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Porn triumphs and proliferates everywhere, from network meshes to urban contexts, from media screens to the interstices of daily life; it invades the webs of public life, overheats electronic connections and impregnates contemporary sociality with moods. It becomes an atmosphere. What are the origins, the genealogy, and the actuality of this convulsed scene from the United States? In a transdisciplinary perspective embracing sociology of the imaginary, communication sciences, porn, and gender studies, the article analyzes and interprets the passage between pornography and pornoculture as a fundamental change for our societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrying the stigma of substance use comes up against certain social, medical and gender norms. Toxicophobia, defined as the hatred and discrimination of those who use substances, takes on a particular form when healthcare professionals produce it. This article will attempt to explain the causes and consequences of this phenomenon, based on recent sociological research and a survey of perinatal and addiction issues in the medico-social sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

in this article, we attempt to shed light on how, placed by the law in a situation of identity suspension that is "impossible to bear," unaccompanied minors (UAMs) can construct themselves, caught as they are between a unique personal identity that they know they must mourn in order to be able to stay in the territory, and a projected identity, also constructed by and within the fantasy of the Other. In this context, we consider the possible scope for a relationship between UAMs and social workers or volunteers, and how the understanding of the topology of the Borromean knot can be used in the training of social workers and volunteers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a cross-disciplinary exploration of philosophy, sociology, and political science focusing on the complex process of radicalization and its implications for the legitimization of violence. Topics include an analysis of the challenges the State faces in comprehending the stakes of radicalization, particularly through the examination of public policies.

The Covid-19 crisis has given a rare visibility to 'science in the making', with still uncertain effects on the image of science. In any case, it offered a moment of reflection on the place of science and working conditions of scientists, from which we can already draw some lessons in the sociology of science, with a particular interest in the way knowledge is produced on the history of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. First of all, the question of its origin has enabled scientists to underline with great clarity the dependence of their knowledge capacities on political choices. Another interesting aspect of their discourses is that they show how much scientific credibility also depends on a collective effort carried out outside laboratories. The pandemic has in addition increased the credibility both of emerging and forgotten specialties, and shown the complementarity of very different 'ways of doing' science. Finally, it has confirmed the inclusion of virology in a scientific and political movement associated with the great narrative of the 'Anthropocene'. The question of the origin of the virus is still open, however, and is the subject of a controversy that further enriches its sociological interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with professional/user interactions in French psychiatry and offers to distinguish four "therapeutic styles" according to their use of tools to sustain these interactions: 1°) absence of tools and informality of interactions; 2°) use of rituals to maintain contact with the patient, no formalization; 3°) use of therapeutic methods; 4°) use of tools: a) to ease expression and interactions, b) such as protocols or c) standardized. We propose to distinguish between formalization and standardization of interactions and conclude on the role of the feeling of powerlessness of caregivers in the conflict between therapeutic approaches in psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the work of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, particularly focusing on his concept of reflexivity in the context of sociology. It explores how Bourdieu's intellectual journey evolved over four decades. It also touches upon Bourdieu's critical stance on various issues in social sciences, his personal background, and the intellectual traditions that influenced him, such as phenomenology, structuralism, and Marxism.

The academicization of social work training is often thought of as a remedy for the tendency to reproduce knowledge and practices due to a system in which peer training is highly dominant. Faced with the transformations and processes of pedagogical reengineering that have developed in the field of social work training in France since the 2010s, including their entry into the European system of higher education, and the addition of academic subjects to the training courses, it is appropriate to question the issues and the scope of a resulting universitarization. In the absence of a clear theoretical framework and of concepts that allow for thinking about the social action of individual support and collective transformation, future social workers are exposed to cognitive dissonance. Intervention sociology, among other disciplines, can provide the theoretical, conceptual and methodological materials to avoid these dissonances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the prevalence of infectious diseases has gradually decreased, while that of chronic diseases is growing exponentially: this phenomenon is known as the epidemiological transition. In this context, health is no longer to be understood as merely the absence of disease, but as a complex whole, also described as 'environmental health'. Indeed our daily interactions with the environment in the long term are what will influence our health. Chronic diseases are difficult to cure: public health should no longer focus solely on care, but also and especially on prevention. Diet is particularly interesting in this context: it can be considered as a notable part of our interaction with the environment, on which each individual has the power to act, although under the constraint of economic factors and conditioned by culture. It can also be beneficial in preventing the development of chronic diseases, or harmful in promoting it. There are links between the growth of social inequalities in health and the prevalence of chronic diseases; the most socially disadvantaged populations are the most affected and are the greatest consumers of ultra-processed foods, which are identified as causing chronic diseases. Sociology can contribute to these issues by providing insight into the food and nutrition representations and behaviors of socially disadvantaged populations, ultimately to help develop appropriate prevention campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between literature and society is inseparable with the literature being always a social process. The play analyzed in this study, Aye bi kolah aye ba kolah, written by Gholamhessoein Saedi, being a fine example of the Iranian society of the forties, provides a good opportunity to carry out an in-depth sociological study based on Bourdieu;s ideas.. Indeed, the district represented suffers from land inabilities that are related to the position of the agents and their capital as well as the habitus. This society, which is made up of agents belonging to different social strata, is doomed to decay and this tragic end is traced by the inhabitants themselves. Our goal is to find one or more answers to the following two research questions: 1) Despite the presence of agents from different social classes, why is it that such a society does not find a way out of the problem and is doomed to failure? 