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Subang Regency is designated as a pineapple commodity area due to the presence of natural resources, supporting facilities, and infrastructure. Pineapple harvest waste in the form of pineapple leaves is used by a local SME, Alfiber, as textile raw materials, such as yarn and cloth. However, there are still short fibre residues that cannot be utilized in the process. Through training activities for Alfiber members and the people of Cijambe Sub-district, Subang District, West Java, the ITB community service team provided an alternative solution for utilizing the short fibres of pineapple leaves by processing them into paper. This community service activity uses a qualitative approach consisting of four stages: the initial stage, preparation, activities, and results. The initial stage is preliminary research. The preparation stage and activities are participatory and educative and involve the ITB community service team, Alfiber, and the people of the Cijambe Sub-district. The results of the training activities prove that short fibres can be processed into paper using simple equipment and paper-making techniques such as moulding techniques. After participating in the activity, the participants succeeded in following the activity material and could make pineapple fibre paper independently. Even though it requires improvement in terms of quality, the paper can be produced into other products using paper as the primary material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of fly ash in large quantities will cause problems for the environment, such as air and water pollution and a decrease in the quality of ecosystems containing Ni, V, As, Be, Cd, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Zn, Pb, Se and Ra which can affect groundwater quality and human health. This study aims to analyze the impact of waste generated from the Pulp and Paper on the environment around the industry. The data obtained is in the form of primary data from the results of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test and direct observation in the field to identify environmental conditions around the landfill, while TLCP laboratory analysis was carried out to determine the toxic characteristics of TLCP in fly ash from the Pulp and Paper BaseKerinci. The TCLP test results for fly ash the analyzed waste Fly ash produced from the pulp and paper is suitable for use with fly ash class F2+A12O3+Fe2O3 content of 75.19%. Utilization of fly ash can be an effort to reduce the impact of fly ash on environmental pollution. The waste produced by pulp and paper obtains a metal value below the quality standard so that it does not have a negative impact on the surrounding environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine motor skills, creativity, and confidence are important parts of early childhood development. This study aims to determine the role of paper folding in developing fine motor skills, creativity, and confidence of students of Kindergarten A XYZ Jakarta. The research was conducted by pretest and posttest. The subjects in the study totaled twenty-one students in one class. This type of research uses a quantitative experimental method with a pre-experimental design, in the form of one group pretest-posttest without a control class. The research instrument used is a rubric for all variables that have been validated by two experts. Data collection was carried out by observation. To process the data in the study, calculations were carried out by looking for n-gain to find out the pretest and posttest data and then tested using the Wilcoxon signed Rank Test. The results of the fine motor hypothesis test showed the acquisition of asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.000; The results of the creativity hypothesis test showed the acquisition of asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.000; And the results of the confident hypothesis test show the acquisition of Asymp. Sig. (2- tailed) = 0.000. It can be concluded that there are differences in fine motor, creativity, and confidence before and after paper folding activities in students at Kindergarten A XYZ Jakarta. So that by folding paper, students' fine motor skills, creativity and confidence can be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze in depth the shooting case of Pastor Jeremiah Zanambani from the perspective of law and human rights. In addition, the paper will also discuss the challenges in law enforcement in conflict areas, the social, political, and legal impacts of the shooting cases and provide policy recommendations to prevent the recurrence of state violence cases in the future. The research methods used in the legal analysis of the shooting case of Pastor Jeremiah Zanambani in a human rights perspective can include several key steps. First, the researcher will conduct a detailed case study related to the chronology of events, relevant facts, and social and political context in Papua. The social, political, and legal impact of the shooting of Pastor Jeremiah Zanambani is complex and multifaceted. From public trauma and mistrust, to rising political tensions, to major challenges in law enforcement, all of these aspects show the urgency of the need for reforms and new approaches to dealing with conflict in Papua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifungal properties of clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) extract on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cepae and Alternaria porri were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Thirty grams of the clove basil sterilized leaves were mashed in a sterile mortar, soaked for 24 hr in 100 mL of 96% ethanol as an extractant. The extract was filtered through sterile Whatman No. 1 filter paper and stored at 4°C for subsequent use. Three different concentrations (5, 10, and 15%) were applied using the poisoned food technique. A 4-mm diameter mycelial disc of each tested fungus was inoculated on each amended agar plate. Daily radial growth was recorded for 7 days. For the in vivo test, two different concentrations (15% and 20%) were used. No spray and mancozeb spraying were used as controls. Seed bulbs of shallots were planted in a 25 cm x 25 cm polybag and allowed to be naturally infected by Alternaria porri. The clove basil leaf extract and mancozeb were sprayed onto the plants once a week, starting when the first symptom of the purple blotch disease appeared. The results showed that clove basil leaf extract had good efficacy in inhibiting F. Oxysporum f. sp. Cepae and A. Porri in vitro, with a growth inhibition up to 55%. The extract can also reduce the disease intensity of purple blotch with an infection rate of 0.029, indicating that it has the potential to be developed as a botanical fungicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dondai Village, Waibu District, has several potential medicinal plants that can improve the community's economy by creating new products. Service activities through the KKN/Village Wira program aim to assist and counsel the community, especially those who want to become entrepreneurs. The implementation methods are tutorials and discussions, socialization, demonstrations or training, mentoring, evaluation, and monitoring. The results obtained show that there are five products from Dondai, namely betel leaves as aromatherapy candles, putri malu leave as paper soap or betel leaf paper soap, Chinese ketepeng leaves as soap or body wash, lantana leaves as an antiseptic or hand-sanitizer, and miana lotion. As many as 97% of people are interested in making products, and 95% are interested in marketing products. It is hoped that this program can develop creativity, community knowledge, and insight to innovate to improve the standard of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the hip hop genre spiritual songs made by Saykoji as the religiosity of contemporary Christian youth in Indonesia, the intersection of religiosity and Saykoji's hip hop spiritual songs found in Saykoji's songs, such as the song Laskar Christ. Departing from the reality of youth interest in ecclesiastical songs that are increasingly retreating, this paper examines the interest in spiritual songs in what musical genre the youth are interested in. Data were collected using qualitative methods and data collection techniques through observation, literature study, and