new green axis and in contact with the characteristic orchard of the place. In this way it is intended to generate a contrast of visuals between the orchard and the sea, these two key factors in the evolution of Pinedo and in the development of the proposal.

[ES] Para 1987, el ̈Informe Brundtland ̈ advertía sobre la urgente necesidad de reorientar el desarrollo de forma sostenible. En conformidad con este, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo expone en 2015 sus ̈Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible ̈, en los cuales el Turismo juega un papel determinante. Estos plantean que cuando es bien manejado, el turismo ha demostrado contribuir directa o indirectamente con la mitigación de la pobreza, la generación de empleo, la garantía de producción-consumo, la protección de los ecosistemas e incluso con la promoción de la salud y el bienestar. Conscientes de que la realidad global de la industria vacacional está aún distante de dichos objetivos, se ha querido dedicar este trabajo final de máster al estudio y propuesta de Bohíque, un modelo de Hotel Ecológico y de Sanación que aboga por principios de Turismo Sostenible, promueve el uso de Sistemas Constructivos de Bajo Impacto Ambiental y apoya la Participación Directa de la Comunidad. Este se concibe con una visión holística de proyecto, que busca educar e integrar a la población local en cada una de sus fases de desarrollo, instruyéndolos en el uso de materiales y técnicas de bioconstrucción para que logren ser la principal mano de obra del proyecto y posteriormente de sus propias viviendas. El objetivo final es producir un ̈Hotel de la comunidad para la Comunidad ̈, con la capacidad de sanar la tierra, la economía y la salud de las familias y visitantes mediante la colaboración colectiva en este objetivo común., [EN] Back in 1987, the “Brundtland Report” warned of the urgent need to reorient the development in a sustainable direction. Therefore, the Program of the United Nations for the Development exposes in 2015 its “Sustainable Development Goals”, in which Tourism plays a determining role. These state that when it is well managed, tourism has demonstrated to contribute directly or indirectly with the alleviation of poverty, the generation of employment, the guarantee of production-consumption, the protection of ecosystems and even the promotion of health and well-being. Aware that the global reality of the vacation industry is still far from these objectives, it has been dedicated this final master’s work to the study and proposal of Bohíque, a model of Ecological and Healing Hotel that advocates Sustainable Tourism principles, promotes the use of Low Environmental Impact Construction Systems and supports the direct Participation of the Community. This project is conceived with a holistic vision, which seeks to educate and integrate the local population in each of its development phases, instructing them in the use of bioconstruction materials and techniques so that they become the main workforce of the project and later of their own homes. The final objective is to produce a ̈Hotel of the Community for the Community ̈, with the ability to heal the land, the economy and the health of families and visitors through collective collaboration in this common objective.

Young architectural practices are short of building opportunities, with limited knowledges of the production chain and access to potential investors among the relevant monetary aspects that deprive them from the practice of architecture as “the act of construction” (Bernstein, 2014: 19). Mobile Internet platforms, however, may provide new frames to reimagine responsibilities and risks of the profession. Wee Studio experimented architectural crowdfunding in China as a financial model that questions the need for a conventional client, supporting instead architectural projects by means of individual investments in small amounts of money. Crowdfunding initiatives spread rapidly among Chinese social network users, thanks to the WeChat platform – whose power in multiplying the popularity of the idea and easiness of online payment made the Treehouse project possible. Design and construction of a pair of wooden huts that complement a homestay-hotel in Miyun (Beijing) were completed between November 2015 and September 2016.

The starting point of the study has relates to the identity of "'participant'' which is commonly use in Turkey. The design processes and the participation which are different concepts from each other. The study focused on these two concept's relation begins with a skeptical viewpoint. The architects and products have a relationship in a various ways. However, user is ignored by designers in general design processes, in many times. This study dealed with the user's role that will investigate how and why he dropped behind. There are some groups handle participatory architecture in Turkey which conducts different types of projects on various places, scales and disciplines. The first focused on their entire process, inner structure of groups, relationship between designers, users and authorities. And then study explored how users to be actively participated into the system. Study also defined new roles for designers in order to perform design processes with a fundamental tactic as a moderator.