2) Under the influence of what individual and collective characteristics, does the destiny of social agents precipitate into declines? To answer these questions, we have made an attempt to study the structure of the society and its influential factors according to Bourdieu's sociological method. To do this, the careful study of the fundamental concepts of Bourdieusian sociology (i.e. habitus, field, and capital) will be the foundation of our analytical methodology. The class habitus, which makes it possible to understand the logic of individual and collective actions, influences the way of life and determines, in a remarkable way, the acquisition of different capitals. The latter, covering different forms, determines the position of agents in the society. Thus, the analysis of the above factors could guide us to discover the causes of the collapse of the society represented in this play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the novel And Their Children After Them, Prix Goncourt 2018, Nicolas Mathieu points out the transmission of behavioral patterns from parents to their children. With his characters and his literary process, he views this phenomenon from an almost sociological standpoint. It would be unthinkable to approach this subject without mentioning Pierre Bourdieu and his analysis of the mechanisms of social reproduction. In doing so, we will therefore use Bourdieu's terminology: habitus, capital, field, illusio, etc. This cross-reading will allow us to see to what extent this bildungsroman illustrates the theory of the famous sociologist. The fact that the author himself refers to Bourdieu further justifies our approach. In the novel, Mathieu draws a portrait of France on the outskirts in the throes of deindustrialisation in the 1990s, with representatives of different social classes as protagonists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cameroon, behind a press headline, a report, an interview, two main frames of interpretation of the news intersect, which this research highlights: the framing of "mapartism" favourable to linguistic (Anglophone/Francophone), ethnopolitical partisan interests, and the framing of the unified nation, favourable to the emergence of a Cameroonian nation turned towards republican ideals and the causes of national interests. How do these frameworks for interpreting current events appear? And what do they reveal about the functioning of socio-political and power issues in Cameroon? The problem posed here is that of the role of ethnotribal/regional and linguistic (Francophone/English-speaking) identities in the editorial orientation of press events in Cameroon. To answer this question, this study combines the analysis of press discourse and the sociology of the production of journalistic work in Cameroon. It puts into perspective the informative framing of newspapers through the designation of actors and events and their relationship to the devices of which they are the effect. Our corpus is composed of 158 articles taken from 5 Cameroonian newspapers published between 1 January and 30 June 2015 and 15 semi-comprehensive interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of research projects in the social sciences have added complexity to the woman/man model. This article examines the genesis and contributions of these approaches, while suggesting a new avenue of research. An abundant literature exists on the intertwining of social relations and on femininity and masculinity types, but it often fails to break down what gender means for each or to question the woman/man divide. Drawing on the sociology of social classes and considering contemporary transformations of the gendered order, this article calls for an understanding of gender as a multidimensional space in which positions are both numerous and composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of what seems to be known in France as the “crisis of literature,” one of the solutions often put forward over the past two or three decades is to invoke the epistemic capacities of literary works, in order to argue their usefulness and legitimacy. Literature specialists, but also representatives of other fields of study thus speak of a sociological, historical or philosophical knowledge, which would be possible through literature. This situation brings to light the question of interdisciplinary relations in the French intellectual and academic field. This article proposes the analysis of such a confrontation between literary figures and sociologists, around the notions of implicit sociology of literature and novelistic sociology. We try to show, through the examination of the discussions on this subject between intellectuals such as Bernard Lahire, Jacques Dubois, Nathalie Heinich, etc., that the strong enhancement of literary works by the use of the idea of knowledge through literature could lead, in return, to critical questioning of the importance and legitimacy of literary studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of what seems to be known in France as the “crisis of literature”, one of the solutions often put forward over the past two or three decades is to invoke the epistemic capacities of literary works, in order to argue their usefulness and legitimacy. Literature specialists, but also representatives of other fields of study thus speak of a sociological, historical or philosophical knowledge, which would be possible through literature. This situation brings to light the question of interdisciplinary relations in the French intellectual and academic field. This article proposes the analysis of such a confrontation between literary figures and sociologists, around the notions of implicit sociology of literature and novelistic sociology. We try to show, through the examination of the discussions on this subject between intellectuals such as Bernard Lahire, Jacques Dubois, Nathalie Heinich, etc., that the strong enhancement of literary works by the use of the idea of knowledge through literature could lead, in return, to critical questioning of the importance and legitimacy of literary studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of couples living apart together (LAT) is increasingly present in the sociology of the family. There are hardly any quantitative studies that have analyzed LAT marriages. However, the most recent family changes increase the possibility of these unions. This research analyzes the reality of married LAT from a quantitative point of view, thanks to the GGS project which brings together a sub-sample of 524 cases from 8 European countries. The results indicate the existence of both types within these marriages. However, the predominant situation is that of couples who experience this situation in a forced way. They are characterized by a higher average age, less frequent contact and a greater feeling of loneliness than the rest of couples without living together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of historians and sociologists have questioned the relation between socialization and architecture. Yet the relation between the latter and the production of scientific knowledge has been seldom addressed. In this article, we present a research avenue that aims to explore in greater depth the relation between architecture and the production of so-called interdisciplinary scientific knowledge. We propose to investigate the discourses, strategies and material elements that researchers deploy to set up scientific collaborations between different domains. Our case study is represented by two "complexity institutes": the Santa Fe Institute and the Complex Systems Institute of Paris Île-de-France. Empirical material consists of interviews, ethnographies and archives. We ask a series of questions: how is the interdisciplinary use of architecture discussed and reported? How is it materially established? What are the observable research practices in these architectural spaces? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces various topics covered in the issue including the sociology of gender born in the U.S., learners in sociological analysis of relationships social sex, and the evolution of the sociology of gender.

