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[Objective] The study aimed to investigate the effect of macular pollutants on the release of pyrolytic products from cigarette paper, and provide a method basis for the classification of macular pollutants. [Method] The pyrolytic particulate matter of different cigarette papers was captured by a self-built temperature-controlled pyrolytic device. The differences in pyrolytic components of different cigarette paper samples were analyzed by using GC-MS. And the classification of macular pollutants was achieved using principal component and cluster analysis based on the differences in pyrolytic products. [Result] The different pollutants changed the microscopic surface morphology of cigarette paper fibers. And the pyrolytic products chromatograms of all the contaminated cigarette papers exhibited a similarity of less than 0.417 when compared with that of blank cigarette papers. A total of 78 kinds of pyrolytic products were detected in the blank cigarette papers, including ketones, phenols, benzene derivatives, aldehydes, furans, alcohols, heterocycles and other chemicals, etc. Moreover, the pyrolytic products released from contaminated cigarette paper not only had common components with blank cigarette paper, but also had many unique pyrolysis components, and there were significant differences in the number and content distribution of various pyrolysis components. Specifically, after the contamination of Premalube red and Nordic grease, the phenolic compounds in the pyrolytic products significantly reduced from 36.07% to 5.58% and 8.32%, respectively. Meanwhile the release of hydrocarbons remarkably increased, but the composition and distribution of hydrocarbon substances exhibited significant differences. Flavor and sugar contaminants reduced the content of aldehydes, ketones, phenols, benzene rings and heterocyclic pyrolytic components in the pyrolytic products, but their own unique propylene glycol/glycerol solvents or esters could release to the particulate matter during the heating process through the evaporation. Principal component analysis based on pyrolytic products showed that cigarette papers contaminated with different pollutants could be effectively distinguished from the blank sample. Hierarchical clustering analysis also showed that samples contaminated with grease could be classified into one, and cigarette papers contaminated with flavor and sugar could be grouped into another one. [Conclusion] The results in the study would be beneficial for the classification and identification of macular pollutants source based on the differences in pyrolytic products that were captured by self-built temperature-controlled pyrolytic device and analyzed by multiple statistical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective ] The study aimed to research on the effect of β-cyclodextrin on aroma retention of paper-making reconstituted tobacco, this experiment was carried out. [ Methods ] The reconstituted tobacco was prepared according to the conventional paper-making process, and β-cyclodextrin was added into the tobacco raw material during the extraction process. The aroma components of the extraction concentrate were extracted by two-step simultaneous distillation extraction, and the free and combined aroma components were quantitatively detected by GC-MS internal standard. The difference of free and combined aroma before and after adding β-cyclodextrin was compared and analyzed. [ Results ] After adding β-cyclodextrin, the total amount of free aroma components decreased, while the combined aroma components in creased. After 8 hours of extraction, the total amount of aroma components extracted from the concentrate decreased by 12. 75% . It should be that after 8 hours of simultaneous distillation and extraction, some of the volatile aroma components were in the complex state with β-cyclodextrin, but not released by extraction. [ Conclusion ] β-cyclodextrin can slow release and keep the aroma of the extract and concentrate of paper-making reconstituted tobacco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The study aimed to elucidate the effects of two kinds of organic potassium salt cigarette auxiliaries on the pyrolysis performance of cigarette paper. [Method] By adding two kinds of organic acid potassium salt with different concentrations to cigarette paper, the effects on the pyrolysis performance of cigarette paper were studied by means of simultaneous thermal analysis, mainstream smoke detection and sensory quality evaluation. [Result] With the increase of the concentration of potassium carbonate and potassium citrate, the initial temperature of thermogravimetric loss gradually decreased, and the increase of weight loss rate and weight loss in the initial heating period corresponded basically with the addition concentration. With the addition of potassium citrate in the cigarette paper, the number of smoking pons decreased gradually, and the content of nicotine and tar also decreased gradually. When the addition amount was 3 %, the release of CO was the lowest, and then increased with the increase of the addition amount. With the addition of potassium carbonate in cigarette paper increasing, the number of smoking mouthfuls firstly decreased and then increased slowly, and the content of nicotine and tar also showed a decreasing trend. When the addition amount of potassium carbonate in cigarette paper was 3.5 %, the content of nicotine in cigarette paper and the number of smoking mouthfuls were the least. When the concentration was 2.5 %, the CO content was the lowest. [Conclusion] The use of cigarette paper additives catalyzed the thermal cracking process of cigarette paper, which resulted in the decrease of tar and CO content in mainstream smoke and affected the sensory quality of cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]The present paper aimed to search for some technical methods which could reduce the tar content of reconstituted tobacco effectively. [Method]The effect of some factors such as ratio of stems to leaves, beating degree, basis weight, coating rate, proportion of plus fiber and calcium carbonate on the tar content of paper-making reconstituted tobacco was studied and those factors that could reduce the tar content effectively had also been verified. [Result] (i)Beating degree, basis weight, proportion of plus fiber, potassium salt and calcium carbonate had significant influence on the tar content of paper-making reconstituted tobacco;(ii)The ratio of stems to leaves of raw materials also had a certain influence on the tar content of paper-making reconstituted tobacco, and the tar content was the lowest when the ratio of stems to leaves was 2-1;(iii)There was a positive correlation between the coating rate and the tar content of paper-making reconstituted tobacco, the increase of coating rate would lead to the increase of tar content.(IV) The tar content of paper-making reconstituted tobacco prepared under a set of factors, including fiber proportion, beating degree, basis weight had fallen by more than 50 % ,and blending it in cigarette products had also reduced the tar content of cigarettes obviously. [Conclusion] The tar content of reconstituted tobacco could be reduced by adjusting the process parameters. While the PRT sample integrated with some tar-reduced factors was blended into cigarettes, it could greatly reduce the tar content of cigarettes. Therefore, some technical methods could be taken properly to reduce the tar content of PRT, and achieve ‘ reducing the harmful and tar content’ after blending it into cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Feasibility study of applying writing paper as sealing materials in oyster mushroom’s cultivation was conducted in or¬der to provide theoretical basis for increasing the safety of oyster mushroomproducts. ' Method】 The experiments and production demonstration were carried out by setting 2 treatments, ie. treatment Awith writing paper as sealing materials and treatment Bwith newspapers! CK) ,and the growth of mycelium, number and fresh weight of fruiting bodies, cost and economic returns as well as heavy metal contents in fruiting bodies were investigated and evaluated. ' Result】 The growth rate of mycelium was 0. 97 cm/d of treatment A, which was significantly higher than that of treatment B (% < 0 . 05 , the same as below), and the average number and fresh weight of fruiting bodies per bag (total of the first flush and second flush, hereafter) were 43.47 ,257. 59 g,5. 57 more and 11 . 7 g higher than that of treatment B, respectively. The results showed that the heavy metal content of Pb, Cd, Hg and As in fruiting bodies of both treatment A and Bwas lower than the limits (1 . 000, 0. 200 ,0. 100,0. 500 mg/kg, respectively) set by both national food safety ytandard and national aaricultural standard for green food mush¬ room, and the content of Pb, Cd, Hg, As of treatment A was only 0. 001, 0. 085 , 0.002 and 0. 037 mg/kg, which was far more lower tlian the safety limits mentioned above, respectively. Besides, Cr was not found in the fruiting bodies of treatment A. The results indicated that the oyster mushroom of treatment A was much safer than that of treatment B. Compared to treatment B， the cost per bag of sealing materials and their processing increased by 0.002 yuan， while the output valiae increased by 0. 140 yuan, thus the eco¬nomic retiams per bag of treatment A was 0. 138 yuan higher than that of treatment B. The results of production demonstra¬tion showed that，when compared witli treatment B，treatment A could shorten the period of spawn running by 3 days and shorten the average harvesting time of the first and second flush by 3 and 4 days, respectively, besides, treatment Acould increase thefresh weight per bag by 24. 00 gin total. ' Conclusion】 Based on the in¬crease of mycelium ’ s growth rate, number and fresh weight of fruiting bodies, economic returns, as well as decrease of heavy metal contents, it is recommended that writing paper could be applied instead of newspapers as sealing materials in oyster mushroom5 s production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to get high efficient cellase-producing bacteria and determine the taxonomy. [Method] Sodium carboxymethylcellulose was selected as the sole carbon source to isolate cellulose-producing microorganism. A total of 51 bacteria and actinomyces were isolated from natural fermentation material of tobacco straw.Nine isolates possessed high cellulase activities in congo dye experiment. The phylogenetic relationships of cellulase producing bacteria and actinomyces were determined through the analyses of phylogenetic trees constructed using 16 S rRNA gene sequences. [Result] Luteibacter sp.L43 possessed the highest cellulase activities in enzyme activity tests. The effects of the single factor including pH, carbon and nitrogen concentration on filter paper enzyme, endo-β-1, 4-glucanases and exo-β-1, 4-glucanases for L43 were determined.Under the condition of pH6, sodium carboxymethylcellulose concentration 12.5 g/L and NaNO3 concentration 5 g/L, the highest cellulase activities of endo-β-1, 4-glucanases and exo-β-1, 4-glucanases of L43 were 16.9 and39.62 U/mL, respectively. [Conclusion] This study provided a good cellulose producing bacteria for tobacco straw fermentation and laid a foundation for the development and utilization L43. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Department of Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Department of Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] The present paper aimed to prevent the waste of straw resources and solve the problem of straw degradation, the degra dation efficiency of straw under the condition of microbial degradation was explored. [Method] Through enrichment and acclimation culture, strains with degradability were screened from decomposed straw compost, and a composite strain ZM-10 with degradability was constructed. The phylogenetic status was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. Based on the change of enzyme activity (FPA) of filter paper produced by liquid shake bottle fermentation, a single factor experiment was set up to optimize the conditions of cellulase production and solid bactericide fermentation of composite strain ZM-10, and the fermentation bactericide with the best degradation efficiency was prepared for the pot experi- ment of Chinese cabbage. [Result] The strains forming the complex strain ZM-10 were Citrobacter cronae, Bacillus velezensis, Pseudomonas taiwanensis, Myroides odoratus, Klebsiella sp. The optimal fermentation conditions for the composite strain ZM-10 were as follows: The medium formula was 4.00 g corn stalk powder, 2.67 g wheat bran, 2.67 g peanut chip powder, 2.67 g soybean meal, 0.3% lactose, 0.3% peptone the inoculation volume was 24%, the drying temperature was 60 °C, and the fermentation time was 6 days. The best carrier for solid bacteri- cide was biochar, and the optimal loading capacity of biochar (g):complex hacterial solution (mL) was 1:1.375. The pot experiment showed that the plant height, leaf area, root to shoot ratio, Ve content and soluble solid content of Chinese cabbage were all higher than those of the control group. [Conclusion] This experiment successfully constructs a composite strain ZM-10 and bactericide which can degrade straw effi- ciently, and verify the positive effects of bactericide on the growth and development of Chinese cabbage, which provide a new idea for solving the waste of straw resources and crop production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Agricultural interactive display is a novel method of showcasing with vast applications in the field of agriculture. However, current implementation is limited due to factors such as the knowledge of professionals, technological costs, and rural infrastructure. Through interactive display technology research, the present paper aims to provide intuitive and vivid communication channels for agricultural education, technology, and popularization. [Method] Through virtual reality, augmented reality technology, data visualization, artificial intelligence and animation, the paper uses agricultural machinery interactive experiences as an example to elaborate on the complete process of data collection and processing, content selection for displays, determination of interactive elements, as well as design, using of the game engine, software and hardware interface testing and optimization. [Result] The production process of agricultural interactive display is relatively complex, with the determination of goals and content, planning of display process and sequence, selection of interactive elements testing and optimization, continuous improvement, and ultimately achieving the design of an interesting and technological combination of agricultural interactive display. [Conclusion] The paper clarifies the application advantages and prospects, and provides recommendations for further promoting and popularizing interactive displays in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to study the physiological changes and gene dynamic changes of rice under low temperature stress, which was helpful to analyze the physiological basis and molecular mechanism of rice response to low temperature stress, and laid a theoretical foundation for screening suitable rice variety with cold tolerance and studying how to improve the cold-tolerance inheritance of rice. [Method] Taking three rice varieties with different cold-tolerance levels, P427 ( strong cold-tolerance), Nipponbare (cold-tolerance), 9311 (cold-sensitivity) as testing materials, and using method of phenotype combined with physiochemical index, the paper studied the effect of 3 -4 °C low temperature stress on phenotype, chlorophyll content and electric conductivity, and used RNA-Seq to analyze enrichment pathways and the dynamic change of gene response to low temperature stress. [Result] The rice variety with strong cold-tolerance P427 showed strong adaptability to low temperature. It maintained higher chlorophyll content under low-temperature stress, and its chlorophyll content before low temperature treatment, on the third day of low temperature treatment, on the third day of recovery growth was 29. 