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An investigation of the combustion properties of a diesel engine that is utilised for off-road driving and is fueled by a mixture of hydrogen and diesel fuel is the purpose of the study that is being conducted. The investigation's major purpose is to ascertain whether or not the mixture is capable of generating an optimal combination that has a higher HRR. This is the fundamental aim of the investigation. Among the materials and methods that are utilised are hydrogen, which constitutes fifty percent, and diesel fuel (50 percent). In this comparison, diesel and the mixture were both taken into consideration. In the process of research and development, both an eddy current dynamometer and an onboard stationary Kirloskar single-cylinder diesel engine with a bore and stroke of 87.50mm and 110mm, respectively, were utilised. Both of these engines were stationary. To determine the sample size, which was determined to be forty, the G power calculator was utilised in conjunction with an 80 percent value. This allowed for the determination of the sample size. The results of the experimental testing indicate that the power levels that are defined are 5.63 kW for diesel that is pure and 5.73 kW for diesel that is a mixture of gasoline and diesel (D100H8LPM). Alternatively, it was discovered that produced combustion fuel blends (D50H20BD30) of HRR and pressure were 0.34 percent and 0.6 percent less expensive than standard diesel, respectively. This was the case. On the other hand, this is in contrast to the typical diesel. has the potential to improve engine performance; however, further study is necessary to fully understand the combustion characteristics of various fuel mixtures and the possible ramifications with regard to the engine's durability over the course of a longer period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the combustion properties of an off-road diesel engine that runs on a unique combination of compressed natural gas (CNG) and diesel fuel. The primary goal of the research is to ascertain whether the mixture can deliver the best possible combination. Techniques and Materials: The combination was compared using compressed natural gas (CNG) and diesel (50 percent each). In trials conducted using a state-of-the-art eddy current dynamometer, a stationary Kirloskar single-cylinder diesel engine measuring 87.50 mm in bore and 110 mm in stroke was utilised. For this study, we utilised the G power calculator at the 80% level to get a sample size of 40. The results show that the combustion analysis in HRR of an agricultural diesel engine powered by a CNG50D50 unique blend had a mean value of 84.07 compared to 39.99 for pure diesel. Additionally, the blend's mean value of pressure was 76.85 for pure diesel and 68.85 for CNG50D50. There is less vibration, less noise, and more pressure produced by the engine. A p-value of 0.00 (p <0.05) was obtained by the independent sample T-test, which was accompanied with a 95 percent confidence range. The two groups are statistically significant from each other. Results: When the fuel mixture is optimised, the engine can run efficiently and effectively in an agricultural diesel engine that uses a mixture of compressed natural gas (CNG) and diesel. This was determined through experimental analysis of combustion in high-resolution rotating relative (HRR) and pressure (P). The results demonstrated that when the amount of CNG in the fuel blend grows, both the HRR (44.07%) and the pressure (8.04%) rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the main parameters of underground coal combustion and their modelling methods. Different aspects of the process, such as thermal and hydrodynamic processes, combustion processes and interaction with the environment are investigated in the paper. Various methods such as numerical simulation, finite element method, etc. are used to simulate the processes. The simulation results are compared with experimental data and analysed to determine the optimum process parameters. The work represents an important contribution to the field of underground coal combustion and can be useful for developing new technologies and optimising existing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low performance and pollution resulting from incomplete combustion represent a significant drawback of internal combustion engines. To improve this to a possible extent, diesel is blended with additives. While these additives individually offer one or two advantageous outcomes, providing composite additives comprising various components will be the effective solution to collectively provide all the beneficial effects. This paper intents to formulate a new blend of comprising oxygenates and ethanol for suppressing the knock and enhancing the efficiency without exhibiting any detrimental effects on the engine. This mixture includes one oxygenate (ethanol) and one antiknock agent (toluene), (Ethylenediamine). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel feedstock has a few main constituents with different concentrations. The physicochemical properties of its constituents determine the biodiesel quality. This study investigates the single and binary droplet combustion of methyl oleate and methyl palmitate as the major constituents in palm oil biodiesel. An isolated droplet combustion experiment with the suspended droplet method and self-illuminated direct imaging technique was conducted at atmospheric pressure and room temperature under normal gravity. The thermal expansion during the heating phase is closely related to the viscosity and boiling point of the fuel droplet, which then determines the duration of ignition delay. The droplet lifetime in the subsequent stages also depends on the ignition delay time since the combustion is separated into two different combustion modes. The additional transition phase and a typical flame extinction mode were observed in methyl oleate combustion. In the fuel blends, methyl palmitate reduces the soot accumulation at the flame tip of methyl oleate combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut, as an evergreen plant, grows abundantly and generates coconut shell waste (CSW) as a by-product, often mistreated when it can be used as a renewable energy source. This research aims to study the kinetics of CSW combustion through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The sample was combusted from a temperature of around 27℃ to 1000 ° C at a constant heating rate of 30 ° C min-1 and an airflow rate of 100 ml min−1. The thermogravimetric (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves show that the thermal decomposition of the CSW existed in three phases: from room temperature to 135 ° C occurred the release of moisture content, followed by a phase of active combustion in which