"Gender Sociology, a field of teaching and research in construction at the University of Yaoundé 1 and at the Catholic Institute of Yaoundé (South-Cameroon)." Subsequent to the J. Moutome Ekambi (2004)'s article appraising the scientific status of "Women and Gender Studies" in Cameroon till 1990, the present paper tries to undertake a diachronic analysis of the scientific status of gender sociology at the university of Yaoundé 1 and at the Catholic Institute of Yaoundé, through changes in educational curriculum and in scientific works. The importance of gender sociology is evaluated here through the number and types of lessons taught as well as the total number of lecturers' publications and students' field studies, since the spontaneous emergence of this discipline in these two universities. After a brief disciplinary clarification, the authors realize, in turn, take stock of things and the perspectives for the construction of gender sociology in these two universities. Despite some significant progress over four decades, the influence of this disciplinary field will go through the organization of a scientific colloquium on the discipline in order to create educational and theoretical debates between the lecturers here and their colleagues of other African Nations, since many countries have many common social norms and values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political in Côte d'Ivoire is closely linked to the media. Two media entities emerge from the relationship. This sociology journalistic context points out three typologies in the ivoirian media landscape. These are the « green newspapers » close to the RHDP the ruling coalition, the « blue newspapers » that defend the FPI vision, the political opposition and socalledindependant newspapers. The functionning of the first two categories(green newspapers and blue newspapers) in such that each person spreads the point of view of the political party whose ideology he supports. These newspapers, with in the same block, cultivate a kind of unanimity expression of their political ideology vis-à-vis the news. Subsequently, it can be inferred that « blue newspapers » and « green newspapers » are part of a kind of activism or even political commitment. In studing this crisis, it is a question of how political conflict becomes a journalistic conflictuality. More precisely, how this conflicuality stage dis reflected in the journalistic discourse ? In addition, the treatment of the news of the crisis at the FPI leads us to describe and understand the processes used by journalists of the staging of this conflict. Therefore, we make the assumption that the scenography of the FPI's crisis, suggests distinct discursive formations whose purpose is manipulation Therefore, this reflection, from a perspective of discourse analysis, underlines that the test of internal democracy, the block of « blue newspapers » like its political class, has bipolarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is a sociological thought on the implementation of the Cameroonian National Gender Policy in the field. After a brief description of the greatest winnings of this public development policy, the author tries to make a critical sociology of the main factors which limit its real implementation in the public and private spheres of our nowadays societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information and communication technologies, in their rapid growth, have acquired an extraordinary power over social dynamics. A host of new behaviors are emerging in the public and private space and whose control is beyond the control of social actors. The proof is made daily with the overflowing euphoria aroused by social networks and the democratization of the Smartphone. Can this bulimia of digital communication be justified simply by technical progress, or should we associate the analysis of this phenomenon with relational and psychosociological factors? This issue is reminiscent of the controversial debate over technological determinism that is convened through this article to seek to understand who, the technological tool or society, has primacy over the other in the manifestation and explanation profound social changes that affect sectors as diverse as communication, civic life, security, education, commerce, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the time of the « emergence »-seeking, the present article attempts to contribute to the promotion of enterprising mind by the holders of a diploma in sociology of the University of Yaoundé 1, where the self-vocational integration is very weak or nearly nil. Basing on the counting the survey results, the author reveals alternately the definition of an enterprise, the types of enterprises in Cameroon and the techniques of creating and scientific management of firms. Considering that the new researcher for African development must always questions oneself on the end and the impact of its scientific activity (Jean-Marc Ela, 2001, p.26), the authors give a few suggestions to improve the self-employment situation of the holders of a diploma in sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to provide an analysis of Shi'a Islam in Belgium, following both its religious forms and its specific sociology. The research offers an overview of the values and the behaviors of various Shi'a communities, mapping their territorial presence and the manner in which they integrate the Islamic organizations and the Belgian public system. A special attention is paid to the phenomenon of conversion to Shiism among the Moroccan diaspora in Belgium, one of the most specific elements of Belgian and European Islam. The analysis is mainly placed in the general context of religious and geopolitical rivalries between the great Sunni and Shi'a state and non-state actors--primarily Morocco and Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on peculiar modes of observation and construction for the elaboration of narrative in research, the article analyzes the singular conditions of a homeless Brazilian woman without any documents for whom the establishment of personal or institutional bonds is difficult. The underlying research, carried out in 2015, 2016, and 2017, was guided by observation and frequent conversations, taking ethnobiography as inspiration. Following the daily routine of this street occupant became one of the initial ways to find out how, through such inhospitable survival in the urban space marked by inequality, it was possible to preserve regularity in actions, inventing special conditions to recreate "house" and "work". The methodological proposal of the article, drawing on the intersection of different knowledge fields (sociology, anthropology, and psychoanalysis), raises questions on how to incorporate the theme of singularity into research, stretching, to the limit, the possibilities of language and listening to social life in its most unexpected nuances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the relationship between sociology and bioethics. It is said that this relationship is old and recurring. Raymond de Vries, an author and professor of sociology, thus distinguishes a sociology "of" and a sociology "in" bioethics. Subsequently, some social science researchers became involved in research aimed at anchoring universal conceptions in local reality.