64, 29. 30 and 27. 96 µgig, respectively. Its electric conductivity on the first day, third day, fifth day of low-temperature was 10. 39%, 13. 08% and 17. 04%, and its membrane system had the lightest damage. A large number of genes were differentially expressed in both cold tolerant and cold sensitive varieties under low temperature induction, and the number of differentially expressed genes ( DEGs) continued to increase with the extension of low temperature treatment time,but the number of specific DEGs in P427 decreased from 2408 to 1717. In addition, only 576 specific genes of P427 were differentially expressed from 1 days to 3 days under low temperature treatment. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the specific DEGs of P427 after low temperature treatment were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways such as biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropane biosynthesis. [ Conclusion] There may be differences in cold-tolerance response genes and regulatory mechanisms among cultivars with different cold tolerance. There was a set of cold-tolerance response genes in P427 cultivar with strong cold tolerance, which was different from that in Nipponbare and 9311. Plant hormone signal transduction and phenylalanine metabolism were significantly affected by low temperature stress in seedling rice. P427 may respond to cold tolerance of seedling rice through metabolic pathways such as biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropane biosynthesis pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to compare the effects of adding different probiotics in feed on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and serum biochemical indicators of Salmon trutta. [Method] 630 S. trutta with an initial body weight of (84.57 ±1.83) g were selected for the experiment and randomly divided into 7 groups, with 3 parallel fish in each group and 30 parallel fish in each group. The control group was fed with basic feed, while the experimental group was supplemented with different probiotics (Saccharomyces, EM bacteria, Lactobacillus, Bacillus subtilis, compound Bacillus, B. licheniformis) to the basic feed for three months. [Result] The indicators related to growth, digestion and serum biochemistry were measured and analyzed. The results showed that adding different probiotics had a growth promoting effect on the S. trutta. The average body length growth rate, average body weight growth rate, specific growth rate, food conversion rate and feeding rate of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05, the same as below); Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed an increase in liver pancreatic protease, intestinal protease, lipase, and amylase, with the EM bacteria group having the highest level, significantly higher than the other experimental groups; The activity of catalase in serum of yeast was significantly increased compared to the control group, while there was no significant difference in total protein, triglycerides, glucose, superoxide dismutase, acid phosphatase, glutamic oxalate transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, complement C3 and lysozyme indicators (P>0.05), while other bacteria had varying degrees of influence among the experimental groups. [Conclusion] Taking into account survival rate, growth characteristics, digestive enzymatic activity and serum biochemical indicators, the addition of EM bacteria has a good effect on the healthy breeding of S. trutta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of the ecological environment quality in Xuzhou urban area during the transition period, and to provide a basis for ecological protection and related policy formulation. [Method] Using five-period Landsat data from 2000 to 2020, the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) was constructed, and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the ecological environment quality in Xuzhou urban area were analyzed based on Pearson correlation coefficient, spatial autocorrelation and other methods. The geodetector was used to detect the main factors affecting the ecological environment quality. [Result] (i) The RSEI value of the study area fluctuated between 0.5 and 0.6 from 2000 to 2020, indicating that the ecological environment quality was unstable; the low-grade ecological environment quality was mainly distributed in Yunlong district, Quanshan district and Gulou district, while the high-grade ecological environment quality was mainly distributed in Tongshan district and Jiawang district; (ii) The area proportion of the improved ecological environment quality from 2000 to 2020 was 35.70%, while the area proportion of the deteriorated ecological environment quality was 23.23%. There was a significant negative correlation between the ecological environment quality and its change, and the higher the RSEI grade, the easier it was to deteriorate, and the lower the RSEI grade, the easier it was to improve; (iii) The ecological environment quality had obvious spatial clustering characteristics, and the high-high clustering area was distributed in Tongshan district, while the low-low clustering area was mainly distributed in Yunlong district, Quanshan district, Gulou district and Jiawang district. In the past 20 years, the standard deviation ellipse of the high-high clustering area showed obvious directionality, and always presented a 'northwest-southeast' distribution pattern, while the standard deviation ellipse of the low-low clustering area presented a 'southwest-northeast' distribution pattern; (iv) The geodetector results showed that all the influencing factors were significant, and the dominant factor was greenness, and the interaction effect of the two factors was obvious. [Conclusion] The ecological environment quality of Xuzhou urban area improves after the transition, and the ecological governance achieves some results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the effects of soil conditioners containing calcium, magnesium and phosphorus on acidification reduction and crop growth in protected red soil through field experiments. [Method] Using Italian lettuce as material, field plot experiment was carried out on protected red soil, and 5 treatments were set up: Control (local conventional fertilization), treatment T1 (local conventional fertilization + calcium, magnesium and phosphorus soil conditioner 1500 kg/hm²), treatment T2 (local conventional fertilization + calcium, magnesium and phosphorus soil conditioner 3000 kg/hm²), treatment T3 (local conventional fertilization + calcium, magnesium and phosphorus soil conditioner 6000 kg/hm²), treatment MT3 (local conventional fertilization + calcium, magnesium and phosphorus soil conditioner 6000 kg/hm² + biological bacteria agent). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The agronomic traits and quality indexes of lettuce, soil pH, soil organic matter and soil bacterial community diversity were determined. [Result] T3 treatment significantly increased the contents of soil organic matter, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium, especially total phosphorus (22.56%). Compared with CK, the pH, base saturation and Ve content of lettuce in T3 significantly increased by 0.7 units, 257.14% and 14.40%, respectively, while the contents of exchangeable acid, exchangeable aluminum and available manganese significantly decreased by 600.00% 75.00% and 37.27%, respectively. Compared with the treatment of MT3, the hydrolytic nitrogen content, cation exchange capacity and lettuce plant height significantly increased by 44. 56%,4.01% and 11.29%, respectively. The key environmental factors affecting the main bacterial communities (phylum level) of the protected lettuce field were organic matter (29.8%), pH (24.9%) and available potassium (16.3%). [Conclusion] Applying 6000 kg/hm² calcium-magnesium-phosphorus soil conditioner can increase the pH of protected red soil, reduce the exchangeable acid, exchangeable aluminum content, and soil acidification, improve soil fertility and bacterial community structure, moreover, its combined application with microbial bacterial agent can increase lettuce plant height and Ve content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The paper aimed to provide scientific and effective theoretical basis for understanding the rhizosphere soil microbial community structure, making full use of microbial resources and cultivating Gentiana rigescens Franch. with good quality. [Method] The microbial diversity and community structure of rhizosphere soil of G. rigescens Franch. from different producing areas were compared and analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. The correlation between microbial community abundance and soil nutrient content in rhizosphere soil was analyzed in combination with soil physicochemical properties. [Result] There were differences in the diversity and richness of rhizosphere soil microorganisms in different areas, among which the Chaol, Ace and Shannon indices of sample BS2 were the largest. The analysis of community composition showed that the bacteria belonged to 136 phylums, 86 classes, 188 orders, 409 families and 1793 genera. The dominant bacteria of DL2 and LC were Proteobacteria, and their relative abundance was 64.74% and 56.00%, respectively. Acidobacteria were the dominant bacteria in samples DLI, BSI, BS2 and GZ, and their relative abundance was 42.02%, 24. 40%, 41.44% and. 71. 30%, respectively. Fungi of rhizosphere soil belonged to 5 phylums, 28 classes, 63 orders, 124 families and 181 genera. Basidiomycota (42.65%) was the dominant fungus in sample BS2, and Ascomycota (48.50% -88.92%) was the dominant fungus in the other five samples. Correlation analysis of rhizosphere microorganisms and soil physicochemical properties showed that soil pH was significantly positively correlated with the relative abundance of Streptomyces and negatively correlated with Candidatus-Sulfotelmatter. The organic matter content was significantly positively correlated with the relative abundance of both Edaphobacter and Granulicella. Soil available nutrients such as hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the relative abundance of Rhodanobacter. [Conclusion] The origin factors have a certain effect on the microbial diversity and community structure of rhizosphere soil of G. rigescens. Comprehensively, sample BS2 has the highest richness and diversity of rhizosphere soil microorganisms. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi are the dominant bacteria in all samples, while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are the dominant fungal communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the changing law of twig and leaf size relationship in the vertical structure of woody plants in the dry-hot valley of northwest Guangxi, and provide a theoretical basis for plant protection and vegetation restoration in the dry-hot valley of northwest Guangxi. [Method] The natural secondary forest community in Yachang Forest Farm in the dry-hot valley of northwest Guangxi was studied by using one-way ANOVA, standardized principal axis estimation and correlation analysis to analyze the size difference, allometric growth relationship and correlation relationship among twigs and leaves in different forest layers. [Result] There were significant differences in the traits of most twigs and leaves in different forest layers (P<0.05, the same as below). With the increase of forest layer, twig fresh weight, twig dry weight, twig diameter, total leaf area, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight and leaf dry matter content showed an increasing trend, while twig relative water content, branching intensity, individual leaf area, leaf relative water content and specific leaf area showed a decreasing trend. There was a significant positive allometric growth relationship between twig cross-sectional area and total leaf area, and a significant negative allometric growth relationship between twig cross-sectional area and branching density in different forest layers, with a common slope and significant differences in the intercept of the regression equation, indicating that vertical structure changes do not change the ecological tradeoff between branch size, branch number and leaf area, but significantly changed the proportion of resource allocation for twig and leaf traits. Tall forest plants supported fewer twigs per unit area and more total leaf area. Correlation analysis showed that vertical structure changes have a significant impact on plant twig and leaf traits, and the correlation between plant twig and leaf traits was closer in lower and middle forest than in upper forest. [Conclusion] Vertical structural changes do not significantly affect the ecological tradeoffs between leafy traits in woody plants, but significantly affect the biomass configuration of branches and leaves. The upper woody plants per unit area have a larger leaf area, while the lower woody plants support a larger number of branches, which is an ecological strategy adopted by woody plants in the dry-hot valley of northwest Guangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to study the annual dynamic changes and correlations of mineral nutrients in three ‘Tarocco’ blood orange varieties, namely ‘Tarocco blood orange new series’, ‘Tarocco blood orange No.8’ and ‘Tarocco blood orange No.9’, to understand their nutrient absorption patterns and provide theoretical basis for scientific fertilization of blood orange.