documents. The results of this study include: First, Saykoji's hip hop spiritual songs are contemporary Christian spiritual songs that grow and develop among Indonesian Christian youth. Second, Saykoji's reasons for making Christian spiritual songs in the hip hop genre. This research then concludes that the Christian spiritual songs made by Saykoji in the hip hop genre are a contemporary spiritual song and have an impact on the development of the faith of Indonesian Christian youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose plants that produce cut flowers require a sturdy and high-quality rootstock. However, propagation of stem cuttings often fails to grow roots if the supporting factors are not considered. Generally propagation of rootstock roses is done vegetatively through stem cuttings. One of the supports for the success of rose cuttings as rootstocks is good root growth. The success of root growth can be supported by external factors such as growth regulators and suitable planting media. The purpose of this research was to study the effectiveness of using natural growth regulators and planting media as external factors that can increase the growth of rose cuttings. The materials needed include rose stems, shallot bulbs, mung bean sprouts, young corn, Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) 99%, dark glass bottles, rotary evaporator, methanol, filter paper, distilled water, paper envelopes, soil, husks charcoal and bokashi fertilizer. The research was conducted in Dadaprejo Village, Junrejo District, Batu City, East Java from March to June 2023. The data obtained was analyzed for variance (ANOVA) 5%, if a significant effect is obtained it is continued with a 5% honest significant difference test (BNJ). The use of growth regulators together with the planting medium provides an interaction with the time of shoot emergence. The application of shallot extract can be used as a natural growth regulator to increase the length of shoots and the number of leaves. The use of rice husk charcoal as a planting medium increases the number of roots, root length and time of shoots emergence. The mixed treatment of planting media gave good results on the number of shoots of rose cuttings compared to the treatment of one type of growing media. While the treatment of a mixture of soil planting media + bokashi fertilizer gave good results on fresh weight, dry weight and shoot length of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of binding credit agreements, especially in banking matters, generally uses an authentic deed drawn up by a notary as a perfect means of proof. The provision of credit followed by special guarantees has different characteristics depending on the type of collateral provided by the debtor. Therefore, the role of the Notary is not only limited to the credit agreement but also in the guarantee binding process. The purpose of this legal research is to determine the scope of duties, authorities and the role of a Notary in the implementation of credit agreement followed by a mortgage guarantee in the form of securities. This legal research is normative legal research. The data collection tool used was a literature study with due regard to primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations and secondary legal materials, namely books, journals and other library materials related to this research. The results of the study show that securities that are used as a collateral for credit may be made with a pawn or fiduciary system depends on the object served by debtor. If the bond binding is carried out with the fiduciary system, the role of the Notary is very important considering that the fiduciary guarantee deed required to be made in the authentic deed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains an analysis of the importance of the involvement of the Constitutional Court in overseeing the process of amending the 1945 Constitution by the MPR so that the results are always in line with the provisions of Article 37 of the 1945 Constitution. Although the law has provided guidelines that the MPR can only make changes to the articles of the constitution as previously proposed, there is a potential for the MPR to ignore these provisions, thus opening up the opportunity for abuse of power that can harm the interests of the people. The proposed solution to correct the MPR's mistakes for violating article 37 of the 1945 Constitution is that the Constitutional Court must overturn the MPR's decision through a judicial review mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines law enforcement in resolving tax crimes related to invalid (fictitious) tax invoices. Taxes are the main source of revenue for the government, playing an important role in national development. Tax crimes, especially the use of illegal tax invoices, have a negative impact on state revenue and public trust in the tax system. In this paper, legal regulations in line with Law No. 16/2009 concerning General Provisions and Tax Procedures (KUP), as well as legal actions applied in the case of invalid tax invoices are discussed. This analysis includes preventive and repressive efforts carried out by the Directorate General of Taxes to overcome tax crimes. This paper emphasizes the importance of strict law enforcement, strict supervision, and education for taxpayers to prevent future tax violations. It is hoped that this paper can provide insights for academics, legal practitioners, and policymakers in improving the effectiveness of law enforcement in the field of taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era of economic neoliberalization, most countries worldwide have adopted open market economy policies. This shift aims to accrue economic benefits for national development by attracting foreign investment. The investment climate, often referred to as the Investment Climate (IC), plays a crucial role in shaping the decisions of foreign investors. This paper examines the impact of the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) clause in Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) on the relationship between host states and investors. The FET clause is integral in protecting investors' legitimate expectations, but its vague interpretation and broad scope can lead to disputes. The paper explores how the FET clause may affect the balance between investor rights and the sovereign rights of host states. Additionally, it delves into the challenges arising from dynamic inconsistency problems and suggests strategies for minimizing conflicts. Case studies involving disputes, such as the Churchill Mining vs. Indonesia case, illustrate the complexities surrounding FET. The paper concludes by proposing measures to clarify and limit the FET clause's application to strike a balance between investor protection and host state sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian state, which has been established since 1945, has undergone many changes in its resilience and governance system, as well as the development of police in Indonesia. However, in every era, the police in Indonesia have their own challenges in fulfilling their obligations and duties as protectors of the community. In this paper, the author will bring the potential challenges that will be experienced by the Indonesian Police in the future. To elaborate, the author uses three theoretical frameworks that will serve as instruments in the analysis of potential challenges. First, police science, (2) social order and (3) police anthropology. The three theoretical frameworks will produce arguments from each point of view so that they are divided into nine dimensions of discussion on police threats such as: (1) diversity and social conflict, (2) development of information communication technology, (3) conflict over natural resources and defense, (4) environmental crime and green trade, (5) economic inequality, (6) law enforcement and integrated justice integration processes, (7) dynamics and relations between the TNI-POLRI, (8) coordination across ministries and agencies and (9) Indonesian insight. Some of the discussion points attached have been experienced by the Indonesian police in every era, but there are some that have only emerged as a result of the entry of society into the era of digitalization. But beyond the new challenges that will be faced by the police, it is important for them to be good at analyzing these aspects in all