In Latin America, the massive migration flows from the countryside to the cities, and the uncontrolled expansion of these last ones, have changed the rural-urban dichotomy. The dominant hypothesis is the “penetration -physical and cultural- of the urban world into the rural world” (Guidicini, 1998). Nevertheless, many of the characteristics of rural construction are maintained in the cities, but with less concern for the quality of the environment and more attention to economic activities. This is evident in “informal” settlements, where one of the essential features is still self-build. This paper aims to contribute to the debate on eco-compatible requalification of “informal” housing by highlighting the collective force and the creative and participatory potential that “informal” architecture and its “popular” culture offer if combined with the scientific expertise of professional architects. In order to achieve this purpose, it is proposed to integrate two methodologies: Participatory-Action Research (PAR) and Human-Centred Design (HCD).

Arquitecturas colectivas y participación como estrategias para la construcción de la ciudad latinoamericana Resumen Derivado del crecimiento acelerado de las periferias latinoamericanas, en donde se hace evidente la desconexión con los procesos de planeación y la escasa participación de los arquitectos, resulta necesario identificar las tendencias relacionadas con los procesos de participación y la construcción de arquitecturas colectivas. Por medio de un ejercicio comparativo entre grupos de arquitectos latinoamericanos reconocidos en seminarios y concursos en los últimos veinte años y que han realizado intervenciones en zonas periféricas de América Latina, se reconocen los intereses y las operaciones comunes, entre las que se destacan la participación comunitaria, la acción interdisciplinaria, así como la gestión y la realización de proyectos de bajo costo y con materiales locales. Estas corrientes emergentes abren diversos espacios de indagación en torno a la práctica profesional. Estos aportes fortalecen el interés disciplinar por incidir en los procesos de transformación urbana que mejoran los modos de habitar y la calidad de vida de los grupos sociales; Igualmente, se identifican posibles aportes a los compromisos de la Nueva Agenda Urbana. Palabras clave: arquitectura participativa; asentamientos humanos; bienales de arquitectura, investigación-creación; nueva agenda urbana; periferia urbana; segregación socioespacial. Collective architecture and participation as strategies for the construction of Latin American cities Abstract As a result of the rapid growth of Latin American peripheries, where the disconnection between planning processes and the scarce participation of architects is evident, it is necessary to identify trends related to processes of participation and construction of collective architectures. Through a comparative exercise between groups of recognized Latin American architects in seminars and competitions in the past twenty years, and who have undertaken interventions in peripheral areas of Latin America, common interests and operations have been identified, including community participation, interdisciplinary action, and the management and realization of low-cost projects with local materials. These emerging trends open diverse research spaces regarding the professional practice. These contributions strengthen the disciplinary interest in impacting processes of urban transformation that improve the ways of living and the quality of life of social groups. Additionally, the article identifies possible contributions to the commitments of the New Urban Agenda. Keywords: participatory architecture, human settlements, architecture biennials, research-creation, new urban agenda, urban periphery, socio-spatial segregation. Arquiteturas coletivas e participação como estratégias para construir a cidade latino-americana Resumo Com o crescimento acelerado das periferias latino-americanas, onde se torna evidente a desconexão com os processos de planejamento e a escassa participação dos arquitetos, faz-se necessário identificar as tendências relacionadas com os processos de participação e com a construção de arquiteturas coletivas. Por meio de um exercício comparativo entre grupos de arquitetos latino-americanos reconhecidos em seminários e concursos nos últimos 20 anos e que realizaram intervenções em periferias latino-americanas, são reconhecidos os interesses e as operações comuns, entre as quais são destacadas a participação comunitária, a ação interdisciplinar, a gestão e a realização de projetos de baixo custo e com materiais locais. Essas correntes emergentes abrem diversos espaços de questionamento sobre a prática profissional. Essas contribuições fortalecem o interesse disciplinar por incidir nos processos de transformação urbana que melhoram os modos de habitar e a qualidade de vida dos grupos sociais. Além disso, são identificadas possíveis contribuições para os compromissos da Nova Agenda Urbana. Palavras-chave: arquitetura participativa; assentamentos humanos; bienais de arquitetura, pesquisa-criação; nova agenda urbana; periferia urbana; segregação socioespacial. Recibido: junio 11 / 2019 Evaluado: junio 19 / 2019 Aceptado: junio 29 / 2019 Publicado en línea: julio de 2019 Actualizado: julio de 2019

