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Periodontal disease encompasses gingivitis and periodontitis and is one of the most common chronic infections in the adult population. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of Spanish propolis extract (EEP) on the effect of the clinical and microbiological parameters as an adjuvant to scaling and root planning in patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Forty chronic periodontitis patients were randomly assigned into two groups for the treatment. In the control group (n = 20), the sites were treated by scaling and root planing followed by gingival irrigation with physiological saline and in the test group (n = 20), the sites were treated by scaling and root planing followed by subgingival placement of EEP. At baseline (BL), bleeding on probing positive (BOP+) sites with probing pocket (PPD) ≥ 4 mm were defined as study sites. Plaque index, PPD, BOP, clinical attachment level (CAL), and subgingival plaque were evaluated at BL and 1 month later. The results showed a significant clinical improvement (p &lt, 0.05) in the PPD, CAL and BOP+ comparing them with BL and one month after the periodontal treatment and a significant reduction (p &lt, 0.05) for Tannerella forsythensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola in both groups. In addition, the improvement of clinical parameters was observed with subgingival use of EEP and also statistically significant differences between groups were observed (p &lt, 0.05) such as reductions of BOP+ % and reduced counts of T. forsythensis and P. gingivalis, considered as the “key pathogens” for the periodontal diseases. Our results suggest prophylactic and therapeutic potential for EEP against periodontal diseases, improving clinical parameters, reducing gingival bleeding and decreasing bacterial counts of T. forsythensis and P. gingivalis. The subgingival use of EEP represents a promising modality as an adjuvant in periodontal therapy to avoid microbial resistance and other adverse effects.

Jorge Moreno-Fernandez was supported by a Postdoctoral Contract (Contrato Puente) from the University of Granada and Maria Jesus Lisbona-Gonzalez thanks to the doctoral program in clinical medicine and public health., This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of a mouthwash containing propolis and the effect of a propolis paste formulation on dental healing after teeth extraction in patients with periodontal disease. In the mouthwash experience, the population comprised 40 patients, which were divided as follows: the control mouthwash, 0.2% chlorhexidine (v/v) mouthwash, 2% (w/v) propolis mouthwash, and propolis + chlorhexidine mouthwash. The study of the propolis paste comprised a population of 60 patients with periodontal disease, and a total of 120 symmetric tooth extractions were performed. Propolis showed antimicrobial activity by itself, and especially with the chlorhexidine association. Three days after surgery in the teeth treated with control paste, only 13.4% had completely healed; however, with propolis paste, in 90% of the periodontal sockets, healing was complete. In addition, a reduction in Streptococci mutans and Lactobacilli cfu was observed with propolis, and especially with the association of chlorhexidine + propolis. Propolis mouthwash reduced bacterial proliferation, especially in association with chlorhexidine. Propolis paste is a viable alternative for socket healing after dental extraction. The knowledge gained from these findings will provide a foundation for similar propolis therapies in order to improve the healing process after dental surgery., University of Granada

Experimental and epidemiological evidence has shown that modifications of the intrauterine environment can have deleterious consequences for individuals, expressed as an increased risk of su ering non-communicable pathologies in adult life, which is known as the hypothesis of the early origin of diseases or fetal programming. On the other hand, changes in gene expression patterns through epigenetic modifications can be the basis for long-term maintenance of the e ects of fetal programming. In this sense, epigenetics comprises the study of intrauterine disturbances, which develop diseases in the adult, including celiac disease (CD). In addition, early feeding practices could influence the risk of CD development, such as breastfeeding timing and duration and age of gluten introduction in the diet. Gluten acts as a trigger for CD in genetically predisposed subjects, although approximately 30% of the world population has HLA DQ2 or DQ8, the prevalence of the disease is only 1–3%. It is not known what factors act to modify the risk of disease in genetically at-risk subjects. Taking into account all these considerations, the aim of the current review is to elucidate the role of early programming and the e ect of early nutrition on the development and progression of CD. It is logical that attention has been paid to gluten as a key element in preventing the disease. However, there is no strong evidence in favor of the protective factor of breastfeeding, timing of introduction of gluten during lactation, and the development of CD. Diet, genetic risk, microbiota, and environmental interaction are possible triggers of the change in tolerance to an immune response to gluten, but large-scale cohort studies are needed. Emerging scientific concepts, such as epigenetics, may help us establish the role of these factors., University of Granada

Pablo Mira-Rufino and Jorge Moreno-Fernandez are grateful to the Excellence Ph.D. Program "Nutricion y Ciencias de los Alimentos" from the University of Granada. Jorge Moreno-Fernandez was supported by the fellowship from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (Spain). The authors thank the Fire Department of Granada for their participation in the current study., Bone and energy metabolism are profoundly influenced by exercise. The objective of this study was to determine for the first time whether a short-term supplementation with ubiquinol could have a modulating effect on bone turnover and energy metabolism associated with strenuous exercise. The participants (n= 100 healthy and well-trained firemen) were randomly divided into two groups: ubiquinol group (ubiquinol (200 mg day(-1))) and control group (placebo) for two weeks. The protocol consisted of conducting two identical strenuous exercise tests with a rest period between tests of 24 h. Blood samples were collected before supplementation (basal value) (T1), after supplementation (T2), after the first physical exercise test (T3), after 24 h of rest (T4), and after the second physical exercise test (T5). Parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), sclerotin (SOST), alkaline phosphatase (AP), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), insulin, leptin, adrenaline, noradrenaline and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) were determined. Our protocol increased ACTH, SOST, PTH and OC levels, while it decreased OPN. This protocol also increased adrenaline, noradrenaline and PCG-1 alpha, and decreased insulin. After ubiquinol supplementation, PTH, OC, OPG, alkaline phosphatase, leptin, insulin, noradrenaline and PGC-1 alpha levels increased in the supplemented group compared to the control group after the exercise protocol. Strenuous exercise has a clear effect on energy metabolism and bone turnover. These effects are modulated by ubiquinol supplementation, which especially increases the biomarkers of bone formation during strenuous exercise. In addition, ubiquinol has a beneficial effect on the mobilization of energy sources, fact that it could represent an ergogenic and physiological advantage for skeletal muscles., Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (Spain)

