3,614 results
Search Results
2. The possible importance of the antioxidants and oxidative stress metabolism in the emerging monkeypox disease: An opinion paper
- Author
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Duygu Aydemir and Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- Subjects
antioxidant molecules ,monkeypox ,MPXV infection ,oxidative stress ,immune response ,antioxidant enzymes ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. AllergoOncology: Danger signals in allergology and oncology: A European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Position Paper.
- Author
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Bergmann, Christoph, Poli, Aurélie, Agache, Ioana, Bianchini, Rodolfo, Bax, Heather J., Castells, Mariana, Crescioli, Silvia, Dombrowicz, David, Ferastraoaru, Denisa, Fiebiger, Edda, Gould, Hannah J., Hartmann, Karin, Izquierdo, Elena, Jordakieva, Galateja, Josephs, Debra H., Jutel, Marek, Levi‐Schaffer, Francesca, de las Vecillas, Leticia, Lotze, Michael T., and Osborn, Gabriel
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CLINICAL immunology , *ALLERGIES , *AUTOIMMUNE diseases , *IMMUNE response , *HAZARDS , *DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
The immune system interacts with many nominal 'danger' signals, endogenous danger‐associated (DAMP), exogenous pathogen (PAMP) and allergen (AAMP)‐associated molecular patterns. The immune context under which these are received can promote or prevent immune activating or inflammatory mechanisms and may orchestrate diverse immune responses in allergy and cancer. Each can act either by favouring a respective pathology or by supporting the immune response to confer protective effects, depending on acuity or chronicity. In this Position Paper under the collective term danger signals or DAMPs, PAMPs and AAMPs, we consider their diverse roles in allergy and cancer and the connection between these in AllergoOncology. We focus on their interactions with different immune cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and how these promote immune responses with juxtaposing clinical outcomes in allergy and cancer. While danger signals present potential targets to overcome inflammatory responses in allergy, these may be reconsidered in relation to a history of allergy, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity linked to the risk of developing cancer, and with regard to clinical responses to anti‐cancer immune and targeted therapies. Cross‐disciplinary insights in AllergoOncology derived from dissecting clinical phenotypes of common danger signal pathways may improve allergy and cancer clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Immune response in paper wasp workers: Task matters more than age.
- Author
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Prato, Amanda, Fernando Santos, Eduardo, Mendes Ferreira, Helena, Akemi Oi, Cintia, Santos do Nascimento, Fábio, Rantala, Markus J., Krams, Indrikis, and Rodrigues de Souza, André
- Subjects
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IMMUNE response , *INSECT societies , *WASPS , *IMMUNOSENESCENCE , *IMMUNOREGULATION , *RISK-taking behavior , *AGE - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Foragers had a higher immune response than guards, regardless of their age. • Foragers had similar immune responses to nurses. • Immune response declined with age in wasps that did not specialize behaviorally. • Behavioral modulation of immune response can overcome immunosenescence. Workers of social hymenopterans (ants, bees and wasps) display specific tasks depending on whether they are younger or older. The relative importance of behavior and age in modulating immune function has seldom been addressed. We compared the strength of encapsulation-melanization immune response (hereafter melanotic encapsulation) in paper wasps displaying age polyethism or experimentally prevented from behavioral specialization. Foragers of Polybia paulista had higher melanotic encapsulation than guards, regardless of their age. Nevertheless, melanotic encapsulation decreased with age when wasps were prevented from behavioral specialization. Thus, in this species, worker melanotic encapsulation seems more sensitive to task than age. Foraging is considered one of the riskier behaviors in terms of pathogen exposure, so upregulating melanotic encapsulation in foragers can possibly improve both individual and colony-level resistance against infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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5. The Immunomodulatory Effect of Nigella sativa.
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Ciesielska-Figlon, Klaudia, Wojciechowicz, Karolina, Wardowska, Anna, and Lisowska, Katarzyna Aleksandra
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ESSENTIAL oils ,FOOD preservatives ,BLACK cumin ,CONFERENCE papers ,TRADITIONAL medicine ,OILSEEDS ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
Background: For thousands of years till nowadays, Nigella sativa (NS) has served as a common spice and food preservative. Its seed extracts, seed oil, and essential oil in traditional medicine have been used to remedy many ailments such as headaches, fever, gastric complaints, and even rheumatism. In addition, the antibacterial, virucidal, fungicidal, and antiparasitic properties of NS are well known. However, studies on the possible immunomodulatory effects of black cumin are relatively scarce. This article discusses in vitro and in vivo research supporting the immunomodulatory role of NS. Methods: The review is based on articles, books, and conference papers printed until September 2022, found in the Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar databases. Results: Experimental findings were reported concerning the ability of NS to modulate inflammation and immune responses or cytotoxic activity. Conclusions: All results suggest that NS can potentially be employed in developing effective therapeutic agents for regulating immune reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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6. Goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin as "crosslinker" assisted signal tracer assemble with intensive antibody utilization efficiency for sensitive paper-based strip nanobiosensors.
- Author
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Liu, Sijie, Shu, Rui, Zhang, Mingrui, Zhao, Cong, Wang, Kexin, Zhang, Jiayi, Sun, Jing, Dou, Leina, Zhang, Daohong, and Wang, Jianlong
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IMMUNE response , *IMMUNOASSAY , *GOLD nanoparticles , *MACROMOLECULES , *IMMUNOGLOBULINS - Abstract
Engineered collaborative biochemical techniques and regulated nanomaterials (NMs) offer extraordinary opportunities for improving the analysis performance of lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). Herein, inspired by the ability of macromolecules (e.g., proteins) to assemble into new functional units and the remarkable optical performance of engineered regulated NMs, goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin (GAMI) serves as the "crosslinker" integrate with gold‑manganese oxide (Au-MnO x) to assemble the "signal tracers (STs)-crosslinker-antibody (mAb)" for elevating the mAb utilization efficiency. Notably, the "STs-crosslinker-mAb" assembly shows ~13.33-folds mAb utilization efficiency enhance, which perfectly response the challenge between limited sensitivity and sufficient signal intensity in competitive-type LFIA. The black color and rough structure of Au-MnO x offer higher colorimetric brightness (~2-folds than AuNPs) and enhanced mAb coupling efficiency (up to 92.47%), which further improves sensitivity under the premise of functional assembly to intensify the competitive immunoreaction. Additionally, the convenient synthesis conditions (~13 min at room temperature) even comparable to direct purchase commercial products indicate that using Au-MnO x undoubtedly increases the cost-effectiveness. Encouragingly, the Au-MnO x -GAMI-mAb based LFIA exhibited high sensitivity (LOD: 0.063 ng mL−1 for clenbuterol (CLE) monitoring) by elevating mAb utilization efficiency with the attendant enhancing immune competition response in a cost-effective manner, which provides an invigorating reference pathway in point-of-care immunoassay. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Review Paper Immune System Vs. SARS-CoV-2.
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Rahimlou, Bahman, Mohammadi, Niki Ghambari, Rashidi, Rasoul, and Ghaffarpour, Sara
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IMMUNE response ,COVID-19 pandemic ,PATHOLOGICAL physiology ,SCIENTIFIC community ,MORTALITY - Abstract
In 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus caused one of the biggest virus pandemics called Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). This virus has been responsible for the death of millions of people around the world. The biological function of SARS-CoV-2 and its pathophysiology mechanisms, as well as the host immunity against this virus, has attracted the attention of the scientific community all over the world. The current study reviewed innate and acquired immune responses following COVID-19 infection. These immune responses are probably involved in the severity of the disease and death. Also, the cause and consequence of potential clinical strategies to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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8. New Biochip Technology Study Findings Recently Were Reported by Researchers at Ajou University (Immunogenicity Monitoring Cell Chip Incorporating Finger-actuated Microfluidic and Colorimetric Paper-based Analytical Functions).