cellulose and hemicellulose were decomposed and burned, and finally after the temperature of 550℃ was the solid residue decomposition occurred. The combustion kinetic parameters of CSW were evaluated using Horowitz-Metzger's integral method. The moisture content release phase possessed a lower activation energy value (80.99 kJ mol−1) compared to the main phase of the biomass combustion of CSW (127.80 kJ mol−1). Thermodynamic parameters were investigated as well, and it was revealed that a certain amount of heat was needed to decompose the CSW sample into an activated complex throughout the combustion reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the need to study the indicators of the movement of dangrous air currents in motion and to limit the spread of these movements in the environment, to determine the parameters of aspiration currents in the environment, is scientifically justified. "Improving the tactics of localization and elimination of emergency situations using the coefficient of aspiration flow" and localization, taking into account the additional air flows absorbed during combustion, in particular, through solutions based on the results of research, which are becoming one of the most urgent issues in the field of fire safety to prove. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an analytical review of Russian and foreign sources on the problem of burning alternative fuels and modeling furnace processes. The main problems of mathematical modeling of furnace processes associated with the coupled solution of problems of chemical kinetics, turbulence and complex heat transfer are identified. A numerical study of methane combustion in the TGME-464 boiler in the STAR CCM+ environment has been performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key directions in the energy sector at present is the most economical combustion of fuel and the reduction of pollutant emissions. This can be achieved in many respects with the most efficient organization of processes in furnace devices. Turbulent combustion of a pre-mixed air-fuel mixture is currently receiving much attention, since aerodynamic processes in gas flows inside the combustion chambers determine the conditions for heat exchange and combustion. Mathematical modeling of combustion processes makes it possible to provide optimal conditions for fuel combustion. The article presents graphs of the distribution of NOx content in the active combustion zone with a change in the proportion of flue gas recirculation from 0 to 8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid compression machine was designed for simulate the engine combustion phenomenon in order to study its physical and chemical behaviour at specific pressures and temperatures. These research have been conducted to study the effect of biodiesel blending ratio of palm oil biodiesel with butanol additive on combustion and emission. The biodiesel used which were palm oil biodiesel with butanol additive (BU5, BU10, BU15, and BU20) have been injected into the combustion chamber by the used of Denso spray injector. Injection pressure for this research were 80 MPa and 90 MPa at varied ambient temperature of 750K, 850K, and 950K. The result shows as the blending ratio of BU fuels increased, the ignition delay became shorter at low injection pressure. Short ignition delay let complete combustion process to occur which good for engine performances. This condition ensure that enough energy can be produced due to good fuel conversion efficiency. However, variant ambient temperature does not quite affecting the BU fuel performances but do affect other biodiesel in terms of ignition delay and emission at low injection pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal blending method is a technology of mixing two types of coal with different calorific value to optimize combustion. This study aims to analyze the effect of coal leveling variations to determine the optimal combustion conditions with a composition of 75% LRC and 25% MRC coal. Temperature Distribution, Contour-vector velocity, & Contour of Exhaust Mass Fraction (NOx, CO2, & O2) are results parameters that will be compared to find the optimal blending configuration. The results of the coal leveling configuration study show that the placement of MRC coal at elevation C shows optimal results at the distribution temperature, either distribution analysis in the furnace area or detailed analysis in the FEGT area. Furthermore, the configuration of MRC at level c is simulated to see its effect on the mass flow rate of primary air combustion, it was found that the configuration of primary air combustion mass flow rate within 68 t/h had optimal results compared to 62 t/h & 77 t/h. So that the use of coal with a minimum MRC can be carried out continuously by setting the mass flow rate of primary air combustion in 68 t/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of health services has increased significantly, therefore, the production of medical waste also experienced a high increase. The most appropriate and suitable technology to destroy medical waste is incineration or combustion technology, one of which is fluidized bed combustion (FBC). In addition, the FBC technique can also reduce hydrocarbon gases resulting from combustion so as to reduce dioxins into the environment. The reduction in carbon gas during combustion is caused by the absorbent used as a bed material for fluidization process. This study used alumina sand bed material with variations in diameter of 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.8 mm and 1.1 mm. This research was conducted with an experimental approach method using a laboratory scale FBC reactor and modeling using the Barracuda Virtual Reactor Computational Particle Fluid Dynamics (CPFD) software simulation. The results of this study indicate that alumina sand with a diameter of 0.2 mm has ability to capture more carbon than other sand diameter variations. Based on the simulation, the variation of the 0.2 mm diameter also shows the best solid mixing results due to the relationship between the fluidization movement of the bed material in the reactor and the bed material's ability to reach the highest up to 50 cm from the bottom of the reactor in the 60th second simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the combustion behavior of pulverized biomass under different degrees of severity during a torrefaction processes. The fuel studied in this work was natural rubber trees and the torrefaction process varied from 0.4 to 1 solid yield. The fuel was ground using a cutting mill with a 1 mm sieve. Torrefied biomass from the grinding process had average particle sizes of 216 to 394 µm. The combustion behavior was studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) through numerical modeling and simulation of an industrial