【Method】The leaves of three blood orange varieties collected in different months throughout the year were used as materials to determine the dry matter rate, total N, total P, total K, Ca, Mg, total B, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn contents. The contents of each nutrient element in fruits were determined during the fruit ripening period, to analyze the absorption pattern and correlation between the content of nutrient elements in leaves and fruits.【Result】In the leaves, dry matter rate overall showed ‘Tarocco blood orange No.8’ ＞ ‘Tarocco blood orange No.9’ ＞‘Tarocco blood orange new series’. The changes patterns of total B, Fe and Cu were similar. The time when the Fe content of ‘Tarocco blood orange No.9’ reached its maximum value (78.30 mg/kg) was 60 days earlier than the other two varieties. The changes of total K content was opposite to that of total B and Cu, which was manifested as low at maturity stage and young fruit stage, and high at fruit enlargement period and color changing period. There were differences in the variation rules of total N, total P, Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn among the three varieties. In fruits, ‘Tarocco blood orange No.8’ had the highest dry matter rate, total N, total P, total K, Ca, Mg, total B, Cu and Mn content, while ‘Tarocco blood orange No.9’ was the lowest. Correlation analysis showed that the total N content was extremely significantly correlated with Ca, B, and Cu content in leaves (P＜0.01, the same as below), while the correlation between total P and the content of each element was not significant (P＞0.05). The dry matter rate was extremely positively correlated with the content of total P, total K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, and Mn in fruits, while Zn content was extremely negatively correlated with dry matter rate, the contents of total P, total K, Cu, Ca, Mg, total B, and Mn. The contents of total K, Fe, Zn, and Mn in leaves were significantly or extremely negatively correlated with the contents of total P, total K, Ca, Mg, total B, Cu, and Mn content in fruits.【Conclusion】In the early stages of fruit development (flowering period to young fruit period), N, P, K compound fertilizers and Ca, B, Fe, Mn fertilizers should be mainly applied. In the late stages of fruit development (from fruit enlargement period to maturity period), attention should be paid to supplementing P and K fertilizers, as well as micro fertilizers such as Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and balancing the application of N fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to explore the effects of different cover planting methods on water consumption characteristics and yield of potatoes in arid and semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau, improve water use efficiency, and seek suitable potato planting models in arid and semi-arid areas.【Method】The experiments were conducted at the experimental base of Gansu Agricultural University in 2022.Four covering treatments were set up: ridge planting + high straw coverage (SLH), ridge planting + low straw coverage (SLL), flat planting + high straw coverage (PH), and flat planting + low straw coverage (PL). Traditional open field flat planting was used as the control (CK).【Result】The covering treatment significantly increased the soil moisture content of potato throughout the entire growth period by 0.14%-0.78% compared to CK. The covering treatment had the most prominent effect on increasing soil moisture during the tuber formation period, with an average increase of 17.85% in soil moisture content in the 0-90 cm soil layer compared to CK. Covering treatment significantly increased the soil water storage capacity of 0-180 cm throughout the entire growth period of potatoes compared to CK treatment. Among them, SLH treatment had the largest increase in tuber formation and maturity stages, with an increase of 11.54% and 11.14%, respectively. Straw mulching significantly increased potato yield by 5.24% to 26.16% compared to CK, increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 10.39% to 34.07%, and increased commercial potato yield by 2.11% to 12.88%.The coverage treatment significantly reduced the water consumption of potatoes in the early stage (sowing seedling stage) and later stage (starch accumulation maturity stage) compared to CK, and significantly increased the water consumption in the middle stage (tuber formation stage starch accumulation stage), but the overall water consumption during the entire growth period was significantly reduced. SLH, SLL, PH and PL treatments increased the total potato income by 36.99%, 20.54%, 11.12%, and 8.45%, respectively, compared to CK.【Conclusion】Covering treatment can significantly improve WUE and potato yield. Straw covering is simple, environmentally friendly, labor-saving, and can significantly increase potato planting income. Ridge planting and high straw cover (SLH) can increase WUE and potato yield to the highest extent, which is a suitable potato production planting model for promotion and use in arid and semi-arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The paper aimed to screen the germplasm resources of Morus macroura with high comprehensive quality and meet the demand of diversified development for food.【Method】23 Morus macroura and 3 other mulberry varieties were collected and preserved in the provincial mulberry germplasm resource nursery garden of Yunnan province to determine 18 indicators such as fruit nutrition, active ingredients and antioxidant activity, and these indicators were comprehensively evaluated by correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis.【Result】The 26 M.macroura germplasm resources had a single fruit mass of 1.15-8.38 g, hardness of 1.17-2.08 kg/m², moisture content of 63.23%-79.00%, juice yield of 45.28%-77.97%, pH of 2.22-4.05, soluble solids of 17.07%-35.50%, amino acid content of 6.29-27.93 mg/g, Vc content of 0.02-1.72 mg/g, total sugar content of 114.60-352.93 mg/g, reducing sugar content of 25.30-205.24 mg/g, total flavonoids content of 10.16-73.42 mg/g, total alkaloid content of 0.04-2.46 mg/g, total phenolic content of 0.61-2.68 mg/g, total anthocyanin content of 0.01-1.02 mg/g, total GABA content of 88.43-938.27 μg/g, total antioxidant capacity, ABTS scavenging capacity, and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity were 11.63-93.66, 11.32-7.53, and 9.61-65.09 mg/g water-soluble Vc equivalent, respectively. After principal component analysis, the 18 traits were combined into 6 principal component factors, with a cumulative contribution of 83.49%, which could better reflect the basic information of fruit quality.【Conclusion】The PCA results show that Yunsang 2, Hongfenjiaren, Guo 3, Hongxiangcheng, Heijinshen, Chaziyanhong, Hongyanzhiji and Zijinshen with the best fruit quality are suitable for deep development in Yunnan province as an excellent fruit mulberry resource; Single fruit weight, Vc, anthocyanins, SSC, amino acids, and total sugar are the core indicators for evaluating the quality of M.macroura fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The paper aims to explore the effect of drought stress on endogenous hormones in Camellia reticulata and the molecular mechanism of plant hormone signal transduction pathway responding to drought stress.【Method】The pot seedlings of half-one-year-old wild C.reticulata were used as experimental materials, and 20% PEG-6000 was used to simulate severe drought stress. The contents of auxin (IAA), zeatin nucleoside (ZR), gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in roots and leaves of C.reticulata at 0, 24, 72 hours and 48 hours after rewater (re48 hours) under drought stress, and at the same time, the leaves were sequenced by transcriptome to screen differential genes.【Result】Under drought stress, the endogenous hormones in C.reticulata were all affected. The IAA content in leaves first increased and then decreased and then increased after rehydration, while the IAA content in roots continued to decrease and did not recover after rewater. The change trend of ZR content in leaves was the same as IAA, while that in roots was opposite to that in leaves.GA content in leaves increased continuously during stress and rewater, while GA content in roots increased during stress and decreased after rewater. The change trend of ABA content in leaves was similar to IAA, and ABA content in roots continued to increase during stress, and then decreased after rewater, which was similar to the change trend of GA content in roots.A total of 33 349 differentially expressed genes were screened from the transcriptome sequencing results of C.reticulata, which were significantly enriched in plant hormone transduction, phenylpropionic acid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis and other pathways at four time points. Drought stress induced the expression of 46 differential genes in plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Four gene modules were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and the transcription group was correlated with the contents of the four hormones. Two key gene modules with high correlation with hormone response were screened, including 2769 and 2502 genes respectively. The top 5% genes in the key modules were selected for co-expression analysis, and six key genes (SDH1-1, PETC, VHA-A3, FtsH, chlD, TL17) and five transcription factors (IAA9, NAC, Trihelix, SWI/SNF, NF-YB) were obtained.【Conclusion】Drought stress affects the changes of endogenous hormone content and the expression of related pathway genes. In the study, two co-expression modules closely related to drought stress response are also identified. It is found that genes such as SDH1-1, PETC, VHA-A3, FtsH, chlD, TL17 and transcription factors such as IAA9, NAC, Trihelix, SWI/SNF, NF-YB play an important role in the response of endogenous hormones in C.reticulata under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the effects of rearing material nutrients and juvenile hormone Ⅲ (JHIII) on the growth and development of Hepialus menyuanicus larvae, and to clarify the direct and indirect relationships between rearing material nutrients and JHIII on the growth and development of larvae using through path analysis. [Method] The newly molted 3rd instar larvae were studied with coconut flour as the rearing substrate, and a two-factor experimental design was used with four rearing materials[J: (Potentilla anserina), H: (Daucus carota), Z: (Polygonum viviparum) and D: (Rheum palmatum) ]and three JHIII titer levels (B1: 13.32 μg/g, B2: 16.56 μg/g and B3: 22.76 μg/g) were reared on larvae, and the reared materials were analyzed for crude protein, crude fiber, soluble sugar, crude ash, water content, carbohydrate and JHIII on larval growth and development (head width, body length, body weight and survival rate) were analyzed by regression analysis and path analysis. [Result] Both rearing materials and JHIII significantly affected the growth and development of larvae with a significant interaction effect (P＜0.05) .Path analysis showed that JHIII had the greatest direct effect on larval head width, body length, body weight and survival rate (P=-2.56, P=-1.89, P=-3.66, P=2.36) .Crude protein had the greatest indirect promoting effect on head width and body length (P=3.99, P=3.79), soluble sugar had the greatest indirect promoting effect on body weight (P=5.40), and crude ash had the greatest indirect inhibitory effect on survival (P=-5.14), and crude protein, soluble sugar, and crude ash all had the greatest indirect effects on head width and body length, body weight, and survival through JHIII (P=2.23, P=1.64, P=2.93, P=-2.86) . [Conclusion] The paper preliminarily finds the simple mechanism of feeding materials affecting the growth and development of larvae.JHIII is a direct factor affecting the growth and development of larvae, while nutrients in rearing materials are an indirect factor and affect larval growth and development through changes in JHIII titer.The nutrients of rearing materials lead to inconsistent growth and development of larvae by affecting the JHIII titer of the larvae.Among them, crude protein, soluble sugar and crude ash promote the growth of head width and body length of larvae, promote the development of body weight and reduce the survival rate of larvae by inhibiting the JHIII titer.The study provides a scientific reference for the artificial domestication and succession rearing of H.menyuanicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to promote the more effective transformation of agricultural scientific and technological a- chievements, it is necessary to build a stable transformation model and a scientific and reasonable profit distribution mechanism. [Method] The paper summarized the typical transformation models through field research on the relevant subjects involved in the transformation of agri- cultural scientific and technological achievements in Sichuan province. Considering the risk-taking, technological innovation and cooperation degree of participants, the paper constructed a benefit distribution model for the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological a- chievements based on the modified Shapley value method, and made a theoretical and empirical analysis on the benefit distribution mecha- nism of each subject in the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. [Result】(i) Government, research insti- tute, agricultural enterprises, dealers/retailers, village collective economic organizations, cooperatives/family farms/farmers have formed the transformation models of public welfare, operation and poverty alleviation. Resource sharing, complementary advantages, and coordinated development among cooperative entities in different models were conducive to reducing transaction costs, improving the efficiency of profes- sional division, realizing economies of scale and scope, and creating higher overall returns and individual benefits. (ii) Constructing a trans- formation model of agricultural scientific and technological achievements led by agricultural enterprises formed a higher efficiency of scientific and technological resource allocation and promoted the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. (iii) The re- vised benefit distribution method was more realistic and conducive to the long-term stability of cooperation due to the inclusion of the influ- ence of risk-taking, technological innovation and cooperation degree of participants. 