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IMMUNE response ,CONNECTIVE tissue cells ,COLORIMETRY ,RETICULO-endothelial system ,MYELOID cells ,INORGANIC compounds - Abstract
Keywords for this news article include: Suwon, South Korea, Asia, Biochip Technology, Biotechnology, Anions, Chemicals, Connective Tissue Cells, Electrolytes, Elements, Gases, Health and Medicine, Hydrogen, Hydrogen Peroxide, Immunology, Inorganic Chemicals, Ions, Macrophages, Mononuclear Phagocyte System, Myeloid Cells, Organic Chemicals, Oxides, Peroxides, Phagocytes, Reactive Oxygen Species, Ajou University. Keywords: Suwon; South Korea; Asia; Biochip Technology; Biotechnology; Anions; Chemicals; Connective Tissue Cells; Electrolytes; Elements; Gases; Health and Medicine; Hydrogen; Hydrogen Peroxide; Immunology; Inorganic Chemicals; Ions; Macrophages; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Myeloid Cells; Organic Chemicals; Oxides; Peroxides; Phagocytes; Reactive Oxygen Species EN Suwon South Korea Asia Biochip Technology Biotechnology Anions Chemicals Connective Tissue Cells Electrolytes Elements Gases Health and Medicine Hydrogen Hydrogen Peroxide Immunology Inorganic Chemicals Ions Macrophages Mononuclear Phagocyte System Myeloid Cells Organic Chemicals Oxides Peroxides Phagocytes Reactive Oxygen Species 3014 3014 1 08/14/23 20230818 NES 230818 2023 AUG 18 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Health & Medicine Week -- Researchers detail new data in Biotechnology - Biochip Technology. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
9. Oral administration of Clostridium butyricum rescues streptomycin-exacerbated respiratory syncytial virus-induced lung inflammation in mice
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Na Zhao, Weiwei Liu, Jia Wang, Wenwen Zhu, Beixing Liu, Rui Zheng, and Dalu Wang
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Microbiology (medical) ,Immunology ,Pneumonia, Viral ,Macrophage polarization ,Administration, Oral ,Inflammation ,rsv ,Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Microbiology ,immune response ,Interferon-gamma ,Mice ,Immune system ,Lactobacillus ,medicine ,Animals ,Clostridium butyricum ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Lung ,gastrointestinal microbiota ,biology ,Interleukin-17 ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,butyrate ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,macrophages ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ,clostridium butyricum ,Streptomycin ,Dysbiosis ,Parasitology ,medicine.symptom ,Interleukin-5 ,Respiratory tract ,Research Article ,Research Paper - Abstract
Changes in the intestinal microbiota indirectly impact the health of mucosa distal to the intestine, particularly the respiratory tract. However, the effects of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis on the regulation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection are not clear. In this study, we examined the effects of altering the intestinal microbiota on the pulmonary immune response against RSV infection. BALB/c mice were treated with streptomycin before infection with RSV to study the altered immune response. The ingestion of streptomycin led to a marked alteration in the intestinal microbiota with a reduced abundance of Lactobacillus and Clostridium genera, followed by greatly aggravated pulmonary inflammation in response to RSV infection. This aggravated inflammation was associated with a dysregulated immune response against RSV infection, characterized by the increased expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 and increased pulmonary M1-like macrophage polarization, and decreased expression of IL-5. Supplementation of Clostridium butyricum (CB) prevented aggravated inflammation and the dysregulated immune response characterized by greater M2 polarization of pulmonary macrophages and decreased release of IFN-γ and IL-17 as well as increased IL-5 levels. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments identified that butyrate, the main metabolite produced by CB, promoted M2 polarization of macrophages in RSV-infected mice exposed to streptomycin. Together, these results demonstrate the mechanism by which intestinal microbiota modulate the pulmonary immune response to RSV infection.
- Published
- 2021
10. Profiling the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing family infection: a perspective from the transcriptome
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Rodríguez-Castillo Juan Germán, Murcia Martha Isabel, Barrios Payan Jorge, Mata-Espinosa Dulce Adriana, Bobadilla del Valle Myriam, López-Leal Gamaliel, Ochoa-Leyva Adrian, Zatarain-Barrón Zyanya Lucía, Cerezo-Cortés María Irene, Bini Estela Isabel, Cornejo-Granados Fernanda, Marquina–Casitllo Brenda Nohemí, and Hernandez-Pando Rogelio
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Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Tuberculosis ,m. tuberculosis ,Immunology ,Virulence ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Microbiology ,immune response ,Transcriptome ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,Mice ,Necrosis ,transcriptomics ,Immune system ,beijing ,Beijing ,colombia ,medicine ,Profiling (information science) ,Animals ,Genetics ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,biology ,Public health ,Immunity ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,virulence ,Infectious Diseases ,beijing-like ,Parasitology ,Research Article ,Research Paper - Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be an important public health problem. Particularly considering Beijing-family strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which have been associated with drug-resistance and hypervirulence. The Beijing-like SIT190 (BL) is the most prevalent Beijing strain in Colombia. The pathogenic mechanism and immune response against this pathogen is unknown. Thus, we compared the course of pulmonary TB in BALB/c mice infected with Classical-Beijing strain 391 and BL strain 323. The disease course was different among infected animals with Classical-Beijing and BL strain. Mice infected with BL had a 100% mortality at 45 days post-infection (dpi), with high bacillary loads and massive pneumonia, whereas infected animals with Classical-Beijing survived until 60 dpi and showed extensive pneumonia and necrosis. Lung RNA extraction was carried out at early (day 3 dpi), intermediate (day 14 dpi), and late (days 28 and 60 dpi) time points of infection. Transcriptional analysis of infected mice with Classical-Beijing showed several over-expressed genes, associated with a pro-inflammatory profile, including those for coding for CCL3 and CCL4 chemokines, both biomarkers of disease severity. Conversely, mice infected with BL displayed a profile which included the over-expression of several genes associated with immune-suppression, including Nkiras, Dleu2, and Sphk2, highlighting an anti-inflammatory milieu which would allow high bacterial replication followed by an intense inflammatory response. In summary, both Beijing strains induced a non-protective immune response which induced extensive tissue damage, BL strain induced rapidly extensive pneumonia and death, whereas Classical-Beijing strain produced slower extensive pneumonia later associated with extensive necrosis. Abbreviations Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; SIT: Spoligotype International Type; TB: Tuberculosis; CTB: Classical-typical Beijing; BL: Beijing-Like; CCL3: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3); CCL4: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand four (CCL4); WHO: World health Organization; DR: Direct Repeats; IFN-γ: Interferon Gamma; IL: Interleukin; TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor Beta; XDR: Extremely Drug Resistant; MDR: Multi Drug Resistant; MIRU-VNTR: Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units–Variable Number Tandem repeats; OADC: Oleic Albumin Dextrose Catalase; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; MOI: Multiplicity of Infection; CFUs: Colony Forming Units; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; qRT-PCR: Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR; RNA-seq: Ribonucleic Acid sequencing; RIN: RNA Integrity Number; RNA: Ribonucleic Acid; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid; dsDNA HS: Double stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid High Sensitivity; RAI: Red de Apoyo à la Investigacion, Mexico City, Mexico; DEG: Differential Expressed Genes; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; ORA: Over-Representation Analysis; SNPs: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms; TNFα: Tumoral necrosis factor alpha; DE: Differential Expression; EPA: Enrichment Pathways Analysis; TLR: Toll-Like receptor; NLRP: NOD-like receptor with Pyrin domain; tRNA: Transfer RNA; MAPK: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase; NK: Natural killer; ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate; DGC: dystrophin-glycoprotein complex; PDIM: Ptiocerol Dimicocerosate; NCBI: National Center for Bioinformatics Information
- Published
- 2021
11. A REVIEW ON SURVIVAL STRATEGIES OF LEISHMANIA WITHIN MACROPHAGES.
- Author
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Dalui, Tirthnkar and Ghosh, Sanu
- Subjects
LEISHMANIA ,MACROPHAGES ,DISEASE vectors ,LEISHMANIASIS ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread disease transmitted by vectors and characterized by complex interactions between the host's immune system and the parasite. Leishmania, a protozoan parasite is the causative agent of the disease. This parasite has the ability to infect and thrive inside macrophages, which are the body's primary fighting cells. This review paper explores the various strategies employed by Leishmania to overcome the defensive mechanisms of macrophages and survive within the hostile intracellular environment. The study delves into the molecular mechanisms used by Leishmania to influence the process of phagolysosome maturation, evade immunological detection and exploit signaling pathways within macrophages. Furthermore, the paper underscores the significant role of host genetics and immune response variability in influencing the outcome of this host-pathogen interaction. A thorough understanding of the intricate interactions between Leishmania parasites and macrophages is essential in developing innovative therapeutic approaches to treat Leishmania infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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12. Genomic mutation features identify distinct BRCA-associated mutation characteristics in endometrioid carcinoma and endometrioid ovarian carcinoma
- Author
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Xiaoxue Zhang, Yu Xia, Canhui Cao, Wenjian Gong, Qinglei Gao, Ruidi Yu, Wei Zhang, Dan Liu, and Yong Fang
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Aging ,Veliparib ,endocrine system diseases ,endometrioid ovarian carcinoma ,genome mutation ,BRCA ,Biology ,immune response ,Olaparib ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Germline mutation ,Ovarian carcinoma ,Carcinoma ,medicine ,Humans ,Rucaparib ,BRCA2 Protein ,Ovarian Neoplasms ,BRCA1 Protein ,BRCA mutation ,Cell Biology ,medicine.disease ,Endometrial Neoplasms ,chemistry ,Mutation (genetic algorithm) ,Mutation ,Cancer research ,Female ,Transcriptome ,Carcinoma, Endometrioid ,Research Paper ,endometrioid carcinoma - Abstract
Although endometrioid carcinoma (EC) and endometrioid ovarian carcinoma (EnOC) display similar pathological features, their molecular characteristics remain to be determined. Somatic mutation data from 2777 EC, 423 EnOC, and 57 endometriosis patients from the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) dataset were analyzed and showed similar profiles with different mutation frequencies among them. By using 275 overlapping mutated genes, EC was clustered into two groups with different disease outcomes and different clinical characteristics. Although BRCA-associated mutation characteristics were identified in both EC and EnOC, the mutation frequencies of BRCA1 (P=0.0146), BRCA2 (P=0.0321), ATR (P=3.25E-11), RAD51 (P=3.95E-08), RAD1 (P=0.0003), TP53 (P=6.11E-33), and BRIP1 (P=2.90E-09) were higher in EnOC. Further analysis showed that EnOC cell lines with BRCA-associated mutation characteristics were more sensitive to poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors than EC cell lines, including olaparib, talazoparib, rucaparib, and veliparib. Moreover, based on BRCA-associated mutational and transcriptomic profiles, EC with BRCA-associated mutational burdens shows lower levels of immune cell infiltration, higher expression of immunosuppressive checkpoint molecules and worse prognosis than EC without BRCA mutation. Our study comprehensively analyzed the genome mutation features of EC and EnOC and provide insights into the molecular characteristics of EC and EnOC.