The aim of this article is to give a historical and epistemological overview of the teaching and the research in Labor sociology at the University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), since the spontaneous emergence of this discipline at the former University of Yaoundé (UY) in the academic year 1978-1979. After a brief disciplinary clarification, the author describes, in turn, the situation and the future prospects of the construction of the Labour sociology in this state university. Significant progress has been made in nearly four decades. But, the national and international influence of this disciplinary field necessitates the organization of scientific colloquiums and seminars in order to permit the teacher-cum-researchers to share their knowledge and experience with their colleagues of other universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La manière dont la minorité de jeunes filles des Zones d'Éducation Prioritaires (ZEP) se débrouille pour réussir leur scolarité a été très peu discutée dans le domaine des sciences de l'éducation. L'étude cherche à rendre compte, en essayant de comprendre, ce qu'elles font, en termes de mécanismes déployés, pour inscrire leur scolarité dans des parcours de succès individualisés. Elle est ethnographique et repose sur un devis de recherche qualitatif, faisant appel à la méthode des entretiens individuels, comme technique de collecte des données. Elle a concerné 10 filles des ZEP, recrutées à l'aide d'un échantillonnage par choix raisonné. À partir d'une analyse de contenu thématique, les résultats se structurent autour de trois axes : les difficultés d'apprentissage, les mécanismes de réussite et les facteurs motivationnels de la réussite. Pour ce qui est notamment des mécanismes mis en oeuvre, les résultats révèlent qu'au-delà de l'effort personnel, certaines filles en situation de ZEP font usage du travail de groupe en traitant des épreuves ; d'autres s'en sortent grâce aux cours de répétitions ou bien avec l'aide des aînés. En effet, l'inscription des réussites dans des parcours individualisés s'aligne sur la question des transfuges de classe, tout en offrant la possibilité de mettre en évidence la capacité et le pouvoir d'agir des filles sur elles-mêmes et sur leur environnement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the three unpublished letters by satirical poet, anarchist polemicist, essayist and translator active in Paris, France in the 1890s and early 1900s, Laurent Tailhade and poet of Nicaragua, Ruben Dario. It includes discussion on papers of controversy and sociology, love poems written in the style of old hymnals and anarchist theories.

The author proposes in this paper to question the impact on personality of the main evolutions of social organization during the last centuries. Starting from the postulate that the social organization determines the structure of the subjectivity, the author underlines, according to the work of Marcel Gauchet, the gradual transition from a "traditional personality", immersed in the community, to a "contemporary personality" who ignores his inscription in the community. This lack of enrollment in the community could determine the emergence of some kind of psychiatric disorders (identity disorders, borderline states, depression, behavioral disorders in children), related to the greatest narcissistic vulnerability of subjects, more delivered to themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it is relational, processual, and it articulates the incorporated dispositions of the actors and the contexts of their actions, sociology 'desevidentialize,' denaturalize, desubstantialize, and historicize the social world by contributing to do away with spontaneous representations that distort the reality of things. Besides, when sociology studies the social at the level of the individuals and individual actions, it destroys the fictions (juridical and philosophical) of the isolated individuals, enclosed on himself, free and fully conscious of everything. By producing images of the real state of the social world, sociology fully participates in the democratic life of our societies and should, therefore, be at the heart of the formation of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article questions the commonly accepted notion of work, based on an analyze of the activities of a patient during his recovery journey. The steps of analyzing work in relation to education and training leads to broadening the field of activities commonly studied to get to the day to day tasks of the subjects. A research conducted in immersion in a hospital department allowed us to identify actions that usually stay ‘'in the dark'' because self-conducted. Based on the theories and methods of the interactionist sociology of the Chicago School, we will focus here on a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the theoretical tools of Refoundation of the School like the Mülhmann effect in pedagogy. It discusses the institutionalization, sociology of religions, French and Russian revolutions, organize learning with priority of primary school and relevance of this tool. It also talks about the failure of the prophecy in pedagogy.

