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A Hybrid RSC-MLC D-STATCOM module comprising of PV system, wind farm and BESS integrated to a D-STATCOM is presented in this paper. The combination of multiple renewable sources and RSC-MLC makes thehybridmodule. This module is connected to D-STATCOM at the DC link and is controlled by reference DC voltage generator control scheme. The D-STATCOM with hybrid RSC-MLC module has been implemented to reduce the harmonics, by injecting reactive power and active power. The active power injected is renewable power generated by the wind farm and PV system with battery support to each source. The RSC-MLC module is a four switch connected device which can vary the DC link voltage by controlling the switching of these four switches. An analysis is carried out on a test system with hybrid RSC-MLC D-STATCOM module with different operating conditions using MATLAB Simulink software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The induction machine is the workhorse of the industry. It has a rugged build and is appropriate for a wide range of high-power applications. It has been an essential element of all industries, different techniques are implemented to control the speed. And hence, we discuss the speed control of a three-phase induction motor using the V/F approach. The machine is operated by a three-phase inverter and the motor is controlled by a three-phase inverter. Pulse width modulation is preferred because of the low harmonic content obtained in the output voltage and current SPWM and SVPWM are the techniques used to control the inverter voltage this technique is developed in MATLAB/Simulink for open loop and close loop by selecting the Ode23s solver. This paper aims to a comparison analysis for Volt/Hertz-based induction motor speed control. both PWM types are checked under the same condition. This paper shows that the control technique in the SPWM application performs poorly, unlike the SVPWM technique so the SVPWM has a lower settling time and is more efficient than SPWM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless power transfer technology is being emerging and is used in various applications. These combine the usage of rectifier conversion from ac to dc, the various required levels of dc-to-dc conversion obtained using a single stage conversion. The power is fed from three phase supply with a 50 Hz frequency for higher level applications. In this paper a resonant converter is utilized to obtain a one stage conversion from a three-phase supply. To improve the efficiency and to enhance the quality of power with correcting power factor to required level by controlling the voltage level in the bus is proposed in this paper thereby reducing the expenditure and complication for increased power wireless power transfer scheme. The power quality enhancement using power factor improvement and dc to dc conversion without wired power transmit features is obtained using a T-type topology as the three-stage converter. A one stage conversion is proposed by reducing the number of semiconductor switches, and hence economic when comparing with other multistage techniques with wireless power transfer technology. Ac to dc conversion, Power Factor Correction, wireless power transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static VAr compensators (SVCs) are one of the types of FACTs devices which can control the transmission line voltages. A SVC generally regulates and controls voltage to the required set point under the normal steady-state conditions as well as abnormal conditions. In addition, a SVC can also reduce losses, increase transfer capability and maintain a constant voltage. The stepped distance protection is used for the protection of long transmission line. The distance relay continuously measured the impedance of transmission line in terms of distance. The apparent impedance measured by the distance relay is also affected due to presence of static VAr compensator. This paper represents the modeling and simulation analysis of stepped distance protection along with static VAr compensator. A detailed model of SVC is proposed which is integrated into 230kV and 300km long transmission line system. Simulation results show the effect of SVC on stepped distance protection operation during the different kind of abnormal condition. In this paper represents the impact of SVC on relay load ability limit; the setting of SVC control parameter and mode of operation for SVC is taken in to consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltage fluctuation is a common problem in a conventional electrical distribution system that occurs when heavy loads are switched, when there is fault condition or when there is unbalanced load. Variation in voltage can pose major problems for critical loads. The focus of this work is on the intricacies of the Electric Spring's practical & control implementation for AC mains voltage control & reactive power correction. The base of "Electrical Spring" is derived from "Mechanical Spring". The Concept of "Mechanical Spring" was illustrated by British physicist Robert Hook in 1960s. To provide voltage stability for essential loads, electric spring can transmit energy fed into the feeder using a series inverter. As a result, in distributed grid-connected system, an electric spring is an excellent solution for reducing voltage swings in feeder due to switching operation as well as fault condition. The proposed work focuses on incorporating an electric spring in