pulverized biomass furnace with a thermal capacity of 1 MW. Heat transfer, fluid flow, reaction kinetics, species transport and discrete phase particle movement were done using commercial CFD software, Ansys Fluent, to study the conversion of chemical energy into thermal energy and emissions released by combustion. Simulation results showed that torrefied biomass provided a higher temperature than raw biomass (25.9%) because of better hydrophobic properties and lower composition of hydrogen and oxygen. Combustion of torrefied biomass tends to have lower carbon monoxide emissions, whereas nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions tend to increase due to more intense combustion compared to raw biomass. Carbon monoxide emissions decreased by up to 86.5%. Nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions increased by a maximum of 74.8% and 34.7%, respectively. Sulfur dioxide emissions decreased by up to 26.5% since the sulfur components in the fuel were released during the torrefaction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compression ignition engine has the highest thermal efficiency compared to other internal combustion engines. However, combustion also results in significant amounts of soot and NOx emissions. Soot and NOx emissions can be reduced simultaneously by adopting premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion. Unfortunately, PCCI combustion is difficult to manage in terms of ignition time and has a restricted operating range. The combination of ultra-high injection pressure and multi-pulse injection shows the promise of controlling PCCI combustion, reducing emissions and improving thermal efficiency. Unfortunately, increased impingement from ultra-high injection pressure reduces thermal efficiency due to increased impingement. The penetration of the spray must be decreased in order to address this problem. By applying an offset orifice nozzle, the problem can be solved. An offset orifice nozzle was created by moving the orifice aliment from the sac's center to the periphery of the sac in the direction of the swirl. The offset orifice nozzle was given a counter bore design to maintain the same constant orifice length as the regular nozzle. The experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder engine both with and without optical access. Three equally distributed main injection pulses at varied injection pressures from 150 to 350 MPa were used. An advanced rate of heat release was provided by the offset orifice nozzle. The offset orifice nozzle, however, produces a slightly greater flame temperature with a wider flame area. Additionally, it offers a broader, more intense OH* chemiluminescence region, particularly for the 2nd and 3rd injections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews various studies related to the application of compressed natural gas (methane) as a gas fuel for dual-fuel operational cycle of compression ignition engines. Some of the studies show decrease of the maximum cylinder pressure, heat release rate and maximum rate of cylinder pressure rise but other observe this behavior only at low loads while the medium and full loads are related with increase of the cylinder pressure, heat release rate and maximum rate of cylinder pressure rise when CNG is used for gas-diesel working cycles. All of the analyzed studies describe increase of the ignition delay period based on the amount of CNG provided to the dual-fuel mode engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CFD simulation has been proven to accelerate the construction process of better biomass furnace and to find the optimum condition of biomass combustion. Optimum furnace design and operating condition can lead to better energy conversion with less pollution level. This work is aiming to formulate CFD model that can accurately predict the biomass combustion behavior inside a grate-fired biomass furnace. CFD simulation results then compared with experiment result which has been conducted using coconut shell as fuel. The distributed pyrolysis products based on atom and heat balance is utilized in the current work. The distributed pyrolysis products model gives reasonably good estimation of the volatile matter components and its composition in different pyrolysis temperature condition. Accurate prediction of the biomass combustion behavior from the proposed CFD model are depicted by high degree of similarity of several combustion parameters compared to the experimental observation i.e., temperature throughout the furnace and CO2 level of flue gas. The experimental observation give the CO2 level percentage from flue gas of 9.59±0.35 while current simulation produce the CO2 level percentage of 9.85. The relative error of temperature in furnace and CO2 level between current work and experimental observation have reached to be below 3% which is acceptable. Moreover, the proposed CFD model allows to estimate parameters which are hard to observe experimentally e.g., temperature distribution, local oxygen content, and volatile matters conversion. The established model allows further biomass combustion simulation in combination with pollutant formation which finally can be exploited to design the better furnace and better combustion condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-laminated timber (CLT), which is strong and durable, could be a good alternative to traditional building materials. But this product is often treated with fire-retardant materials to improve its flammability properties. Therefore, densification technology, which is a proven method capable of enhancing the mechanical performance of timber, was applied. Densification of low-density timber species has been proposed to enhance the mechanical properties, but its effect on the flammability properties remains uncertain. In this study, the flammability properties of CLT manufactured from densified laminas of Paraserianthes falcataria, a low-density timber species, were examined. The mass loss rate and charring rate of CLT with varying thicknesses (60, 36, 30, and 24 mm) manufactured from laminas densified with different compression ratios (40– 60%), were determined using open burning test. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the flammability properties of CLT and aid in the development of safer and more fire-resistant timber-based building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuels have been an abundant source of energy and have been economically practical for a long time, but the environmental damage caused by this liquid has already seeped into our lives. Whilst there have been multiple innovations, and breakthroughs in the extraction, refining, and combustion of this liquid, its environmental impact has been reduced drastically, yet it exists. The newest contender in this race towards environmental stability, Electric Vehicles (EVs), which promises the use of clean and low-emission electric sources for transportation. Hence, our goal is to find which type of vehicle is economically and environmentally superior, focusing on the vehicles' extraction, production, and usage phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the physical processes of fuel combustion that affect the implementation of the concept of smart dust in the monitoring of thermal power plants. The importance of studying physical phenomena that affect the behavior of smart dust is shown, while ensuring the information reliability of production and environmental monitoring of thermal power plants. The article notes that the physical process of burning prepared fuel at thermal power plants is the main process that has the greatest impact on the environment. In this regard, for this physical process, it is necessary to monitor production and environmental indicators using smart dust. The paper presents the concept of using smart dust to analyze the physical process of fuel combustion, analyzes the TPP facilities that provide fuel combustion, gives their meaningful description and temperature characteristics. A new model of the physical process of fuel combustion of a thermal power plant is proposed, on the basis of which, following the concept of smart dust, a network of many miniature devices (motes) is able to evaluate the generalized quality criterion of this physical process for n-1 inputs and evaluate the allowable range of values of the n-th parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current investigation, a 3.5kw compression ignition (CI) engine was fueled with behada, chicken fat, and turmeric oil methyl ester. The purpose of the current research was to explore the parameters of combustion such as cylinder combustion pressure, rates of pressure rise, net heat release rate, mean gas temperature, combustion duration, and combustion event time (crank angle). CI engine was modified by changing the piston head (square and tangential groove top) for methyl ester diesel blend operations. In the study diesel fuel is designated as B00 and methyl ester as B20. The influence of compression ratio (CR16 and CR18) with exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR 0% and EGR 10%) on combustion parameters was studied. Tangential groove top piston with compression ratio 18:1, EGR10%, and methyl ester B20, shows significant controlled and homogeneous combustion. Notable findings revealed a maximum cylinder pressure of 80 bar occurred at 40 milliseconds (ms) after the top dead center (aTDC) and the rate of pressure increases to 5.8 bar/deg when the piston is at the top dead center (TDC). Also, considerable heat release of 60 J/deg and a maximum mean gas temperature of 1750oC was recorded. The rise in the rate of pressure results in decreased ignition delay and combustion time. In addition, this method efficiently using B20 fuel with slight engine modification resulted in homogenous and clean combustion which will be helpful to reduce pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical modeling of these combustion processes with the possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of these measures will make it possible to develop optimal operating modes for power plants and develop new technical solutions to reduce pollutant emissions. One of the widely used methods for intensifying energy exchange (mass transfer, heat transfer, etc.) is flow swirling, i.e. message to the flow of multidimensional motion. In the course of the study, dependencies were studied and patterns of low-emission combustion were revealed when using such fuel combinations as mixtures of methane and air and methane and hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical description of the combustion process of capillary-porous bodies is presented. The opportunities to study anomalous diffusion during combustion of capillary-porous bodies is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleoresin is a non-timber forest product of Dipterocarpus spp. tree from Dipterocarps family that can be yield from tapping process. Some countries, such as Thailand, and Laos, the combustion method was conducted in the tapping hole to increase oleoresin yield. However, in East Kalimantan, the combustion method in tapping holes has never been carried out, and results are still unknown. This study aimed to determine the effect of the combustion method in Dipterocarpus grandiflorus tapping hole on volume, specific gravity and color changes of oleoresin yielded. The research was carried out in aforest area with particular purposes Labanan, Berau, East Kalimantan by making burning and non-burning tapping holes in two groups of different diameters of D. grandiflorus trees. The volume of oleoresin yielded for two weeks was collected in a plastic bottle and then measured. Specific gravity testing was conducted using the pycnometer method and the color properties of oleoresin by computer vision analysis method. The present study showed that a tree diameter of 50 cm contained more oleoresin yield than a tree diameter of 40 cm, both in combusted and non-combusted tapping holes. The combustion method showed a decreased on volume of oleoresin up to 39.03%, but the specific gravity increased to 0.96-0.97. Meanwhile, the combusted method produced more darker oleoresin, namely L* 11.75, a* 3 and b* 7.75. However, this recent study provided that the best method to obtained oleoresin is non-combusted tapping holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative fuels have been explored for the substitution of diesel to lessen dependence on fossil fuel and to mitigate environmental pollution. Opted on biodiesel seem like promising due to its availability and regenerability, as well as ability to lower emissions. The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of ambient temperature, injection characterirics and spray characteristics on ignition delay and combustion process of biodiesel blends derived from palm oil and waste cooking oil. The ignition delay and combustion were observed using a rapid compression machine with ambient temperatures ranging from 850 K to 1050 K and injection pressure ranging from 80 MPa to 130 MPa. Palm and waste cooking oil biodiesel blends fuel were produced by blending these oils with Euro5 pure diesel at concentration of 5vol%, 10vol% and 15vol% correspondingly. Higher injection pressure and higher ambient temperature have been found to significantly reduce the ignition delay and influences to the heat recovery of combustion, while the higher biodiesel blending concentration of biodiesel promotes the reduction of CO emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes determining methods of metal emissions in the composition of small particles coming by brake