Tested with different approaches, participatory methods in design disciplines correspond to a framework consisting, on one hand, of theoretical reflections and disciplinary practices that seek to open up to other knowledge, and on the other hand, community-based and social solidarity practices that claim inclusion in decision-making, in civic rights, and for autonomy. To understand how this knowledge is articulated, the Chronology of Participatory Methods in Design Disciplines was elaborated, consisting of practices, publications, events, laws and historical events, raised in reference publications and online catalogues of practices. This Chronology allowed us to observe four distinct moments in the history of participation, from which we extracted readings on ethical, disciplinary, technological, methodological issues and on the political and economic context. This provided a robust historical overview of participation in design disciplines, where it was possible to identify the methods adopted at each moment, helping to contextualize current practices. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

El proyecto propone diseñar un centro de desarrollo comunitario en la vereda Portugal del municipio de Lebrija, Santander; con el fin de generar espacios de aprendizaje tanto educativos como culturales para poder fortalecer a la comunidad, donde estos tengan la oportunidad de realizar actividades distintas a las que están acostumbrados sin tener que realizar largos trayectos o de trasladarse hacia otros municipios. Se plantea que la edificación sea un lugar que este en armonía con su entorno, prevaleciendo el mantenimiento de un paisaje caracterizado por la alta cantidad de vegetación (bosques y suelos silvopastoriles) y una baja densidad en altura de sus edificaciones teniendo una altura promedio de 2 pisos; donde también se tenga en cuenta la utilización de materiales que sean acordes a lo que se visualiza en el sector. En este proyecto la arquitectura participativa es un pilar fundamental porque ahí es cuando se crea un vínculo entre el usuario y el arquitecto y es allí donde se tienen en cuenta las verdaderas necesidades que se tienen en el momento y así saber en realidad cuales son los espacios necesarios para el lugar. The project proposes to design a Community Development Center in the Vereda Portugal of the municipality of Lebrija, Santander; in order to generate learning spaces both educational and cultural to strengthen the community, where they have the opportunity to perform activities other than those that are used without having to make long journeys or move to other municipalities. It is proposed that the building is a place that is in harmony with its surroundings, prevailing the maintenance of a landscape characterized by the high amount of vegetation (forests and silvopastoral soils) and a low density in height of its buildings having an average height of 2 floors; where the use of materials that are consistent with what is seen in the sector is also taken into account. In this project participatory architecture is a fundamental pillar because that's when a link is created between the user and the architect and that is where the real needs that are taken in the moment are taken into account and thus to know in reality what the spaces are needed for the place. Pregrado

[ES] Desde el estallido de la crisis económica y social en 2008 que ha traído consigo una devaluación de la democracia y las instituciones, han aparecido nuevos modelos representativos con el objetivo de devolver a la población la capacidad de decisión sobre lo público. En este contexto, las actuaciones en los espacios públicos de las ciudades han evidenciado una transformación de la práctica arquitectónica hacia las estrategias inclusivas y participativas, dando lugar a toda una nueva generación de prácticas trabajando en un ámbito de características sociales y comunitarias. Este trabajo busca explorar y clasificar estos procesos para someterlos a análisis en función de su acción y efecto social, con el objetivo de determinar qué ha dado lugar a que aparezcan, cómo de efectivas pueden llegar a ser en los diferentes contextos y qué consecuencias puede tener esta tendencia para las próximas generaciones de prácticas en España. Paralelamente, abordando el debate inter-generacional sobre la dicotomía proceso resultado, se analizará qué efectos tienen estos procesos sobre la cultura arquitectónica en sí., [EN] Since the outbreak of the social and economic crisis in 2008 that has brought a devaluation of democracy and institutions, new representative models have emerged with the goal of handing back to people the capability to decide over the public sector. In this context, operations on the city s public spaces have evidenced a transformation of the architectural practice towards inclusive and participative strategies, giving place to a whole new generation of practices working on an ambit of social and communitarian characteristics. This dissertation aims to explore and classify these processes in order to submit them to analysis depending on their actions and social effects, with the objective of determining what has enabled them to appear, how effective they can get to be in different contexts and what consequences this tendency can have for the next generations of practices in Spain. Concurrently, tackling the inter-generational debate about the process result dichotomy, the effects these processes have on the architectural culture itself will be examined.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura, apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre. Submitted by Pilar Lago (mpilar@fa.utl.pt) on 2017-05-03T12:04:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Documento CD.pdf: 458631558 bytes, checksum: 06328d7ec2a46efd66ead065f8bef1c2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T12:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Documento CD.pdf: 458631558 bytes, checksum: 06328d7ec2a46efd66ead065f8bef1c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 N/A