Résumé Première femme médecin-psychiatre à avoir eu, bien avant les années 1920, une expérience et un contact direct avec l’institution psychiatrique à Vienne, puis à Berlin, Helene Deutsch a ensuite entrepris une formation psychanalytique suivie de fonctions psychanalytiques institutionnelles à Vienne, puis – à partir des années 1934 – à Boston. Elle a produit une œuvre riche et controversée qui anime encore les débats sur le féminin, la personnalité, la maternité, l’érotisme dans la psychanalyse et la sociologie contemporaines. First woman who as psychiatric practitioner before 1920, Helene Deutsch began her career in psychiatric institution in Vienne and Berlin. She trained further in psychoanalysis first in Vienne, and in Boston. She also developed formal training for therapists and analysts. She also wrote several famous papers on female sexuality and about women's psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs En venant compléter deux publications relatives à l’enquête Hepaig-quali, l’une consacrée à la sexualité et l’autre à l’usage de drogues, cet article s’intéresse à la dimension psychodynamique des récits recueillis auprès d’homosexuels masculins séropositifs pour le VIH. L’enquête Hepaig-quali constitue l’un des volets de l’étude épidémiologique Hepaig, portant sur les « hépatites aiguës C chez des homosexuels atteints par le VIH », coordonnée par l’Institut de veille sanitaire (France). En complément de résultats recueillis par questionnaire, et à partir du point focal de « l’événement hépatite C », l’objectif de ce volet qualitatif visait à recueillir des récits de pratiques relatifs à la sexualité et à l’usage de drogues, à connaître les motivations de tels choix et à les replacer dans la trame biographique des sujets, à détailler les événements survenus dans leurs parcours de soins et à explorer les représentations relatives à leur santé physique et psychique. Méthode L’enquête repose sur la réalisation de deux entretiens successifs réalisés auprès de 31 hommes, initialement inclus dans l’étude Hepaig. Ces entretiens, intégralement retranscrits, ont fait l’objet d’une double lecture, psychodynamique et sociologique, selon une posture épistémologique se référant à une approche compréhensive des comportements. Résultats Cet article s’intéresse spécifiquement à la santé psychique des enquêtés et à la dimension psychodynamique de leurs récits. Bien que les entretiens, réalisés par le sociologue, ne soient pas l’équivalent de « cas cliniques », les enjeux psychiques y sont très présents. Les répondants évoquent, avec leurs mots, leurs expériences du stress, de la « déprime » et évoquent pour certains leurs idées suicidaires. Ils abordent en majorité leurs pratiques, et les motivent selon un discours de recherche de jouissance et de maîtrise rationnelle des risques. Discussion À bien des égards, les enquêtés apparaissent comme des « hommes ordinaires », notamment du point de vue de leur socialisation sexuée et de leur représentation du risque. Leur spécificité du point de vue de la santé psychique tiendrait à leur expérience des discriminations et à leur vécu d’une maladie chronique. En exprimant une tension permanente entre pulsion et raison, entre recherche de jouissance et besoin de maîtrise de leur vie, ils présentent les caractéristiques de l’individu hypermoderne dont les contradictions se révèlent dans le rapport à l’autre. Conclusion Les enquêtés, bien informés, adhèrent au discours médical positif des soignants, qui les soutient psychiquement face au poids de morbidité des infections par le VIH et le VHC. L’évolution des cultures sexuelles se traduit, pour ces hommes, par un rejet de la norme du préservatif et par l’adoption de pratiques décrites comme plus satisfaisantes, mais pouvant comporter des risques accrus. Leurs comportements sont toutefois régis par d’autres dimensions que la connaissance et la rationalité. La recherche de jouissance ne s’embarrasse pas toujours des freins et des empêchements que la raison imposerait. Cela devrait conduire les soignants à mieux entendre et accompagner les efforts de réduction des risques de leurs patients. Objectives This paper focuses on the psychodynamic dimension of narratives collected in interviews carried out with HIV-positive gay men, and completes two previous publications concerning the Hepaig-quali study, one centred on sexuality and the other on drug use. The Hepaig-quali study was part of the Hepaig epidemiological survey on acute hepatitis C among HIV-infected gay men, coordinated by the Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS, France). In addition to the results gathered from questionnaires, and with a focus on the “hepatitis C event”, the present study aimed to describe sexual practices and drug use among HCV-infected gay men, to assess the motivations of these choices, to position them in relation to their life histories and healthcare experiences, and to explore how they viewed their physical and mental health. Methodology Our study was based on two successive in-depth interviews with 31 men previously included in the Hepaig survey. These interviews, conducted by a sociologist, were fully transcribed, and analysed from a dual psychodynamic and sociological viewpoint, an epistemological stance related to the comprehensive approach to behaviours. Results Thirty-one men were included in this qualitative study. We focused specifically on the mental health of the respondents and the psychodynamic dimension of their narratives. Despite the fact that these interviews were not equivalent to “clinical cases”, psychic issues were very much present. In their own words, the respondents talked of their experiences of stress and depression, and some mentioned suicidal ideations. Most talked readily about their practices and explained them via discourse on achieving pleasure, alongside the rational control of risks. Discussion In many respects, the respondents appeared as “ordinary men”, in particular with respect to their gendered socialisation and their representations of the risks. From a mental health perspective, some specificities were linked to the experiences of discrimination and chronic illness. With the permanent tension between impulse and reason, between the search for pleasure and the need to control their lives, they present the characteristics of the hypermodern individual whose contradictions are revealed in their relationship with the other. Conclusion Accurately informed, the respondents also embraced the positivist medical discourse of their caregivers, which provides them with support and helps them to face the burden of HIV and HCV infections. The evolution of gay sexual culture leads these men, via the rejection of the “condom norm”, to choose practices described as more satisfying, but entailing greater risks. Nevertheless, as with any topic, their behaviours are regulated by other dimensions than knowledge and rationality. The search for pleasure is not always restrained by the hindrance and impediments of reason. This should lead caregivers to better understand and support the efforts that their patients make to reduce risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé La fin du xix e siècle a été marquée à Paris par de nombreux suicides, dont une série de suicides familiaux (parents + enfants) attribués à la misère. Il s’agissait soit d’un