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This paper aims to analyze the relationship between China's maritime security policy and territorial disputes in the gray zone in the South China Sea. The study examines this relationship through the strategy and means of Chinese maritime security policy, aiming to clarify the factors that influenced this policy to drag its territorial disputes into the gray zone. The article argues that the rivalries between countries in the region fostered by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) operated as an external pressure on China. Furthermore, geopolitical factors and the perception of the Chinese ruling elite have contributed to considering the UNCLOS as a threat to China's maritime interests in the South China Sea. Consequently, the Chinese maritime security policy seeks to shift the status quo in the region to establish China as a hegemonic regional power with its sphere of influence while avoiding an open war with its neighbors and the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop a benchmark method to identify best practices in higher education across the country, in relation with management practices of academic productivity gender gaps and their impact on family responsibilities. This paper uses a qualitative approach to collect relevant information from official web pages from sixteen international universities previously selected. All information related to best practices policies implemented in each university was charted and assigned to one of the following categories for further analysis: ranking, gender policies, gender gaps, academic productivity, and childcare responsibilities. Results from this study revealed that the main best practices implemented in the included universities were practices related to harassment prevention, gender equality at college admission, development of protocols, leadership training, scholarships for study and research programs, adequate infrastructure, childcare financial support, flexible work schedules, family leave policies, improvement of the work environment and the development of departments in charge of follow-up and regular assessment of the proposed strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the final decades of the 20th century, territorial political economy was influenced by both urban and regional economy. The first called attention to the "triumph of the cities" and the second to the importance of consolidating "a new regionalism." Over the course of the 21st century, on the other hand, urban and regional economies have been conceptually articulated as a result of the "metropolitan revolution." The central objective of this article is to reflect on the characteristics of this process, the possible impacts and the great challenges. To conclude, this paper suggests that regional cohesion is determined by a functional polycentric territorial structure, a productive and sustainable economy and a multilevel and multi-scale governance model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a method for the analysis of codes of ethics driven by the strategic interests of the organization. For the review of codes of ethics it is important understand your value structure. The first step consists in a statistical analysis of terms that denote values. The second step consists in a semantical network analysis of the code. This method is presented on the example of the code of ethics of the Fiscalía General de la Nación, Colombia (2008). The proposed method is able to detect, in a detailed manner, emphasis as well as biases in the values' structure of codes of ethics. Thus, it is possible to propose revisions of codes of ethics that are guided by the organization's strategic values. The proposed method fills a void in the literature in relation to general methods for the analysis of codes of ethics with strategic goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the design of public policies has gathered diverse disciplines to propose new ways to build knowledge destined to heed society's needs and opportunities. In Latin America, the multicultural and pluriethnic character of the societies has supposed special interest to their design. The case studies allow to locate experiences and to build comparisons and detailed and complex readings of the phenomena present within the territories. Through the compared analysis of four experiences led by the National University of Colombia, with a social innovation approach, this paper describes the contrasts and nuances found in the interaction of local ecosystems of collaboration. Morin's complex thinking, and the social innovation approach are proposed to analyze the contributions of the academy in the scenario of peacebuilding, through the role of mediation in the interaction of local knowledge. This is fundamental for the consolidation of territorial communal processes, and to establishing potential recommendations for the multi-stakeholder design of public policies in the pos-accords scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten years after the creation of the National System of Response to Climate Change (snrcc for its acronym in Spanish) in Uruguay, this paper examines the perceptions among local actors about the impacts of climate change on the Northeast region of the country (Departments of Rivera, Tacuarembó and Cerro Largo). It also analyzes their visions about policies and mechanisms of climate governance defined at the national level, focusing some aspects such as articulation and participation. This way the paper aims to generate relevant inputs for the discussion about the design of policies for mitigation and adaptation to this phenomenon in the specific territory considered here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of the State in Argentina in the last three decades, based on oil policies, in order to understand its different transformations. The 90s were characterized by an abrupt referential change in the role of the state but especially in the productive and regulatory capacity on hydrocarbons. Despite of the neoliberal paradigm crisis on the beginning of the new millennium, energy policies on hydrocarbons still maintained the previous referential sector strategies. From the analysis of documentary sources and quantitative data, this paper aims to demonstrate how oil policy remains managed by market forces despite the fact that 51 % of Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) shares were purchased by the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite more than twenty years of implementation of Conditional Cash Transfers (ccts) inequality and poverty remain being one of the main problems of Latin America. These programs seek to stimulate consumption and reduce poverty and have become the axis of articulation of social protection in most of the countries of the region, incorporating logics of resource management and financing, and new actors and discourses on poverty. This paper critically presents the recent literature on ccts and analyzes the trajectories and approaches of the programs. The paper also analyses changes and continuities in the perspectives on poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are analysises of human rights' guarantees in Colombia, there are few studies focused on the historical reconstruction of policies in this area. This paper is based on the recognition that public action is dynamic because it is the product of communication between institutions and condenses dissent in the understanding of human rights' concepts. Thus, intervention priorities and their scope are the result of institutional choices that may vary or last over time. In this context, based on the analysis of the dialogue between entities involved in human rights policies, the article documents the way in which the concept of human rights has been consolidated and supports action on the matter, specifically, in Barco's government, which announces solutions and, above all, current problems in the public agenda and in current social revindications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes "Concejo a la casa", the initiative developed by DemoLab, the Open Council Laboratory of Bogota, as the first case of political innovation in Colombia that uses lottery as a selection mechanism for a process of citizen participation. It builds upon both the conceptual framework based on political innovation and lottery, and the descriptive analysis of the data collected by "Concejo a la casa" to explore the relationship between the descriptive representation of randomness and the conditions that enhance the reduction of some barriers and bias related to participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses different theoretical perspectives on emotions and their implications for political communication, campaigns and the vote. It reflects on the use of both positive and negative emotions in political ads, and on the different types of appeals aimed to the electorate in order to influence their electoral behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to identify the public innovation generated through the "Full Time Schools Program" in Mexico, particularly for the 2018-2019 school year in the schools of the State of Puebla, evaluating the generation of public value through a survey perception answered by 612 principals of schools benefited from this program in the state. The research shows that although the program's operating rules point out the criteria for generating public value, there are sections of political control in the operation that could be improved in the state public management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governance reflects the transformation of relations between government and society, starting with the emergence of a more active role for civil society in public action by detaching it from traditional dependency from government. However, although governance as a concept has been used vigorously in the discursive strategies of the doctrines of New Public Management (NPM) in conjunction with discourses of innovation as a justifying purpose; it is also possible to trace discourses that can be grouped in a framework called Post-New Public Management (P-NGP) which proposes new conceptions about governance and innovation; Conceptions that articulate a shift in the ways of conceiving and understanding organizational forms, public management and the State itself in its interaction with society. This paper analyzes the changes in the concept of governance brought by the P-NGP, which implies taking as a starting point the governance descriptions of NPM discursive areas, and then contrasting these descriptions with references to the P-NGP. This implies a reflection on the reconstruction of the dynamics of public action that, from the approach of governance based on P-NGP discussion referents, propose new logics for the implementation of policies from public innovation, such as the emerging case of public and private organizational forms like crowdsourcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the process employed to implement an innovation culture, within the Banca de Desarrollo Territorial, Findeter, through the use of a development management model that also accounts for service and product improvement; since innovation is a key aspect for value generation and competitive differentiation in organizations. Initially, a literature review is conducted to identify the development bank's actions that configure innovation practices. Later, the methodology and management model is described; this incorporates the practices and activities that allow the adoption of a new innovation culture. Finally, a summary is given for the development and validation process of four (4) solution prototypes, formulated to previously identified requirements, which are characterized by its innovation focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses orthodox and heterodox development streams, by bringing about and comparing their core conceptual building blocks. The paper builds mainly on an economic disciplinary approach, but briefly discusses other views. Therefore, the paper will be divided into three parts. First of all, a brief introduction about the notion of development; Secondly, a theoretical view of the characteristics of the interpretation orthodoxy; Thirdly, the theory of heterodoxy development. Finally, an analysis beyond economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as its objective to analyze how the relationship between public administration and public policy research is rethought when conceiving the latter as governmentality technologies. As a central argument, it claims that public policies are inscription by technical mediations, and their effects, in the order of governmentality are, at the same time, technologies affecting the comprehension of public policy field, State, public administration and society. The following section: methodology and results, was mapped based on "Corruption and fight against corruption in Colombia. Case analysis" study. Finally, we conclude that research in public policies, studied as governmentality technologies, must start by questioning the epistemic and ontological postulates of what has been conceived, from classical interpretations, such as public administration and the State/society relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing institutionalization of public policy as a field of study, there has been little reflection on the teaching in this field. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the characterization of public policy teaching in Colombia based on the case of a handbook-type text on public policy. A citation analysis was carried out and surveys applied to students and graduates of a master program in public policy. A rationalistic oriented use of the book was identified, with a focus on the implementation phase at different territorial levels. The popularization of the field and the operational definition of public policy are some of the main contributions of the book. The profile of the public policy apprentice was identified and some opportunities and challenges are outlined in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depending on the regulation, the border of a Nation-state can be classified as a barrier or a contact point. The notion of security stems from territorial defense and sovereignty. Globalization has made an impact in border regions with a major influx of people, goods, services, money and crime. Border, security and development concepts have merged to guarantee border policy practices in those spaces, strengthening surveillance and control. This paper examines the current situation of the boundary between Venezuela and Colombia from a postmodernist political geography approach, by using documental and newspaper records. Notable aspects of this border are: that both States leave border areas unattended; the clash of two States with an internal crisis and different political, jurisdictional and economical systems; a lack of integral border policies and an ever growing surge of violence and crime that affects areas closest to the borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present work consists, from a review of the current reality of the migration situation between Colombia and Venezuela, to carry out an analysis of the various administrative advances of border management. Despite the great importance that Venezuelan migrations have aroused in Colombia over the past five years, understanding the various political, economic and social elements of the internal affairs of both countries can provide the basic elements for understanding the correct logic for the proper administrative management of the border. It is expected that the reader achieves with this paper, in addition to having a vision about the state of bilateral migrations between Colombia and Venezuela, develop a deeper perspective on the challenges to governance of the Colombian-Venezuelan border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the initial Colombian decentralization path marked by the empowerment at local level through the notion of autonomy, and provides a prospective reflection related to the new and emerging post-conflict phase, which focuses on inclusive territorial multi-level governance for the good management of regional development using the new public policy tool - Contrato Plan (Planning Contract). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to explore the characteristics of populism from the experience of Ecuador, one of the countries in Latin America that has had more processes of this type. The idea is to identify similarities in the way that the populist style of leadership is exercised from four cases despite the existing differences between these political leaders: Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra, Abdala Bucaram Ortiz, Alvaro Noboa Ponton, and Rafael Correa. The argument is that, unlike the prevailing approaches in Ecuadorian literature, populism must be understood as a style of leadership that occurs between leader and follower, which has a series of characteristics that are maintained throughout time, regardless of the contextual and systematic differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a number of years now, analyses of the political participation of women have warned of a very low presence of these in the various parliaments of the world. The diagnosis of female underrepresentation was a warning sign for different international organisms, which initiating from successive calls started to plan a review of the situation so that various countries would commit themselves to adopt measures to modify it. This paper has the goal of describing the current outlook of women and politics in Latin America, with special attention paid to the Colombian case, focusing fundamentally on the adoption of gender quotas as a strategy of positive discrimination that might contribute to a larger participation of women in the politics of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua underwent a series of internal conflicts, largely as a result of economic and social inequalities and repressive political regimes, fueled by the policies of the two main superpowers at the time. Since 1996 when the peace agreements were signed the presence of private security companies in Guatemala has increased significantly, given the climate of insecurity and demand for protection by society at large. The provision of security by the private sector is challenging the state's role as the main actor responsible for the security and safety of citizens and the protection of their assets. In the absence of an efficient legal system or regulatory structure, these private sector activities raise issues of legality, legitimacy, and accountability in the area of security policy. This paper seeks to analyze the state of control and supervision of the private sector in the field of public security in Guatemala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some theoretical components of comparative historical institutionalism components compared. It begins with an overview of the theory and the importance its followers give to institutions in the construction of the modern state, liberal democracy and economic development. Two analyses of Latin America are compared with Korea and Taiwan during the decades in which the development model predominated, while the second shows the progress undergone by the State in the region during the twentieth century. In addition to this, the return of the state is presented with a series of measures with a content that is different to its actions in Latin America is presented. Finally, some of the limitations of comparative historical institutionalism are shown to understand the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]