mechanisms details and tire wear as a result of vehicle movement, and dust to be formed by comparative analysis on asphalt-concrete roads of different compositions. A significant contributor to particulate matter in cities is traffic-related sources. Traffic-related particles can be divided into: exhaust particles released by the incomplete combustion of fuel and the volatilization of lubricants during combustion and formed by brake mechanism parts, tire wear and road surface wear, and accumulated due to turbulence caused by road traffic. Information is provided on the negative impact on human health of the particles formed by eating the details of the car brake mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main problem of mathematical modeling of gas fuel combustion processes within the framework of the ANSYS Fluent software package is the choice of a turbulence model. As part of the study, to describe the turbulence phenomenon, the standard and modified k − ε models, the Spalart-Allmaras model, the k − ε model and the RNG k − ε model were tested for describing the mixing and combustion of methane in a cylindrical channel according to the Arrhenius law. The control volume method embedded in ANSYS Fluent was used in the calculations, where the velocity and pressure fields are linked by the PISO algorithm. A satisfactory agreement between the results of calculation and experiment was obtained when implementing the modified k − ε model by the axial distribution of temperature and longitudinal velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of flame propagation within cylindrical conduits, including both surfaces with minimal irregularities and those exhibiting roughness, as well as those harboring obstacles, constitutes a prominent subject of investigation within contemporary scientific inquiry. The transportation of gas fuels with varying reactivity levels in different combinations is of great significance due to their widespread utilization. The present review paper elucidates the intricate mechanism underlying the formation of tulip flames within the confines of horizontal combustion chambers. The tulip flame is a manifestation solely governed by hydrodynamics, arising from the interplay between the retrograde motion of deflected combusted gases expanding from the flanking regions of the flame and the progressive motion of unburned gases propelled forward within the finger-like structure of the flame. This intricate interplay significantly influences both the configuration and efficacy of the combustion system. Extensive research endeavors have been undertaken to explore the intricate phenomenon of flame propagation and its associated velocity. Nevertheless, the findings of these investigations have been dispersed among diverse scholarly outlets, including esteemed journals and esteemed conference proceedings. The primary aim of this manuscript is to amalgamate an extensive corpus of scientific investigations and present it in a manner conducive to critical examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous Variable Valve Timing CVVT is considered as being a very promising new technology, having the potential of combining low fuel consumption with low pollutant emissions. In this study, the effect LPG on The heat transfer coefficient, mass burned zone, the net rate of heat release, rate of heat release efficiency, temperature burned zone, and unburned temperature zone, at different CVVT degrees under constant engine speed, has been numerically investigated. As a result, a model based on the AVL BOOST 2016 code was proposed. The results showed that increasing the duration of the intake valve lead to a higher charge of fresh air reaching to the combustion chamber which enhanced the heat transfer coefficient, mass burned zone, rate of heat release, the net rate of heat release, temperature burned zone, and unburned zone. Furthermore, increasing the duration of the intake valve is going to increase the engine power by raising the turbulence mixture, starting pressure, and flame propagation within the combustion chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers in the field of combustion systems have focused on the issue of flame shape and size inside the combustion chamber. Multiple investigations examining the flame profile in modified combustion chambers have yielded promising results, and have attracted the attention of many scientists. Studying flame behaviour within combustion chambers leads to improved combustion efficiency and reduced pollutants; therefore, understanding these foundations is essential as a starting point for combustion engineering. Analysis of the literature indicated that flame shape depends on a combination of key factors such as fuel type, fuel mixing rates, and the ratio of primary and secondary air in the combustion chamber. This review mainly focuses on the analysis of combustion properties and performance and also covers the most important experimental and theoretical methodologies for measuring flame length and composition using different methods. Finally, by evaluating combustion components and focusing on models that work with a variety of combustion techniques and computational tools, investigators better understand the rationale, limitations, and modifications of combustion chambers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vateria Indica Linn is a tree belonging to Dipterocarpaceae family. The seed of Vateria Indica Linn contains about 19% of oil/fat. By a novel method the oil/fat in the seed is converted into biodiesel. In the previous work the effect of Vateria Indica Methyl Ester (VIME biodiesel) on engine parameters is tested in a single cylinder CI engine by varying injection pressure (180 to 220bar in step of 20bar) and injection timing (19˚, 23˚ and 27˚ bTDC). VIME is blended with diesel (10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of biodiesel v/v), which were called as B10, B15, B20, B25. Based on this works injection pressure of 220bars and injection timing of 27˚bTDC for B25 blend is selected as best. But in the previous work NOx emission is found to be considerable for the best parameters. The purpose this work is to study the effect of hot EGR on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine with diesel and B25 blend with 5% and 10% hot EGR for NOx mitigation. Here it can be noted that EGR lowers the performance but the emission characteristic is better compared to base line diesel. Based on the present work 10% EGR is recommended for blend B25 at selected optimum operating parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the use of renewable biodiesel in a single cylinder, 4-S diesel engine has been improved by means of combustion, performance, and emission analysis. The ideal MAHUA blend (CE) and LHRE was analyzed by comparing its characteristics