dénuement total, soit de revers de fortune, soit de situations plus complexes. Depuis 1836, la catégorie « misère/revers de fortune » était répertoriée par la Justice comme l’un des motifs présumés du suicide. Malgré la réalité de la misère de masse qui sévissait à Paris, le phénomène suicide ne saurait s’y résoudre et, sauf à accepter un sociologisme primaire, des facteurs de psychopathologie individuelle et un état dépressif au moment de l’acte étaient, et restent, nécessairement présents. Late Nineteenth-Century Paris saw a spate of suicides, including a series of family suicides, i.e. suicides of parents and children, which have been attributed to poverty. “Poverty” in this context can refer to utter destitution, a reversal of fortune, or, in some cases, a more complex set of economic factors. In 1836, the authorities had introduced “poverty/reversal of fortune” as one of the categories of motives used to classify individual cases of suicide. In spite of the fact that poverty was indeed widespread in Paris, reducing suicide to poverty makes for crude sociologizing and ignores constants such as individual psychopathology and the occurrence of a depressed mood at the time of suicidal acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’épidémiologie, les facteurs de risque et la base biologique de comportements suicidaires ont été l’objet d’une recherche croissante au cours des trois dernières décennies. Pendant cette période, les chercheurs du monde entier ont identifié des biomarqueurs potentiels de risque et développé plusieurs théories sur les mécanismes conduisant à un comportement suicidaire. Cependant, l’absence d’une terminologie commune, d’instruments valides et de coopération plus intensive a été un obstacle au progrès. Aujourd’hui, la communauté a établi les bases de cette collaboration, et des données provenant d’études neuroscientifiques peuvent déjà être appliquées au domaine de la suicidologie. Nous présentons ici une sémiologie basée sur les données actuelles provenant des études biologiques, cliniques et de neuroimagerie. Au-delà de l’idéation et des signes et de menace suicidaires, les caractéristiques cliniques liées au risque de suicide et révélées par des études neuroscientifiques comprennent : l’impulsivité agressive, le désespoir, des signes « silencieux » comme la consommation élevée d’Internet, les comportements sédentaires et le temps de sommeil réduit, la sensibilité accrue à l’exclusion sociale, la diminution de la sensibilité pour détecter le soutien social, les problèmes interpersonnels liés aux déficits de prise de décision, les difficultés à réguler les états émotionnels négatifs, la propension à percevoir la douleur psychique et physique et également la consommation de traitements opiacés. Améliorer l’évaluation permettra également de proposer de nouvelles cibles pour la prévention du suicide. Les protocoles standardisés d’évaluation, la continuité des soins, l’implication de la famille/aidants, l’atténuation de la douleur psychologique et sociale : à court terme, ces objectifs nous attendent pour le bien de nos patients. The epidemiology, risk factors and biological basis of suicidal behaviors have been the object of an ever-increasing research in the last three decades. During this period, researchers all over the world have identified potential biomarkers of risk and developed several theories about the mechanisms leading to suicidal behavior. However, the lack of common terminology, instruments and cooperation has been a major deterrent. Today, the community has established the bases for this collaboration and evidence coming from neuroscientific studies can already be applied to the field of suicidology. We present here a potential semiology based on current evidence coming from biological, clinical and neuroimaging studies. Besides suicidal ideation and warning signs, the clinical features related to suicide risk and revealed by neuroscientific studies include notably: impulsive-aggression and hopelessness as well as high web consumption, sedentary behaviors and reduced sleep time, an enhanced sensibility to social exclusion and loneliness, a decreased sensitivity to detect social support, interpersonal problems related to decision making impairments, difficulties to regulate negative emotional states, a propensity to perceive psychic and also physical pain and to receive opiates treatments. Improving the assessment will also open new targets for suicide prevention. In the short term some of these targets await us: standard protocols for evaluation of risk, healthcare continuity, implication of the family/caregivers, mitigation of social or psychological pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’accroissement des actes de terrorisme commis en Europe par l’« État islamique » entraîne la communauté des sciences humaines à contribuer à la connaissance psychologique et à la réflexion sur la prise en charge des personnes parties combattre en Syrie. Cette publication a pour objectif d’illustrer des apports de la littérature scientifique internationale par une analyse thématique (biographie, relation à la religion, motivations du départ en Syrie…) de 12 cas de jeunes djihadistes français partis combattre en Syrie. Ces réflexions permettent de dégager des pistes en matière d’élaboration de profils cliniques et d’évaluation de leur risque de passage à l’acte et de violence. Objectives The growth of terrorism of the Islamic State in Europe leads the Human Sciences community to contribute to the psychological knowledge and the reconsideration of management of individuals who went to fight in Syria. This publication aims to illustrate the contributions of the international scientific literature by a thematic analysis (biography, the relation to the religion, the motivations of the departure in Syria) of 12 cases of young French jihadists who went to fight in Syria. Patients The French jihadists were encountered in psychological expertise while they were in custody for criminal association made for the commission of offenses of a terrorist nature. Materials and methods Two separate interviews were conducted with each young man, combining active listening techniques to confrontation techniques speech to the evidence collected in the investigation files. Results One can speculate that these young people who face a lack of transmission of cultural and religious values have chosen to over-invest in the religious sphere in a movement of omnipotence. For some, adolescence was also a period of entry into delinquency, consisting of robberies, fights and trafficking, including drugs. These delinquent behaviors can also be trivialized by some. If they all manifest the wish to structure their love life, they seem to have experienced setbacks, some already divorced, most already have two young children. For most people interviewed, schooling was marked by difficulties and failures. We observed an early school leaving. None of the people interviewed seem to have actually invested their professional live. We observed high variability criminal record but also for religious motives. Some showed only partial perception and utility of religion, while others adhered to the rigoristic religious beliefs. In all interviewees, the desire to fight in Syria was, according to them, motivated by the need of helping the Syrian people victim of Bashar