- Published
- 2021
13. TBK1 is paradoxical in tumor development: a focus on the pathway mediating IFN-I expression.
- Author
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Banglu Wang, Fan Zhang, Xiaoyu Wu, and Mei Ji
- Subjects
TYPE I interferons ,CANCER invasiveness ,NATURAL immunity ,IMMUNE response ,CELLULAR signal transduction - Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a member of the IKK family and plays a crucial role in the activation of non-canonical NF-kB signaling and type I interferon responses. The aberrant activation of TBK1 contributes to the proliferation and survival of various types of tumor cells, particularly in specific mutational or tumorous contexts. Inhibitors targeting TBK1 are under development and application in both in vivo and in vitro settings, yet their clinical efficacy remains limited. Numerous literatures have shown that TBK1 can exhibit both tumor promoting and tumor inhibiting effects. TBK1 acts as a pivotal node within the innate immune pathway, mediating anti-tumor immunity through the activation of innate immune responses. Facilitating interferon-I (IFN-I) production represents a critical mechanism through which TBK1 bridges these processes. IFN has been shown to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on tumor progression. Hence, the paradoxical role of TBK1 in tumor development may necessitate acknowledgment in light of its downstream IFNI signaling cascade. In this paper, we review the signaling pathways mediated by TBK1 in various tumor contexts and summarize the dual roles of TBK1 and the TBK1-IFN pathways in both promoting and inhibiting tumor progression. Additionally, we highlight the significance of the TBK1-IFN pathway in clinical therapy, particularly in the context of immune response. We anticipate further advancements in the development of TBK1 inhibitors as part of novel cancer treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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14. Research progress in T cell exhaustion and its relationship with respiratory diseases.
- Author
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DING Ziqi and ZHANG Qian
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T-cell exhaustion ,RESPIRATORY diseases ,IMMUNE response ,GENETIC transcription ,AUTOIMMUNE diseases - Abstract
T cell exhaustion occurs mostly in chronic infections, cancers and autoimmune diseases. Continuous antigenic stimulation leads to the generation of exhausted T cells, which is characterized by progressive loss of effector function, continuous high expression of inhibitory receptors, transcription and epigenetic changes, and metabolic disorders. The in-depth study of the specific mechanism of T cell exhaustion is providing new ideas for the immunotherapy of chronic infection, lung cancer and chronic airway inflammatory disease in respiratory diseases. This paper discussed the influencing factors and characteristics of T cell exhaustion and reviewed the current research status of T cell exhaustion and respiratory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
15. Determination of Deamidation in Adjuvanted Vaccine Antigens through Isoaspartic Acid Quantification.
- Author
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Hasija, Manvi, Ma, Jian, Li, Bing, Rahman, Nausheen, Strahlendorf, Kirsten A., and Ausar, Salvador Fernando
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DEAMINATION ,POST-translational modification ,VACCINE development ,IMMUNE response ,VACCINES - Abstract
Deamidation is a post-translational chemical modification that occurs within proteins and can be influenced by many factors, including temperature and pH. In vaccines, deamidation is considered undesirable as it may lead to changes in structure, function, stability, and immunogenicity. Detecting deamidation in vaccines, especially adjuvanted vaccines, can be challenging due to the lack of simple quantitative techniques. In this study, the quantification of isoaspartic acid (isoAsp) was used to assess deamidation in model antigens in the presence and absence of common vaccine adjuvants. This study shows that the detection of isoAsp was possible in the presence of various types of adjuvants with little to no interference. High levels of isoAsp were detected in thermally and pH-stressed adjuvanted vaccines, suggesting significant deamidation and highlighting the stability-indicating capabilities of the assay. The quantification of isoAsp in stability programs of a vaccine drug product could possibly find applications in product shelf-life determination, using thermal kinetic modeling to predict deamidation over time. The ability to detect deamidation early in vaccine development enhances process improvements and ultimately improves the vaccine's stability. To summarize, this paper describes a rapid and simple method to determine deamidation in adjuvanted vaccines. This method could be applicable to formulation development, stability assessment, or shelf-life determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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16. Multiple Functions of Hepatitis E Virus ORF3.
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Jiao, Fengyuan, Zhao, Yu, Zhou, Gengxu, Meng, Chi, Wang, Lingjie, Wu, Shengping, Li, Jixiang, Cao, Liting, Zhou, Bo, Luo, Yichen, and Jiao, Hanwei
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CHRONIC active hepatitis ,HEPATITIS E ,HEPATITIS A ,GROWTH factors ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
Hepatitis E (Hepatitis E, HE) is an acute and chronic infectious hepatitis caused by hepatitis E virus (Hepatitis E Virus, HEV) infection, which is responsible for most acute hepatitis in the world and is a significant public health problem. The pathogen, HEV, has three Open Reading Frames (ORFs) ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3, each of which has a different function. Most of the current research is focused on ORF1 and ORF2, while the research on ORF3 is still relatively small. To provide more ideas for the study of HEV pathogenesis and the prevention and treatment of HE, this paper reviews the effects of ORF3 on the ERK pathway, growth factors, immune response, and virus release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
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17. Immunotherapy in the context of sepsis-induced immunological dysregulation.
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Yiqi Wu, Lu Wang, Yun Li, Yuan Cao, Min Wang, Zihui Deng, and Hongjun Kang
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IMMUNOTHERAPY ,IMMUNOSUPPRESSION ,NEONATAL sepsis ,SEPSIS ,IMMUNE response ,IMMUNE system ,IMMUNE reconstitution inflammatory syndrome - Abstract
Sepsis is a clinical syndrome caused by uncontrollable immune dysregulation triggered by pathogen infection, characterized by high incidence, mortality rates, and disease burden. Current treatments primarily focus on symptomatic relief, lacking specific therapeutic interventions. The core mechanism of sepsis is believed to be an imbalance in the host's immune response, characterized by early excessive inflammation followed by late immune suppression, triggered by pathogen invasion. This suggests that we can develop immunotherapeutic treatment strategies by targeting and modulating the components and immunological functions of the host's innate and adaptive immune systems. Therefore, this paper reviews the mechanisms of immune dysregulation in sepsis and, based on this foundation, discusses the current state of immunotherapy applications in sepsis animal models and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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18. Global Stability Analysis of CHIKV Dynamics Model with Adaptive Immunity and Distributed Time Delays.
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Alade, Taofeek O., Olaniyi, Samson, Idris, Hassan A., Al Rahbi, Yaqoob, and Alnegga, Mohammad
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CHIKUNGUNYA virus ,LYAPUNOV stability ,DYNAMICAL systems ,VIRUS diseases ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
The application of mathematical biology and dynamical systems has proven to be an effective approach for studying viral infection models. To contribute to this research, our paper proposes a new CHIKV model that takes into account an adaptive immune response and distributed time delays, which accurately reflects the time lag between initial viral contacts and the production of new active CHIKV particles. By analyzing the model’s qualitative behavior, we establish a biological threshold number that can predict whether CHIKV will be cleared from or persist in the body. We demonstrate the global stability of both CHIKV-present and CHIKV-free steady states using the Lyapunov functional method and LaSalle’s invariance principle. In addition, we conduct numerical simulations to examine how time delays can affect the stability of the steady states. Through these simulations, we gain insights into how varying time delays can influence the persistence or clearance of CHIKV within the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
19. Research status of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 in regulating cancer progression and immune response.