cases encountered and at the time of their assignment. The discussion points that have been attached are also part of the aspect of life of Indonesian citizens as well. To contribute to the academic field of police science and provide reference for future research, this paper will explain these aspects in detail through three theoretical lenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salak (Salacca edulis Reinw.) in bunch form can be attractive to consumers because its own unique shape. The use of primary and secondary packaging can maintain fruit quality. This study aims to evaluate quality change of salak in bunches including physical damage, mechanical damage, physiological and microbiological damage. Salak bunches were stored for 22 days, with observations every 3 days to analyze fruit damage, TSS, weight loss, and fruit hardness. The study used a single-factor completely randomized design, involving 3 treatments: wooden crates (K1), cardboard without net foam (K2), and cardboard with net foam (K3). Data were analyzed descriptively, analysis of variance, and DMRT at the 5% level. Primary packaging was effective in reducing mechanical damage to fruit after 13 hours of transportation, with mechanical damage reaching 0 (zero) due to net foam. The type of packaging used had a significant effect on quality change of salak during storage, namely physical, physiological and microbiological damage, weight loss, hardness, and TSS. Cardboard packaging with net foam was the best treatment, showing low physiological and microbiological damage until the 16th day of storage, which amounted to 4.05, as well as a low rate of change in quality for 22 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance-based pay (PBK) is an important instrument in public sector personnel management. Effective PBK can improve employee motivation and performance, and realize organizational goals. Mahakam Ulu District, as one of the districts in East Kalimantan, has implemented PBK for state civil apparatus (ASN) employees since 2018. This paper analyzes the governance of PBK in Mahakam Ulu District. This research aims to analyze the governance, effectiveness, and impact of the performance-based payroll system (PBK) for state civil apparatus (ASN) in Mahakam Ulu District, East Kalimantan, which has been implemented since 2018. The research used a qualitative method with a case study approach to gain an in-depth understanding of the implementation of PBK in the area. Data collection techniques were conducted through interviews, observations, and documentation studies, while data analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman model, which includes data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that RBF in Mahakam Ulu Regency has had a positive impact in improving ASN performance, especially in terms of discipline and work efficiency. However, challenges are still found related to leadership, compensation, and work environment that need to be improved to support more optimal performance. The PBK system has started to run effectively, more integrated efforts are needed by paying attention to various factors such as leadership, motivation, and work environment conditions to ensure the sustainability of improving ASN performance. The research shows the importance of active involvement of ASN in the performance management process as well as the need to improve PBK governance to encourage more significant results in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sheds new light on the question of how to build a tax model for online advertising and digital companies. Policy measures to tax transnational companies, including digital companies, should be based not only on the question of where and how much value is generated, but also on the question of who generates how much value. The legal definition of ‘digital permanent enterprise’ used in the context of online company taxation should be built on the understanding that only human labor creates the economic value of commodities. To counter the dominance of non-profit monopoly platforms on the Internet, the creation of public Internet services is a viable policy option. Introducing an online advertising tax is an ideal financial foundation to support the creation of public service Internet platforms and civil society Internet platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candiduria is defined as the presence of yeast cells in the urine. The majority of patients diagnosed with candiduria are asymptomatic and it is very difficult to distinguish between symptoms of bacteriuria and candiduria in patients. As a background to this paper, the decision to treat candiduria is a challenge for the clinician. This study aims to understand the complex diagnosis and therapy of candiduria, as well as strengthen the clinician's ability to recognize symptoms and determine the appropriate therapy for candiduria. The method used is narrative review, which aims to explore candiduria that is often found in urine culture, as well as therapeutic management, using Pubmed search. From the search results, to determine the diagnosis and therapy of candiduria is not easy, and requires clinical information and clinician's ability to recognize symptoms and therapy needed for candiduria. Management of candiduria requires a comprehensive understanding of risk factors, species-specific considerations, and challenges associated with empirical and prophylactic therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3-Monochloro-1,2-propandiol (3-MCPD) is a carcinogenicfood contaminant. 3-MCPD is formed during food processing, and can also be derived from food contact packaging materials, including paper. Wet-strength resin is often added into paper food packaging to provide moisture resistance and thus enhancing food shelf-life and consumer usage. The wet-strength resins which are manufactured from epichlorohydrin-based starting materials, are known to initiate the formation of 3-MCPD. Thus, the objectives of this study were: 1) to validate analytical methodfor the analysis 3-MCPD in duplex paper packaging, 2) to analyze3-MCPD contentin duplex paper, and 3) to analyze 3-MCPD migration from duplex paper packaging into food simulants. 3-MCPD content in duplex paper was analyzed by a validated GC-MS method with linearity value (R²) of 0.993, limit of detection (LOD) of 6.65 ppb, limit of quantification (LOQ) of 22.15 ppb, and recovery range of 83.00-114.13%. The 3-MCPD content of five sample duplex papersobtained from different packaging paper manufacturers were ranging from 753.43 to 825.36 ppb, and there were no significant differences between the samples. Direct contact between food simulants and duplex paper for 24 hours at 40°C generated migration of 3-MCPD at level of 40.55 to 57.61%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous studies have investigated the productivity of the better construction (in the forms had better, ’d better and better) in British and US English (USE), to present knowledge, no large‐scale comparisons on the use of this construction in other English dialects have been carried out. The present paper aims to address the existing research gap by exploring the synchronic use and grammaticalization rate of better in 20 world Englishes. The analysis of corpus data reveals that better is more grammaticalized in USE than in British English, and even more in Singapore English (SgE) data, where the construction seems to be more grammaticalized than in any other dialect. The hypothesis of a functional need in SgE for deontic better is tested. It is shown why SgE ‘needs’ alternative deontic constructions in a modal system where (semi‐)modals of necessity have been shown to express higher rates of ‘dynamic’ modality than in other dialects. The substrate reinforcement from a parallel construction in Mandarin is presented as a potential driving factor justifying the selection of better as a deontic marker in this particular variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the government implemented a distance learning system using the internet. Many studies have reported anxiety disorders associated with the implementation of this distance learning system in senior high school students, but no studies have summarized the factors associated with anxiety disorders during distance learning. This study aims to synthesize studies on anxiety disorders during PJJ in