Strenuous exercise (any activity that expends six metabolic equivalents per minute or more causing sensations of fatigue and exhaustion to occur, inducing deleterious effects, affecting negatively different cells), induces muscle damage and hematological changes associated with high production of pro-inflammatory mediators related to muscle damage and sports anemia. The objective of this study was to determine whether short-term oral ubiquinol supplementation can prevent accumulation of inflammatory mediators and hematological impairment associated to strenuous exercise. For this purpose, 100 healthy and well-trained firemen were classified in two groups: Ubiquinol (experimental group), and placebo group (control). The protocol was two identical strenuous exercise tests with rest period between tests of 24 h. Blood samples were collected before supplementation (basal value) (T1), after supplementation (T2), after first physical exercise test (T3), after 24 h of rest (T4), and after second physical exercise test (T5). Hematological parameters, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors were measured. Red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit, hemoglobin, VEGF, NO, EGF, IL-1ra, and IL-10 increased in the ubiquinol group while IL-1, IL-8, and MCP-1 decreased. Ubiquinol supplementation during high intensity exercise could modulate inflammatory signaling, expression of pro-inflammatory, and increasing some anti-inflammatory cytokines. During exercise, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, VEGF, and EGF increased in ubiquinol group, revealing a possible pro-angiogenic effect, improving oxygen supply and exerting a possible protective effect on other physiological alterations.

During the first days of life, premature infants have physiological difficulties swallowing, thereby missing out on the benefits of breastfeeding. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk administration in the inflammatory signaling of extremely premature infants. Neonates (n = 100) (&lt, 32 week&rsquo, s gestation and/or &lt, 1500 g) were divided into two groups: mother&rsquo, s milk group (n = 48), receiving 0.2 mL of oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk every 4 h for the first 15 days of life, and a control group (n = 52), not receiving oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL) IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1ra, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&alpha, ), and interfer&oacute, n gamma (IFN-&gamma, ) were assessed at 1, 3, 15, and 30 days of postnatal life. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected. The rate of common neonatal morbidities in both groups was similar. The mother&rsquo, s milk group achieved full enteral feeding earlier, and showed a decrease in Il-6 on days 15 and 30, in IL-8 on day 30, and in TNF-&alpha, and INF-&gamma, on day 15, as well as an increase in IL-1ra on days 3 and 15 and in IL-10 on day 30. Oropharyngeal mother&rsquo, s milk administration for 15 days decreases the pro-inflammatory state of preterm neonates and provides full enteral nutrition earlier, which could have a positive influence on the development of the immune system and inflammatory response, thereby positively influencing other developmental outcomes.

The recent appearance and rapid spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus meant taking unprecedented measures to control the pandemic, which in Spain forced a state of alarm and a very strict confinement, leading the university system to become virtual online teaching. Taking into account the emotional deficiencies originated during the pandemic, among the most powerful tools to achieve engagement along with the identification, control and management of emotions is emotional intelligence (EI). The present study aims to establish the effect of the current confinement on the teaching-learning process and academic performance and the impact of the application of EI on university students. In total, 47 volunteers of the second course of the Degree in Pharmacy of the University of Granada (Spain) took part in this experience. Two temporary periods were established: at the beginning of the confinement period and after teaching several concepts of emotional intelligence online for two months. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey Inventory (MBI-SS) and the Spanish version of Utrech Work Engagement Scale-Students (UWES-S) were used to evaluate the intervention. In total, 63.5% of the students presented academic burnout during the confinement before the intervention. After the EI workshops and seminars, only 31.1% presented academic burnout. Before the intervention with the emotional intelligence workshops, 44.6% experienced exhaustion, 41.7% cynicism and 60.3% felt it was ineffective in their academic performance. After the emotional intelligence workshops and seminars, 29.1% experienced exhaustion, 30.1% cynicism and 28.8% felt it was ineffective. The scores achieved after the study of EI in physiology classes led to better levels in all the variables studied. Students managed their adaptive processes more adequately and regulated their emotions better, as they felt less academic burnout and more engaged in their academic activities at the end of the study of EI through physiology

Early programming is the adaptation process by which nutrition and environmental factors alter development pathways during prenatal growth, inducing changes in postnatal metabolism and diseases. The aim of this narrative review, is evaluating the current knowledge in the scientific literature on the e ects of nutrition, environmental factors, physical activity and sleep on development pathways. If in utero adaptations were incorrect, this would cause a mismatch between prenatal programming and adulthood. Adequate caloric intake, protein, mineral, vitamin, and long-chain fatty acids, have been noted for their relevance in the o spring brain functions and behavior. Fetus undernutrition/malnutrition causes a delay in growth and have detrimental e ects on the development and subsequent functioning of the organs. Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the development of food preferences and for modifications in the emotional response. Maternal obesity increases the risk of developing perinatal complications and delivery by cesarean section and has long-term implications in the development of metabolic diseases. Physical exercise during pregnancy contributes to overall improved health post-partum. It is also interesting to highlight the relevance of sleep problems during pregnancy, which influence adequate growth and fetal development. Taking into account these considerations, we conclude that nutrition and metabolic factors during early life play a key role of health promotion and public health nutrition programs worldwide to improve the health of the o spring and the health costs of hospitalization., University of Granada