- Author
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ZHANG Yong, LI Weihong, CHENG Zhipeng, WANG bin, WANG Siheng, and WANG Yubin
- Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a multi-domain serine/threonine protein kinase that causes downstream signal transduction and biological effects by phosphorylating specific proteins. In recent years, with the in-depth study of RIPK1, scholars have found that it is of great significance in autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and a variety of solid tumors and hematological tumors. On the one hand, RIPK1 promotes cell survival and inflammatory responses by activating specific pathways such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). On the other hand, RIPK1 promotes apoptosis by interacting with cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-8 (caspase-8), or promotes necroptosis by interacting with RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). As an upstream signal, RIPK1 has different expression levels in patients with different tumors. Its scaffold function and kinase activity can regulate cancer progression, initiate adaptive immunity, inhibit tumor progression, and generate an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to promote tumor development. Its dual role has been demonstrated in regulating the occurrence and development of tumors and the body's immune response, and can be used as a new therapeutic target to control cancer progression. This paper starts with the structure of RIPK1 to further explore its function in regulating cancer progression and immune response, and to provide new ideas for the development of cancer-targeted drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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20. Stability analysis for a HIV model with cell-to-cell transmission, two immune responses and induced apoptosis.
- Author
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Ru Meng, Yantao Luo, and Tingting Zheng
- Subjects
GLOBAL asymptotic stability ,BASIC reproduction number ,HOPFIELD networks ,IMMUNE response ,APOPTOSIS ,HIV - Abstract
In this paper, a dynamic HIV model with cell-to-cell transmission, two immune responses, and induced apoptosis is proposed and studied. First, the non-negativity and boundedness of the solutions of the model are given, and then the exact expression of the basic reproduction number R0 is obtained by using the next generation matrix method. Second, criteria are obtained for the local stability of the disease-free equilibrium, immune response-free equilibrium, and the infected equilibrium with both humoral and cellular immune responses. Furthermore, the threshold conditions are also derived for the global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium, immune responsefree equilibrium, and the infected equilibrium with both humoral and cellular immune responses by constructing the suitable Lyapunov function. Finally, some numerical simulations are conducted to verify the theoretical results; the numerical simulation results show that the increase of apoptosis rate had a positive role in the control of viral infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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21. The Immune Response of Cancer Cells in Breast and Gynecologic Neoplasms.
- Author
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Rakoczy, Katarzyna, Kaczor, Justyna, Sołtyk, Adam, Szymańska, Natalia, Stecko, Jakub, Drąg-Zalesińska, Małgorzata, and Kulbacka, Julita
- Subjects
BREAST tumors ,CANCER cells ,IMMUNE response ,BREAST cancer ,BREAST ,PHENOTYPIC plasticity - Abstract
Cancer diseases constitute a major health problem which leads to the death of millions of people annually. They are unique among other diseases because cancer cells can perfectly adapt to the environment that they create themselves. This environment is usually highly hostile and for normal cells it would be hugely difficult to survive, however neoplastic cells not only can survive but also manage to proliferate. One of the reasons is that they can alter immunological pathways which allow them to be flexible and change their phenotype to the one needed in specific conditions. The aim of this paper is to describe some of these immunological pathways that play significant roles in gynecologic neoplasms as well as review recent research in this field. It is of high importance to possess extensive knowledge about these processes, as greater understanding leads to creating more specialized therapies which may prove highly effective in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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22. Modeling the Nonmonotonic Immune Response in a Tumor–Immune System Interaction.
- Author
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Liu, Yu, Ma, Yuhang, Yang, Cuihong, Peng, Zhihang, Takeuchi, Yasuhiro, Banerjee, Malay, and Dong, Yueping
- Subjects
IMMUNE response ,HOPF bifurcations ,ORBITS (Astronomy) ,IMMUNE system ,CELL physiology - Abstract
Tumor–immune system interactions are very complicated, being highly nonlinear and not well understood. A large number of tumors can potentially weaken the immune system through various mechanisms such as secreting cytokines that suppress the immune response. In this paper, we propose a tumor–immune system interaction model with a nonmonotonic immune response function and adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI). The model has a tumor-free equilibrium and at most three tumor-presence equilibria (low, moderate and high ones). The stability of all equilibria is studied by analyzing their characteristic equations. The consideration of nonmonotonic immune response results in a series of bifurcations such as the saddle-node bifurcation, transcritical bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation. In addition, numerical simulation results show the coexistence of periodic orbits and homoclinic orbits. Interestingly, along with various bifurcations, we also found two bistable scenarios: the coexistence of a stable tumor-free as well as a high-tumor-presence equilibrium and the coexistence of a stable-low as well as a high-tumor-presence equilibrium, which can show symmetric and antisymmetric properties in a range of model parameters and initial cell concentrations. The new findings indicate that under ACI, patients can possibly reach either a stable tumor-free state or a low-tumor-presence state in the presence of nonmonotonic immune response once the immune system is activated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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23. Correction: Wang et al. A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Potentially Protective Immune Responses in M. tuberculosis H37Ra Infected Mice. Vaccines 2023, 11 , 941.
- Author
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Wang, Juan, Xie, Tao, Ullah, Inayat, Mi, Youjun, Li, Xiaoping, Gong, Yang, He, Pu, Liu, Yuqi, Li, Fei, Li, Jixi, Lu, Zengjun, and Zhu, Bingdong
- Subjects
MYCOBACTERIUM tuberculosis ,IMMUNE response ,TUBERCULOSIS ,MICE ,ANTIGENS - Abstract
Graph: Figure 7 Immunization schedule and protective efficacy of immunization with LV20 in adjuvant DP against M. tuberculosis H37Ra infection. A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Potentially Protective Immune Responses in M. tuberculosis H37Ra Infected Mice. After conducting an investigation in collaboration with the academic editors, the authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper: We changed the title of the paper from "A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens of I Mycobacterium tuberculosis i Induces Protective Immune Responses in I M. tuberculosis i H37Ra Infected Mice" to "A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens of I Mycobacterium tuberculosis i Induces Potentially Protective Immune Responses in I M. tuberculosis i H37Ra Infected Mice". [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
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24. Exploring the landscape of Babesia bovis vaccines: progress, challenges, and opportunities.
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Santos, John Harvey M., Siddle, Hannah V., Raza, Ali, Stanisic, Danielle I., Good, Michael F., and Tabor, Ala E.
- Subjects
BABESIA ,ERYTHROCYTES ,ASEXUAL reproduction ,GENETIC vectors ,VIRAL vaccines - Abstract
Bovine babesiosis, caused by different Babesia spp. such as B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, and B. major, is a global disease that poses a serious threat to livestock production. Babesia bovis infections are associated with severe disease and increased mortality in adult cattle, making it the most virulent agent of bovine babesiosis. Babesia bovis parasites undergo asexual reproduction within bovine red blood cells, followed by sexual reproduction within their tick vectors, which transmit the parasite transovarially. Current control methods, including therapeutic drugs (i.e., imidocarb) have been found to lead to drug resistance. Moreover, changing environmental factors add complexity to efficient parasite control. Understanding the fundamental biology, host immune responses, and host–parasite interactions of Babesia parasites is critical for developing next-generation vaccines to control acute disease and parasite transmission. This systematic review analyzed available research papers on vaccine development and the associated immune responses to B. bovis. We compiled and consolidated the reported vaccine strategies, considering the study design and rationale of each study, to provide a systematic review of knowledge and insights for further research. Thirteen studies published since 2014 (inclusive) represented various vaccine strategies developed against B. bovis such as subunit, live attenuated, and viral vector vaccines. Such strategies incorporated B. bovis proteins or whole live parasites with the latter providing the most effective prophylaxis against bovine babesiosis. Incorporating novel research approaches, such as "omics" will enhance our understanding of parasite vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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25. ILC3: a case of conflicted identity.
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Koprivica, Ivan, Stanisavljević, Suzana, Mićanović, Dragica, Jevtić, Bojan, Stojanović, Ivana, and Miljković, Đorđe
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INNATE lymphoid cells ,FLOW cytometry ,IMMUNE response ,IN vivo studies ,INFLAMMATION - Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3s) are the first line sentinels at the mucous tissues, where they contribute to the homeostatic immune response in a major way. Also, they have been increasingly appreciated as important modulators of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune responses, both locally and systemically. The proper identification of ILC3 is of utmost importance for meaningful studies on their role in immunity. Flow cytometry is the method of choice for the detection and characterization of ILC3. However, the analysis of ILC3-related papers shows inconsistency in ILC3 phenotypic definition, as different inclusion and exclusion markers are used for their identification. Here, we present these discrepancies in the phenotypic characterization of human and mouse ILC3s. We discuss the pros and cons of using various markers for ILC3 identification. Furthermore, we consider the possibilities for the efficient isolation and propagation of ILC3 from different organs and tissues for in-vitro and in-vivo studies. This paper calls upon uniformity in ILC3 definition, isolation, and propagation for the increased possibility of confluent interpretation of ILC3's role in immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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26. Single domain Camelid antibody fragments for molecular imaging and therapy of cancer.