【Conclusion】 By increasing policy support for agricultur-al enterprises leading scientific and technological innovation, enhancing the synergy of cooperative innovation among different subjects, and establishing a scientific and reasonable benefit distribution mechanism, it is conducive to promoting the effective transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the effects of degradation of noxious weeds on soil microbial diversity. [Method] The microbial diversity was analyzed by using Illumina HiSeq 2500 high-throughput sequencing technology, and the effects of soil available nutrients and microbial diversity on the plant degradation of Ligularia virgaurea, Pedicularis kansuensis, Ajania tenuifolia, Morina chinensis, Elsholtzia densa and Stellera chamaejasme were compared. [Result] Soil available nutrients showed an increasing trend. Soil available nitrogen increased significantly in P. kansuensis, A. tenuifolia and E. densa (P<0.05). And Soil available phosphorus was significantly increased in L. virgaurea, P. kansuensis, A. tenuifolia and E. densa (P<0.05). Compared with the experimental groups affected by six kinds of toxic weeds, ACE index (1384.48) and Chaol index (1385,89) of bacterial relative abundance in the control group were both low, but had little difference from the highest values of 1392.71 and 1393.25. Compared with the control, burying six poisonous weeds not only increased the ACE index and Chaol index of soil fungal richness, but also increased the Shannon index and Simpson index of soil fungal diversity index, but the experimental groups showed different increases due to different treatments. The sequencing results of 7 groups of soil samples showed that the bacteria belonged to 24 phyla and 339 genera. The fungi belonged to 11 phyla and 282 genera. Compared with the control group, bacterial OTUs changed less under the decomposition of 6 noxious weeds, ranging from 1388 to 1392. However, under the influence of decomposition of 6 poison- ous weeds, the OTUs of CK was only 833, while the OTUs of L. sirgaurea was 1013. [Conclusion] The degradation of noxious weeds can increase soil available nitrogen and phosphorus, and increase the abundance and diversity of fungi, but have no significant effect on soil bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective) The present paper aimed to explore the relationship between soil physical and chemical factors and microorganisms in Chinese Cordyceps producing areas of Qinghai province, in order to provide reference for the further improvement of artificial Chinese Cordyceps culture matrix. [Method) Hualong Hui Nationality Autonomous county (HL) in Haidong city, Henan Mongol Autonomous county (HN) in Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Xinghai county(XH) in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Dari county (DR) in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Maqin county (MQ) in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Zaduo county (ZD) in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and Guoqing Ranch (GQ) in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture were selected as the experimental plots. Potassi- um dichromate-external heating method, kjeldahl nitrogen determination method, alkaline fusion method, acid dissolution method, o-phenanth- roline colourimetric method, flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flame photometric method and potassium periodate colourimetric method were used for the determination of the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Microbial content and species were determined u- sing high-throughput sequencing technology. (Result) Most of the soil physical and chemical factors were not significantly different in different producing areas. The composition of microorganisms in each producing area was similar, and the diversity and richness of fungal dominant communities were different among different producing areas. In the bacterial community, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla, and Subgroup_6, Pseudomonas and RB41 were the dominant bacterial genera; In the fungal community, Ba- sidiomycota, Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota were the dominant fungal phyla, and Hygrocybe, Sebacina and Mortierella were the dominant fungal genera. Redundancy analysis was performed on soil physical and chemical properties and microbial communities in the production are- a. Results showed that Actinobacteria highly significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with soil pH and elemental iron (Fe), while RB41, Nitrospira and Subgroup_6 significant negative correlation (P<0.05) with elemental total potassium (TK), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM), manganese (Mn) and sodium (Na); The fungus Mortierellomycota was positively correlated with soil total phosphorus (TP), Ascomycota was negatively correlated with soil total potassium (TK), total nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (OM), and soil pH was posi- tively correlated with the dominant fungal community at most genus levels. [Conclusion] The study further confirmed that there is significant correlation between soil physical and chemical factors and microorganisms. Among them, soil pH, organic matter (OM), sodium (Na) and i- ron (Fe) are significantly correlated with most microbial communities in Chinese Cordyceps producing areas (P<0.05), which may be the key driving factors affecting microbial community structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the effects of environmental factors on bacterial community structure in rhizosphere soil of wild Gymnadenia conopsea in Tibet. (Method) Therefore, four sampling sites were selected to collect soil samples, including the abandoned timber factory (FM), Linzhi viewing station (LZ), Linhai viewing station (LH), and the radar station (LD), and the high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the diversity and structure of bacterial community in rhizosphere soil of G. conopsea at different altitudes, and the effects of different environmental factors on the diversity and structure of bacterial community were analyzed. [Result] The total of 32 phyla, 90 classes, 224 orders, 378 families, and 693 genera were detected in all samples. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria were the dominant phyla, Bradyrhizobium and Chryseobacterium were the dominant genera. With the increase of altitude, the diversity and richness of rhizosphere soil bacterial community increased, and the difference between groups was greater than the difference within groups. [Conclusion] Altitude, TK, pH and EC significantly affected the bacterial community composition in rhizosphere soil at phylum level. Three environmental factors, namely TK, TP and altitude, had more obvious effects on bacterial community composition at genus level. Key words: Gymnadenia conopsea; Environmental factor; Rhizosphere soil bacteria; Community diversity; Community structure [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the impacts of climate variables, environmental factors and environmental quality indicators on the range of Asystasia gangetica ssp. micrantha, and to offer a foundation for efficient management strategies. [Method) The MaxEnt ecological niche model was used to predict the potential suitable areas of A. gangetica ssp. micrantha in China. [Result] The annual precipitation of 2000-3500 mm, the annual average temperature of 25-26 °C, and the annual temperature variation range of 6-14 °C were the most suitable for the growth of A. gangetica ssp. micrantha, and the lowest temperature of the coldest month was 20-30 °C, and the average temperature of the coldest season was about 27 C, when A. gangetica ssp. micrantha could maintain the maximum growth efficiency, but it could still survive when the precipitation of the driest month was only 40 mm. The above results indicated that A. gangetica ssp. micrantha had the characteristics of thermophilic, cold-avoiding and drought-resistant. In terms of geographical distribution, A. gangetica ssp. micrantha was currently only found in Hainan, Taiwan and Guangdong provinces, but according to the simulation analysis of the current climate by the MaxEnt model, A. gangetica ssp. micrantha has suitable areas in some regions of Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan and e- ven Tibet, indicating that these regions were at risk of being invaded by A. gangetica ssp. micrantha. Through the analysis of future climate, it can be concluded that the distribution range of A. gangetica ssp. micrantha in China was expanding, and the expanding areas were concentrated in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan and other places. (Conclusion] The growth and distribution of A. gangetica ssp. micrantha is the most easily affected by factors, such as annual temperature variation range, annual precipitation, annual average temperature, al- titude and so on. At present, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, Hainan, Taiwan and other provinces are facing the invasion of A. gangetica ssp. micrantha, among which Taiwan's problem is the most serious, followed by Guangdong and Hainan, and the rest of the provinces have not found any records of its invasion. However, from the climate analysis, there is still a possibility of being invaded by A. gangetica ssp. mi- crantha in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi and other places where there are medium and high suitable areas. Therefore, regional and key preven- tion and control plans should be formulated according to the characteristics and suitability levels of the prevention areas, and chemical and bi- ological control measures should be promoted in the invaded areas to prevent A. gangetica ssp. micrantha from spreading to neighboring are- as, while in the uninvaded areas, prevention and control measures should be formulated with emphasis on strengthening quarantine and expan- ding detection to prevent A. gangetica ssp. micrantha from spreading across regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The evolution characteristics and correlation degree of landscape pattern and carbon source/carbon sink in Karamay city were studied in order to provide reference for regional low-carbon development and adjustment of land use and optimization of land man- agement. (Method) Based on the remote sensing image data of Karamay city from 1995 to 2021, the paper uses Frastate4. 2 software to calculate the landscape pattern index, uses the carbon emission coefficient method to estimate the carbon source/carbon sink of land use, and uses the grey correlation model to measure the correlation between the two. [Result] (i) From 1995 to 2021, the landscape fragmentation of Kara- may city showed an upward trend, the largest patch type decreased continuously, the patch distance was dispersed, the landscape distribution was complicated, the segmentation degree was gradually serious, the landscape diversity changed from single to complex, and the landscape types tended to be diversified. (ii) From 1995 to 2021, the carbon source/carbon sink of Karamay city showed an upward trend. Because the amount of carbon source was significantly greater than the amount of carbon sink, Karamay city was finally the carbon source area and the net carbon emissions increased year by year. (iii) The increase of carbon emissions in Karamay city was closely related to the gradual seriousness of landscape segmentation in the study area, the complexity of landscape distribution, the dispersion of patch distance in the landscape and the continuous decrease of the largest patch area. [Conclusion] The landscape pattern of landscape level and patch type level in Karamay city is closely related to carbon emissions, and each landscape pattern index is the main factor affecting the change of carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The paper aimed to study the effect of overexpression of Panax notoginseng PASS gene on early blight resistance in potato. [Method] The PASS gene was cloned from the leaves of P. notoginseng and a phylogenetic tree of P. notoginseng PnSS and its homologs was constructed using neighbor-joining method. Potato Jianchuan hong' was transformed using Agrobacterium mediated method. Two transgenic lines were randomly selected and inoculated with the pathogen Alternaria alternata under natural conditions. The disease index was quantified, and the expression levels of the auxin synthesis gene StYUCCAS and the auxin efflux carrier encoding genes StPIN1 and StPIN2 were detected using PCR. [Result] The PASS gene was cloned from P. notoginseng, and the phylogenetic tree showed that the P. notoginseng PnSS and its P. ginseng homologous were in the same cluster, but was in a different cluster with its Solanaceae homologous. After the transformation of P. notoginseng PASS gene into potato, 12 transgenic lines were obtained. Two lines were randomly selected and inoculated with A. alternata. It was found that transgenic potato plants expressing PaSS showed resistance to early blight. Furthermore, the transgenic potatoes showed a decreased levels of StYUCCA8 and StPIN2 before and after the plants inoculated with A. alternata, and the expression level of SIPINI increased before transgenic plants were inoculated with A. alternata, while the expression level decreased after inoculation with A. alternata. [Conclusion] Overexpression of the PASS gene decreases the expression levels of auxin synthesis and auxin efflux carriers-related genes to promote the potato resistance to early blight, which establishes a theoretical basis for potato breeding to obtain potato line resistance to early blight using PaSS gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to study the effect of dietary supplementation with fibrous roots extract of Coptis chinensis and probiotics on growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, immune organ indices, intestinal tissue morphology, and cecal microbiota of Sanhuang chickens, which is helpful to guide the scientific breeding of livestock and poultry. [Method] Using Sanhuang chickens as the experimental subjects, four treatments were set up, with experimental group A as the control group and fed with basic diet; Experimental groups B, C and D were fed the basic diet supplemented with 4% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis +100 mg/kg Bacillus subtilis + 100 mg/kg Lactobacillus plantarum, 8% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis +100 mg/kg B. subtilis + 100 mg/kg L. plantarum, and 12% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis +100 mg/kg B. subtilis + 100 mg/kg L. plantarum, respectively. The differences in growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, immune organ index, intestinal tissue morphology and cecal microbiota of Sanhuang chickens were measured and comyzoyed. [Result] Adding 4% to 12% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis and probiotics to the diet significantly increased the average daily weight gain and significantly reduced the feed to weight ratio of Sanhuang chickens (P<0.05, the same as below), significantly reduced the content of AST, TG, and LDL-C in serum, significantly increased the thymus index, spleen index, and bursal index of Sanhuang chickens, significantly increased the villous height of the duodenum in Sanhuang chickens. Moreover, adding a combination of 8% to 12% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis and probiotics significantly increased the velvety to crypt ratio of the duodenum and ileum, and significantly increased the Observable_Species and Chaol richness indices of cecal microbiota in Sanhuang chickens; The Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were signifiecatly increased. Adding a combination of 4% to 12% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis and probiotics significantly reduced the relative abundance of harmful bacterial groups belonging to Actinobacteria and Bacteroides, while significantly increase the abundance of probiotic genera including Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, and Oscillospira in the cecal microbiota of Sanhuang chickens. [Conclusion] Adding the fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis and probiotics to the diet can improve the growth performance of Sanhuang chickens, in- creased the average daily weight gain, reduce feed to weight ratio, improve lipid metabolism and liver health, promote the development of immune organs and intestinal morphology, promote the proliferation of probiotics in the intestine, inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria, enrich the microbiota of the cecum, and better maintain the health of Sanhuang chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the expression profiles of COL1A1 (Collagen type I alpha 1 chain) and COL1A2 (Collagen type I alpha 2 chain) genes in different tissues of sika deer, analyze their effects on tissue development of sika deer, and provide a basis for selecting candidate genes affecting important economic traits of sika deer. (Method) The expression levels of COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, large intestine, small intestine, cecum, duodenum, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, longissimus dorsi, leg muscle and testis of male sika deer were detected by RT-qPCR. The biological information of COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes and their expression profiles in different tissues of sika deer were predicted and analyzed by NetPhos 3.1, Motif Search and ProtParam software. On the basis, the phylogenetic tree of COL1A1 and COL1 A2 amino acid sequences was constructed. [Result] CDS regions of COL1AI and COL1A2 genes encoded 1463 and 1364 amino acids, respectively, and the theoretical PI were 5.60 and 9. 19, respecсtively. Both COL1A1 and COL1 A2 were hydrophilic and stable proteins with signal peptides and phosphorylation sites. The secondary and tertiary structures of COL1A1 and COL1A2 proteins were composed of random coils. Compared with other animals, deer COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes had the highest homology and the closest relationship with ruminant goats, sheep and cattle. The homology of COL1AI of deer with goats, cattle and sheep was 99.5%, 99.5% and 99.2%, respectively. The homology of COL1A2 of deer with goats, cattle and sheep was 99.1%, 99.0% and 98.9%, respectively. The results of RT-qPCR showed that COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes were expressed in different tissues of sika deer. The expression of COL1A1 gene was higher in heart, longissimus dorsi and leg muscle, which was significantly higher than that in other tissues, while the expression of COL1A2 gene was higher in heart, liver, kidney and omasum, which was significantly higher than that in other tissues. In addition, the expression of COL1A1 was higher in muscle tissue, while the expression of COL1A2 was lower. The expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 in other tissues had a trend of high and low and synergistic effect. [Conclusion] COL1A1 and COL1A2 may cooperatively maintain tissue structure and tissue development, which lays a foundation for further research on the effects of COL1A1 and COL1A2 on growth and development of sika deer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the impact of different beneficial bacteria on the micro-ecological environment of tobacco rhizosphere soil in long-term continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco, aiming to provide insights for enhancing continuous cropping soil quality and mitigating obstacles associated with consecutive planting. [Method] The physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities, as well as structure and function of the microbial community in flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere soil were analyzed using pot experiment and high-throughput sequencing technology. The analysis was conducted after long-term continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco with beneficial bacteria agents including Trichoderma harzianum agent T-22 (T1 treatment), Bacillus subtilis agent (T2 treatment), and a combination of T. harzanum agent T-22 and B. subtilis agent (T3 treatment). [Result] Compared with not applying beneficial bacteria (CK), the application of beneficial bacteria agents could enhance the availability of nutrients and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere soil of long-term continuous cropping flue-cured tobacco. Among the 10 environmental factors examined, available phosphorus (AP) content exhibited the highest contribution (4.97%) to bacterial community distribution in flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere soil. Additionally, Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN) content demonstrated the highest contribution (6.91%) to fungal community distribution, while sucrase (SC) activity ranked the second with a contribution of 6.75%; Application of beneficial bacteria agents could increase the diversity index of microbial community structure and the number of unique OTU in long-term continuous cropping tobacco rhizosphere soil; Application of beneficial bacteria agents could increase the abundance, diversity index of microbial community and number of bacteria endemic OTUs in rhizosphere soil of long-term continuous cropping flue-cured tobacco, and change the abundance of indicator species in rhizosphere soil of long-term continuous cropping fluecured tobacco, among them, Pseudomonas and Mortierella were identified as the indicator species for Tl treatment, with Sphingomonas (12. 2%) and Mortierella (25.0%) exhibiting high abundance. The abundance of the main metabolic pathways in the rhizosphere soil of longterm continuous cropping tobacco was decreased by single application of bacteria, but not by single application of fungi. The abundance of bacteria metabolic pathway in rhizosphere soil of flue-cured tobacco could be increased by applying beneficial bacteria agent alone, while beneficial fungal agent along had the opposite effect. The abundance of fungal metabolic pathway in rhizosphere soil of flue-cured tobacco could be increased by applying beneficial fungal agent, beneficial bacteria agent and mixed agents. [Conclusion] The application of beneficial bacteria agents has positive impact on the micro-ecological environment of rhizosphere soil in long-term continuous flue-cured tobacco cultivation. Among them, T. harzianum T-22 demonstrates superior efficacy and can be effectively utilized for the prevention and control of obstacles associated with continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the effects of different mineral conditioners on the soil properties of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated paddy fields and the Cd content of rice in Guangxi, so as to provide a reference basis for the utilization of paddy fields to produce safe rice. (Method) Calcium-magnesium-silicon conditioners A and B, calcium-silicon conditioner C and calcium-magnesium conditioner D(set up as treatments A, B, C and D, respectively) were selected to carry out Cd-contaminated field remediation and treatment experiments in a Cd-contaminated paddy field in Guangxi, and no n-conditioner was applied as control (CK). The pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total Cd and soil available Cd content, Cd content of rice roots, stems, leaves and seeds were determined at the rice maturity stage after the treatment to analyze the remediation and treatment effects of different mineral conditioners on Cd-contaminated paddy soils and the residual status of Cd in various parts of rice, and to analyze the correlation between soil total Cd content, CEC and pH and available Cd content. [Result] The application of mineral conditioner could significantly increase soil pH and CEC of Cd-contaminated paddy fields (P<0.05, the same as below), both of which were increased by 15.0% 16.6% and 20.4% -23.8% respectively compared with those of CK; And it could significantly reduce the Cd content in the available state of soil in Cd-contaminated paddy fields, which was decreased by 14.0%-19. 3% compared with that of CK. The soil available state Cd content of the paddy field after the application of mineral conditioners showed a significantly negative correlation with pH, and the correlation coefficient between the log In(pH) value of pH and the soil available state Cd content was 0. 4053; It showed a highly significantly negative correlation with CEC(P<0.01), and the correlation coefficient was 0.6326; With the increase in soil pH and CEC, the soil available state Cd content continuously decreased. The applications of mineral conditioners were all available in reducing the Cd content of rice roots, stems, leaves and seeds as well as the enrichment factor of Cd in the aboveground part of rice, in which the total Cd content of rice seeds was decreased by 35.9% 50.2%, and the enrichment factor of Cd in the aboveground part of rice (stems, leaves and seeds) was decreased by 19.5% -33.5%,32.1%-44.9% and 38.6%-52.6%, respectively. [Conclusion] The application of different mineral conditioners can significantly increase the pH and CEC of paddy soils, thereby reducing the Cd content in the active state of the soil, inhibiting the migration of Cd from the soil to the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of rice, decreasing the Cd content in rice, and reducing the enrichment of Cd in the aboveground parts of rice (stems, leaves and seeds). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the mechanism of yield and carbon assimilates metabolism in cotton varieties of different genotypes in response to low phosphorus stress, and to provide a theoretical basis for the physiological regulation of cotton yield and quality under low phosphorus stress in production. (Method) In the study, a pot experiment was conducted with low phosphorus tolerant genotypes (BX014 and LuYuan343) and low phosphorus sensitive genotypes (FJA and DLNTDH), and low phosphorus (P1, 15 mg/kg), medium phosphorus (P2, 50 mg/kg), normal phosphorus (P3, 150 mg/kg), and high phosphorus (P4, 300 mg/kg) were used as the experimental materials. Four treatments were used to study the effects of different phosphorus application levels on dry weight, phosphorus uptake and utilization, yield traits, and carbohydrate metabolism of cotton bolls and their correlation between carbon assimilates metabolizing enzyme activities and yield. [Result] (i) Under low phosphorus stress, the dry weight accumulation of different organs, phosphorus accumulation, plant height, number of fruiting branches, number of fruiting nodes, number of bolls, weight of bolls, seed cotton yield, lint yield and clothing fraction of cotton would be significantly reduced, while the phosphorus utilization efficiency and boll abscission rate would be significantly increased, and there was a significant reciprocal effect between different phosphorus treatments and varieties. (ii) Carbohydrate content in boll-opposed leaves was the key substance in response to low phosphorus stress; Under low phosphorus treatment, with the increase of phosphorus content, cotton boll-opposed leaves sucrose and soluble sugar content generally showed a decreasing trend, and the activities of phospho-sucrose synthetase (SPS) and sucrose synthetase (SuSy) showed a tendency to increase firstly and then decrease. (iii) Under P1, P2 and P4 treatments, the cotton dry weight, phosphorus accumulation, phosphorus utilization efficiency and yield indexes of the low phosphorus tolerant genotypes were significantly higher than those of the low phosphorus sensitive genotypes, and the response to low phosphorus stress was not uniform, showing strong low phosphorus tolerance; And the activities of SPS and SuSy were significantly higher than those of the low phosphorus sensitive genotypes, and the difference in the enzyme activities might be one of the reasons for the low phosphorus tolerance of low phosphorus tolerant genotypes. The differences in enzyme activities may be one of the reasons for low phosphorus tolerance in low phosphorus tolerant genotypes. (iv) The correlation analysis of the traits showed that lint yield was extremely significant positive correlated with boll weight (correlation coefficient was 0.95), SPS (correlation coefficient was 0.96) and SuSy activity (correlation coefficient was 0.99), respectively. [Conclusion] Higher SPS and SuSy activities in the opposite leaves of cotton bolls of low phosphorus tolerant genotypes under low phosphorus stress maintain the ability of sucrose synthesis, which in turn promotes the redistribution of sugar, thus ensuring the production and accumulation of dry matter under low phosphorus conditions and thus increasing lint yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to analyze the impact of varying degrees of drought stress treatments on the physiological parameters of Indigofera pseudotinctoria, preliminarily evaluate the drought-resistant physiological responses of these materials, and provide a foundational reference for the selection and genetic improvement of drought-resistant germplasm in I. pseudotinctoria. [Method] 36 wild J. pseudotinctoria germplasm resources collected in Chongqing area were used as experimental materials. Pot cultivation was used to start drought treatment when 1. pseudotinctoria seedlings grew to the 90th day, and measure the content of osmoregulatory substances, relative water content, and antioxidant enzyme activity in the leaves of I. pseudotinctoria under 0 days of stress (control group CK, the relative soil water content was 80%-85% of the field water capacity), 7 days of stress (moderate drought, soil relative moisture content was 40%-50% of the field water capacity), and 14 days of stress (severe drought, soil relative moisture content was 20%-25% of the field water capacity). Drought resistance coefficients, membership functions and cluster analysis were applied for a comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance. [Result] Under drought stress conditions, we observed a wide variation in physiological responses among the 36 1. pseudotinctoria germplasms, leading to significant differences in their drought resistance capabilities. Comparative analysis of mean values for various parameters showed that, in comparison to the control group, osmotic adjustment substances such as malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein (SP), and proline (Pro) increased with the severity of drought. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) exhibited a convex trend as drought severity intensified, while relative water content (RWC) decreased with increasing drought stress. Among the seven parameters measured, peroxidase (POD) activity showed the largest coefficient of variation, while relative water content (RWC) displayed the smallest variation. Using membership function analysis, comprehensive D-value assessment, and cluster analysis, we categorized the drought resistance of the 36 1. pseudotinctoria germplasms into two distinct groups: Drought-resistant (comprising 8 germplasms) and sensitive (comprising 28 germplasms). Further examination of physiological indicators between these two groups revealed that drought-resistant germplasms exhibited higher antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic adjustment substance Pro content compared to their sensitive counterparts. Conclusion] Under drought stress conditions, the physiological responses of the 36 1. pseudotinctoria germplasm resources displayed significant diversity and variation. Among the 36 1. pseudotinctoria germplasms, 8 germplasms were classified as drought-resistance by a comprehensive evaluation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimes to study the effects of intercropping on dry matter accumulation, nitrogen and phosphorus absorption and utilization of maize and soybean, and to clarify the mechanism, which has important guiding significance for realizing high yield and high efficiency of maize and soybean intercropping. [Method] Three planting methods were set up in the experiment, namely, maize single cropping, soybean single cropping and maize and soybean intercropping. Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation of maize plants at widemouth stage, spinnery stage and maturity stage, and nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation of soybean plants at flowering stage, pod stage and maturity stage were measured respectively. The characteristics of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen and phosphorus absorption accumulation of different organs of maize and soybean were studied by intercropping, and the marginal effects of nitrogen and phosphorus absorption and utilization were clarified. [Result] Intercropping decreased the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen and phosphorus, and promoted the distribution of nitrogen from roots to grains compared with single cropping. The dry matter accumulation of soybean was reduced, especially the influence on the middle row was greater than that on the side row, and the dry matter and nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation on the side row showed marginal effect advantage. Compared with the mono-cropping system, intercropping reduced the nitrogen transfer amount of vegetative organs in stems and leaves of corn and soybean plants by 22. 13% and 29.85%, respectively, and the contribution rate of transport nitrogen to corn kernel nitrogen decreased by 5.11% and 17.45%, respectively, and the contribution rate of root nitrogen absorption to grain nitrogen was higher than that of transport nitrogen to grain nitrogen. Intercropping could effectively improve the nitrogen use efficiency of the system, which was 2.34% and 4.62 times higher than that of corn and soybean monocropping, respectively. The nitrogen use efficiency of the system was 26.82% higher than that of soybean monocropping, and 10. 16% lower than that of corn monocropping. Corn occupied the dominant position in the system yield, accounting for 82.27% of the system yield, and LER reached 1.47. The system yield was 13 110 kg/hm², which was 3.96% lower than that of monocroping maize. [Conclusion] The main advantage of intercropping is to promote the distribution of nitrogen absorbed by roots to grains and improve the efficiency of nitrogen use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms and associated regulatory networks involved in endo- sperm development for the tropical maize inbred line. (Method) The study employed high-throughput RNA-Seq sequencing technology to compare the endosperm transcriptome of the tropical inbred maize line ZOL-1 at six stages after pollination, including 5 (day after pollination), 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days. Differentially expressed genes were annotated with KEGG and GO functions, and time-series analysis was conducted on genes with an average FPKM value greater than 1. [Result] The endosperm development of the maize inbred line ZOL-1 exhibited the fastest growth rate in grain length, width, and thickness at 25-30 days after pollination, with growth rates reaching 15.9%, 16.1% and 10.2%, respectively. Following transcriptome sequencing and comparison with the reference genome, the percentage of filtered reads was at least 83.99%, indicating good sequencing quality and assembly. A total of 7129, 5252, 4254, 775 and 312 differentially ex- pressed genes were identified between 10 d_VS_5 d, 15 d_VS_10 d, 20 d_VS_15 d, 25 d_VS_20 d and 30 d_VS_25 d, based on the sequential comparison system approach. GO functional annotation indicated that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in cell differentiation process, metabolic process, catalytic activity and organelles. KEGG functional enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in pathways related to energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, signal transduction, and other processes associated with endosperm development. Through time-series analysis of genes with an FPKM mean greater than 1, 19 554 genes were classified into 10 clusters. In Cluster 7, eight starch synthase-related genes were identified, showing a significant increase in expression starting at the 15-day period and maintaining a high expression level thereafter. (Conclusion] The regulation of endosperm development in maize self-incompatible lines appears to be primarily governed by the expression of down-regulated genes. The developmental pattern of the endosperm undergoes a significant change before and after 15 days, indicating a transcriptome reprogramming. Additionally, the study identifies eight genes associated with maize starch biosynthesis, providing valuable insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of endosperm development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Objective) Amylose content is a key trait affecting the quality of glutinous rice. The present paper aimed to analyze the important significance of its genetic basis for rice quality improvement. (Method) In the study, we constructed the BC2F4 and BC2F5 backcross genetic generation populations of Pinnuo R191/Jinguisimiao//Jinguisimiao///Jinguisimiao' in a genetic background carrying the wxwx gene, and used the group segregation analysis method to SNP-type both parents and the high and low pooled populations using the GSR40K rice Gene- Chip, candidate genes affecting amylose content in rice were anchored according to the analysis results. (Result) Two candidate gene segments controlling amylose content were located on chromosome 5 from 0.04 to 0.37 Mb and chromosome 12 from 17.53 to 24.09 Mb. 14 pairs of polymorphic SSR markers and SNP markers were screened from the candidate intervals of chromosome 12, and the genetic linkage map was constructed by using QTL IciMapping software. By using Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping (ICIM), QTL qAC12 affecting amy- lose content was detected in the interval of N21774-A24633 with an interval distance of 3.46 Mb. The mean contribution rate to amylose content was 14. 10%, and the additive effect value was -0.11. For the analysis of candidate QTL at the end of chromosome 5, based on the genotyping results of the predicted interval marker Zc15_167, combined with the phenotype estimation, the contribution rate of QTL qAC5 to the phenotype of amylose content was 9.83%, and the additive effect value was 0. 156. 【Conlusion】 The amylose content of rice is not only regulated by Wx gene, but also closely related to other QTLs genes. It is of great significance for the breeding of new varieties of high quality rice to excavate and analyze its genetic basis. In the study, the micropotent QTL on chromosome 12 and chromosome 5 affecting amylose content of glutinous rice is identified, which can be helpful for molecular marker-assisted breeding of amylose content of glutinous rice, and has good practical value for reducing amylose content of glutinous rice and improving the quality of glutinous rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to study the occurrence form of cadmium (Cd) accumulation in soil aggregates of Cd-contaminated brown calcareous soil matrices of paddy fields in the Karst area of northwestern Guangxi, and to provide data reference for safe rice production in this type of Cd-contaminated paddy fields in the region. 【Method】The sampled soil aggregates were separated into five aggregates as ＞ 2.000 mm, 1.000-2.000 mm, 0.050-1.000 mm, 0.074-0.250 mm and ＜0.074 mm, the composition of soil aggregates particle size, Cd content of different particle size aggregates and their main occurrence patterns from 0-20, 20-30, 30-50 and 50-80 cm depth profiles in the Karst area of northwest Guangxi were studied.【Result】The proportion of 0.250-1.000 mm size aggregates in each profile was stable, above 30.00%, with no significant difference between profiles (P＞0.05), the proportion of ＞2.000 mm size aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil profile (tillage layer) was the largest (40.20%), and as the depth of the profile increased, the proportion of ＞2.000 mm size aggregates decreased rapidly, and the proportion of ＜0.250 mm size aggregates showed a gradual increasing trend. Analysis of the Cd content of agglomerates of different particle sizes showed that, in 0-20, 20-30 and 30-50 cm soil profiles, Cd was mainly enriched in ＞2.000 mm particle size aggregates, with contents as high as 2.22, 1.66 and 0.95 mg/kg, respectively, and in the 50-80 cm soil profile, Cd was mainly enriched in 1.000-2.000 mm particle size aggregates. ＞2.000 mm particle size aggregates contributed most to the whole soil Cd content in the 0-30 cm soil layer. The occurrence form of Cd in the aggregates at different profile depths showed obvious differences, the proportion of Cd in aggregates of all particle sizes in the 0-20 cm profile was mainly in the organic matter binding state, with the smallest proportion of Cd in the exchangeable state (except for ＜0.074 mm particle size aggregates), and the proportion of Cd in the exchangeable state in the aggregates increased greatly with the increase of the depth of the profile, when the profile depth was increased to under 30 cm, the Cd in the aggregates mainly existed in carbonate bound state, and with minimal content in the residue lattice state.【Conclusion】In the typical Cd-contaminated brown calcareous soil matrices of paddy fields in the Karst area of northwestern Guangxi, the Cd is mainly enriched in aggregates of ＞2.000 mm and 1.000-2.000 mm particle size, the Cd in the aggregates of each particle size in the 0-20 cm tillage soil is mainly in the form of organic matter bound state, and with the smallest proportion in the form of exchangeable state. With the increase of the profile depth, the proportion of exchangeable Cd increases greatly, while the proportion of Cd in the stable form decreases significantly. Therefore, in the actual production process, it should focus on improving the content of large particle size soil aggregates and avoiding excessive intensive ploughing and deep tilling, reducing the exchangeable state Cd content in the ploughed soil, and ultimately reducing the risk of excessive Cd in rice during rice production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to study the histological characteristics of the ovaries, the changes in concentration of vitellogenin and nutrient metabolism level of Procambarus clarkii under the stress of sunning field, explore the relevant mechanism of nutrient changes during ovarian maturation process of P. clarkii, and the results provided a reference for the improvement and standardization of the production operation of P. clarkii ovary maturity which was promoted by environmental stress in sunning field.【Method】The experimental subjects were divided into sunning field group P. clarkii and control group P. clarkii. The female P. clarkii were collected at 0, 3, 7 and 10 days of the sunning field stress respectively. At each sampling time point, the ovaries were taken for paraffin section and HE staining. The ovaries, hepatopancreas and serum of samples were collected, of which the expression and concentration of vitellogenin mRNA and the level of nutrient metabolism were detected. 