high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used a literature review design by searching for primary studies through journal databases including: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Garuda. The inclusion criteria for this study were full paper articles in Indonesian and English that reported primary studies on anxiety disorders during PJJ in the high school population, while the exclusion criteria were studies with literature review, systematic review and meta-analysis research methods. Articles that met the criteria were then reviewed based on the research method and the dependent and independent variables analyzed and the results of the analysis. The analysis method used a narrative review by collecting, summarizing, combining, organizing and comparing evidence that had been collected from the studies studied. Of the 11 articles that met the criteria for this study, 10 studies used a cross-sectional design and only 1 used a pre- and post-test design. All studies collected data using online surveys that were linked to high school students. The measurement of anxiety disorders used the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale (GAD-7), the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Post Pandemic School Anxiety Questionnaire. From the 11 articles analyzed, it was found that anxiety during PJJ can be caused by age, gender, limited internet access, financial factors, academic challenges such as students' ability to understand and comprehend the lessons taught by the teacher. Anxiety during PJJ is mainly caused by uneven internet access and the cost of using internet access. In addition, anxiety is also more prone to be experienced by women, as well as younger age groups. PJJ school policies should be implemented by anticipating anxiety disorders and related factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the turnover intentions of medical and non-medical personnel at RS XYZ, Bogor Regency, both directly and indirectly through organizational commitment. The approach used is quantitative, involving hypothesis testing. Purposive sampling was used to collect data from all medical and non-medical personnel of RS XYZ, Bogor Regency, via questionnaires. A total of 201 suitable samples were evaluated using PLS-SEM. The study's findings show that Organizational Commitment has a negative impact on Turnover Intentions, Organizational Culture has a negative impact on Organizational Commitment, Organizational Culture has a positive impact on Turnover Intentions, and Organizational Commitment mediates Organizational Culture and Turnover Intentions. The paper highlights many shortcomings and makes recommendations for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender communication is a concept that refers to the different ways of communicating between men and women. This is influenced by the roles and stereotypes attached to each gender in society. One example is the stereotype related to men's role as cooks. In a patriarchal society, men's roles are often connoted with strength and independence, while women's roles are more often identified with cleanliness and domestic help. This stereotype also affects the perception of men as cooks. It is not uncommon for them to be perceived as not having the ability or interest in cooking as it is considered a task better suited for women. However, this role is gradually shifting. More and more men are starting to cook and work as cooks, however, the stereotypes attached are still an issue that needs to be discussed. How do these stereotypes affect gender communication in the context of men's roles as cooks? Thus, this paper will discuss gender communication and stereotypes towards the role of men as cooks. Some of the questions that will be answered include how patriarchal culture and gender affect people's perceptions of men as cooks, how gender communication occurs in the context of men's roles as cooks, what is the impact of stereotypes on gender communication and men's roles in cooking and what factors influence men's roles as cooks. With this discussion, it is hoped that it can provide a deeper understanding of the complexity of gender roles and communication in the context of men's roles as cooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An elderly person is someone who has reached the age of 60 years and over, men or women who have decreased ability to adapt and are unable to meet their own daily needs. The elderly have the potential to experience anemia due to changes in the characteristics of the elderly, comorbidities, decreased nutritional absorption. Anemia is a condition where the levels of hemoglobin (Hb) or red blood cells (erythrocytes) decrease. Hemoglobin acts as a transporter of oxygen (O2) from the lungs throughout the body and exchanges it with carbohydrate dioxide (CO2) from the tissues to be excreted through the lungs. Iron (Fe) is needed in hemopoesis (blood formation), namely in the synthesis of hemoglobin. This study aims to look at the relationship between iron (serum iron) and hemoglobin levels as a potential for iron deficiency anemia in the elderly in Taman District, District. Sidoarjo. This scientific paper research uses primary data, descriptive analytical observational methods. The number of respondents was 25 people. This research uses the Pearson correlation test to see the level of relationship between SI and Hb. Conclusion: The results of the study show that there is a strong relationship between SI and Hb with p=0.000 and r=0.649. The average hemoglobin level was 10.52 g/dl with normal results of 12% and low results of 88%. The average serum iron value was 91.68 µg/dl with normal results of 92% and low 8%. Elderly people with low hemoglobin levels do not necessarily have low serum iron. Low Hb values without being influenced by a decrease in SI can be caused by deficiencies of other nutrients and chronic diseases (inflammation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is widely known as a highly contagious infectious disease in the world. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a common global health problem, causing many people to become infected each year. Indonesia occupies the second largest contributor to death from this disease worldwide, after HIV-AIDS. Every year, TB claims the lives of 1.5 million people worldwide. Currently, India is ranked second globally in terms of the number of people affected by tuberculosis, after India itself. This information comes from a 2020 report published by WHO. The global incidence of tuberculosis in 2020 amounted to 10 million cases and resulted in 1.2 million deaths globally. In 2020, Indonesia reported a total of 824,000 cases which was further exacerbated by the start of the Covid-19 virus pandemic. Garlic is a plant that has various biological properties, including antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and cardiovascular effects. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of garlic extract (Allium sativum) in inhibiting the proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosa. Researchers conducted a literature search using Google Scholar, NCBI, and sciencedirect.com using the keywords Mycobacterium tuberculosa, garlic, and Allium sativum. Furthermore, a total of six papers that met the predetermined inclusion criteria were examined. Garlic, a recognized antimicrobial agent, was used in the study to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosa. Garlic is known for its inherent antimicrobial properties. Allicin is a bioactive compound found in garlic that exhibits antibacterial properties. Allicin, a chemical found in garlic (Allium sativum Linn), has antibacterial properties that can effectively inhibit tuberculosis-causing germs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze how digital banking is in the point of view of Anthony Giddens' Structuration Theory. Data collection is taken from various sources through literature studies. Structuration theory states that structure and agency are a unity that cannot be separated and influence each other. In digital banking, the system and rules in m-banking are seen as 'structure' while customers who use m-banking applications are seen as 'agencies' where between structures and agencies become a unit that needs each other and produces a social process called transactions. Transactions will not occur if there is no m-banking application system and user customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of wood as a high-value product does not stop there. Paper, furniture, carbon, and rubber are examples of other non-timber forestry products that are often found in everyday life but are sourced from forests. The purpose of this study is to analyze South Korea's market potential for forestry products. In this study, we use qualitative methodology to understand and evaluate the opportunities and problems faced by Indonesian forestry products, as well as the global market potential for these products. The potential of Indonesian wood commodities and wood products to enter the South Korean market with minimal domestic supply still holds great potential. With abundant supply, offering quality, competitive prices and guaranteeing the required legality documents, it is believed that Indonesia has the opportunity to answer the needs of wood and wood products in the South Korean market in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aceh has a rich history of culture, but its history is also filled with events that shook the society. One of them is the Free Aceh Movement (GAM), which attracted the attention of not only the Indonesian people, but also the government and authoritarian parties (TNI-POLRI). The Free Aceh Movement has been analyzed and has a considerable literature review. GAM is also a topic that is often looked at by academics to analyze the events of the movement as a social phenomenon. In this paper, the authors approach GAM as an anthropological policing phenomenon through the lens of the theory. To compare with other studies, the authors also collected various literatures as a basis for analysis and as an instrument to strengthen the argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore policing strategies in online gambling crime prevention. The focus of this paper is to identify the characteristics and development of online gambling crimes, factors that contribute to the implementation of these crime prevention strategies in the Directorate of Cyber Crime of the Indonesian National Police, as well as ideal policing strategies in preventing these crimes. The theoretical perspectives used in this study are Sittuational Crime Prevention theory and Partnership Theory. In this study the author uses qualitative research, The qualitative approach emphasizes more on the meaning or interpretation of a social phenomenon, because detailed and in-depth data is needed in order to better understand and interpret what is studied. In qualitative research that will be carried out to see, understand, and interpret social phenomena that exist or are experienced as a whole. The results of this study explain that in an effort to prevent online gambling crimes, development is needed related to various strategies and approaches in preventing these crimes, it is because the development of online gambling that has occurred today cannot be balanced with crime prevention efforts carried out by the National Police and related Government Institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the levels of borax in snacks sold in primary schools (SD) scattered across Lenek Daya Village, West Nusa Tenggara. The sampling method was conducted using purposive sampling from all primary schools in the village, followed by qualitative analysis of borax using turmeric paper. Furthermore, samples indicated positive for containing borax were analyzed for their levels based on the alkalimetric titration method. The results showed that there were 3 samples indicated positive for containing borax, namely sample A1 with a borax level of 819.8 ppm; B1 at 1175 ppm, and sample D1 at 1360.2 ppm. These findings indicate the potential existence of food safety issues among primary school children in Lenek Daya Village. Therefore, steps to enhance supervision and control of food quality in the school environment need to be increased to ensure the safety of children's snack consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to obtain an analysis of Indonesia's partnership with Pacific countries and the prospect of Papua becoming a Hub or liaison between Indonesia and Pacific countries. Indonesia's national interest may also make Papua one of the strategic locations to become a gateway in the cooperation scheme that will be built within the framework of the Pacific Elevation introduced by Indonesia in 2019 in New Zealand for Indonesian overseas politics to Pacific countries. From here the concept of "Pacific elevation" can simply be interpreted as Indonesia's ongoing efforts to improve and further strengthen friendships and partnerships with its various partners in the Pacific region. This research uses a qualitative research method in which it finds data based on secondary data through literature and literature studies of both print and electronic media including data via the internet. The data collected is then processed using data triangulation analysis techniques, namely collecting, verifying and finding the truth in the data to be presented. The output of this research is the importance of Indonesia building partnership relationships with south Pacific countries in order to achieve Indonesia's national goals so that harmonious relations are built in the region and economic, social and cultural activities, especially Melanesian culture, can be well established with these countries. On the ot her hand, this new era of Indonesia's partnership with the Pacific allows Papua to become a gateway for economic, social and cultural activities with South Pacific countries so that the spirit of Pacific Elevation is expected to minimize issues related to an independent Papua that will disrupt Indonesia's domestic stability and also in the international environment or international forums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Indonesia is one of the countries that is prone to earthquakes, especially tectonic earthquakes, because of its geographical location between three large plates. As an Indonesian society, studying natural phenomena from an early age is very important. Therefore, the involvement of educated young people is needed to minimize the impact of earthquakes. Stacked (Stacko for Education) is present as a learning medium for earthquake disaster preparedness based on card games derived from paper waste. The Uno card comes from recycled paper. After that, paper is used to print cards containing questions about earthquake disaster preparedness. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze programs, program implementation, elaborate on internalization and contribution, leadership impact, program evaluation and supporting and inhibiting factors of kiai pesantren efforts in internalizing the independence attitude of students. Method: The approach chosen in this study is a qualitative approach with analytical descriptive methods. Results: : shows that: First, the kiai leadership program consists of learning programs, training programs and practice in the field. Second, the implementation of the program is carried out by providing exemplary attitudes, providing motivation, and instilling positive behaviors, especially in the individuals of students. Third, internalization and contribution of kiai leadership by adhering to the values of honesty through, candid and objective speech impacts the attitudes and behaviors of saritri to be honest not manipulative, especially in entrepreneurship. Fourth, the impact is the growth of the spirit of independence of students through the management process of pesantren education to foster and realize the independence attitude and entrepreneurial skills of students. Fifth, program evaluation is carried out through non-attitude scale tests. Sixth, Inhibiting factors, there is a public view that pesantren are not to give birth to entrepreneurs but to produce scholars, the lack of resources (human and natural), equipment, raw materials and capital / finance pesantren, lack of partnership institutions and business capital pesantren. And the supporting factors, there are: support of facilities and infrastructure; support from kiai and ustadz for their students to become independent students; through education and training; The learning process from the pesantren experience that began with direct practical activities in the field students also wanted to follow in the footsteps of the founder kiai. Conclusion: Pesantren as an education provider has