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Shulin Li, Hoefnagel, Sanne Johanna Maria, and Krishnadath, Kausilia Krishnawatie
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CANCER treatment ,CANCER prognosis ,PHOTODYNAMIC therapy ,IMMUNOGLOBULINS ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
Despite innovations in cancer therapeutics, cancer remains associated with high mortality and is one of biggest health challenges worldwide. Therefore, developing precise cancer imaging and effective treatments is an unmet clinical need. A relatively novel type of therapeutics are heavy chain variable domain antibody fragments (VHHs) derived from llamas. Here, we explored the suitability of VHHs for cancer imaging and therapy through reviewing the existing literature. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases and identified 32 papers on molecular imaging and 41 papers on therapy that were suitable for comprehensive reviewing. We found that VHHs harbor a higher specificity and affinity compared to mAbs, which contributes to high-quality imaging and less side-effects on healthy cells. The employment of VHHs in cancer imaging showed remarkably shorter times between administration and imaging. Studies showed that 18F and 99mTc are two optimal radionuclides for imaging with VHHs and that site-specific labelling is the optimal conjugation modality for VHHs with radionuclide or fluorescent molecules. We found different solutions for reducing kidney retention and immunogenicity of VHHs. VHHs as anticancer therapeutics have been tested in photodynamic therapy, targeted radionuclide therapy, immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. These studies showed that VHHs target unique antigen epitopes, which are distinct from the ones recognized by mAbs. This advantage means that VHHs may be more effective for targeted anticancer therapy and can be combined with mAbs. We found that high cellular internalization and specificity of VHHs contributes to the effectiveness and safety of VHHs as anticancer therapeutics. Two clinical trials have confirmed that VHHs are effective and safe for cancer imaging and therapy. Together, VHHs seem to harbor several advantages compared to mAbs and show potential for application in personalized treatment for cancer patients. VHH-based imaging and therapy are promising options for improving outcomes of cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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27. Senescent cell-derived vaccines: A new concept towards an immune response against cancer and aging?
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IMMUNE response ,AGING ,VACCINES ,BIOLOGICAL products ,CANCER vaccines - Abstract
A new review paper published in Aging explores the concept of using senescent cell-derived vaccines as a potential immune response against cancer and aging. The paper discusses the role of tumor-associated senescent cells in cancer progression and regression and highlights the potential use of senolytics, drugs that eliminate senescent cells, in cancer treatment. The researchers also propose the idea of designing an adaptive anti-aging vaccine. The paper provides valuable insights into the current knowledge in this field. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
28. TNF-α response in macrophages depends on clinical
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Johann, Guillemot, Christophe, Ginevra, Camille, Allam, Elisabeth, Kay, Christophe, Gilbert, Patricia, Doublet, Sophie, Jarraud, and Annelise, Chapalain
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sequence type ,Genotype ,ST1 ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,clinical isolates ,Macrophages ,immune response ,Legionella pneumophila ,macrophages ,cell death ,ST47 ,TNF-α ,Humans ,Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors ,Legionnaires' Disease ,Research Article ,Research Paper - Abstract
Legionnaires’ Disease (LD) is a severe pneumonia mainly caused in Europe by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1). Sequence-based typing methods reveal that some sequence types (ST) are overrepresented in clinical samples such as ST1 and ST47, suggesting that some strains are more fit for infection than others. In the present study, a collection of 108 Lp1 clinical isolates were used to evaluate the strain-dependent immune responses from human macrophages. Clinical Lp1 isolates induced differential TNFα secretion from macrophages. ST1 isolates induced a significantly higher TNF-α secretion than non-ST1, whereas ST47 isolates induced a significantly lower TNF-α secretion than non-ST47 isolates. ST1 isolates induced a significantly higher cell death than ST47 isolates evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase activity (cytotoxicity) and caspase-3 activity (apoptosis). Treatment of macrophages with anti-TNF-α antibodies significantly reduced the cell death in macrophages infected with ST1 or ST47 strains. The TNF-α secretion was neither explained by a differential bacterial replication nor by the number or type (bystander or infected) of TNF-α producing cells following infection but by a differential response from macrophages. The Paris ST1 reference strain elicited a significantly higher TNF-α gene transcription and a higher induction of NF-κB signaling pathway than the Lorraine ST47 reference strain. Clinical Lp1 isolates induce a diverse immune response and cell death, which could be related to the genotype. The two predominant sequence-types ST1 and ST47 trigger opposite inflammatory response that could be related to the host susceptibility.
- Published
- 2022
29. Immune response pattern across the asymptomatic, symptomatic and convalescent periods of COVID-19
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Tingting Zhou, Yang Chen, Beiwei Ye, Yingze Zhao, Xueyuan Liu, Yongzhong Jiang, Jie Zhang, Min Li, Shuaixin Gao, Jianbo Zhan, William J. Liu, Yaxin Guo, Heqiang Sun, Catherine C. L. Wong, Jiangtao Guo, George F. Gao, Shaobo Dong, Tongqi Yu, and Nan Zhang
- Subjects
Proteomics ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Neutrophils ,Biophysics ,Complex disease ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Disease ,Biochemistry ,Asymptomatic ,Analytical Chemistry ,Immune system ,Regular Paper ,Medicine ,Humans ,Turning point ,Myeloid Cells ,Cholesterol metabolism ,Immune response ,Molecular Biology ,Asymptomatic Infections ,Mass spectrometry ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Immunity ,COVID-19 ,Convalescence ,Recovery stage ,Cholesterol ,Case-Control Studies ,Immunology ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
We present an integrated analysis of urine and serum proteomics and clinical measurements in asymptomatic, mild/moderate, severe and convalescent cases of COVID-19. We identify the pattern of immune response during COVID-19 infection. The immune response is activated in asymptomatic infection, but is dysregulated in mild and severe COVID-19 patients. Our data suggest that the turning point depends on the function of myeloid cells and neutrophils. In addition, immune defects persist into the recovery stage, until 12 months after diagnosis. Moreover, disorders of cholesterol metabolism span the entire progression of the disease, starting from asymptomatic infection and lasting to recovery. Our data suggest that prolonged dysregulation of the immune response and cholesterol metabolism might be the pivotal causative agent of other potential sequelae. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis, which is instructive for the development of early intervention strategies to ameliorate complex disease sequelae.
- Published
- 2021
30. Molecular Mechanism of Biofilm Locator Protein Kinase Dbf2p-related kinase 1 in Regulating Innate Immune Response to Interleukin 17-induced Viral Pneumonia
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Fang Shu, Yun Bai, Feixiao Xue, Shanshan Shi, Haifeng Wang, Lina Bu, and Daqing Sun
- Subjects
Chemokine ,respiratory syncytial virus ,Pneumonia, Viral ,Bioengineering ,Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ,Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,immune response ,Mice ,Immune system ,inflammatory responses ,medicine ,Animals ,Protein kinase A ,Cell Proliferation ,Inflammation ,Innate immune system ,biology ,Chemistry ,Interleukin-17 ,IL17 ,NDR1 ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,RAW264.7 ,Molecular biology ,Immunity, Innate ,Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ,CCL20 ,CXCL2 ,RAW 264.7 Cells ,Viral pneumonia ,Biofilms ,biology.protein ,Interleukin 17 ,Chemokines ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Biotechnology ,Signal Transduction ,Research Article ,Research Paper - Abstract
It focused on the antiviral immune regulation of biofilm-localized protein kinase Dbf2p-related kinase 1 (NDR1) in viral pneumonia. Mouse alveolar monocyte RAW264.7 was used as blank control, and viral pneumonia cell model was prepared by infecting cells with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). NDR1 overexpression vector and siRNA interference sequences were synthesized, and overexpression/silence NDR1 cell model was fabricated. About 50 ng/mL interleukin 17 (IL-17) was given to stimulate. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qRCR), and Western blot were performed to detect cytokines and chemokines, mRNA of inflammatory factors, and signal molecule protein expression. Notably, RSV infection increased RSV-F mRNA in RAW264.7 cells and reduced NDR1 mRNA and protein. Secretion levels of IL-6, interferon β (IFN-β), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL20) increased in the model group versus blank control (P 0.05). In short, NDR1 regulated innate immune response to viral pneumonia induced by IL-17, which can be used as a new target for the treatment of IL-17-induced inflammatory response and autoimmune diseases.