distributed grid-connected system to stabilize voltage variations caused by switching of different types of load & fault condition. MATLAB simulation results of voltage stability for different conditions are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers characteristic signs of electromagnetic processes at loss of control of rectifier-inverter converter arms used in AC locomotives with collector motors. Evaluation of the power converter serviceability is based on the analysis of energy indicators of the processes and values of harmonic components of the rectified voltage. To study the electromagnetic processes in the power circuit of electric locomotives, a method based on the calculation of transients using the Duhamel integral was used. An analysis of the effect of the phase angle of voltage control on the degree of energy output into the chain of traction motors is conducted. The boundary relations of odd harmonic components of voltage, which allow to fix the fact of thyristor arm control pulses skipping, are determined. Calculated values of ratios of certain harmonics of rectified voltage, allowing to identify the particular arm, which did not open according to the normal control algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BLDC motor are mostly used in high voltage & power industrial applications due to its advantages like more efficiency, easy construction, less price, easy maintenance & more Torque and high output power per unit volume. To give supply to BLDC motor with power electronic control as inverter is necessary. SPWM inverter gives better performance. The conventional inverter there may have problems like THD. The increase in the level in voltage of output waveform is the solution for the power quality problems. It can be achieved by using MLI. If the conventional inverters are used then it produces high switching losses, poor performance and results in difficult of voltage control in drive. This paper purpose is to give an effective replacement for the above problems. The effective of the Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter (MLI) based BLDC motor is verified by using MATLAB Simulink software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, Merbau iron wood (Instia sp.) waste material is used to create a thin flexible battery (TFB) that can be folded and slightly stretched to control the voltage of battery. Cathode material in the TFB was composed of thin copper wire. Anode material was made by thin aluminum foil paper. Battery packaging was fabricated using transparent laminating plastic for the whole TFB. The battery material was treated by burning the used Instia sp. wood to be charcoal and then followed by a fine powder process of it. The manufactured TFB has thin volume of (22.1 x 17.7 x 0.394) x 10-6 m3. Based on voltage measurement of the as fabricated TFB using an ordinary bending method, the voltage can be controlled from 0.0 to ∼0.33 V. Furthermore, the total measured energy using such bending method was ∼1.382 Joule. As a matter of fact, the flexible battery has a capacity 51.5 mAh. This simple prototype of TFB with such garbage material suggests a wide range of applications, particularly in a mobile energy storage device connected to a moving TFB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The best renewable energy connected system has to be efficient and has a good stability in terms of voltage and power. The stability also can be the aspect to determine in terms of oscillation and efficiency. Both standalone photovoltaic and standalone wind turbine has its intermittency in its input, but by using both system in a coupled configuration as hybrid renewable energy electrical source, there is a new constraint in terms of voltage stability, power stability, and balance in both systems. So, it is necessary to resolve this problem in order to get the reliable and resilient system for remote areas electricity flow. The purpose of this paper is to provide the performance results for a constant voltage stabilizer that connected in the hybrid renewable energy system, the novelty is the usability of the variability from the input, renewable energy intermittency. From the results, it is obtained that for 2 kVA for existing hybrid system capacity, the optimal voltage control using constant voltage stabilizer has the efficiency of 91,788%. From the results, it is also known that after CVS, the fluctuation of the power is decreased from 13% to 6%, the stability had been increased swiftly using CVS because after the usage of the CVS, the fluctuation is going under±10% standard. Compared to the maximum capacity, the system with stabilizer performance has its minimum power efficiency at 55,994% and maximum power efficiency at 77,411%. It can be concluded that by using CVS model, the voltage responses would be better in terms of oscillation limit than the pre-stabilized one, and the power responses also following the voltage responses due to the same stabilization characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a single-phase onboard battery charger (OBC) with constant current/constant voltage control and active power decoupling for plug-in electric automobiles. The onboard battery charger has three modes: grid-to-vehicle (G2V), which charges the high voltage batteries from the grid; vehicle-to-grid (V2G), which the high voltage (HV) batteries deliver a portion of the stored energy back to the grid; and High voltage to low voltage (H2L) mode, which charges the low voltage (LV) or