from all biodiesel blends to the standard CE gasoline activity. B20 was produced as an optimal blend. In B10 operation CE decreased the CO emissions, HC (except NOx) and the thermal braking efficiency (BTE) relative to diesel fuel CE. Engine operations were carried out in all load conditions at a maximum speed of 1,500 rpm, fuel injection timing of 10°, 15° and 20°BTDC, and injector fuel Fuel 400, 500 and 600 bar pressures respectively. The working conditions are also analyzed with combustion-influenced outputs such as variability of the in cylinder pressure and net release rate in J deg−1. The experiment was performed with Low Heat Rejection (LHR) engine fueled with optimum fuels. The use of the 20% biofuel blend was shown to have dramatically improved combustion and decreased injection pressures. CO2 emissions also expanded with an improvement in percent EGR and a rise in load conditions. However, CO emissions grew up to 50% and consequently continued to decrease because the combustion was strengthened at higher loads. The performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of using Low Heat Rejection engine of the components of were coated with low heat rejection material have been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A more general, but also more difficult task in combustion methane-air mixture in the combustion chamber (СС) of gas diesel (GD) is to find the composition of the components in the flame developing in the boundary layer. In order to solve it, it is necessary, in our opinion, to consider more aerodynamically simple cases for which the results of the theory of turbulence could be used, to identify the influence of turbulence characteristics on the course of chemical combustion reactions in these conditions, to outline ways of transition to solving the problems of turbulent diffusion combustion in the difficult conditions of the CC of GD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, char analysis was carried out, produced during the co-gasification process of empty fruit bunch pellet (EFBP) and oil palm shell (OPS). The analysis aims to characterise char samples with three different fuel compositions of 100% EFBP, 75% EFBP; 25% OPS and 50% EFBP; 50% OPS. Two analysis was carried out, namely physical analysis and chemical analysis, using a bomb calorimeter, moisture analyser and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In general, it was found that the moisture content and calorific value increase with a higher amount of oil palm shell (OPS) in the fuel mixture. The calorific value ranged from 2.703 MJ/kg to 6.001 MJ/kg, while the moisture content ranged from 20.55% to 9.65%. The energy content in the char is relatively high based on the energy value. Therefore, it was found that the 6.001 MJ/kg calorific value char sample is suitable for use as gasification fuel. For the moisture, the char sample that mixed from 50% EFB pellet and 50% OPS had the lowest moisture content value. This value proves that this char sample is suitable for gasification fuel with its low moisture content. The FTIR analysis found that the char contains alcohol, alkane, alkene, carbonyl and aromatic chemical functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste oily sludge (OS) was transformed into energy-rich carbonaceous material by a thermochemical conversion process using a microwave-induced process. The aims of this research were to ride the environment of side effect products waste oily sludge, solid fuel production via microwave process of oily sludge. OS samples were collected from North Refineries Company (NRC) Baiji. The microwave process was employed using different ranges of micro-power at different residence time to produce chars under nitrogen atmosphere and the process showed that solid production increased gradually as power increased. Raw and char products materials were characterized using proximate, CHNS-O and HHV analyses and the results exhibited that the chars have high energy values with 18.35 MJ/kg as the maximum calorific value. It was concluded that the collected oily sludge waste was rich in carbon and high-value petroleum materials and the char yield has a higher-heating value which is expected to be used as solid carbon fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal is the world's primary energy source. It is also known as the highest contributor to the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Thus, any effort in reducing the coal consumption would benefit the environment. The so-called fossil-fuel capitalism and energy mix of coal with less CO2-emitts energy source is essential. This study aims to review process of mixing, economic analysis and environmental concern of bamboo-coal blend. The ideal ratio was said to be 80% coal and 20% torrefied bamboo. Carbonization at 400°C for 30 minutes was a useful operating condition for increasing the quality and reducing wasted energy in bamboo. This study would promote the practice of utilizing bamboo as an energy aid driver for power plants to minimize CO2 emissions from coal combustion and to expand biomass-to-energy capacity while also benefiting the economy, environment, and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 nano particles were synthesized using gel combustion and solgel approach. The synthesized TiO2 nano particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and UV analysis. Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC's) were fabricated by coating the synthesized nanomaterials on the photoanodes employing doctor blade technique. The performance of DSSC fabricated using TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized via gel combustion method was compared with the one which was prepared using solgel method. The photoanode of DSSC coated with solgel based TiO2 showed a higher power conversion efficiency but comparable band gap values when assessed with the DSSC fabricated using gel combustion based TiO2 nano particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays pollution levels are increased due to the increase in the intensity of the vehicles. Crude oil petroleum product prices also increased due to the scarcity of crude oil. So many researchers are doing their projects on the replacement of petroleum products by adding non-edible oil. In this research, diesel is added with ethanol RMSE & Jatropha oil for reducing the price of the fuel & emissions without affecting the performance of the engine. Jatropha oil is converted into biofuel by transesterification process, the catalyst used in ethanol & % of sulphuric acid. Jatropha biodiesel & ethanol is added to diesel in different composition and tested in variable compression engine at different load condition. An emission test is carried out in AUL 5 gas analysed at different load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify the fuel that will provide the best combustion, performance, and emission characteristics for WLDPE Diesel. The Components and the Processes In a generator set engine equipped with an eddy current dynamometer and operating with the default settings, diesel is combined with decanol in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The trial's predictions indicated that the HRR would be 5 J/deg, the PR-CY would be 80.233125 bar, the amount of BTE would be 28.77 J/deg, the amount of BSFC would be 0.3 g/kW.hr, the NOx would be 2447 ppm, and the smoke opacity would be 38.2% less than that of Diesel. All of these predictions were based on the results of the trial. p=0.048 indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between the groups that are being considered (p0.05). When compared to Diesel, the PR-CY, HRR, BSFC, NOx, and Smoke opacity were all lower throughout the scope of the experiment, with corresponding values of 0.6%, 1.5%, 4.9%, 0.1%, and 6.