- Published
- 2021
31. Turmeric: A Spice Modulating Immune Response and Combatting Cancer-literature overview.
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Greguła, Anna, Mazur, Bartosz, Stachyrak, Karol, Mika, Dawid, Kłos, Aleksandra, Turek, Kamila, Lambach, Maciej, Pawlicki, Mateusz, Mazurek, Aleksandra, and Wilanowska, Wiktoria
- Subjects
CURCUMIN ,IMMUNE response ,TURMERIC ,REGULATORY T cells ,T helper cells ,CANCER cell growth - Abstract
Introduction Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, is gaining increasing attention due to its potential health benefits, especially in the context of its immunomodulatory and anticancer properties. Aim of the study The aim of this review was to discuss recent findings regarding the impact of curcumin on the immune system and its potential applications in anticancer therapy. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed and Scholar database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: „curcumin", „immunomodulatory effects", „cytokines", „anticancer", „apoptosis", „cell proliferation", „radiosensitizing". Results Studies have confirmed that curcumin, especially in the form of nanocurcumin, exhibits significant immunomodulatory effects. It reduces the number of Th17 cells, increases Treg cells, and regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is crucial in controlling autoimmune reactions. Furthermore, it demonstrates anticancer activity by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, stimulating apoptosis, and enhancing the effectiveness of anticancer therapy. Conclusions Despite promising results, further research on the safety of curcumin therapy, particularly in the long term, is essential. Limitations associated with bioavailability and pharmacokinetics suggest the need for the development of formulations with increased bioavailability to maximize the potential benefits of curcumin in the treatment of various disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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32. Mechanisms of TREM2 mediated immunosuppression and regulation of cancer progression.
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Xia Lei, Ya Ni Gou, Jin Yong Hao, and Xiao Jun Huang
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CANCER invasiveness ,CELLULAR immunity ,IMMUNOSUPPRESSION ,IMMUNE response ,CELLULAR signal transduction - Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as a key strategy for cancer treatment. TREM2, a key target for regulating the tumor immune microenvironment, is important in cancer treatment and progression. TREM2 is an immune signaling hub that regulates multiple pathological pathways. It not only suppresses anti-tumor immune responses by inhibiting T cell-mediated immune responses, but it also influences tumorigenesis by affecting NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Noticeably, TREM2 expression levels also vary significantly among different tumor cells, and it can regulate tumor progression by modulating various signaling pathways. Above all, by summarizing the role of TREM2 in cancer immunotherapy and the mechanism by which TREM2 regulates tumor progression, this paper clarifies TREM2's role in both tumor progression and cancer therapy, identifying a new therapeutic target for oncology diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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33. Immunomodulatory Role of Cytokines in Periodontal Disease.
- Author
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Al-Ghurabi, Batool Hassan, Mahmood, Maha Adel, Aldhaher, Zainab A., and Al-Hindawi, Sahar Hashim
- Subjects
PERIODONTAL disease ,IMMUNOMODULATORS ,CYTOKINES ,MOLECULAR weights ,PERIODONTITIS ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition that affects the periodontium and results in the destruction of periodontal tissue. Cytokines are small, non-structural proteins with inferior molecular weights which have an intricate organizational effect on inflammation and immunity. Immune reaction against products of bacteria and the resulting generation of inflammatory cytokines are significant contributors to periodontal tissue injury. In this disease inflammatory cytokines are generated by immune cells to attack the periodontal bacteria. A persistent or strong immune response may cause inflammation and the creation of cytokines that are essential in the development of periodontitis, even though the immune response can defend an organism from a variety of diseases. Clarifying the immunomodulatory role of cytokines in periodontitis was the main goal of this review. Using suitable keywords, relevant papers would be searched in the scientific databases Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. In conclusion cytokines control and modulate the immune response in periodontitis. Covered studies were posted between 2000 and 2023 and detect great variance in patients' selection, clinical assessments, and cytokines measures. A significant association between cytokines and periodontitis developments was reported in some studies. Cytokines are control and modulate the immune response in periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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34. Immunogenetics of Systemic Sclerosis.
- Author
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Gumkowska-Sroka, Olga, Kotyla, Kacper, and Kotyla, Przemysław
- Subjects
SYSTEMIC scleroderma ,MOLECULAR biology ,IMMUNOGENETICS ,GENETIC markers ,DISEASE susceptibility ,GENETIC variation ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by massive fibrosis, vascular damage, and immune imbalance. Advances in rheumatology and immunology over the past two decades have led to a redefinition of systemic sclerosis, shifting from its initial perception as primarily a "hyperfibrotic" state towards a recognition of systemic sclerosis as an immune-mediated disease. Consequently, the search for genetic markers has transitioned from focusing on fibrotic mechanisms to exploring immune regulatory pathways. Immunogenetics, an emerging field at the intersection of immunology, molecular biology, and genetics has provided valuable insights into inherited factors that influence immunity. Data from genetic studies conducted thus far indicate that alterations in genetic messages can significantly impact disease risk and progression. While certain genetic variations may confer protective effects, others may exacerbate disease susceptibility. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the most relevant genetic changes that influence both the risk and course of systemic sclerosis. Special emphasis is placed on factors regulating the immune response, recognizing their pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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35. Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: The Importance of Dendritic Cell Migration.
- Author
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Song, Min-Seon, Nam, Ji-Hee, Noh, Kyung-Eun, and Lim, Dae-Seog
- Subjects
DENDRITIC cells ,CELL migration ,IMMUNOTHERAPY ,IMMUNE response ,LYMPH nodes - Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance, initiating immune responses against pathogens, and patrolling body compartments. Despite promising aspects, DC-based immunotherapy faces challenges that include limited availability, immune escape in tumors, immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, and the need for effective combination therapies. A further limitation in DC-based immunotherapy is the low population of migratory DC (around 5%–10%) that migrate to lymph nodes (LNs) through afferent lymphatics depending on the LN draining site. By increasing the population of migratory DCs, DC-based immunotherapy could enhance immunotherapeutic effects on target diseases. This paper reviews the importance of DC migration and current research progress in the context of DC-based immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Liposomes, transfersomes and niosomes: production methods and their applications in the vaccinal field.
- Author
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Riccardi, Domenico, Baldino, Lucia, and Reverchon, Ernesto
- Subjects
SUPERCRITICAL carbon dioxide ,PRODUCTION methods ,LIPOSOMES ,DNA vaccines - Abstract
One of the most effective strategies to fight viruses and handle health diseases is vaccination. Recent studies and current applications are moving on antigen, DNA and RNA-based vaccines to overcome the limitations related to the conventional vaccination strategies, such as low safety, necessity of multiple injection, and side effects. However, due to the instability of pristine antigen, RNA and DNA molecules, the use of nanocarriers is required. Among the different nanocarriers proposed for vaccinal applications, three types of nanovesicles were selected and analysed in this review: liposomes, transfersomes and niosomes. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were used for searching recent papers on the most frequently used conventional and innovative methods of production of these nanovesicles. Weaknesses and limitations of conventional methods (i.e., multiple post-processing, solvent residue, batch-mode processes) can be overcome using innovative methods, in particular, the ones assisted by supercritical carbon dioxide. SuperSomes process emerged as a promising production technique of solvent-free nanovesicles, since it can be easily scaled-up, works in continuous-mode, and does not require further post-processing steps to obtain the desired products. As a result of the literature analysis, supercritical carbon dioxide assisted methods attracted a lot of interest for nanovesicles production in the vaccinal field. However, despite their numerous advantages, supercritical processes require further studies for the production of liposomes, transfersomes and niosomes with the aim of reaching well-defined technologies suitable for industrial applications and mass production of vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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37. Dynamic analysis and optimal control of a fractional order HIV/HTLV co-infection model with HIV-specific antibody immune response.
- Author
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Ruiqing Shi and Yihong Zhang
- Subjects
PONTRYAGIN'S minimum principle ,T cells ,ANTIBODY formation ,MIXED infections ,HTLV ,IMMUNE response ,HIV - Abstract
In this paper, a fractional order HIV/HTLV co-infection model with HIV-specific antibody immune response is established. Two cases are considered: constant control and optimal control. For the constant control system, the existence and uniqueness of the positive solutions are proved, and then the sufficient conditions for the existence and stability of five equilibriums are obtained. For the second case, the Pontryagin's Maximum Principle is used to analyze the optimal control, and the formula of the optimal solution are derived. After that, some numerical simulations are performed to validate the theoretical prediction. Numerical simulations indicate that in the case of HIV/HTLV co-infection, the concentration of CD4
+ T cells is no longer suitable as an effective reference data for understanding the development process of the disease. On the contrary, the number of HIV virus particles should be used as an important indicator for reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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38. Multifactorial Causes and Consequences of TLSP Production, Function, and Release in the Asthmatic Airway.
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Brister, Danica L., Omer, Hafsa, Whetstone, Christiane E., Ranjbar, Maral, and Gauvreau, Gail M.
- Subjects
THYMIC stromal lymphopoietin ,ADRENERGIC beta agonists ,AIR pollution ,AIRWAY (Anatomy) ,EPITHELIAL cells ,IMMUNE response ,DENDRITIC cells - Abstract
Disruption of the airway epithelium triggers a defensive immune response that begins with the production and release of alarmin cytokines. These epithelial-derived alarmin cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), are produced in response to aeroallergens, viruses, and toxic inhalants. An alarmin response disproportionate to the inhaled trigger can exacerbate airway diseases such as asthma. Allergens inhaled into previously sensitized airways are known to drive a T2 inflammatory response through the polarization of T cells by dendritic cells mediated by TSLP. Harmful compounds found within air pollution, microbes, and viruses are also triggers causing airway epithelial cell release of TSLP in asthmatic airways. The release of TSLP leads to the development of inflammation which, when unchecked, can result in asthma exacerbations. Genetic and inheritable factors can contribute to the variable expression of TSLP and the risk and severity of asthma. This paper will review the various triggers and consequences of TSLP release in asthmatic airways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
39. Immunomodulatory Role of Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha x piperita L., and Lavandula angustifolia L. Essential Oils in Sheep Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.