Background Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in several fundamental processes, including erythropoiesis, cellular metabolism, and in cardiovascular disease. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the physiology of and recovery from Fe deficiency by studying how fermented milk consumption affects vascular biomarkers during Fe repletion. Results The deleterious cardiovascular biomarkers cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator 1 total, metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), sE-selectin, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) decreased after fermented goat milk consumption in groups of fed animals either with normal Fe or Fe overload with respect to rats fed with fermented cow milk. The beneficial cardiovascular biomarkers caveolin-1 and adiponectin were higher in both control and anemic rats fed fermented goat milk either with normal Fe or Fe overload with respect to fermented cow milk. Anemia decreased TIMP-1 in rats fed fermented goat milk with Fe overload, whereas there was increased CTGF and MCP-1 in animals fed fermented cow milk with either normal or Fe overload. In addition, Fe overload increased VEGF. Conclusion Fermented goat milk consumption improves hematological status and promotes beneficial metabolic responses, which may attenuate cardiovascular risk factors during anemia recovery and iron overload to lessen the inflammatory response, macrophages activation and atherosclerosis development. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of a supervised concurrent exercise-training program, from the 17th gestational week until delivery, on cytokines in maternal (at 17th and 35th gestational week, and at delivery) and arterial and venous cord serum. Fifty-eight Caucasian pregnant women (age: 33.5 &plusmn, 4.7 years old, body mass index: 23.6 &plusmn, 4.1kg/m2) from the GESTAFIT Project (exercise (n = 37) and control (n = 21) groups) participated in this quasi-experimental study (per-protocol basis). The exercise group followed a 60-min 3 days/week concurrent (aerobic-resistance) exercise-training from the 17th gestational week to delivery. Maternal and arterial and venous cord serum cytokines (fractalkine, interleukin (IL)&ndash, 1&beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)&ndash, &gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)&ndash, &alpha, ) were assessed using Luminex xMAP technology. In maternal serum (after adjusting for the baseline values of cytokines), the exercise group decreased TNF-&alpha, (from baseline to 35th week, p = 0.02), and increased less IL-1&beta, (from baseline to delivery, p = 0.03) concentrations than controls. When adjusting for other potential confounders, these differences became non-significant. In cord blood, the exercise group showed reduced arterial IL-6 and venous TNF-&alpha, (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respectively) and higher concentrations of arterial IL-1&beta, (p = 0.03) compared to controls. The application of concurrent exercise-training programs could be a strategy to modulate immune responses in pregnant women and their fetuses. However, future research is needed to better understand the origin and clearance of these cytokines, their role in the maternal-placental-fetus crosstalk, and the influence of exercise interventions on them.

The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the effect of omega-3 LC PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on bone metabolism in mothers and neonates. 110 pregnant women were divided in two groups: control group (400 mL/day of the control dairy drink); supplemented group (400 mL/day of the fish oil-enriched dairy drink). Plasma bone biomarkers and mineral content in erythrocyte cytosol were assessed. In mothers, DHA supplementation increased OC and OPN levels and decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels at delivery, increasing PTH levels during lactation. In neonates, DHA supplementation increased ACTH, insulin and leptin, decreasing RANKL and IL-6 in umbilical vein; increased OPG and leptin and diminished TNF-α in umbilical artery; increased OC levels, lowered PTH and TNF-α at birth. DHA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation has beneficial effects on bone turnover in both mother and neonates, representing a non-pharmacological pathway to decrease bone loss.

In spite of the crucial role of the inflammatory state under anemic conditions, to date, no studies have directly tested the modulation of cytokines during iron overload. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology and recovery from iron deficiency, by studying how fermented goat milk consumption affects inflammatory signalling during iron repletion. Eighty male Wistar rats were used for a pre-experimental period of 40 days, by dividing them into two groups (the control group receiving a normal-Fe diet and the Fe-deficient group receiving a low-Fe diet). Later, the rats were fed with a fermented goat or cow milk-based diet, with a normal-Fe content or Fe-overload (450 mg kg-1) for 30 days. After feeding the fermented milk, the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-13, IL-10 and IL-4) were higher in both groups of animals (control and anemic) fed fermented goat milk either with normal Fe or Fe-overload with respect to the fermented cow milk. With regard to pro-inflammatory signalling, fermented goat milk consumption decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p70 and IP-10). The Fe overload increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines together with IL-1β and IP-10. Fermented goat milk consumption improves the hematological status and promotes the beneficial metabolic responses related to the inflammatory signaling in nutritional ferropenic anemia recovery, which may be a dietary strategy to lessen the evoked inflammation during iron repletion. Additionally, the parameters of inflammation should therefore be incorporated as routine biomarkers of iron deficiency or overload severity.

Since 2020, the world has been immersed in a change in lifestyle (social, lifestyle, nutri-tion and physical activity patterns), due to the appearance of COVID-19 and the strict mobility measures which were implemented to prevent its spread. All these changes had a nutritional impact on people, modifying their dietary guidelines. This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess whether dietary habits, lifestyle, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet among the Spanish adult population (25–65 years old) during confinement was modified during the post-confinement period, using an e-survey through social networks, involving 510 subjects. A decrease in the intake of ultra-processed products, with a correlation between weekly food delivery orders at home and the consumption of salty snacks, sugary drinks, and processed pastries was also recorded. Most of the subjects performed physical exercise on a regular basis, maintaining the body weight in half of the participants. During the post-confinement period a substantial proportion of the population had healthy lifestyle and dietary habits, including the adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes, adequate time was spent preparing meals and the population did not regularly order food at home, which in the long term, reduced the risk of several diseases.

Iron is an essential micronutrient that is involved in many functions in humans, as it plays a critical role in the growth and development of the central nervous system, among others. Premature and low birth weight infants have higher iron requirements due to increased postnatal growth compared to that of term infants and are, therefore, susceptible to a higher risk of developing iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia. Notwithstanding, excess iron could affect organ development during the postnatal period, particularly in premature infants that have an immature and undeveloped antioxidant system. It is important, therefore, to perform a review and analyze the effects of iron status on the growth of premature infants. This is a transversal descriptive study of retrieved reports in the scientific literature by a systematic technique. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were adapted for the review strategy. The inclusion criteria for the studies were made using the PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) model. Consequently, the systematic reviews that included studies published between 2008–2018 were evaluated based on the impact of iron status on parameters of growth and development in preterm infants.