advantages compared to other educational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the economic reforms in 1978, multinational companies have begun to arrive, invest, and operate in China. This was because China had low wages, huge markets, and loose government policies. China is often associated with a negative perception as a center for cheap labor and low-quality products. The MiC 2025 agenda aims to change that negative perception. Besides, this agenda also plans to catch up with China's high-tech in the global market. This paper uses the neo-mercantilism theory, assuming that the Chinese government's initiation to accumulate state wealth by protecting the domestic market and supporting foreign investment. Through MiC 2025, the government plans to strengthen China's dominance in the global market. Purpose: This paper aims to describe the influence of the MiC 2025 agenda on multinational companies (MNCs) in China. Methods: This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. Results: The results show that MNCs receive both opportunities and challenges from the realization of the MiC 2025 agenda, which the author divides into 4 major subchapters, namely 1) economic competition, 2) collaboration and technology transfer, 3) robotization of labor, and 4) tariff war with the United States. Conclusion: MNCs need to adapt and restructure amidst the MiC 2025 agenda initiated by the government to operate optimally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to investigate the complex relationship between HRM (Human Resources Management) practices, organizational engagement, and employee retention using mediation analysis. The sampling procedure used a purposive sampling design to select a total of 82 skilled employees at a mining contractor company. Mediation analysis uses the PROCESS Hayes macro. The results show that several HRM practices in the form of compensation, and training and development have an influence on employee retention through mediation of organizational engagement. This research was conducted in the coal mining industry in Indonesia and the analysis is based on data that cannot be generalized across various sectors and the wider international environment. The results provide useful information for human resource practitioners. Analysis of HRM Practices and Organizational Engagement yields detailed retention information for practitioners, enabling them to target the right employees with the right strategies. This study expands the literature by empirically adding evidence that the relationship of HRM Practices mediated by Organizational Engagement to Employee Retention in the mining industry coal in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The art of films has become part of human entertainment since several centuries ago, starting from traditional methods such as oral fairy tales, literature, theater, and other visual arts. In this modern era, film entertainment can not only be made with real-world actors and settings, but can be made digitally through computers. From 2D animation to 3D animation, motion capture is the next step over conventional 3D animation, but the complicated procedure and cost of the equipment needed to get started with motion capture discourages many amateur animators and cinematographers. Pedro Nogueira said in his paper on Motion Capture Fundamentals, motion capture has various advantages over traditional computer animation such as a faster process, ease of capturing complex. movements and physical interactions between objects. However, this method has disadvantages such as specific hardware and software that must be used and higher manufacturing costs. Based on these problems, the authors propose a system and procedure, where the motion capture approach can be carried out effectively, efficiently, and at low costs. This study utilizes several components such as the Raspberry Pi and ultrasonic sensors as extension modules, as well as the Blender3D platform which will produce animated videos that utilize motion capture using the point tracking method from one camera. Raspberry Pi is used because the integrated WiFi module can communicate with the telegram server which finally, with the help of ultrasonic sensors, can provide camera altitude information that is sent to users via the Telegram application with the help of the telegram bot. This information will be used by the user as a reference to ensure that the camera in 3D space in the animation becomes more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indonesia is one of the countries that is prone to earthquakes, especially tectonic earthquakes, because of its geographical location between three large plates. As an Indonesian society, studying natural phenomena from an early age is very important. Therefore, the involvement of educated young people is needed to minimize the impact of earthquakes. Stacked (Stacko for Education) is present as a learning medium for earthquake disaster preparedness based on card games derived from paper waste. The Uno card comes from recycled paper. After that, paper is used to print cards containing questions about earthquake disaster preparedness. Purpose: Know the steps to make educational game cards from paper waste Method: The 4D research and development model is divided into 4 main stages, namely define, design, develop, and disseminate. Results: The reults of the study obtained characteristics of paper waste used for good playing cards and can be used systematically. Paper waste that is reprocessed into cards has the potential to reduce the amount of paper waste. Conclusion: Making cards from paper waste can be done through a paper printer quickly and can produce a lot of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the dynamics of the role of intelligence in the reform era in relation to democracy and human rights. Intelligence reform places intelligence more ideally attuned to reform values. However, intelligence practices in the reform era were not as perfect as imagined. In this paper, there are intelligence opportunities and challenges in the future, as part of intelligence development efforts. This paper uses the theory of democratic intelligence owned by Uri Bar-Joseph. The conclusion of this paper is that intelligence as a tool of state security institutions can also have a great opportunity to promote democratic values if law enforcement is really implemented. However, these efforts are not as easy as turning the palm of the hand, because intelligence is still facing challenges that have not been resolved to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins with a general understanding of ecological spirituality. The next section outlines a picture of ecological spirituality in Indonesian religions: Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Indigenous Religions. The encyclical document "Laudato Si" by Pope Francis represents the Catholic view. Followed by the application of ecological spirituality at Atma Jaya University Yogyakarta (UAJY) based on interviews with Prof. Ir. Ignatius Pramana Yuda, M.Si. Ph.D., and student questionnaires. This research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative, utilizing questionnaires, interviews, and literature. Data was collected through an online questionnaire and an interview with Prof. Ignatius Pramana Yuda as the main speaker. The results of the study involved 147 UAJY students from various religions. The majority were Catholic (44.9%), Protestant Christians (41.5%), and Muslims (10.2%). The majority of respondents consider themselves religious (76.9%) and understand religious teachings (87.1%). Most felt the influence of religious teachings on environmental attitudes (82.9%), but few read "Laudato Si" (28.6%). UAJY aims to be the "University of Laudato Si". Policies and activities carried out, such as Smart Water System, energy efficiency, and lecture materials, demonstrate UAJY's commitment to these goals. Through ecological conversion, religion plays an important role in caring for the environment. "Laudato Si" and UAJY's commitment are vivid examples of the application of ecological spirituality in concrete actions, reflecting man's responsibility towards God's creation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted pathogen and is the main cause of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in Indonesia. One of the prevention measures used to tackle this disease