- Author
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Ciliberti, Maria Giovanna, Albenzio, Marzia, Sevi, Agostino, Frabboni, Laura, Marino, Rosaria, and Caroprese, Mariangela
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MONONUCLEAR leukocytes ,PEPPERMINT ,ESSENTIAL oils ,ROSEMARY ,LAVENDERS ,MITOGENS ,ETHYLENE oxide - Abstract
Simple Summary: The increasing demand for livestock production with a more sustainable approach to reduce greenhouse emissions offers the opportunity to test essential oils (EOs), as natural treatments, for their effect on rumen activity, as well as the use of antibiotics, for their antimicrobial activities. However, little information is available on the effects of EOs on the proliferative immune response and cytokine production. Therefore, the present paper is aimed at evaluating the effect of the Mentha x piperita L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Lavandula angustifolia L. EOs on sheep peripheral blood monocular cells' bio-response in terms of viability, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. The main results obtained encourage the implementation of these EOs as feed additives, in in vivo studies, to improve the animals' immune competence, especially those under specific physiological or environmental stressors. Recently, the uses of essential oils (EOs) as rumen modifiers, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants were demonstrated in livestock. In the present study, the role of Mentha x piperita L. (MEO), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (REO), and Lavandula angustifolia L. (LEO) EOs in an in vitro sheep model of inflammation was investigated. With this aim, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with incremental concentrations (3, 5, 7, and 10%) of each EO to test their effects on cell viability and proliferation and on interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-8 secretion. The PBMCs were stimulated by Concanavalin A (ConA) alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mitogen. The positive and negative controls were represented by PBMCs in the presence or absence, respectively, of mitogens only. The cell viability and proliferation were determined by XTT and BrdU assays, while the cytokines were analyzed by ELISA. The EO treatments did not affect the viability; on the contrary, the PBMC proliferation increased in presence of all the EOs tested, according to the different percentages and mitogens used. The IL-10 secretion was higher in both the REO and the LEO tested at 3% than in the positive control; furthermore, the IL-8 level was influenced differently by the various EOs. The present data demonstrate that EOs may modulate the immune response activated by inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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40. STINGing Defenses: Unmasking the Mechanisms of DNA Oncovirus-Mediated Immune Escape.
- Author
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Martínez-López, Mayra F, Muslin, Claire, and Kyriakidis, Nikolaos C.
- Subjects
DNA ,RETROVIRUSES ,IMMUNE system ,IMMUNE response ,NATURAL immunity - Abstract
DNA oncoviruses represent an intriguing subject due to their involvement in oncogenesis. These viruses have evolved mechanisms to manipulate the host immune response, facilitating their persistence and actively contributing to carcinogenic processes. This paper describes the complex interactions between DNA oncoviruses and the innate immune system, with a particular emphasis on the cGAS-STING pathway. Exploring these interactions highlights that DNA oncoviruses strategically target and subvert this pathway, exploiting its vulnerabilities for their own survival and proliferation within the host. Understanding these interactions lays the foundation for identifying potential therapeutic interventions. Herein, we sought to contribute to the ongoing efforts in advancing our understanding of the innate immune system in oncoviral pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Inflammation in recurrent miscarriage -- a comprehensive perspective from uterine microenvironment and immune cell imbalance to therapeutic strategies.
- Author
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Mengsi Lin, Hui Xu, and Jiaying Qiu
- Subjects
MISCARRIAGE ,INFLAMMATION ,IMMUNE response ,OBESITY ,EMBRYO implantation - Abstract
Recurrent miscarriage, poses a significant challenge for many couples globally, the causes of which are not fully understood. Recent studies have shown the intricate link between uterine inflammation and recurrent miscarriages. While inflammation is essential during early pregnancy stages, especially in embryo implantation, an imbalance can lead to miscarriage. Key inflammatory mediators and an imbalance in immune cells can significantly alter and contribute to recurrent miscarriages. Lifestyle factors like smoking and obesity exacerbate inflammatory responses, increasing miscarriage risks. Understanding the interaction between the uterine environment, immune cell imbalances, and recurrent miscarriages is essential for devising effective treatments. This paper presents the latest data on inflammation's role in recurrent miscarriage, emphasizing the significance of diagnosing chronic endometritis and immune imbalances, offering practical recommendations for treatment and diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Study of the Influence of Intestinal Microbiota on the Immune Response in Allergic Diseases Manifested by Food Allergy and Urticaria.
- Author
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Romaniuk, Liliia and Levchenko, Anastasiia
- Subjects
GUT microbiome ,IMMUNE response ,FOOD allergy ,URTICARIA ,QUALITY of life - Abstract
Nowadays the problem of food allergy is of great importance. It impairs the quality of life of people all over the world. People suffer from food allergies starting from the earliest period of life. Usually, people get antihistamine remedies with a variety of side effects. Food allergy may be caused by various allergens and its development depends on different factors. The aetio-pathogenic treatment used to be elaborated. Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining of homeostasis of any organism with a gastrointestinal tract. Human beings are not exceptions. The human gastrointestinal tract is enormously colonized by various microorganisms, which localize predominantly in the colon in a symbiotic relationship with the host. Impairment of microbiota function causes different diseases of the host including food allergy. The work aims to analyse the literature of the last decade (2013-2023) to reveal the connection between the condition of microbiota and its role in the development of food allergy. Scientific articles from MEDLINE-PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were analysed in the work. A set of "MeSH terms" was created to remove a large number of irrelevant papers during the manual search. It was settled that the content of microbiota and its functional activity is of great importance for food allergy development both in infants and adults. The main problem lies in the synthesis of the short-chain fatty acids and their interrelation. The characteristics of the colon epithelial barrier, its adhesive qualities, and permeability, which depend on the functional activity of microbiota, also influence on development of food allergy. Intestinal microbiota is essential for maintaining of intestinal epithelial barrier, which plays one of the pivotal roles in intestinal health and provides homeostasis keeping. Microbiota destruction by antibiotics or other exogenic/endogenic factors leads to impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier, which in turn serves as a trigger of inflammation and allows pathogens and allergens passage from the intestinal cavity into the bloodstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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43. Harnessing Vaginal Probiotics for Enhanced Management of Uterine Disease and Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows: A Conceptual Review.
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Adnane, Mounir, Whiston, Ronan, Tasara, Taurai, Bleul, Ulrich, and Chapwanya, Aspinas
- Abstract
Simple Summary: Uterine health is crucial for cows to become pregnant and maintain farm profitability. However, when cows suffer from uterine diseases, it not only affects their fertility but also leads to increased antibiotic usage, impacting both animal health and farm economics. Probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria, offer a promising solution to improve cow health and reproductive success. Research suggests that certain probiotics can enhance cow fertility. Administering these probiotics directly into the cow's vagina may strengthen uterine health, especially after giving birth. While initial findings are promising, further large-scale studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness. This paper underscores the importance of establishing clear guidelines for using probiotics in cow management, including selecting appropriate strains and administering them correctly. Moving forward, continued research is necessary to fully understand the benefits of probiotics in maintaining cow health and improving fertility. Uterine disease in cattle impairs reproductive performance and profitability and increases antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance. Thus, probiotics offer a promising alternative therapy. This review presents conceptual findings on the efficacy of probiotics in managing uterine diseases and fertility in cows. Probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. individually or as composite formulations are known to improve fertility. Strategic intravaginal administration of these formulations would likely enhance uterine immunity, particularly during the postpartum period. While current findings on the benefits to uterine health are encouraging, there is still significant knowledge missing, including a lack of empirical information from large-scale field trials. This review underscores the need for evidence-based guidelines for probiotics, such as genomic selection of formulations, targeted delivery, or potential synergy with other interventions. Future research should address these gaps to maximize the potential of probiotics in managing uterine diseases and enhancing the reproductive health of dairy cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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44. Unsupervised identification of significant lineages of SARS-CoV-2 through scalable machine learning methods.