As a response to the NSSB 2013 conference call ‘Suburbs-transformation and development”, we want to look at new methods for creating citizen participation in urban development processes by drawing on practical experiences gathered through a collaborative planning project between researchers at Aalborg University, Denmark, an urban consultancy firm, and city planners in Vollsmose, Odense, Denmark in 2011-12. In this particular context, the practical challenge was to develop new facets to a master planning process at the Vollsmose housing estate, located in the outskirts of Odense. By evolving an on-going process, informed by mobile citizen generated information loops (open-source), the aim was to move beyond the master plan as a detached expert-driven product and towards an instant master planning process. In order to explore this iterative take on the planning process the research team and consulting firm employed mobile media technologies as a tool for creating new forms of citizen engagement. Based on the lessons learned from the research and development project we conclude by looking at what mobile media technologies afforded this planning process and what these experiences might add to a participatory planning process in more general terms.

In designing of the common areas for residents, a sociological aspect is very important: how the organization of space can affect the community. Presented examples: The "Invisible City", Agora in Dronten, "Tree of Life" in Olecko refer to some issues of building community, taming the space, animation, and participatory architecture They indicate a evident need for creating spaces for activation of inhabitants, which could prove to be an indispensable tool for building social bonds. Magdalena Szpytma

In the current debate on architecture and urbanism, participation takes on great importance. The involvement of users in projects that affect the community has been suggested as a way of facing the social and political scope of such undertakings. This popular participation would be a conduit for the opinion and desire and those benefiting from these urban spaces, ensuring greater citizenship and democracy in their design. During the 1960s and 1970s, Giancarlo de Carlo, an italian architect, pioneered reflection on the importance of participation in architecture and the creation of procedures for incorporating user participation in the development of projects. His proposals and projects set important strides in defining working procedures for an architecture of participation. This is exemplified by his project for worker dwellings at Vila Matteotti (1964-1974) and his study for Urbino's urban development (1958-1976). The purpose of this article is to understand the inquietudes, reflections and influences behind de Carlo's thoughts, which lead him to choose participation as a means to find answers for social and political issues in architecture and urbanism. Without losing touch with reality, he also criticized the participatory process itself, as well as its limits, scope and gimmicks. This topic is of particular relevance today because de Carlo has become, once again, a reference for works which aim to include user participation in the development of projects. A participação é um tema colocado na ordem do dia, no debate atual sobre a arquitetura e o urbanismo. O processo participativo tem sido apresentado como uma forma de enfrentar a dimensão social e política dos projetos de interesse coletivo, fazendo valer a opinião e o desejo dos usuários, com o fim de garantir maior cidadania e democracia na concepção dos espaços urbanos. O arquiteto italiano Giancarlo de Carlo, durante as décadas de 60 e 70, foi um dos pioneiros na reflexão sobre a importância da "Arquitetura Participativa" e na criação de procedimentos de trabalho que incorporassem a participação do usuário no processo de elaboração de projetos. Suas propostas e a maneira de desenvolver projetos foram passos importantes na definição de procedimentos de trabalho para o projeto participativo, exemplificados no projeto de habitação operária, em Vila Matteotti (1964-1974) ou no estudo para o desenvolvimento urbano de Urbino (1958-1976). Objetivo deste artigo é mapear as inquietações e recuperar a trajetória das reflexões e influências sobre o pensamento do arquiteto Giancarlo de Carlo, que o levaram a optar pelo projeto participativo como meio de responder aos problemas sociais e políticos envolvidos na arquitetura e no urbanismo. Sem se deixar levar por ilusões, teceu reflexões críticas sobre os processos participativos, seus limites, seus alcances, seus engodos. O tema é, particularmente, relevante, hoje, porque de Carlo volta a ser uma referência para trabalhos que pretendam envolver a participação do usuário na elaboração de projetos.