【Result】Under the sunning field stress, four ovarian development stages were identified, including the pre-vitellogenesis stage (stage Ⅰ, ovary was yellow, oocyte diameter 150-250 μm), primary vitellogenesis stage (stage Ⅱ, ovary was orange, oocyte diameter 250-600 μm), secondary vitellogenesis stage (stage Ⅲ, ovary was brown, oocyte diameter greater than 600 μm), mature stage (stage Ⅳ, ovary was dark brown, oocyte diameter greater than 1000 μm). At 0 days of the stress, the ovarian maturation rate of female P. clarkii in the sunning field group was similar to that in the control group. At 10 days of experiment, the ovarian maturation rate of the female P. clarkii in the sunning field group rose to 96.67%, while the control group rose to 60.00%. With stress time increasing, the relative expression of vitellogenin mRNA in the ovaries and hepatopancreas of the control group and the sunning field group increased, of which vitellogenin mRNA in the hepatopancreas was greater than that in the ovaries. Over the time of experiment, the total expression level of vitellogenin mRNA of the hepatopancreas in the sunning field group and the control group was greater than that in the ovary, and the contribution rate of the hepatopancreas was greater than that of the ovary. The concentration of vitellogenin in the ovary, hepatopancreas, and serum in the sunning field group and the control group increased over time. The concentration increase of vitellogenin in the sunning field group was significantly higher than that in the control group. There was extremely significant positive correlation between hepatopancreas vitellogenin concentration and ovary vitellogenin concentration, between hepatopancreas vitellogenin concentration and serum vitellogenin concentration, between ovary vitellogenin concentration and serum vitellogenin concentration (P＜0.01). With stress time increased, hemocyanin (Hem), total protein (TP), lactic acid (LA) and glucose (Glu) content in female P. clarkii of both groups all showed a decreasing trend, the decrease range of sunning field group was greater than control group; And contents of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) showed an increasing trend, and the increasing range of sunning field group was greater than that of control group.【Conclusion】Four developmental stages in ovaries of P. clarkii were identified during environmental stress of sunning field. As stress time passed by, the relative expression and concentration of vitellogenin mRNA in different tissues of P. clarkii increased, of which contribution rate in hepatopancreas was greater than that in ovary. The contents of Hem, TP, LA, and Glu decrease, and the contents of TG and TC increase in P. clarkii, indicating that environmental stress of sunning field has a positive effect on ovarian development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to examine the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation, nitrogen addition and their interaction on the interspecific competition between invasive weed Alternanthera philoxeroides and its native accompanying species Digitaria sanguinalis, providing reference for the control of invasive plants under the global change.【Method】According to the de Wit substitution test method, we totally set two experimental factors that contained the treatment method（nitrogen addition, UV-B radiation, nitrogen × UV-B） and the species（A. philoxeroides, D. sanguinalis） on the mono and mixed potting cultures, measured the total biomass, morphology, pigment, and photosynthetic fluorescence of these two studied plant species, and then used the two-way ANOVA and the least significant difference（LSD） multiple comparisons to examine the differences of above indicators with different treatment combinations.【Result】（i） In the monoculture, nitrogen addition led to a significant increase in the maximum stem length of plants and leaf area of D. sanguinalis by 207.154% and 297.643%, and a significant decrease in the total biomass and qp＿Lss of A. philoxeroides by 40.612% and 52.381%, respectively. UV-B radiation led to a significant increase in the maximum stem length of plants, QY＿max and QY＿Lss of A. philoxeroides by 117.607%, 404.459% and 835.714%, respectively, and a significant decrease in the QY＿Lss of D. sanguinalis by 45.605%. The interaction effect led to a significant decrease in the total biomass of A. philoxeroides and QY＿max of D. sanguinalis by 79.310% and 18.984%, and a significant increase in the QY＿max of A. philoxeroides by 685.350%, respectively. The interaction effect also led to an opposite trade-off of F0 and QY＿Lss between these two studied plant species.（ii） In the mixed culture, nitrogen addition led to a significant increase in the leaf area and Chla of D. sanguinalis by 254.259% and 53.018%, respectively, and a significant decrease in the root length and Chla of A. philoxeroides by 76.051% and 12.084%, respectively. UV-B radiation led to a significant increase in the Chla of A. philoxeroides by 45.434%. The interaction effect led to a significant decrease in the root length of A. philoxeroides by 58.824%. 【Conclusion】Nitrogen addition relatively increased the competitive advantage of D. sanguinalis in terms of biomass and morphology, but UV-B radiation weakened its photosynthetic activity and increased the chlorophyll content of A. philoxeroides. Furthermore, UV-B radiation and its interaction with nitrogen addition significantly increased the actual photochemical efficiency of A. philoxeroides. Thus, we should strengthen the monitoring of A. philoxeroides invasion under global change, to prevent the interaction of multiple factors aggravating the competitive substitution of native plants by this invader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective】The paper aims to establish a model predicting the growth, development stages, and harvesting period of soilless-cultivated greenhouse roses, thereby providing theoretical support for the regulation of environmental factors in the cut rose production process.【Method】In the study, three distinct cut rose varieties with significant differences in growth cycles, namely ‘Loshen’‘Huanlesong’ and ‘Fenhongxueshan’, were selected for soilless cultivation in plastic greenhouse tunnels in Malong district, Qujing city. Data on growth and development were collected over five periods, accompanied by concurrent records of light radiation and temperature during 2021-2022. By analyzing the growth cycle characteristics of cut roses, the study established a predictive model based on the physiological product of thermal effectiveness and PAR（PTEP） to describe the growth and development stages of cut roses. Subsequently, the constructed growth model was validated using independent data.【Result】Cut roses required physiological thermal accumulations of 22.08, 29.41 and 38.89 MJ/m² during the pruning to bud, bud to flowering, and flowering to harvest stages, respectively. The predictive model for the growth and development stages of cut roses, constructed in the study, was based on PTEP. At various growth and development stages of cut roses, the simulated predicted values of the model exhibit good consistency with the measured values. The 1∶1 linear regression standard errors（RMSE） between model-predicted values and measured values were 0.7, 6.5 and 9.4 days, demonstrating the accuracy of the model predictions.【Conclusion】Considering the combined effects of light radiation and temperature, the model developed in the study can predict the timing of various growth and development stages of cut roses, as well as the harvest period for cut flower products. With this model, growers can make precise adjustments to light and temperature in the greenhouse, effectively regulating the growth cycle of cut rose products. The study not only provides a scientific foundation for the production of cut rose products in greenhouse soilless cultivation but also offers valuable technical support for growers in formulating practical production plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to explore the pathogen fungi of stem rot of Xanthium strumarium and investigate the inhibitory effects of seven fungicides in carbendazim, imazalil, procymidon, thiabendazole, topsin-methyl, fludioxonil and prochloraz on it in vivo.【Method】The pathogenic fungi were isolated from the stem base of X. strumarium by hyphal tip cutting method, and the pathogen of stem rot on X. strumarium was confirmed by Koch’s rule verification. To identify the pathogen species, morphological characteristics of the pathogenic colonies, mycelium and sclerotium were noted, internal transcribed spacer（ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-α（TEF1-α) sequences were amplified by molecular biological PCR, cloned and sequenced to further analyze and identify the pathogen species.【Result】The six pathogens were isolated, and their morphological characteristics were consistent with Athellia rolfsii. About 1 week after the mycelium and sclerotium of the pathogen were respectively inoculated on the base of healthy X. strumarium stems, the symptoms of the most experimental group were the same as those of diseased plants in the field. The sequence of NCXS-1 clone was 100% consistent with the corresponding sequences of A. rolfsii strains in the database. Among the seven screened pesticide fungicides, NCXS-1 was not sensitive to carbendazim, imazalil, procymidone, thiabendazole and topsin-methyl, and both fludioxonil and prochloraz had certain inhibitory effect on the colony growth of A. rolfsii, where fludioxonil had the strongest inhibitory effect with EC50 as 0.12 mg/L.【Conclusion】The pathogen causing stem rot of X. strumarium was identified as A. rolfsii, and fludioxonil was the most effective fungicide for inhibiting the growth of stem rot of X. strumarium in 7 kinds of pesticides. The results can provide useful guidance for the effective control of X. strumarium stem rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】To provide a reference for finding eco-friendly antibacterial agents, the diversity of endophytic fungi in the medicinal plant Thespesia populnea in mangroves and their antifungal and antibacterial activities were studied. 【Method】Endophytic fungi were isolated and purified from the stem, leaf and bark tissues of the medicinal plant T. populnea in Guangxi Beibu Gulf mangroves, and identified by a combination of morphology and molecular biology. Colletotrichum from Diospyros kaki, Juglans regia, Litchi chinensis, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 1（FOC1), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 4（FOC4), and Alternaria cucumerina from Cucumis sativus, as well as endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata from Avicennia marina, and Streptococcus iniae from Oreochromis niloticus, were selected as indicator organisms. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of endophytic fungal extracts were screened by plate confrontation method and filter paper method. 【Result】A total of 60 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated and purified from T. populnea, belonging to 5 genera and 25 species. Among them, the genera Colletotrichum and Diaporthe were dominant, with the isolation rates of 48. 33% and 26. 67%, respectively. The rest were Botryosphaeria, Didymella and Cryptosporella, with isolation rates of 15. 00%, 6. 70% and 3. 33% respectively. The most strains were isolated from the bark tissue of T. populnea, with a total of 4 genera and 23 strains, accounting for 38. 33% of the total isolation amount, followed by leaf tissue（31. 67%) and stem tissue（30. 00%). In addition, 12 endophytic fungi were found to have ITS rDNA sequence similarity of less than 95. 00% with NCBI database, indicating that they might be potential new species. The results of antifungal and antibacterial activities indicated that J1-20 had strong antifungal and antibacterial activities against the 8 selected indicator organisms. The antifungal rates against Colletotrichum of D. kaki, Colletotrichum of J. regia, Colletotrichum of L. chinensis, FOC1 and FOC4, A. cucumerina from C. sativus, A. alternata from A. marina, were 39. 39%, 25. 00%, 19. 10%, 32. 43%, 28. 20%, 89. 00% and 74. 19%, respectively. Meanwhile, the inhibitory zone of J1-20 against S. iniae was 21. 00 mm. 【Conclusion】The endophytic fungi in T. populnea have rich diversity and relatively uniform distribution. Among them, J1-20 has broad-spectrum antifungal and antibacterial activities against 8 indicator organisms and has good development potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The current paper was conducted to study the relationships between different altitudes and the economic traits of walnut fruit, the degree of variation of main fatty acids, and the degree of variation of main fatty acids in Yunnan’s main walnut variety, Juglans sigillata cv. Yanbipao, so as to reveal the variation characteristics of its fruit shape and nutritional components, determine the best suitable cultivation area for a specific variety and to provide a theoretical basis for further developing applications.【Method】 Taking Yangbipao walnut as the test material, from the altitude of 1500 meters, the fruit was sampled every time the altitude rising by 100 meters, and the economic traits and fatty acid quality indicators of the fruit were measured and analyzed. The economic forest research method was used to determine the economic properties of nuts, main fatty acid content. Correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and determination degree analysis were carried out to reveal the relationship between each index and altitude change. 【Result】 At an altitude of 1500 meters, the thickest shell was 1.105 mm; At an altitude of 1700 meters, the smallest seed weight, kernel weight, and three-diameter mean were 9.298 g, 4.961 g, and 32.240 mm respectively; At an altitude of 1900 meters, the lowest rate of kernel release was 50.6%; At an altitude of 2300 meters, the highest values were found for seed weight, kernel weight, kernel release rate, and three-diameter mean, while the thinnest shell was 1.015 mm. The altitude had a negative correlation with shell thickness, a significant positive correlation with kernel release rate, longitudinal diameter, and transverse diameter, a positive correlation with seed weight, kernel weight, horizontal diameter, and three-diameter mean, and a positive correlation with oleic acid, peanut acid, and peanut oleic acid, as well as a negative correlation with stearic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The altitude had the greatest direct effect on peanut oleic acid, and the indirect effect on linoleic acid was greater than the direct effect. The altitude mainly affected the variation in the properties of linoleic acid, peanut acid, and peanut oleic acid. 【Conclusion】 In the study area, altitude has a comprehensive impact on the economic traits and main fatty acid content of Yangbipao walnut kernel fruits, within the range of 1500-2300 meters, these traits perform well. Through comprehensive analysis, the walnut quality is the best at an altitude of 1700-2100 meters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to explore the effects of different mulching measures on fungal community structure, ecological function and species interaction in rhizosphere soil of Allium chinense, in order to provide theoretical basis and data support for the use and selection of mulching film for production.