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Cahuantzi, Roberto, Lythgoe, Katrina A., Hall, Ian, Pellis, Lorenzo, and House, Thomas
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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant ,MACHINE learning ,SARS-CoV-2 ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
Since its emergence in late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has diversified into a large number of lineages and caused multiple waves of infection globally. Novel lineages have the potential to spread rapidly and internationally if they have higher intrinsic transmissibility and/or can evade host immune responses, as has been seen with the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants of concern. They can also cause increased mortality and morbidity if they have increased virulence, as was seen for Alpha and Delta. Phylogenetic methods provide the "gold standard" for representing the global diversity of SARS-CoV-2 and to identify newly emerging lineages. However, these methods are computationally expensive, struggle when datasets get too large, and require manual curation to designate new lineages. These challenges provide a motivation to develop complementary methods that can incorporate all of the genetic data available without down-sampling to extract meaningful information rapidly and with minimal curation. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of using algorithmic approaches based on word-statistics to represent whole sequences, bringing speed, scalability, and interpretability to the construction of genetic topologies. While not serving as a substitute for current phylogenetic analyses, the proposed methods can be used as a complementary, and fully automatable, approach to identify and confirm new emerging variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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45. Research Progress on Regulation of Immune Response by Tanshinones and Salvianolic Acids of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge).
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Tang, Jiawen and Zhao, Xueying
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SALVIA miltiorrhiza ,IMMUNOREGULATION ,INFLAMMATORY bowel diseases ,ROSMARINIC acid ,IMMUNOLOGIC diseases ,RHEUMATOID arthritis - Abstract
As one of the traditional Chinese herbs, Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) has been widely studied and widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and other immune diseases. Tanshinones and salvianolic acids isolated from Danshen are considered to be the main components of its biological activity and pharmacology that play important roles in increasing the index of immune organs, regulating the number and function of immune cells, and releasing immunoreactive substances. Especially tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, salvianolic acid B, and rosmarinic acid show good biological activity in treating rheumatoid arthritis, some immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In order to understand their pharmacological effects and provide references for future research and clinical treatment, the regulation of immune response by tanshinones and salvianolic acids is summarized in detail in this paper. In addition, the challenges in their pharmacological development and the opportunities to exploit their clinical potential have been documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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46. Advances in the Study of Extracellular Vesicles for Bone Regeneration.
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Jiao, Yao, Liu, Yitong, Du, Juan, Xu, Junji, Luo, Zhenhua, Liu, Yi, and Guo, Lijia
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BONE regeneration ,EXTRACELLULAR vesicles ,BONE diseases ,CELLULAR therapy ,IMMUNE response ,REGENERATION (Biology) - Abstract
Promoting the efficiency of bone regeneration in bone loss diseases is a significant clinical challenge. Traditional therapies often fail to achieve better therapeutic outcomes and shorter treatment times. However, in recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained significant attention due to their exceptional osteogenic function in bone regeneration and superior therapeutic effects compared to traditional cell therapy. EVs have emerged as a promising therapy for tissue defect regeneration due to their various physiological functions, such as regulating the immune response and promoting tissue repair and regeneration. Moreover, EVs have good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and long-term stability, and can be improved through pretreatment and other methods. Studies investigating the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles promote bone regeneration and applying EVs from different sources using various methods to animal models of bone defects have increased. Therefore, this paper reviews the types of EVs used for bone regeneration, their sources, roles, delivery pathways, scaffold biomaterials, and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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47. Advances in metabolic reprogramming of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment on the impact of NK therapy.
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Miao, Linxuan, Lu, Chenglin, Zhang, Bin, Li, Huili, Zhao, Xu, Chen, Haoran, Liu, Ying, and Cui, Xiaonan
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KILLER cells ,METABOLIC reprogramming ,TUMOR microenvironment ,IMMUNE response ,CELL physiology - Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are unique from other immune cells in that they can rapidly kill multiple neighboring cells without the need for antigenic pre-sensitization once the cells display surface markers associated with oncogenic transformation. Given the dynamic role of NK cells in tumor surveillance, NK cell-based immunotherapy is rapidly becoming a "new force" in tumor immunotherapy. However, challenges remain in the use of NK cell immunotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors. Many metabolic features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors, including oxygen and nutrient (e.g., glucose, amino acids) deprivation, accumulation of specific metabolites (e.g., lactate, adenosine), and limited availability of signaling molecules that allow for metabolic reorganization, multifactorial shaping of the immune-suppressing TME impairs tumor-infiltrating NK cell function. This becomes a key barrier limiting the success of NK cell immunotherapy in solid tumors. Restoration of endogenous NK cells in the TME or overt transfer of functionally improved NK cells holds great promise in cancer therapy. In this paper, we summarize the metabolic biology of NK cells, discuss the effects of TME on NK cell metabolism and effector functions, and review emerging strategies for targeting metabolism-improved NK cell immunotherapy in the TME to circumvent these barriers to achieve superior efficacy of NK cell immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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48. Scope of Biological Property Activated Plant Extracted Nanoparticles for Human Immune Response — A Review.
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Hossain, Nayem, Chowdhury, Mohammad Asaduzzaman, Kchaou, Mohamed, Sultana, Sadia, Siddiky, Abu Yousouf, Mobarak, Md Hosne, and Rahman, Mohammed M.
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IMMUNE response , *NANOPARTICLES , *RESEARCH personnel , *PLANT extracts , *FOOD industry - Abstract
Due to their small size, nanoparticles have brought a new era for researchers. They are utilized in different areas, including the food industry, pharmaceuticals, and medicals, for their outstanding properties. Many medicines are also used to treat patients with various diseases. Many researchers are continuing their research to find more applications of these materials. This paper reviews how nanoparticles synthesized from plants can help the immune response. Different nanoparticles have been initially studied with their source of origin, properties, and applications in the immune response. Then, how various nanoparticles work on the immune response has been briefly discussed. Different applications of nanoparticles on immune response with different perceptions have also been considered. The results of the applications of these particles have been debated as well. In the end, these particles' potential challenges and future opportunities for immune response have been reviewed. This review paper will work as a guide for nanoparticle researchers in immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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49. Analysis of a Delayed Multiscale AIDS/HIV-1 Model Coupling Between-Host and Within-Host Dynamics.
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Wang, Miao, Wang, Yaping, Hu, Lin, and Nie, Linfei
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MULTISCALE modeling ,BASIC reproduction number ,REPRODUCTION ,COUPLINGS (Gearing) ,HOPF bifurcations ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
Taking into account the effects of the immune response and delay, and complexity on HIV-1 transmission, a multiscale AIDS/HIV-1 model is formulated in this paper. The multiscale model is described by a within-host fast time model with intracellular delay and immune delay, and a between-host slow time model with latency delay. The dynamics of the fast time model is analyzed, and includes the stability of equilibria and properties of Hopf bifurcation. Further, for the coupled slow time model without an immune response, the basic reproduction number R 0 h is defined, which determines whether the model may have zero, one, or two positive equilibria under different conditions. This implies that the slow time model demonstrates more complex dynamic behaviors, including saddle-node bifurcation, backward bifurcation, and Hopf bifurcation. For the other case, that is, the coupled slow time model with an immune response, the threshold dynamics, based on the basic reproduction number R ˜ 0 h , is rigorously investigated. More specifically, if R ˜ 0 h < 1 , the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable; if R ˜ 0 h > 1 , the model exhibits a unique endemic equilibrium that is globally asymptotically stable. With regard to the coupled slow time model with an immune response and stable periodic solution, the basic reproduction number R 0 is derived, which serves as a threshold value determining whether the disease will die out or lead to periodic oscillations in its prevalence. The research results suggest that the disease is more easily controlled when hosts have an extensive immune response and the time required for new immune particles to emerge in response to antigenic stimulation is within a certain range. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to validate the main results and provide some recommendations for controlling the spread of HIV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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50. Naringenin ameliorates atopic dermatitis by inhibiting inflammation and enhancing immunity through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Tian, Limin, Wang, Mengjie, Wang, Yangxingyun, Li, Wei, and Yang, Yuenan
- Abstract
Objective: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease. Naringenin (Nar) possesses an anti-inflammatory property. This paper attempts to discuss the functional mechanism of Nar in AD mice through the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. Methods: Mouse models of DNFB-induced AD were established and treated with Nar, followed by intraperitoneal injection with the JAK2/STAT3 pathway activator Coumermycin A1. Dermatitis severity was scored and the thickness of right ear was measured. The pathological changes in dorsal skin tissues were observed by HE staining. The number of infiltrated mast cells and eosinophilic granulocytes was counted by TB staining. The serum IgE level and levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-5 in dorsal skin tissues were measured by ELISA. The levels of p-JAK2, JAK2, p-STAT3, and STAT3 were determined by Western blot. Results: Nar decreased dermatitis scores and right ear thickness, alleviated skin lesions, and reduced the number of infiltrated mast cells and eosinophilic granulocytes in AD mice. The serum IgE level and levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-5 in dorsal skin tissues of AD mice were diminished after Nar treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Nar inhibited the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. The activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway partially nullified the therapeutic function of Nar on AD mice. Conclusion: Nar protects mice from AD by inhibiting inflammation and promoting immune responses through the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
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