Objectives To analyze the association of sedentary time and physical activity (PA) intensity levels with immunometabolic markers during early pregnancy; and to examine if meeting the PA recommendations is associated with the immunometabolic profile of pregnant women. Methods Fifty Caucasian pregnant women (age: 32.8 ± 4.7 years old, body mass index: 24.2 ± 4.1kg/m2 , gestational age: 17 ± 1.5weeks) participated in this cross-sectional study (from September 2015 through May 2016). Sedentary time and PA intensity levels were objectively measured with triaxial accelerometer (seven consecutive valid days). Fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides were assessed with standard methods. Serum pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (fractalkine, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were measured using Luminex xMAP technology. Results Sedentary time and PA were not correlated with any glycemic or lipid marker (P > .05). After adjusting for the potential confounders, vigorous PA showed a positive non-significant association with interleukin-6 (P = .06), and bouts of moderate-vigorous PA was inversely associated with interleukin-1β and interferon-γ (P = .02 and P = .04, respectively). Meeting the PA guidelines was inversely associated with interleukin-1β and positively associated with interleukin-8 (P = .01 and P = .04, respectively). These associations disappeared after controlling for multiplicity. Conclusions Increasing the time spent in moderate-vigorous PA, or meeting the PA recommendations, is associated with the cytokine profile of women without metabolic disruptions in early pregnancy. However, sedentary time and PA do not seem to be associated with glucose or lipid levels. These results should be interpreted cautiously in view of the discrepancies after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Future studies in this novel field of research are warranted before reaching any conclusion.

Celiac disease (CD) is a multifactorial, autoimmune, gluten-sensitive inflammatory disorder of the small intestine. Taking into account the pathogenesis of CD, a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment able to restore epithelium integrity and eliminate complications. The current study was designed to assess whether the use of a GFD is sufficient for maintaining a correct oxidative/antioxidant balance and ameliorating the evoked inflammatory signaling in young patients with CD. The study covered 80 children, aged between 7 and 18 years, attending the Gastroenterology Service of the Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Child Nutrition Service from the Virgen de las Nieves Hospital in Granada. Children with CD diagnosed were included in the celiac group who followed a strict GFD for 2 years (n = 40) and the control group (n = 40) included healthy children, with negative serological screening. Soluble superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, total antioxidant status, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, cortisol, melatonin and inflammatory parameters in plasma, 15-F2t-isoprostanes in urine, and DNA breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes were analysed. No differences were found in oxidative stress between CD patients and controls; however, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IP-10 and TNF-β were higher in the CD patients. VEGF was also higher than in the control group. The GFD in the CD patients is enough to reduce the oxidative stress; however, in the case of the inflammatory signaling, the initial exposure to gluten prior to stablish the GFD is strong enough to induce an inflammatory state which is maintained (even when consuming the GFD); meanwhile the increase in VEGF recorded in the CD group could be a compensatory mechanism to restore the damaged mucosa and duodenal villous atrophy, due to its role in endothelial activation and generation of new functional and stable vascular networks.

Aims An important mechanism in alcohol-induced injury is biomolecular oxidative damage. Folic acid is supplied to chronic alcoholic patients in order to prevent this situation, as this is the main vitamin deficiency that they suffer from. Acute alcohol exposure, such as binge drinking, is one of the most widespread ethanol consumption models practiced by adolescents. However, there is no evidence of folic acid body profiles after this pattern of consumption. Methods Four groups of adolescent rats were used: control, alcohol (exposed to intraperitoneal binge drinking), control folic acid-supplemented group and alcohol folic acid-supplemented group. Folic acid levels, protein, lipid and DNA oxidative damage in serum, and liver glutathione (GSH) and reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) were measured. Results Binge-drinking rats had higher lipids and DNA oxidation levels. They also had lower hepatic GSH levels and GSH/GSSG ratio. Folic acid supplementation to binge-drinking rats does not change the serum protein oxidation but decreases lipid and DNA oxidation. Finally, GSH increased to control levels with folic acid supplementation. Conclusion Folic acid supplementation is an economic and efficient therapy against the oxidative damage in lipids and mainly in DNA stability caused by binge drinking during adolescence. It has also been demonstrated that folic acid increases GSH levels, improving the antioxidant status and revealing a hepatoprotective effect during binge drinking.

Celiac disease (CD) is a multisystemic disorder with di erent clinical expressions, from malabsorption with diarrhea, anemia, and nutritional compromise to extraintestinal manifestations. Anemia might be the only clinical expression of the disease, and iron deficiency anemia is considered one of the most frequent extraintestinal clinical manifestations of CD. Therefore, CD should be suspected in the presence of anemia without a known etiology. Assessment of tissue anti-transglutaminase and anti-endomysial antibodies are indicated in these cases and, if positive, digestive endoscopy and intestinal biopsy should be performed. Anemia in CD has a multifactorial pathogenesis and, although it is frequently a consequence of iron deficiency, it can be caused by deficiencies of folate or vitamin B12, or by blood loss or by its association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or other associated diseases. The association between CD and IBD should be considered during anemia treatment in patients with IBD, because the similarity of symptoms could delay the diagnosis. Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in CD and may be responsible for anemia and peripheral myeloneuropathy. Folate deficiency is a well-known cause of anemia in adults, but there is little information in children with CD; it is still unknown if anemia is a symptom of the most typical CD in adult patients either by predisposition due to the fact of age or because biochemical and clinical manifestations take longer to appear.

Although exercise reduces systemic inflammation, information regarding its influence on human milk is scarce or inexistent. Research Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of an exercise intervention during pregnancy on colostrum and mature human milk inflammatory markers.The authors conducted a pseudorandomized controlled trial. The exercise group followed a concurrent aerobic and strength training, three 60-minutes sessions per week, from the 17th gestational week until delivery. For the specific aims of this study, only women able to produce enough milk were included for data analyses, resulting in 24 exercise and 23 control women. Colostrum and mature human milk proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (fractalkine, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon [IFN]-γ, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) were measured using Luminex xMAP technology.The mothers who followed the exercise program had 36% lower IL-8 and 27% lower TNF-α concentrations in their colostrum than those in the control group ( p.05 and p.01, respectively). The colostrum from mothers who followed the exercise program also presented borderline significant 22% lower IL-6 ( p.100). The mature milk from mothers who followed the exercise program had 30% greater fractalkine ( p = .05) and borderline significant 20% higher IL-10 ( p = .100). The exercise intervention did not affect IFN-γ concentrations.This concurrent exercise program promoted a less proinflammatory profile in human milk, especially in colostrum. Moreover, it might increase mature human milk fractalkine, which could induce a greater neurodevelopment and neuroprotection in the newborn. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02582567) on October 20, 2015.