auxiliary battery from the high voltage (HV) batteries. An active power decoupling function is implemented using the LV battery charging circuit. The LV battery charging circuit acts as an active filter to minimize low-frequency power ripple at the DC link in G2V and V2G modes, and as a converter to store energy into the auxiliary battery in H2L mode. Both HV and LV batteries are controlled by Constant current/constant voltage control method for charging to avoid overheating and the float voltage limited to avoid over-charging. LCL filter is adopted to improve the total harmonic distortion (THD) and power factor (PF). The onboard battery charger system's validity has been confirmed by simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cleaner and more sustainable energy alternatives are needed as oil prices rise and environmental concerns grow. Transportation currently consumes a significant amount of energy and emits pollutants. This article examines hybrid vehicle development using a Power Split setup with an ICE and a battery. The efficiency of a HEV is evaluated using a battery with a greater amp-hour capacity. The adapter circuit is used in the advanced condition to lower the battery capacity. Various situations have been detected with various battery discharging and charging circuits. HEV are renowned for their capacity to match the capability of a normal car while significantly reducing fuel consumption and pollutants. The automotive industry is becoming increasingly interested in EVs and PHEVs. Thanks to developments in energy storage devices, power electronics adapters such as Direct current converters, DC to AC inverters, and battery power systems, electrical equipment, and efficient energy voltage control techniques. The commoditization of PHEVs and EVs in various applications e.g., heavy duty, light duty, and medium duty vehicles is now possible.. This paper focuses on current breakthroughs in EV and PEV that cover new powertrain technologies and overhead to the SOTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to decide the underground cable fault. The basic idea used is of CT Theory. If short circuit happens at any point, voltage drop will differ contingent upon the length of short coming in the cable, since the current differs CT which is utilized to compute the shifting. The signal conditioner will control the adjustment in voltage and a microcontroller is used for estimations such that the fault distance is shown by IOT device used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in bidirectional DC-DC converters used in plug-in electric vehicle chargers that supports grid to vehicle (G2V) and vehicle to grid (V2G) operations. This paper presents the design and simulation of a two-quadrant current reversible non-isolated DC-DC converter for Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) charger. The topology consists of two IGBT switches. The converter operates in two quadrants in voltage-current (V-I) plane with four different intervals of operation. The current reversible DC-DC converter is fed with a bidirectional AC-DC converter. An enhanced Lithium-ion battery model is proposed to study the performance of current reversible DC-DC converter. This paper also presents a system controller that regulates instantaneous battery current which ensures constant current charging. The battery reference current is generated using variable dc-link voltage control. Simulating the constant current charging controller with proposed converter in MATLAB-Simulink yields promising results of forward G2V and reverse V2G functionality of two quadrant current reversible non-isolated DC-DC converter for Plug-in Electric Vehicle charger applications. A stable dynamic response of the proposed controller is also observed from the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulator is the main component used in the majority of portable electronic application since it is used as power management unit in those applications. In this paper, a LDO regulator for the power management integrated circuit in 0.18-µm CMOS technology using Cadence software is presented. The error amplifier of the proposed LDO employed seven transistors for current mirror. Meanwhile, the PMOS transistor is used as a pass element transistor to control the voltage variation. The resistors are used as a feedback network circuit while the capacitor is used to minimise the variation of output voltage. The simulation results show that the proposed design provides a 2.41 V constant output voltage for the supply voltage ranges of 2.55 V to 3.55 V. The dropout voltage of 140 mV is achieved with 1.48 mW power consumption. The line regulation is 1.0 mV/V and the load regulation is 0.41 mV/A, while the layout of the proposed regulator is 27 μm x 34 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper demonstrates an approach to the creation of the mathematical model of electric power transmission grid with using an artificial neural network for training a centralized system of ACS RPVC. The efficiency of its application was proved during the full-scale experiment on the laboratory bench. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the full bridge inverter circuit, when the switch tube suddenly opened or closed, the inductor current changes rapidly. Due to the existence of parasitic inductance of the main circuit. Therefore, the surge voltage between drain and source of the switch tube can be generated, which will have an impact on the switch and the output voltage. In order to ab sorb the surge voltage. An improve RCD buffer circuit is proposed in the paper. The peak energy will be absorbed through the buffer capacitor of the circuit. The part energy feedback to the power supply, another part release through the resistor in the form of heat, and the circuit can absorb the voltage spikes. This paper analyzes the process of the improved RCD snubber circuit, According to the specific parameters of the main circuit, a reasonable formula for calculating the resistance capacitance is given. A simulation model will be modulated in Multisim, which compared the waveform of tube voltage and the output waveform of the circuit without snubber circuit with the improved RCD snubber circuit. By comparing and analyzing, it is proved that the improved buffer circuit can absorb surge voltage. Finally, experiments are demonstrated to validate that the correctness of the RC formula and the improved RCD snubber circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on an original performed command on DC-DC boosts developed for applications in the LMOPS lab for the photovoltaic energy conversion and more specifically the Photovoltaic panels connected to HVDC smart grids. This boost, commonly named MCB-ARS (Magnetically Coupled Boost with Active Recovery Switch) presents great advantages concerning the simplicity of the command on the single constitutive switch, the global efficiency and the voltage conversion ratio. A fine analysis of the losses all over the entire converter shows that losses are not distributed uniformly in the constituting components. So a previous modification described in a previous paper consisting in the conducting assistance on the power flowing intermediate diode, performed advantageously the global efficiency. The present analysis takes into account the fact that the new configuration obtained after this important improvement looks like a classical half-bridge push-pull stage and may be controlled by a twice complementary command. In that way, a comparison has been done between a natural commutation recovery diode and an assisted switch commutation driven in a push-pull mode. As attempted, the switching command laws in charge to assume the energy transfer has been compared to the classical previous system described in anterior papers, and we demonstrate in this publication that a commutation based on a push-pull command mode within the two switches of the MCB-ARS converter is possible and increases the power transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of increasing demand for compact electronic device, Floating Gate MOSFET (FGMOS) is implemented into operational amplifier. It can help to scale down the device dimensions as well as the supply voltage. This design technique enable the control of threshold voltage and reduce the complexity of a circuit. The objective of this paper is to review the design of an operational amplifier with certain criteria such as low supply voltage less than 1 V, high bandwidth and low power consumption. From the reviewed results of previous works, it can be concluded the best circuit design of FGMOS based operational amplifier in means for low voltage and power consumption is proposed by Mourabit A El. et al., where the circuit can be operated at 1.5 V for voltage supply and consume power at the value of 2 μW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focussing on controlling the output voltage of Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) using a low cost microcontroller with MATLAB-Simulink that has been used for interfacing the voltage control at the output of ZSI. The key advantage of this system is the ability of a low cost microcontroller to process the voltage control blocks based on the mathematical equations created in MATLAB-Simulink. The Proportional Integral (PI) control equations are been applied and then, been downloaded to the microcontroller for observing the changes on the voltage output regarding to the changes on the reference on the PI. The system has been simulated in MATLAB and been verified with the hardware setup. As the results, the Raspberry Pi and Arduino that have been used in this work are able to respond well when there is a change of ZSI output. It proofed that, by applying/introducing this method to student in undergraduate level, it will help the student to understand more on the process of the power converter combine with a control feedback function that can be applied at low cost microcontroller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non particle nano Ag conductive ink is a promising material for the patterning of flexible circuits by using the electrohydrodynamic micro printing technology. The pulse voltage control mold has been mainly used in the on demand droplet control in the patterning process. In this paper, the effect of pulse voltage amplitude on cone jetting behavior of this ink in one pulse period has been investigated by using the sequential images technology. Results indicated that under the same base direct current voltage applied on the nozzle, the pulse voltage applied on the substrate induced pulsant cone jetting rather than stable cone jetting in a pulse period if the value is under a critical value. When the voltage amplitude above this critical value was used, the stable cone jetting was obtained for each ejection. The increasing voltage amplitude resulted in the shortening of jetting starting time and also the ending time, and the jetting duration was decreased with the