al-Assad regime. For most of them, the lack of safe everyday anchor would germinate the decision to go to Syria as part of a headlong rush of a disappointment in love or feeling empty. Internet played a fundamental role in the decision to go to Syria. Belief in obtaining recognition and a special status, due to support for the Syrian population, have also played an important role. They said that all derive from their experience in Syria, frustration and disappointment, in view of their hope to contribute to the fight for the benefit of the Syrian people. They would each be trained in weapons handlings. It is also important to note that most young people met were able to present an ability to adapt to the expectations of his interlocutor, to hide an emotional state and rationalize motivations. The elements obtained through clinical interviews with persons accused in connection with a “criminal association for the commission of a terrorist related offense” have allowed to highlight three specific “profiles” which we can describe the salient aspects of their personality: The “ambitious offender”, the “converted preacher” and the “connected criminal”. These clinical descriptions also allow to propose reflections on the assessment of the risk of violence and acting out among jihadists returning from Syria. Conclusions Specific questions on their ability to concealment are the major issue for psychological evaluation. The aim is to identify the authentic “repentant” one (already involved in a deradicalization process) from the “sleeping agent” (who is still committed in islamist networks and can provide a possible reactivation in a violent action). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectif La création à la fin des années 1990 de la catégorie d’état mental à risque pour caractériser des présentations cliniques susceptibles d’évoluer à échéance de quelques mois vers la psychose est à l’origine d’une nouvelle psychiatrie du jeune adulte, organisée notamment autour du dépistage et de la prise en charge de ces états. Cet article analyse les attentes et les promesses de cette nouvelle psychiatrie. Méthode L’article mobilise une approche de sociologie de la connaissance mettant en évidence les intérêts, les contextes institutionnels et les pratiques qui contribuent à façonner les savoirs et catégories psychiatriques ainsi que les débats que ces savoirs et catégories font naître. Résultats Les débats et recherches sur les états mentaux à risque au cours des vingt dernières années ont considérablement fait évoluer la vision des cliniciens sur cette catégorie. Les difficultés à stabiliser le risque de transition psychotique chez les patients concernés ont amené les promoteurs de cette catégorie à en proposer une interprétation nouvelle : sans être le signe nécessairement d’une évolution vers la psychose, les états mentaux à risque seraient indicatifs d’un devenir pathologique à la fois ouvert dans ses développements et certain dans son accomplissement. La communauté psychiatrique est divisée entre deux façons d’aborder ces résultats : affiner la catégorie pour la rendre réellement prédictive ou en faire le point de départ d’une nouvelle stratégie de santé publique orientée vers la santé mentale du jeune adulte. Discussion Les états mentaux à risque sont à l’origine d’une clinique de l’attente paradoxale caractérisée par l’indétermination des perspectives et des promesses qui y sont attachées. C’est cette indétermination qui pourrait expliquer son succès auprès d’un large ensemble d’acteurs issus de la clinique, de la recherche et de la politique aux intérêts divers. Conclusion Une meilleure compréhension des dynamiques d’innovation et de réforme en psychiatrie devrait prêter attention aux conditions sociales des promesses psychiatriques. Objective The category of “at-risk” mental states was created during the second half of the 1990s to characterize clinical presentations that were liable to evolve into psychosis within months. At-risk mental states are at the center of a new psychiatry among young adults. This article examines the expectations and promises of this form of psychiatry. Methods This article uses an approach based on the sociology of knowledge, highlighting the interests, the institutional contexts and the practices that contribute to shaping psychiatric knowledge and categories, as well as the debates generated by this knowledge and these categories. Results Over the last twenty years, debates on at-risk mental states have resulted in a shift in the way clinicians understand this category. The difficulty in stabilizing the risk of transition to psychosis among patients concerned has led proponents of this category to argue for a new interpretation: without being necessarily the sign of a transition towards psychosis, at-risk mental states could point to a pathological outcome that remains open as to its development, and certain as to its endpoint. Two different approaches towards these issues have emerged within the psychiatric community: the first seeks to refine the at-risk category to make it a truly predictive category, the second to use it as the starting-point for a new public health strategy aiming to improve mental health among young adults. Discussion At-risk mental states create a paradoxical clinical area of expectation, characterized by the indeterminacy of its perspectives and promises. This indeterminacy could explain its success among a wide array of people with diverse interests from clinical, research and public policy circles. Conclusion A better understanding of the dynamics of innovation and reform in psychiatry could be gained from paying more attention to the social underpinnings of psychiatric promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Dans une précédente communication (Luauté, 2014), nous avons montré qu’une conception dominante en France soutenait l’existence d’un lien direct entre conditions actuelles de travail et suicide au travail. Outre le choix du lieu, des mises en accusations précises de la part des suicidés tendent à confirmer la signification protestataire de ces actes. Ceux-ci sont à rapprocher des modèles de « suicide vengeance » et de « suicide sacrifice » issus d’une tradition extrême-orientale de la mort volontaire. L’absence de tout facteur de psychopathologie individuelle est chaque fois subsumée. Récupéré comme un mode majeur d’expression politique, le suicide au travail mérite aussi d’être questionné comme une forme insidieuse de terrorisme. En tant que phénomènes spectaculaires, les suicides au travail et le terrorisme actuel ne se conçoivent pas sans le rôle des médias. In a previous paper (Luauté, 2014), we have shown that a prevailing view in France advocates the existence of a direct link between the current conditions of work and work-related suicide. In addition to the choice of the whereabouts, specific accusations by those who commit suicide, tend sometimes to confirm the protesting signification of their action. Therefore, they can be regarded as modes of revenge and sacrifice closely patterned on far-eastern traditions of voluntary death. In each time, the lack of an individual psychopathological factor is subsumed. Having recourse to suicide is now viewed as a major mode of political expression which deserves to be considered as an insidious form of terrorism. At-work suicides as