Este documento es el resultado de una revisión bibliográfica y de un esfuerzo por ordenar las ideas vertidas por varios pensadores de un gran sociólogo y economista como era Max Weber, a fin de abrir un debate acerca del pensamiento económico. Para este fin se tomaron ideas de diversos autores y textos claves para entender las temáticas trazadas, las cuales se combinan con ideas propias para el resultado final., {"references":["Weber, M. (2007) \"The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology\" Preface to the third edition from Cambridge University Press, edited by Daniel Hausman","Nocera, P. (2006) \"Mediciones conceptuales en la sociología de Max Weber. A Cien Años de: La ética Protestante y el espíritu del capitalismo\", Revista Critica de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas No 13, Universidad de Buenos Aires","Weber, M. (1964) \"Economía y Sociedad: Esbozo de sociología comprensiva\", traducción por Johannes Winckelmann del original \"Wirtschaft undGesellschaft. Grundriss derVerstehenden Soziologie\" , Mexico , ISBN 968-16-0285-4","Bencomo, T. (2008) \"El Trabajo: visto desde una perspectiva social y jurídica\", Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual del instituto de investigaciones jurídicas, UNAM","Opazo, M. (2013) \"Vigencia del pensamiento de Max Weber\", Revista de Sociología No 5, ISSN 0716-632X","Weber, M. (1982) \"escritos políticos\", tomo II, Primera ed. En español (del alRodríguez, C. (2003) \"Max Weber y la Democracia\", Revista Critica & Utopía Latinoamericana N.1, Argentinaemán)","Mommsen, Weber, Wolfang (1981) \"Sociedad, política e historia\", ed. Alfa En español (Primera ed. 1974))","Arregocés, A., Guarín, A. & Ortiz, J. (2007) \"Teoría Clásicas: Max Weber\", Seminario Perspectivas del desarrollo,Universidad del Rosario","Chávez, J. ; Pereira, A. (2004) \"Max Weber (1991) \"La ética protestante y el espíritu del capitalismo\", Traducción en español del original \"Gesammelte Aufsatze zur Religionssoziologie","Duek, C. Inda, G. (2006) \"Teoría de la estratificación social de weber: un análisis crítico\", investigación de postgrado del programa de doctorado de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina"]}

Despite Fe deficiency and overload having been widely studied, researchers are still looking for natural foods with beneficial nutritional characteristics which can help to palliate or recover this highly prevalent nutritional deficiency. In this sense, goat milk is a natural food with beneficial nutritional characteristics which can help to reach these goals. Goat milk consumption leads to a better recovery of body Fe stores, minimizing Ca-Fe interactions and improving Fe status and its absorption and increases the Cu bioavailability, an essential mineral for erythropoiesis. In addition, goat milk consumption improves DNA stability, due to the quality its fat, together with the high levels of bioavailable Mg and Zn, even during chronic Fe-overload. Caprine milk also has positive effects on antioxidant defence, even in a situation of Fe overload, limiting lipid peroxidation and improving antioxidant status. Finally improves bone turnover, impaired by Fe-deficiency, increasing bone formation and diminishing parathorme levels. Therefore, inclusion of goat milk is recommended in the diet of people, who suffer nutritional Fe deficiency anemia, since this type of milk helps to relieve the adverse effects produced in bone turnover, oxidative stress and mineral bioavailability due to the Fe deficiency.

Objective To determine whether maternal diet supplementation with omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFAs) during the last trimester of pregnancy and the breastfeeding period influences the levels of inflammatory cytokines in mother and infants. Material and method This registered, double-blind randomized study included 46 pregnant women, who were randomly allocated to either an experimental group receiving 400 mL/day of a fish oil-enriched dairy drink [320 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + 72 mg eicoapentaenoic acid] (FO group, n = 24) or to a control group receiving 400 mL/day of a non-supplemented dairy drink (CT group, n = 22), from week 28 of pregnancy until the fourth month of lactation. During the study, maternal dietary patterns were monitored by a nutritionist, who encouraged compliance with current recommendations of fatty acids intake. DHA concentrations and cytokine levels (GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ and TNF-α) were measured in maternal plasma at the moment of recruitment and in maternal (n = 46) and infant (n = 46) plasma at birth and 2.5 months after birth. Results Maternal plasmatic IL-4 levels were higher in FO than in CT subjects (p = 0.009). Additionally, a tendency was observed to higher IL-10 and IL-2 in the FO group. Plasmatic IL-6 however, was higher in CT mothers (p = 0.001). TNF-α was higher in CT infants at birth and 2.5 months after birth (p = 0.005). An analysis of possible relationships between DHA and the concentrations of different cytokines revealed negative correlation between maternal plasmatic IL-6 and DHA (higher plasmatic DHA corresponded to lower IL-6). Conclusions Maternal dietary omega-3 LC-PUFAs supplementation during critical periods like pregnancy, lactation and early newborn development may influence the levels of certain inflammatory cytokines, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting an anti-inflammatory “environment”.

Resumen Introducción: las enfermedades osteomusculares (EOM) engloban una serie de patologías discapacitantes con alta incidencia y prevalencia, representando un alto costo económico y social. Es fundamental su prevención, por lo que es de gran interés determinar factores de riesgo modificables, como son los relacionados con los hábitos de vida. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y trasversal en 91 pacientes seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio sistemático y que fueron distribuidos en tres grupos experimentales según la causa y evolución de su EOM (cervicalgia, gonalgia y lumbalgia). Se realizó una medición biométrica, evaluación nutricional, de la actividad física y laboral, del balance muscular y del estado oxidativo. Resultados: el sexo femenino es el más afectado por la presencia de lesiones osteomusculares como cervicalgia y lumbalgia. En conjunto, la mayor parte de los pacientes (67,4%) tiene normopeso, el 24,41% sobrepeso y tan solo un 8,1% obesidad tipo I. Los pacientes con cervicalgia son el grupo que realiza menos actividad física y peor balance muscular presentan. El estrés oxidativo fue superior en pacientes con gonalgia que en los otros grupos. Con respecto a la dieta consumida, se observan diferencias entre grupos experimentales en el contenido mineral (Zn, Mn, Se y I) y vitamínico (folato y ácido ascórbico). Conclusiones: la ingesta de colecalciferol y vitaminas A y D es inferior a las recomendadas en todos los sujetos, lo que favorece la dolencia muscular. La ingesta de folato está por debajo de las recomendaciones, incidiendo en la mayor susceptibilidad al estrés oxidativo. La obesidad y estrés oxidativo se relacionan con la prevalencia de los diferentes tipos de EOM estudiados.