increasing of pulse voltage amplitude. Therefore, the jetting volume can be adjusted by adjusting the applied voltage amplitude. In addition, the profile evolution of the meniscus as the effect of pulse voltage has also been analysed by using a special designed analysis soft ware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of experiments aimed to verify a formula able to compute duty cycle in the case of pulse width modulation control for a DC-DC converter designed and realized in laboratory. This converter, called Magnetically Coupled Boost (MCB) is sized to step up only one photovoltaic module voltage to supply directly grid inverters. Duty cycle formula will be checked in a first time by identifying internal parameter, auto-transformer ratio, and in a second time by checking stability of operating point on the side of photovoltaic module. Thinking on nature of generator source and load connected to converter leads to imagine additional experiments to decide if auto-transformer ratio parameter could be used with fixed value or on the contrary with adaptive value. Effects of load variations on converter behavior or impact of possible shading on photovoltaic module are also mentioned, with aim to design robust control laws, in the case of parallel association, designed to compensate unwanted effects due to output voltage coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the technological feasibility of a small autonomous network, with electricity storage capability, which is completely electrified by wind energy. The excess energy produced, with respect to the load requirements, is sent to the batteries for storage. When the energy produced by the wind generator is not sufficient, load's energy requirement is covered by the battery system, ensuring, however, that voltage, frequency and other system characteristics are within the proper boundaries. For the purpose of this study, a Voltage Oriented Control system has been developed in order to monitor the autonomous operation and perform the energy management of the network. This system manages the power flows between the load and the storage system by properly controlling the Pulse Width Modulation pulses in the converter, thus ensuring power flows are adequate and frequency remains under control. The experimental results clearly indicate that a stand-alone wind energy system based on battery energy storage system is feasible and reliable. This paves the way for fully renewable and zero emission energy schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main concerns when working with negative ion beams is collimation during propagation. The beam is composed of like charged particles; therefore they tend to repel each other causing the beam to widen after acceleration. In environments where the beam needs to travel long distances before reaching its target, the compensation of its space charge is necessary; the most straightforward way of achieving this is the creation of a plasma around the beam, created by ionization of the background gas by the beam itself. This effect, called space charge compensation, plays therefore a key role in the beam propagation and a deep understanding of this phenomenon is fundamental when operating negative ion sources. In order to perform measurements of the particles forming such beam-generated plasma, a retarding field energy analyzer (RFEA) can be adopted, which is an indirect non perturbing instrument, analysing the particles emitted radially from the beam plasma, and allowing to estimate the plasma parameters from the energy distribution function of ions and electrons. The paper presents the design and the layout of the system for voltage control and data acquisition of the RFEA, developed at Consorzio RFX and used for the experimental campaigns in NIO1 to study the phenomena that cause space charge compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescent lamps have proven to be the most efficient lighting device. However, energy losses have been found in electromagnetic ballast due to high harmonic distortion and low power factor so energy is consumed unnecessarily. In today’s energy demanding environment, energy efficiency of fluorescent lamps can be improved by introducing an energy saving controller in the electromagnetic ballast. The energy saving controller limits the supply voltage to an optimum level which tends to reduce the power losses in electromagnetic ballasts and fluorescent lamps. It is also anticipated that the energy saving controller has desirable characteristics of high power factor with dimmable illuminance level control. In comparison to electronic dimmable ballast, integration an energy saving controller with electromagnetic ballast fluorescent lamps results in less power consumption, dimmable illuminance control and longer life span at a much lower installation cost. Furthermore, there is no replacement cost for integrating the energy saving controller with existing electromagnetic fluorescent lamps system. In this paper, experimental works have been performed to investigate hardware implementation of the system which further supported by simulation on MATLAB Simulink. Experimental results based on the proposed energy saving controller showed that electromagnetic ballast fluorescent lamps can be dimmed without any problems down to 50% illuminance level output. In addition, experimental results show that 37.5% power consumption can be saved by reducing 15% of the supply voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]