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of Oxy fuel combustion (nitrogen free combustion) into a diesel combustion IC engine is resulting in a huge variation in in-cylinder pressure and temperature, compared to the conventional air combustion. The variation is observed in both rate of change of variables versus Crank Angle Degree and the peak values, impacting the thermomechanical behaviour of piston. This paper presents a study and comparison of oxy fuel combustion with conventional air combustion on thermomechanical stress and fatigue life analysis of piston. The temperature and pressure loads on the piston are extracted using an experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics model, at the most severe working state, which is at peak power operating condition. The analysis is based on the stress life approach using a finite element model, considering temperature dependent material properties of piston coupled with thermal stress field and thermomechanical stress field. The thermomechanical results indicate that the Oxy fuel combustion is the most favourable environment for piston, as the minimum fatigue life is 15.5 times higher and the equivalent stresses, maximum principal stresses are 11% lower than the conventional air combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the study is to improve the combustion chamber's ability to squish, swirl, and tumble while also increasing its efficiency. Because of improved in-cylinder motion, the rate of fuel consumption has increased. The swirling grooves on the piston crown, as well as the shallow depth type combustion chamber, were used to create this feature. To achieve three distinct widths, three swirling grooves with varying depth (2mm) were constructed (5.5mm, 6.5mm, and 7.5mm). Pongamia biodiesel is utilized as an energy source for the experiments. It has been observed that the 6.5mm wide swirling grooved shallow depth piston offers superior performance, along with improved combustion characteristics, especially resulting in lower emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present scenario, there is an increasing demand for energy which needs to be fulfilled to achieve continuous growth. The rate at which fossil fuels such as coal are being consumed will surely lead to the extinction of these natural resources. Even today, due to the shortage of coal, the energy utilities are unable to perform according to their capacities. Therefore, alternative energy resources need to explored or researched. In this paper, an attempt has been made to find alternate energy resources. The current paper deals with the combustion analysis of organic-rich shales with the help of thermogravimetric analysis. Combustion parameters such as peak temperature, burnout temperature, and mass loss rate have been evaluated. The combustion process occurs in three stages which are the release of moisture followed by volatile combustion and ultimately fixed carbon combustion. Results indicate that some shale samples have good peak temperatures of above 580oC with, high GCV of 4424 kCal/Kg. Some samples showed promising results in the context of combustion and showed the potential to be used in the future with coal/biomass for co-combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study and evaluation of thermo-chemical, physico-chemical and thermo-mechanical properties of ashes is important for maintaining the smooth operation of boilers. Ash fusibility is a characteristic parameter of the fuel. The evaluative criteria predicting the behavior of ash are based on its chemical composition. The criteria used to characterize coal combustion are also used for the biomass combustion ash. Using these criteria the effect of the magnesite addition to dendromass ash was evaluated. The slagging, fouling and fusibility parameters of the original and modified ash with MgCO3 additive were compared. The ash fusibility index (fusibility temperature) increased significantly, and reactivity of the slag decreased with increasing MgO content in ash. Next, on the high-alumina refractory material, the corrosion test (static crucible corrosion test at 1450 °C/ 7 h) was carried with the dendromass ash with and without magnesite additive. The corrosion was visually evaluated from the degradation of (l-s) interface, and corrosion profile, and changes in the chemical and phase composition of the corrosion medium. The microstructure of the melt-refractory interface was studied by SEM/EDS. The slag preferentially attacks the binder phase of the corundum refractory castable, and a lesser extent the corundum grains. The change in the chemical composition due to the MgCO3 addition to ash manifested an increase of slag viscosity (slag viscosity index decreased), the wettability reduction of the corundum castable. The presented experiments are an introductory study aimed to reducing the corrosion of refractory materials by the modifying the composition of biomass and waste during their combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study the Dy3+ doped Sr1-xAl2O4: xDy (x= 0.05) phosphor (SAD 0.05 phosphor) was synthesized with Sr(NO3)2 and Al(NO3).H2O as precursors utilizing the urea fuel combustion method at 610 °C temperature. After a structural study employing X-ray diffraction, the sample was found to be single phased in nature and to have crystallized into monoclinic phase match with standard JCPDS 34-0379 card. The optical band gap obtained for Dy3+ doped Sr1-xAl2O4: xDy (x= 0.05) phosphor (SAD 0.05 phosphor) is 2.6460 eV in the current scenario, showing that the sample is a wide band gap material. The majority of the particles appear to be irregular spherical grains with a mean size of 19–41 nm, according to transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photoluminescence study revealed the three emission peaks in emission spectra with 572nm