BACKGROUND: Clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord is the most prevalent of all operations, but the optimal timing of cord clamping is controversial, with different timings offering advantages and disadvantages. This study, for the first time, compares the influence of early and late cord clamping in correlation with oxidative stress and inflammation signaling, Because cord clamping timing may have a significant influence on placenta-to-infant blood transfer, thereby modifying oxygenation of maternal and fetal tissues, and on the transfer of inflammatory mediators throughout the placenta. METHODS: Sixty-four pregnant subjects were selected at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Services Department of the Clinico San Cecilio Hospital, Granada, Spain, based on disease-free women who experienced a normal course of pregnancy and a spontaneous, vaginal, single delivery. Half of the subjects had deliveries with early-clamped newborn infants (at 10 s), and the other half had late-clamped deliveries (at 2 min). RESULTS: Erythrocyte catalase activity was significantly greater in the late-clamped group than in the early-clamped group (P < .01 for the umbilical vein and P < .001 for the artery). The values for superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant status, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II were all significantly higher in the late-clamped group compared with the early-clamped group (P < .01, P < .001, and P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a beneficial effect of late cord clamping, produced by an increase in antioxidant capacity and moderation of the inflammatory-mediated effects induced during delivery of term neonates.

Although dietary iron is a determinant of iron status in animals, body fat mass has been reported to have an inverse association with iron status in human studies. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between Fe homeostasis, body composition, energy expenditure and neuroendocrine regulators for severe Fe-deficiency anaemia. Forty male Wistar albino rats recently weaned were divided at random into two groups: the control group was fed the basal diet, AIN-93G diet (normal-Fe) and the anaemic group received a low-Fe diet for 40 days. Neuroendocrine parameters that regulate basal metabolism and appetite (thyroid hormones, ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone), body composition, respiratory volumes, energy expenditure, haematological and biochemical were assessed. Total body fat was lower, whereas lean mass, free and total water were higher in the anemic group. O2 consumption, CO2 production, energy expenditure (EE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were lower in the Fe-deficient animals. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine hormones decreased, while thyroid-stimulating hormone increased in the anemic group. Circulating levels of ghrelin were lower in the anemic group, while GIP, glucagon, insulin, corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were higher. Fe-deficiency impairs weight gain in the rats, with marked reductions in lean mass and body fat, indicating lower energy stores.

El estudio de la NIA 500 y el perfil profesional del revisor fiscal y el auditor en ésta, se ha dividido en dos ámbitos principales, uno relacionado con su función procedimental en la Auditoría y otro orientado en el perfil profesional, el cual hace referencia a las aptitudes que deberá adquirir el auditor para cumplir con lo establecido por la normatividad a entrar en vigor. Justificación: la realización de éste estudio surge con la intención de indagar a cerca del nivel de actualización y capacitación en el ejercicio de la profesión. Tiene una connotación teórico-práctica. Antecedentes: a nivel Latinoamérica se denota un desarrollo normativo superior en países como México y Costa Rica, Colombia por su parte, se encuentra en periodo de transición y preparación al respecto. Metodología: implementa un diseño no experimental de corte transversal, es de alcance descriptivo y de tipo documental y correlacional. Resultados: se muestra el análisis de la información de manera gráfica y el estudio entre las variables de correlación. Conclusiones: al trabajo investigativo se le atribuye comprensivo, coherente y pertinente como instrumento en el proceso de capacitación y actualización de la profesión., {"references":["Decreto 410 . (23 de Marzo de 1971). Diario Oficial 33.339. Bogotá, Cundinamarca.","Ley 43. (13 de Diciembre de 1990). DIARIO OFICIAL. AÑO CXXVII. N. 39602. Bogotá","Ley 1314. (13 de Julio de 2009). Diario Oficial 47.409. Bogotá","Decreto 302. (20 de Febrero de 2015). Diario Oficial 49431. Bogotá","BANCO , M., & FONDO MONETRIO , I. (2013). Informe sobre Observancia de Códigos y Normas (ROSC). COLOMBIA","Cacho, S. I., González, M. d., & Guerrero, P. C. (2012). La perspectiva cualitativa de la materialidad en auditoría: evidencia empírica en México y Colombia. Proquest, 1275 -1284","Cacho, S. I.,Tagle, M. A., & Corte, J. M. (Enero -Abril de 2011). Convergencia Mexicana con las Normas Internacionales de Auditoría. Investigación y Ciencia-Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes.","Cardozo, J. M. (2013). Los servicios de aseguramiento en la pequeña empresa: ¿Nivel de seguridad alto o moderado? Cuadernos de Contabilidad","Consejo Técnico, C. (30 de Septiembre de 2014). Documento de la Sustentación de la propuesta a los ministerios de Hacienda y Crédito Público y de Comercio, Industria y Turismo sobre laaplicación de las normas internacionales de Auditoría y Aseguramiento de la Información. Recuperado el 18 de Marzo de 2015, de Consejo Técnico de Contaduría: http://www.ctcp.gov.co/documentos2.php","Cunha, P. R., & Beuren, I. M. (2006). Técnicas de amostragem utilizadas nas empresas de auditoría independente establelecidas em Santa Catarina. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças","Escamilla, J. H. (Septiembre de 2010). Auditax. Obtenido de Auditax: http://www.audytax.mx/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NIA-s.pd","Fortin,H., Barros, A. C., & Cutler, K. (2010 ). Contabilidad y crecimiento en América Latina y el Caribe. Colombia: Mayol Ediciones S.A","Gutiérrez, A. d. (2012). Una evidencia empírica del efecto de la regulación de la auditoría sobre el comportamiento de las pequeñas empresas de Castilla y León. Revista de investigación económica y social de Castilla y León","Instituto Mexicano, d. C. (2011). Instituto Mexicano de Contadores Públicos. Obtenido de \"Adopción de Normas Internacionales de Auditoría\": http://imcp.org.mx/areas-de-conocimiento/auditoría/adopcion-de-las-normas-internacionales-de-auditoría-nia#.VW8AOc9_Okp","J.D. Colegio Contadores Públicos, C. R. (12 de febrero de 2015). Colegio de Contadores Públicos de Costa Rica. Obtenido de Colegio de Contadores Públicos de Costa Rica: http://www.ccpa.or.cr/file/circulares/2015/Circular%2017-2015.pdf","J.D. Colegio Contadores Públicos, d. (11 de Diciembre de 2014). Colegio de Contadores Públicos de Costa Rica. Obtenido de Colegio de Contadores Públicos de Costa Rica: http://www.ccpa.or.cr/file/circulares/2015/Circular%2017-2015.pdf","Marín, J. H. (03 de junio de 2015). Actualícese. Obtenido de Actualícese: http://actualicese.com/opinion/un-contador-publico-hoy-jose-hernando-zuluaga-marin/","Murayama, J. L., & Morales Gutiérrez,F. (2009). Instituto Mexicano de Contadores Públicos. Obtenido de Instituto Mexicano de Contadores Públicos: http://imcp.org.mx/normatividad/se-acompana-el-nuevo-boletin-3060","Ortiz, L. Y., Muñoz, V. M., & Castrillon, A. O. (14 de Marzo de 2013). Análisis de la Implementación y plan de adopción de las normas internacionales de auditorías NIAS (NIA 500) evidencia de auditoría en Colombia. Obtenido de Biblioteca Digital de Universidad de San Buenaventura: http://bibliotecadigital.usbcali.edu.co/jspui/bitstream/10819/2034/1/Analisis_Normas_Internacionales_Montoya_2013.pdf","Ramirez, S. I., & Martinez, F. J. (2012). La adopciòn de las reformas cualitativas sobre materialidad en auditorìa. Evidencia empìrica de su uso y consecuencias en Mexico y España. INNOVAR JOURNAL, 174."]}

