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CrossFit is characterized by being a standardized training program that improves physical performance through the provision of several stimuli regardless of the participant's strength level. This study aimed to compare the acute response in total repetitions as a measurement of performance, jump ability, physiological demand (heart rate and blood lactate), and perceived effort considering the participants' strength level with individualized intensity in CrossFit. Thirty-five participants were assessed and asked to participate on two separate days in a standardized and relative 'As Many Repetitions As Possible' (AMRAP) CrossFit circuit. Both AMRAPs comprised strength, gymnastic and aerobic exercises, although only strength was individualized according to the participant's level. Before the statistical analysis, participants were allocated to higher- or lower-strength groups following the one-repetition maximum-bodyweight ratio in the push press exercise. Results support the existence of a strong relationship between strength level and total repetitions in both AMRAPs. In addition, differences in total repetitions and rate of perceived exertion between strength groups are discarded when AMRAP intensity is individualized while physiological demand and jump ability are maintained. Thus, the higher-strength participants may benefit from similar responses with a lower number of repetitions. Therefore, CrossFit trainers should be encouraged to prescribe strength tasks based on the percentage of 1RM for every training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the acute effect of a competitive football match on jump performance and kinematic parameters during jump landing in semiprofessional female football players. Twenty‐two semiprofessional players (20 ± 3 years) underwent a drop jump task for a posterior video analysis of the landing phase. These measurements were obtained at (1) baseline, (2) after, and (3) 48 h after a competitive football match. A one‐way ANOVA with repeated measures was employed to detect differences over the time. There was a main effect of time for maximal knee flexion angle during drop landing (p = 0.001). In comparison with baseline, maximal knee flexion angle was reduced immediately post‐match and was still reduced 48 h after the match (63.4 ± 8.6 vs 57.0 ± 11.7 vs 48.9 ± 19.1, p ≤ 0.038). There was also a main effect of time for drop jump height (p < 0.001). Drop jump height was reduced immediately post‐match and remained low 48 h after the match in comparison with baseline (27.3 ± 3.6 vs 24.5 ± 2.8 ~ 25.5 ± 3.0 cm, p ≤ 0.002). There was a main effect of time on hip flexion angle during landing (p = 0.001), but the pairwise comparison revealed that this variable was not affected immediately post‐match but was lower 48 h after the match than at baseline (50.1 ± 10.1 ~ 50.8 ± 13.2 vs 38.1 ± 17.8 °, p ≤ 0.005). A competitive football match worsened jump performance and several landing biomechanical parameters in female football players, which were still decreased in comparison with baseline even 48 h after the match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyse the effects of a 16-week jump training program on the physical performance and lower extremities injury profile in semi-professional male soccer players. Participants were randomly assigned to the control group (CG; n = 13; age = 21.7 ± 3.6 years) or the experimental group (EG; n = 10; age = 22.3 ± 3.5 years). Countermovement jump (CMJ) height (cm), 30 m linear sprint time (s) with split times at 10 m and 20 m distances, and change of direction speed (CODS; 10 + 10 m with 90° turn) time (s) with turns using the dominant or non-dominant leg, were assessed before and after the intervention. Lower extremity injuries sustained throughout the intervention period were collected. Significant within-group improvements were found in EG in CMJ (p = 0.01; effect size [ES] = 1.03; large). Additionally, between-group difference after intervention was found in CMJ (F = 4.42; p = 0.013) in favour of EG. Injury burden was 194.86 (CG) vs 71.37 (EG) days of absence/1,000 h (RR = 2.73; 95% CI 2.10–3.54; p < 0.001). No other significant within-group or between-group differences were found. In conclusion, compared to regular soccer training, jump training was effective to improve jumping ability and burden in soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effects of a multicomponent training program (ProSAS) on selected measures of physical fitness and joint injuries in Spanish male professional soccer players. Twenty-six professional soccer players (age: 25.2 ± 3.1 years) were randomly assigned to either the experimental (EG; n = 16) or control group (CG; n = 10). Y-balance test (YBT), Single leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ), Single leg hop for distance test (SLH), Side-hop test (SH), Speedy jump test (SpJ), Agility T-test (TT) and Lower extremity functional test (LEFT) were performed before and after an 8-weeks training period. Additionally, any joint injury occurring during the intervention period were recorded. Significant improvements in the EG in all tests (p = 0.001 to p = 0.014), except for SLCMJ (p = 0.632) with the dominant leg were observed. CG displayed decreases in SLCMJ with the non-dominant leg (p = 0.014), SH for both legs (p = 0.001 to p = 0.050), TT (p = 0.005), and LEFT (p = 0.001). Inter-groups differences revealed better results for the EG in all variables (p = 0.001 to p = 0.008) except from SLCMJd (p = 0.555). Moreover, the EG exhibited lower joint injury incidence and burden compared to the CG (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the ProSAS is an effective multicomponent program to improve variables related to risk of joint injuries, and consequently, to reduce the incidence and burden of these injuries in professional soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Safe Landing (SL), a 6-week technique-modification (TM) programme, on cutting and jump-landing movement quality in football players. In a non-randomized design, 32 male semi-professional football players from two Spanish clubs participated in the study: one served as the control group (CG, n = 11), while the other performed the SL (n = 15). Performance and movement quality of drop vertical jump and 70º change of direction (COD70) were evaluated through 2D video footage pre- and post-intervention. In such tasks, the Landing Error Scoring System for first (LESS1) and second (LESS2) landings, and the Cutting Movement Assessment Score (CMAS) were used for assessing movement quality. Pre-to-post changes and baseline-adjusted ANCOVA were