as dominant emission peak, by using 350nm as excitation wavelength. The CIE chromaticity diagram is used to calculate colour temperature 10475K and colour purity 21.95% of sample, the Dy3+ doped Sr1-xAl2O4: xDy (x= 0.05) phosphor (SAD 0.05 phosphor) can be tuned as light blue (0.28, 0.28) emission. The spectra are intense and lie in visible range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than two decades, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H2ICEs) have been the subject of research. Internal combustion fuels based on hydrogen are a viable option for the future. A number of research and development projects have resulted in incredible effectiveness numbers while keeping emissions well below administrative cutoff lines and achieving acceptable explicit force yields. These efforts recently has been concentrated on larger applications, such as marine engines. This is mostly due to the fact that while a Fuel Cell operates better at lower loads, a hydrogen combustion engine performs better at larger loads. The paper discusses the advantages of H2ICEs as well as why they are unlikely to be a viable alternative. This research also looks at the progress made in charting the expected effects of a direct hydrogen infusion, in-chamber heat transfer, demonstrating, and burning systems. The goal of this study is to illustrate the different benefits that hydrogen offers for the future of IC engines. This research article also discusses the difficulties that hydrogen presents, as well as various approaches of overcoming them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of thermodynamic modeling of the reactor graphite-nitrogen system under vacuum pressure. The balances of distribution of some radionuclides and carbon are given, which make it possible to evaluate the effect of pressure on the process of processing by the method of flameless combustion. The results indicate a shift in the temperature intervals for the transition of radionuclides from a condensed state to a gaseous state, which makes it possible to process reactor graphite at lower temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the characterization of ash produced by biomass combustion (BMA) as well as by co-combustion of coal with biomass (CC-BMA), produced by large power plants in the Czech Republic. Chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the ashes and their mixtures were determined by several test methods, according to the valid legislation. It was found that the properties of BMA and CC-BMA differ significantly. These properties are influenced by the type of material burned, the method of combustion and the place of sampling (fly ash x bottom ash). In addition, it can be concluded, none of the BMA and CC-BMA samples met all the requirements for chemical composition according to EN 450-1 standard method. The relationship between water consumption and the mean particle size of the BMA and CC-BMA was shown. It can be state that the requirement for the initial and final setting time and soundness was met by all pastes according to EN 450-1. None of the sample meets the requirement of the standard in terms of the activity index values which range of 50 – 70 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deli Serdang regency has a wide region 2.497,72 km2, and becomes part of Medan, Binjai, Deli Serdang, and Karo area. It also became an industry area and merchandising. One of the small industries in the area produces coconut shell charcoal. Coconut shell charcoal is a product that results from imperfect combustion, and it's better than roasted wood. The objective of this study is to increase coconut shell charcoal productivity by being effective and efficient. It also reduces ash emission in the environment. The method used by reconstructing the combustion chamber and chimney. The data compared between before and after reconstructing the burner and chimney. The result shows that the improvement of coconut shell production and ash emission after reconstructing increased 28.57% and the emission was environmentally friendly. Based on the result, the conclusion of this research states that combustion chamber and chimney design used is effective to be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the investigation of the autoignition delay of n-pentane and iso-octane (PRF) using two different Rapid Compression Machines. The air-fuel mixture is compressed in a cylinder using a solid piston. The cylinder is heated up to 102°C in case of i-octane so that i-octane should convert into vapor before combustion. Kastler pressure transducer and amplifier are used to record pressure in a cylinder with respect to time. Ignition delay is less than 10 ms for a lean mixture. Pressure may rise to 25 and 52 bar after combustion for i-octane and n-pentane respectively. Experiments are done for different equivalence ratios of fuel. n-pentane and iso-octane are used to investigate about ignition delay period. For n-pentane and i-octane, the equivalence ratio is varied from 0.4 to 1.4 and 0.36 to 0.8 respectively. Some results are compared with air to analyze the motion of the piston. The pressure record obtained of i-octane and n-pentane are compared finally. The present paper transparently illustrates the dependence of ignition delay on alteration of equivalence proportion from cheap to rich fuel-air mixture. Cool flame reaction and 2-stage ignition are also shown in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to an experimental study of the concentrations of gaseous emissions generated during the combustion of methane-isopropanol and methane-propane hydrates, as well as the dissociation rate at various temperatures in a muffle furnace. An increase in temperature from 700 to 1100 °C led to an increase in the rate of dissociation of double gas hydrates during combustion by 1.4–1.6 times. Increasing the temperature of the muffle furnace led to both a decrease in CO and H2 emissions and an increase in NOX and CO2 during the combustion of gas hydrates. The average concentrations of H2 and CO without combustion for methane-isopropanol is higher than for the methane-propane hydrate, and the average concentrations of NOX and CO2 differ depending on the temperature of the furnace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to an experimental study of gaseous products formed during the combustion of methane-isopropanol hydrate powder at various temperatures in a muffle furnace. As the temperature in the muffle furnace increases, the fuel burns out faster due to the increase in the reaction rate, and NOX and CO2 emissions increase. With an increase in temperature from 700 to 1100 °C, the maximum concentrations of H2 and CO gases decreased by 5.5–5.8 times, while the maximum values of NOX and CO2 increased by 7–10 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]