Gender is a crucial determinant of life span, but little is known about gender differences in free radical homeostasis and inflammatory signaling. The aim of the study was to determine gender-related differences concerning oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling of healthy neonates and mothers. Fifty-six mothers with normal gestational course and spontaneous delivery were selected. Blood samples were collected from the mother (at the beginning of delivery and start of expulsive period) and from neonate (from umbilical cord vein and artery). The mothers of girls featured a higher total antioxidant status and lower plasma hydroperoxides than the mother of boys. Regarding the neonates, the girls featured a higher total antioxidant status and lower plasma membrane hydroperoxides in umbilical cord artery together with higher catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities. Lower levels of interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and prostaglandin E2 were observed in the mothers of girls and higher level of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II. In the neonates, lower levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were observed in umbilical artery and higher soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II in umbilical cord vein and artery of girls. An association between gender, oxidative stress, and inflammation signaling exists, leading to a renewed interest in the neonate’s sex as a potential risk factor to several alterations.

The aim of this study was to identify the differences between the main macro and micronutrients including proteins, fat, minerals and vitamins in cow and goat dehydrated fermented milks. Fermented goat milk had higher protein and lower ash content. All amino acids (except for Ala), were higher in fermented goat milk than in fermented cow milk. Except for the values of C11:0, C13:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:5, C22:5 and the total quantity of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, all the other fatty acid studied were significantly different in both fermented milks. Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Se were higher in fermented goat milk. Fermented goat milk had lower amounts of folic acid, vitamin E and C, and higher values of vitamin A, D3, B6and B12. The current study demonstrates the better nutritional characteristics of fermented goat milk, suggesting a potential role of this dairy product as a high nutritional value food.

Strenuous exercise induces muscle damage due to a highly increased generation of free radicals and inflammatory response and therefore, in this type of exercise, it is important to reduce both oxidative stress and inflammation, at least their negative aspects. The purpose of this study was investigate, for the first time, whether a purified, standard water-soluble fraction obtained from Phlebodium decamanum could reduce the over-expression of inflammation and oxidative stress induced by strenuous exercise. The physical test consisted of a constant run that combined several degrees of high effort (mountain run and ultra-endurance), in permanent climbing. Biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators were assessed. The results showed that oral supplementation of P. decumanum during high-intensity exercise effectively reduces the degree of oxidative stress (decreased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and isoprostanes generation, increased antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocyte and total antioxidant status in plasma). The data obtained also indicate that this supplementation is efficient in reducing the inflammatory response through the decrease of TNF-α and increase of sTNF-RII, but kept the levels of IL-6 and IL-1ra. In conclusion, oral supplementation of P. decamanum extract during high-intensity exercise effectively reduces the degree of oxidative stress and has anti-inflammatory protective effects, preventing the over-expression of TNF-α but keeping the levels and effects of IL-6. These findings provide a basis for similar Phlebodium supplementation for both professional and amateur athletes performing strenuous exercise in order to reduce the undesirable effects of the oxidative stress and inflammation signalling elicited during high-intensity exercise.

The role of iron (Fe) in bone formation and disease have not received much attention, a fact that is interesting given the known biochemical role that this mineral has upon collagen maturation together with the high prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia worldwide.To investigate the changes in bone formation, resorption and mineral content in developing rats with induced nutritional Fe-deficiency anaemia.Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, a control group receiving AIN-93G diet with normal-Fe content and an anaemic group receiving AIN-93G diet with low-Fe content for 40 days. Both diets were prepared with an adequate calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content. The most representative serum bone turnover biomarkers and femur and sternum calcium and phosphorus content, together with sternum Fe content were determined in both experimental groups.In anaemic rats, bone matrix formation diminished as revealed by the lower amount of procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide. Bone resorption process increased in Fe deficiency as shown by the increase of serum parathyroid hormone, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and levels of degradation products from C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen released to the serum. In addition, mineralization process was affected by Fe deficiency, because Ca and P content in femur decreased markedly.Fe-deficiency anaemia had a significant impact upon bone, affecting bone mineralization, decreasing the matrix formation and increasing bone resorption, therefore it is of great interest to assess bone status in situation of Fe-deficiency anaemia.