is using HPV Vaccine. Previous studies have shown that HPV vaccine acceptance is influenced by lack of knowledge regarding the vaccine, high cost, and contradicting local beliefs and faiths. The aim of this study is to identify the factors influencing HPV vaccine acceptance in ASEAN countries. Three databases were searched for qualitative and quantitative studies published up to August 2023. Papers were included if they were in English or Indonesian, available in full text, and had a focus on knowledge, cost, beliefs, acceptance of the HPV vaccine. Among 23 studies, most mentioned factors regarding HPV vaccination acceptance are knowledge, cost, and beliefs. Despite being frequently discussed, knowledge doesn't always represent vaccine acceptance rate. There are no contradictions found regarding cost as a factor within those studies. Vaccination cost is the main factor that influences HPV vaccine acceptance. Though a common factor, knowledge may not always represent HPV vaccine acceptance. Other factors such as beliefs also contribute to HPV vaccine's acceptance in ASEAN countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South China Sea dispute has emerged as a complex and highly contentious issue with significant implications for regional stability. From a realist perspective, these disputes reflect power struggles and influence among claimant states, driven by their desire to secure strategic interests in the region. Neighboring countries, recognizing the impact of China's rise as a great power, have responded by boosting their military capabilities and forming alliances to counterbalance China's growing influence. However, analyzing South China Sea disputes through a realist lens provides valuable insights into power struggles, vested interests, and security issues underlying the conflict. Through a critical review of territorial claims, legal frameworks, and the historical context of disputes, this paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of such disputes. In addition, the report explores the geopolitical implications and involvement of major powers in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of online loan applications provides a new practical and unsecured option in accounts receivable agreements, allowing many people to use this service. However, the thing that stands out in online loans is related to the behavior of collection officers from fintech P2P Lending companies by not applying ethics and consumer protection principles such as billing cases on the AdaKami application that commit terror, intimidation and threats so that they are detrimental to consumers as users of the application. The purpose of this study is to determine the application of a billing code of ethics that guarantees legal certainty in fintech P2P Lending and legal protection for victims who experience losses for the occurrence of the collection in question. This research uses normative juridical law research methods with a statutory approach (statute approach), analytical approach (analytical approach), and case approach (case approach). The main data collection is carried out by looking at several literatures, undergraduate scientific papers, and laws and regulations to obtain secondary data. The results showed that the application of the billing code of ethics in fintech P2P Lending is still not optimal due to the lack of legal regulations that can adequately protect consumers from actions taken by fintech P2P Lending. Better regulation and legal coordination between relevant parties are needed to enforce the law and protect consumer rights from violations committed by fintech P2P lending companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism village as a tourism destination is a proven way out for improving society’s welfare as well as a sustainable tourism destination. This paper aims for demonstrating initial effort in a community in order to build tourism village, in accordance to the sustainable tourism development. This literature study shows that tourism awareness group called Pokdarwis has succeeded in building strong relationship in community to realize the vision of improving welfare of village community. This success is shown from the establishment of nine business units (BUMdes) and the increasing welfare of community with the opening of new positions in tourism sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of mobile broadband services and digital services has an impact on the need for a larger frequency spectrum so that anticipation is needed in frequency spectrum management so that frequency use can be optimal. Smart and efficient use of spectrum is essential to advance improved communication and digital development and to maximize the contribution of digital development to economic growth, but government decisions also have implications for industrial, economic and social development. High frequency spectrum prices in the long run will have an impact on the low performance of the telecommunications industry and will have implications for the small contribution of GDP growth in the telecommunications sector. The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of valuation policies on the sustainability of the telecommunications industry and optimization of PNBP. The research method used is qualitatively descriptive, secondary data collection techniques are carried out literature studies and documentation. The conclusion of this study is that it is necessary to determine the optimal criteria in the reducing factors in the BHP Radio Frequency policy to have a sustainability impact on the telecommunications industry and still be able to contribute to optimal state revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In online loan services, there are many problems regarding disseminating personal data by online loan providers without notifying or asking permission from their customers. Related to this, legal protection for personal data in online loan services and sanctions for violations. The purpose of this paper is to find out legal protection. personal data of online loan customers. The method used is a normative legal method with an approach to facts and legislation. The results of the study show that legal protection and sanctions for violators of personal data in online loans have been stated in the regulation of the financial services authority No. 77/POJK.01/ 2016 concerning information technology-based lending and borrowing services, which is emphasized in article 26 that the organizer is obliged to be responsible for maintaining the confidentiality, integrity and availability of customer personal data and its use must obtain approval from the customer unless otherwise stipulated by the provisions of the law. Sanctions for violations of customer personal data are regulated in Article 47 paragraph (1), namely administrative sanctions in the form of written warnings, fines, obligation to pay certain money, restrictions on business activities and revocation of licenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information system security is very important because in today's digital era, people increasingly rely on information technology and store sensitive data digitally. This paper involves a search in various literature sources, including papers/journals related to information system security. A total of 100 relevant papers/journals published between 2019 and 2023 were identified and screened. The main findings are commonly discussed challenges in information security include data leakage, unstructured data storage that causes data to be easily lost, lack of attention to the importance of security within the scope of information systems, and lack of solutions that provide real-time monitoring. And best practices to minimize the occurrence of problems in information system security include using more sophisticated firewalls, developing existing applications, conducting regular information system security audits. A systematic literature review provides an up-to-date overview of current information systems security research and identifies key topics for future research. These findings can help people assess their security posture and strategy in today's digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maglev trains are considered for urban transport and intercity transport systems. On low-medium speed Maglev trains, the operating routine is shorter than that of