spectacular phenomena, as well as present days’ acts of terrorism, are inconceivable without the role of mass media in our societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, government interventions in a public policy regarding history have become a legitimate topic of debate in Polish politics and academia. The Law and Justice Party government (PiS, 2005-2007) and the country's membership in the European Union have given a boost to this debate, which a group of intellectuals ideologically close to the party has taken up. As an analysis of the social and political careers of the persons involved shows, this debate hinges on differences regarding: the function of history, the role of intellectuals, and the interpretations of changes during the post-Communist era. Despite the change of majority in 2007, we observe a continuity in the social and political functions assigned to history. Nonetheless, the instrumentalization of a “history policy" varies depending on the parties and persons involved and the interests pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Parmi les traits de personnalité, les traits de personnalité narcissique semblent devenir plus fréquents ; ceci est renforcé par des caractères mis en valeur par les médias ou les émissions de téléréalité. L’étude des traits narcissiques des étudiants qui intègrent les grandes universités américaines montre une majoration des aspects narcissiques au fil des ans. Objectif Il vise à étudier les différences intergénérationnelles des traits narcissiques en utilisant l’inventaire de personnalité narcissique à 16 items : NPI 16. Méthode Il s’agit d’une étude « boule de neige » ; elle utilise les réseaux sociaux ; le NPI 16 est envoyé à une population de sujets de 20 à 30 ans ; ils doivent le compléter et proposer ce questionnaire à au moins un de leurs proches de la génération supérieure, c’est-à-dire âgé de 55 à 70 ans. Résultats Cent vingt et un sujets, d’âge moyen 26 ans, composent la génération des sujets jeunes, 74 sujets, d’âge moyen 60 ans, composent la génération supérieure. Ce sont les hommes de plus de 60 ans ayant un niveau d’étude supérieur de type « doctorat » qui ont les scores traits narcissiques les plus élevés. Discussion Outre le biais de recrutement qui privilégie un milieu universitaire et des sujets familiarisés avec l’outil informatique, cette étude montre que les traits narcissiques peuvent être différents selon les générations. Le fait que les hommes soient plus exposés peut témoigner d’une forme de sélection des traits de personnalité utiles à la progression dans l’échelle des carrières. Les études ultérieures sur des échantillons plus larges et d’origine sociale plus diversifiée permettront de mieux approfondir ce phénomène. Among the traits of personality, narcissistic personality traits appear to become more frequent, this is reinforced by characters highlighted by the media or TV reality shows. The study of narcissistic traits of students who integrate the large universities of the United States shows an increase of narcissistic aspects over the years. Objective It aims to study the inter-generational differences of the narcissistic traits using 16 items narcissistic personality inventory: NPI 16. Method It is a study “snowball”; it uses social networks; NPI 16 is sent to a population of subjects of 20 to 30 years and they must complete and propose this questionnaire to at least one of their relatives of the higher generation or age 55 to 70 years. Results One hundred and twenty-one subjects, average age 26 years, make up the generation of young subjects, 74 topics, and average age 60, composed the greater generation. These are men over 60 years with a higher level of study of type “PhD” who has narcissistic traits scores the higher. Discussion In addition to recruitment bias, which promotes an academic environment and familiar subjects with computer tools, this study shows that the narcissistic traits can be different according to generations. The fact that men are more exposed may reflect a form of selection of personality traits relevant to the progression in the career ladder. Subsequent studies on larger samples and more diversified social origin will allow better to deepen this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French pragmatic sociology (PS), inspired by the work of Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot, is being increasingly used by organizational management studies. However, the critical dimension of this approach has not yet been integrated for the benefit of knowledge in management and organizations (MOK). In this article, we elaborate on the contribution that PS can represent for critical management studies (CMS). As a 'science of the players' science' [science de la science des acteurs], we suggest that PS is fertile for the development of the concept of critical performativity. In particular, we demonstrate that the approach allows shedding light on the new and more complex forms of domination exerted in contemporary organizations. Using empirical studies of organizations employing PS, we demonstrate how the concepts of compromise and test developed by this approach offer tools that allow renewing the critique of organizations for the benefit of MOK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred years after its publication, Émile Durkheim's later sociology of religion continues to exert an enormous inluence on religious studies. Indeed, the impact of The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life has been so pervasive that sociology lost sight of most of the other work done by the L'Année sociologique team in the sociology of religion. The contributions of the collaborators have been really important. This holds true especially for Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss who played a leading role within the Durkheim-school, particularly with respect to the study of religion. In our paper we would like to show that Hubert and Mauss preigured several of the crucial arguments of Durkheim's later sociology of religion (such as the equation of society and the sacred). In the conclusion, we present Mauss' own evaluation of their collective work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to bring light on the processes and persons that have contributed to the growing number of universities and academic disciplines since the collapse of the Communist system in Bulgaria? Three new sociology departments established in state universities after 1989 illustrate this growth in higher education. Our analysis of the post-Communist state's major reforms also examines how the persons involved have interpreted and undertaken these reforms for the purpose of creating new academic departments. The biographic itineraries of these “academic entrepreneurs" are described along with the results of their actions in relation to state-sponsored institutional reforms of higher education. Analysis at both the biographical and institutional scales provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that the growth of higher education, especially in sociology, has depended on the active role played by these entrepreneurs, who have mobilized personal, academic and polical resources in a context of legislative changes in order to construct a new academic order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]