In this study, we set out to perform a comparative evaluation of variations in body weight and volume between two groups of women, one young adult and the other perimenopausal, each of which followed a specific weight loss program for the same period of time. The evaluation was based on the weight and volume data obtained from a clinical and anthropometric study. From the anthropometric values obtained, we conclude that in both groups of women, the diet followed was found to be effective in reducing weight and volume, but with respect to time, the weight loss was more noticeable among the younger women, while among the menopausal women it took place more slowly. The difference between the two groups might be explained by diverse hormonal effects, such that metabolism (and therefore caloric expenditure) is higher among the younger women.

Objective: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an endogenous lipid-soluble benzoquinone compound that functions as a diffusible electron carrier in the electron transport chain. It is prevalent in all human tissues and organs, although it is mainly biosynthesised and concentrated in tissues with high energy turnover. The aim of this review was to perform an exhaustive analysis of the influence and effects of CoQ10 supplementation on parameters related to exercise in healthy humans, and to clarify the current state of knowledge of this field of study, presenting the relevant data in a systematic manner. Method: This paper describes a transversal descriptive systematic review of published research in this field; the study was conducted using a method adapted from the PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria applied were based on the PICO (population, intervention, comparison, and outcome) model. Results: The database search performed yielded 372 citations. Finally, 13 studies met all the inclusion criteria and were incorporated in the present review. Conclusion: CoQ10 has properties related to bioenergetic and antioxidant activity; thus, it is intimately involved in energy production and in the prevention of peroxidative damage to membrane phospholipids and of free radical-induced oxidation. These properties make it suitable as a dietary supplement to improve cellular bioenergetics and to inhibit certain age-related pathologies.

The objective of the current study was to investigate for the first time and simultaneously the oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling induced during the delivery in healthy mothers and their neonates. 56 mothers with normal gestational course and spontaneous delivery were selected. Blood samples were taken from mother (before and after delivery) both from vein and artery of umbilical cord. Lower antioxidant enzymes activities were observed in neonates compared with their mothers and lower oxidative stress in umbilical cord artery with respect to vein. There was an overexpression of inflammatory cytokines in the mother, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, and, in addition, PGE2was also increased. Neonates showed lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-αand higher values of sTNF-RII and PGE2in comparison with their mothers. Parturition increases oxidative damage in the mother, although the indicators of oxidative damage were lower in umbilical cord artery with respect to umbilical vein. The overexpression of inflammatory cytokines reveals that fetus suffers its own inflammatory process during parturition.

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world. Special molecules have evolved for iron acquisition, transport and storage in soluble, nontoxic forms. Studies about the effects of iron on health are focused on iron metabolism or nutrition to prevent or treat iron deficiency and anemia. These studies are focused in two main aspects: (1) basic studies to elucidate iron metabolism and (2) nutritional studies to evaluate the efficacy of iron supplementation to prevent or treat iron deficiency and anemia. This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the experimental models commonly used as well as the methods that are more used in studies related to iron. In vitro studies have used different parts of the gut. In vivo studies are done in humans and animals such as mice, rats, pigs and monkeys. Iron metabolism is a complex process that includes interactions at the systemic level. In vitro studies, despite physiological differences to humans, are useful to increase knowledge related to this essential micronutrient. Isotopic techniques are the most recommended in studies related to iron, but their high cost and required logistic, making them difficult to use. The depletion–-repletion of hemoglobin is a method commonly used in animal studies. Three depletion–-repletion techniques are mostly used: hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, relative biological values (RBV) and metabolic balance, which are official methods of the association of official analytical chemists. These techniques are well-validated to be used as studies related to iron and their results can be extrapolated to humans. Knowledge about the main advantages and disadvantages of the in vitro and animal models, and methods used in these studies, could increase confidence of researchers in the experimental results with less costs.

There is controversy about fish-oil supplementation and oxidative damage. This ambiguity should be explored to elucidate its role as modulator of oxidative stress, especially during gestation and postnatal life. This is the objective of this study. One hundred ten pregnant women were divided in two groups: control group CT (400 mL/day of the control dairy drink); supplemented group FO (400 mL/day of the fish oil-enriched dairy drink (±400-mg EPA-DHA/day)). Different biomarkers of oxidative damage were determined in the mother's at enrolment, at delivery and at 2.5 and 4 months postpartum and newborns at delivery and at 2.5 months postpartum. Omega-3 LC-PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation decreased plasma hydroperoxides especially in newborn at delivery (P = 0.001) and 2.5 months (P = 0.006), increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in mothers at delivery (P = 0.024 (SOD)) and after 2.5 months (P = 0.040 (CAT)) and in newborns at 2.5 months (P = 0.035 (SOD); P = 0.021 (CAT)). Also, supplementation increased α-tocoferol in mothers at 2.5 months (P = 0.030) and in umbilical cord artery (P = 0.039). Higher levels of CoQ10 were found in mothers at delivery (P = 0.039) as well as in umbilical cord vein (P = 0.024) and artery (P = 0.036). Our supplementation prevents the oxidative stress in the mother and neonate during the first months of postnatal life, being a potential preventive nutritional strategy to prevent functional alterations associated with oxidative stress that have an important repercussion for the neonate development in the early postnatal life.

In 1988 the law 31/88 on “The protection of the astronomical quality of the observatories of the IAC”, known as the “Law of the heavens of the Canaries” was passed. In 1992 the regulations for the application of this law were approved and the OPTC was created. Since then various projects of improvement and new installations of public lighting systems have been executed, with the aim of reducing the light pollution. In this paper we describe the stages, awareness campaigns, technical solutions, and results of the law’s implementation since 1992.