high-speed trains. Therefore, EMS and LIM technologies are preferred from the point of view of construction costs. However, in high-speed operation, EDS and NGO technologies are preferred for handling, and reliability. In addition, as the development of high temperature superconductors and new types of permanent magnets develop, stronger and more cost-effective magnetic energy will be used for Maglev trains. The authors believe this technology can be utilized not only for railway applications but also aircraft launch systems and spacecraft launch systems. The need for a new and improved transportation system prompted many countries to be interested and seek to develop Maglev railways. However, although Maglev trains have been studied and developed for approximately half a century, few countries have the knowledge and expertise to do so. This review paper attempts to describe the current complete system in detail and summarizes the basic core technologies of Maglev trains from an electrical engineering point of view. The research hopes to be useful for people interested in this to assimilate Maglev train technology including magnetic levitation, propulsion, guidance, and power supply systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Objectives: a) To find out and analyze the Legal Arrangements for Customer Personal Data Protection in banking mobile banking services are still happening to the detriment of customers. b) To find out and analyze the Bank's Responsibility for the Confidentiality of Customer Personal Data in accordance with Law no. 27 of 2022. The method applied in this legal research is the study of normative juridical research methods, which refers to substance research from laws and regulations, books, journals and papers as well as other jurisprudence. However, this research is also based on empirical research where the data is taken from field studies. As a result, the theory of legal protection and legal certainty has a close relationship in legal regulation to the protection of customer personal data in mobile banking services. Legal protection theory emphasizes the importance of protecting human rights, including the right to personal data protection. The right to personal data protection is a human right guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 (UUD 1945) Article 28G Paragraph (1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift of social life from local realities towards national and global dimensions adds complexity to the handling of disputes. Although the law seeks to resolve disputes, there are still instances of failures in dispensing justice. In this context, the government has endeavored to improve the substance, structure, and legal culture through medium-term development policies. The research objective of this paper is likely to evaluate and analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of Supreme Court Regulation Number 4 of 2019 concerning the Procedure for Simple Lawsuits in the Kudus District Court. The approach used is sociological juridical or non-doctrinal legal research, involving field observations and studies on the functioning of the law in society. Primary data was obtained through structured interviews with judges, litigants, and legal representatives at the Kudus District Court. Meanwhile, secondary data, as supporting information, was obtained through literature studies covering legislation and relevant court decisions. Data collection methods included field research with participant observation and interviews, as well as literature research. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively to narrow down and limit the data according to the core issues under investigation. This study notes that the Kudus District Court has been implementing simple lawsuits since the enforcement of Supreme Court Regulation Number 2 of 2015, later updated by Supreme Court Regulation Number 4 of 2019. While further evaluation is still needed to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of the Simple Lawsuit implementation, the regulatory changes indicate the government's and judicial institutions' efforts to enhance the quality and efficiency of dispute resolution in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upland communities described by Hüsken (1998) are contested areas where community members - farmers - are in constant competition with each other. Farmers fight to be the most successful, even at the expense of others. This situation portrays farmers as highly rational beings, far from the common notion of the roamantism of village life, full of solidarity and mutual help. This paper aims to examine the transformation of the rural economy, which in recent times has become based not only on agriculture but also on tourism. We start from the question of whether the transformation of rural livelihoods, with the expansion of the business sector in the village, is able to promote the inclusion and integration of more farmers and, at the same time, to reduce the spirit of competition. A brief look at the field findings shows that the expansion of the business sector in the village does not necessarily create opportunities for excluded farmers to participate in this new business - tourism. This research was conducted using participant observation and interviews in a highland village, Desa Rejo, that is undergoing a transformation from agriculture to tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of information technology has had a significant impact on the world of investment, with the emergence of online-based stock investment applications. Along with its popularity, legal protection of investors has become very important. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the legal protection mechanism provided to investors on online-based stock investment applications. The method applied in this legal research is the study of normative juridical research methods, which refers to research on substance analysis of laws and regulations, books, journals and papers as well as other jurisprudence. Normative research because research specifications are more made on secondary instructions in the library. The results showed that legal protection for investors in online stock investment applications involves various aspects, ranging from laws and regulations to internal policies of application organizers. Existing regulations, both national and international, provide a legal basis that protects the rights of investors, but there are still some weaknesses in their implementation. Legal uncertainty, information transparency, and the responsibility of application operators are crucial aspects that need to be improved to improve investor protection. Regulatory alignment, the active role of supervisory authorities, and education to investors are also key steps in improving legal protection for investors on online-based stock investment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the existence of Article 131, jo, article 163 IS, the Law of Inheritance regulated in the Civil Code applies to Europeans and those who are equal to these Europeans. The impact of enacting population classification rules and laws applicable to each group during the Dutch colonial period. The problem in this paper is how the development of various colours of law (Rechtbedeling) in Indonesia and how the pluralism of inheritance law in Indonesia related to the development of multiple shades of law. The research method used is normative legal research and legal history. The results showed that the division of the Indonesian population based on ethnicity and class emerged during the Dutch colonial occupation. This was enacted for political interests during the Dutch colonial career in Indonesia, namely by issuing rules for classifying the population and the laws that apply to each group based on the provisions of Article 131 jo. Article 163 lS creates Pluralism of Inheritance Law, where European and Chinese groups in Indonesia are regulated in the Civil Code. For indigenous people who are not Muslims, customary inheritance law applies. In contrast, for those who are Muslims, Islamic inheritance law applies, and foreigners other than Chinese use their respective customary inheritance laws. So, the unification of inheritance law is needed to eliminate societal conflicts because the heirs are subject to different inheritance laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]