【Method】At the harvest period of A. chinense, rhizosphere soil covered with ordinary transparent film, blue film and no film treatment was collected, and the fungal community in the rhizosphere soil under each treatment was studied using high-throughput sequencing technology, FUNGuild database, molecular ecological network and other analytical methods.【Result】The mulching treatment reduced the diversity of fungal communities, but under the blue mulching treatment, beneficial fungal communities such as Humicola, Talaromyces and Aspergillus with higher relative abundance were enriched; From the molecular ecological network of fungi, it could be seen that although plastic film coverage simplified the network, the resistance of fungal communities to the external environment had been improved, with blue plastic film exhibiting more stability than ordinary plastic film; In addition, after functional prediction of the fungal communities in each treatment, it was found that the relative abundance of saprophytic functional microbial communities was higher under blue plastic film, promoting the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling.【Conclusion】The fungal community structure, ecological functions, and species relationships in the rhizosphere soil of A. chinense show significant differences under different film covering treatments. Among them, the fungal community under blue film covering treatment is more conducive to the growth and development of A. chinense, but at the same time, the potential risks caused by the increase of pathogenic functional bacterial communities caused by film covering measures should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to study VdActin7 gene expression pattern in different tissues of Vaccinium dunalianum Wight.【Method】The cDNA and DNA of VdActin7 gene were successfully cloned by PCR technique based on the transcriptome database of 3 generations of V. dunalianum. The expression of VdActin7 gene in young leaves, mature leaves, flower buds, flowers, green fruits, red fruits, green fruit stems and red fruit stems of V. dunalianum was further detected and analyzed using qRT-PCR technique. 【Result】The full length of VdActin7 gene and cDNA were 1657 and 1387 bp, respectively, which contained 3 introns, namely, intron1 of 93 bp, intron2 of 89 bp and intron3 of 88 bp. It had an open reading frame length of 1134 bp, encoding 377 amino acids. The protein VdActin7 with a relative molecular weight of 41.70 KD and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.31, was a stable hydrophilic protein, without signal peptide and transmembrane domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the VdActin7 was closest to V. ashei Actin7, which also belonged to the Vaccinium family. The codon usage bias analysis of the VdActin7 gene showed that GC contents of codon(GC) and 3rd nucleotide in codon GC3s were 48.2% and 44.1%, respectively, the effective number of codon(ENC) was 49.28%, a total of high-frequency codons was 31. The codon bias was similar to that of Ziziphus, both with the strongest bias for CUU, followed by GUU, and the bias for CUU was significantly stronger in V. dunalianum(3.43) than that in Ziziphus(2.57). qRT-PCR analysis showed that the VdActin7 gene expression showed obvious tissue specificity, with the highest in young leaves while lower expression in mature leaves and flowers, meanwhile no detectable expression or no expression in fruits, suggesting that the VdActin7 gene might play an important role in the development of young leaves. 【Conclusion】In the paper, we reported the Actin7 gene sequence and its characteristics in V. dunalianum for the first time, and found that the VdActin7 gene had tissue expression specificity. This laid the foundation for further study of VdActin7 gene function, expression regulation and mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to study the spatio-temporal coupling characteristics and influencing mechanism of high-quality agricultural development and cultivated land utilization efficiency in Sichuan province, so as to provide a scientific basis for promoting the coordinated development of the two systems and improving the high-quality agricultural development level of Sichuan province. [Method] Taking 21 cities and prefectures in Sichuan province as the research objects, the spatio-temporal coupling characteristics and influencing mechanisms of high-quality agricultural development and cultivated land use efficiency in Sichuan province from 2011 to 2021 were studied by entropy method, super-efficiency DEA model, kernel density estimation, coupling coordination model and geographic detector. [Result] (i) The high-quality agricultural development level and cultivated land utilization efficiency in Sichuan province improved, and the overall spatial evolution of high-quality agricultural development level changed from unipolar to multipolar, forming a pattern of Chengdu Plain being the best, peripheral graded mosaic', the spatial distribution of cultivated land utilization efficiency and the high-quality agricultural development level had convergence, forming a pattern of high-efficiency large-area uplift area with Chengdu, Ya'an, Deyang and Meishan as the core, Panzhihua as the polar core, and the peripheral hierarchical collapse'. (ii) The coupling coordination between the high-quality development level of agriculture and the efficiency of arable land utilization in Sichuan province increased from 0. 526 to 0. 704, and the coordination effect gradually increased. The whole experienced three levels of changes of reluctant coordination, primary coordination, and intermediate coordination'. From the perspective of time changes, the province roughly experienced three periods of development, lag and improvement'. From the perspective of spatial changes, Chengdu took the lead in entering the stage of high-quality coordination, followed by Ya'an and Panzhihua. Mianyang, Meishan, Leshan and Neijiang entered a good coordination stage, while Ganzi Prefecture, Aba Prefecture and Liangshan Prefecture were still in a disorder stage. (iii) The driving force of agricultural scale increased year by year, becoming the most significant driving factor, resource consumption and agricultural economic coordination index driving force also improved, while the driving force of urbanization level and mechanization level weakened. [Conclusion] Promoting large-scale agricultural management and reducing resource consumption have a certain positive effect on promoting high-quality agricultural devlopment and coordinated development of farmland utilization efficiency. In addition, the province should reasonably promote urbanization development on the basis of stabilizing the scale of existing cultivated land and striving to achieve no reduction in the quantity of cultivated land and improvement in quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to optimize the medium composition and fermentation parameters of Trichoderma harzianum strain UN-2 producing β-glucanase, improve its β-glucanase production capacity, and study the antagonism of the crude enzyme solution of βglucanase on the pathogen of rice sheath blight and its field control effect, so as to clarify the application potential of T. harzianum strain UN2 in controlling rice sheath blight. [Method] In order to optimize the inducing conditions for the production of β-glucanase from T. harzianum strain UN-2, a single factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of carbon, nitrogen and metal ions on the production of β-glucanase from T. harzianum strain UN-2, and orthogonal experiments were used to determine the optimal temperature, pH, inoculation amount, bottled amount, shaking speed, and fermentation time for the production of glucanase from T. harzianum strain UN-2. The antifungal and preventive effects of crude β-glucanase solution on rice sheath blight were studied through in vitro antagonism and field experiments. [Result] The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for the fermentation of β-glucanase from T. harzianum strain UN-2 were wheat bran and ammonium sulfate, respectively. Metal ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ had a significant promotional effect on the activity of β-glucanase induced from T. harzianum. The optimal culture medium for T. harzianum strain UN-2 to produce β-Glucanase were composed of 10.0 g/L wheat bran, 0.5 g/L β-glucan, 4.0 g/L ammonium sulfate, 1.5 mmol/L Ca2+,0.5 mmol/L Mg2+. And the optimal fermentation conditions for producing β-glucanase were as follows: 30 mL medium filled in 250 mL flask with 8 mL inoculum amount of the culture, initial pH 6.5, at 32 °C, with shaker speed 160 r/min, incubating for 64 hours. The crude β-glucanase solution induced from T. harzianum strain UN-2 had a significant inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth and sclerotia germination of Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia cerealis, and the field control effect on rice sheath blight caused by R. solani was 70.45%, which was equivalent to 5% Jinggangmycin treatment. The crude β-glucanase solution could improve rice seed setting rate and grain plumpness. [Conclusion】 Under the optimal fermentation conditions, the activity of β-glucanase induced from T. harzianum strain UN-2 is 97.68 U/mL, the crude β-glucanase solution has strong antifungal and preventive effects on rice sheath blight, and has a certain growth promotion effect on rice plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the effects of microplastics on the structure and carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus stoichiometric characteristics of red soil with different levels of iron enrichment, and to provide theoretical basis for guiding the improvement of soil quality and pollution management in red soil areas. [Method] Using subtropical red soil as the research object, low density polyethylene (M0, M1, M2) with 0, 0.1%, 1.0% mass and iron (Fe0, Fe1, Fe2) with 0, 10 and 20 g/kg mass were added through indoor cultivation experiments to simulate the pollution level of microplastics and the degree of iron enrichment in red soil. The distribution characteristics of water stable aggregates and the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in red soil polluted by microplastics under different iron enrichment conditions were studied. [Result] Under the condition of Fe0o, compared with M0, the aggregate content (WSA), mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of M1 with particle size > 0.25 mm decreased, and the WSA, MWD and GMD of M2 increased significantly; Under Fe0, conditions, there was no significant difference in the stability indicators of aggregates among M0, M1 and M2; Under Fe2 conditions, both M1 and M2 significantly reduced the WSA, MWD and GMD of soil aggregates. In terms of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content and their stoichiometric characteristics, M1 and M2 under Fe0 conditions could significantly increase soil organic carbon content (SOC); Under Fe0, and Fe2 conditions, microplastic treatment had no significant effect on SOC. The total nitrogen content (TN) of the soil decreased significantly under Fe0, and Fe1, conditions, while microplastic treatment had no significant effect on TN under Fe2 conditions; The total phosphorus content (TP) of the soil showed M0 > M1 > M2. The changes in soil nutrients ultimately led to a significant increase in C/N, C/P and N/P of all microplastic treatments (except for Fe0, M1, Fe2 M1 and Fe2 M2). [Conclusion] The effects of different treatments on the stability of soil aggregates vary. Under the current existing red soil conditions, low micro plastic pollution can reduce the stability of soil aggregates, while high micro plastic pollution can increase the stability of soil aggregates. Under relatively light iron rich red soil conditions, both low and high microplastic pollution have no significant impact on the stability of soil aggregates. Under relatively high iron rich red soil conditions, both low and high microplastic pollution can reduce the stability of soil aggregates. M0reover, the changes in soil aggregate structure under different treatments led to significant differences in the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. Overall, microplastic pollution can significantly improve the C/N, C/P and N/P of red soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the gene levels of betaine and key enzyme contents in Lycium barbarum, and provide technical support for the quality generation cultivation of L. barbarum in Ningxia. [Method] In the experiment, Ningqi No. 1' was used as the experimental material, and the split-plot experiment design was used. The main area was two treatments of nitrogen fertilizer application depth A (A1: 0-20 cm, A2: 20-40 cm), and the sub-area was five treatments of nitrogen application amount B (CK: 0 kg/666.7 m², B1: 15 kg/666.7 m², B2: 30 kg/666.7 m², B3: 45 kg/666.7 m², B4: 60 kg/666.7 m²). Through the determination of related indicators during the growth period of L. barbarum and the high-throughput transcriptome sequencing analysis of L. barbarum samples with different nitrogen levels, the effects of nitrogen on betaine and key metabolic enzymes in L. barbarum were clarified. [Result] With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the contents of betaine and its synthesis-related enzymes in L. barbarum were basically on the rise. When the concentration reached 45 kg/666.7 m², the contents of the measured indexes began to decrease. A total of 98 264 genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing, including 10 081 differentially expressed genes. GO annotation analysis showed that the annotated genes were mainly enriched in photosynthesis, apoplast, monooxygenase activity, chlorophyll, tetrapyrrole binding enzyme activity and other processes. After KEGG annotation, it was found that the differential gene signal patnway was significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, plant pathogen interaction and ribosome. The differentially expressed genes related to betaine synthesis were analyzed, and it was found that the expression levels were up-regulated to varying degrees. Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the content of the measured indicators and the results of gene expression levels showed that the up-regulation of betaine synthesis-related enzyme genes led to changes in betaine content in L. barbarum fruits. [Conclusion] The key enzymes of betaine synthesis are monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the content of key enzymes in betaine synthesis and the number of related genes are up-regulated, resulting in the increase of betaine content in L. barbarum fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]