used. Medium-to-large differences between groups at post-test were shown in CMAS, LESS1 and LESS2 (p < 0.082, ղ2 = 0.137–0.272), with small-to-large improvements in SL (p < 0.046, ES=0.546–1.307), and CG remaining unchanged (p > 0.05) pre-to-post. In COD70 performance, large differences were found between groups (p < 0.047, ղ2 = 0.160–0.253), with SL maintaining performance (p > 0.05, ES=0.039–0.420), while CG moderately decreasing performance (p = 0.024, ES=0.753) pre-to-post. The SL is a feasible and effective TM program to improve movement quality and thus potential injury risk in cutting and landing, while not negatively affecting performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body composition, leg power and aerobic capacity have been shown to be related to performance, although their combined influence in a training task under load carriage in soldiers is still unknown. In this study, the influence of aerobic capacity, body composition and leg strength on performance during an obstacle test with and without combat equipment carriage was analysed. Forty males belonging to the Spanish Army participated in this study. The time needed to complete an obstacle course with and without load, aerobic capacity (20-m shuttle run test), leg power (squat jumps) and body composition variables (body mass index [BMI], fat mass and lean mass) were tested to determine the best predictors of performance. The results indicated that the best predictors of obstacle course performance with and without load carriage are VO2max and BMI. The jump height was not a significant factor in the model. In conclusion, BMI and VO2max are predictors of the obstacle test time with and without load carriage, so it is recommended that both variables are included as criteria for enrolment in the military army to guarantee army members exhibit the highest obstacle course performance possible. Highlight The VO2max and BMI are the best predictors of an obstacle course performance with/without load carriage. The jump height was not a significant performance factor. The VO2max and BMI are recommended as enrolment criteria for military army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work contains an acceptable solution to the most practical interest to reduce the internal pressure load variations acting on closed envelops (i.e., inner building walls, fairing of rocket, and missile payloads) under gusty wind conditions. To simulate the gusty wind conditions (i.e., tangential unsteady flow condition), an experimental setup of a wind tunnel with a sinusoidal gust generating mechanism has been established in IDR of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (IDR/UPM), Spain. The wind tunnel has been equipped with an air reservoir with vent holes. The pressure jumps shown across the vent holes are studied as a function of sinusoidal gust frequency, volume of the air reservoir, and vent hole size. A theoretical model (based on the mass conservation equation and polytropic law gas evolution) has been proposed to predict the pressure jumps and variations under gusty wind conditions. At the end of the work, theoretical and experimental results have been studied and compared. The relationship between pressure loss coefficient ξ and flow coefficient α under unsteady flow conditions has been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention based on playground games (MOVI-daFit!) on improvements in adiposity, physical fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in schoolchildren. A cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) was performed that included 562 schoolchildren (9–11 years) from 10 schools in Cuenca, Spain. The intervention consisted of four 60-min sessions per week in the school setting. Analyses were conducted on the intention-to- treat basis. Changes in physical fitness parameters (cardiorespiratory fitness: main outcome), body composition, blood pressure, and biochemical cardiometabolic risk parameters were analyzed using both mixed linear and logistic regression models, controlling for baseline covariates, Tanner stages, health dietary score index, body mass index, and cluster factor school. In boys, no significant differences in any outcome measure were noted except for the standing long jump test (10.13 cm; 95% CI 2.94 to 17.32; p = 0.006) between the intervention group (IG) and the control group (CG). Improvements in mean arterial pressure (−1.68 mmHg; 95% CI −3.28 to −0.08; p = 0.039), the triglyceride/HDL-c ratio (−0.36 mg/dl; 95% CI −0.59 to −0.13; p = 0.002), C-reactive protein (−0.23 mg/L; 95% CI −0.43 to −0.03), VO2max (1.44 ml/kg/min; 95% CI 0.52 to 2.36, p = 0.002), 20-m shuttle run test (3.64 laps; 95% CI 0.51 to 6.78), and standing long jump test (7.04 cm; 95% CI 1.21 to 12.87; p = 0.018) were observed in girls in the IG compared with those in the CG. Body composition parameters did not change significantly in either boys or girls. Additionally, children with lower fitness levels obtained greater improvements than children with higher fitness levels. In conclusion, MOVI-daFit! may represent a good strategy for incorporating HIIT into playground games, although its implementation may need to be improved to extend the benefits to children and enhance its adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bishop, C, Perez-Higueras Rubio, M, Gullon, IL, Maloney, S, and Balsalobre-Fernandez, C. Jump and change of direction speed asymmetry using smartphone apps: between-session consistency and associations with physical performance. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 927-934, 2022-The aims of this study were to (a) quantify the magnitude and direction of asymmetry from jump and change of direction speed (CODS) tests and (b) determine the relationship between these asymmetries and jump and CODS performance, in a test-retest design. Thirty Spanish national-level youth basketball athletes performed single leg countermovement jumps (SLCMJs), single leg drop jumps (SLDJs), and 505 CODS tests, all assessed using the My Jump 2 and CODTimer smartphone applications. All tests showed good to excellent reliability, with no significant differences identified between test sessions in jump, CODS, or asymmetry data. The direction of asymmetry showed substantial levels of agreement between test sessions for jump height during the SLDJ (Kappa = 0.72), but only fair levels of agreement for reactive strength during the SLDJ (Kappa = 0.25), fair levels of agreement for jump height during the SLCMJ (Kappa = 0.29), and slight levels of agreement for total time during the 505 test (Kappa = 0.18). Jump height asymmetry from the SLDJ was significantly associated with reduced jump height ([rho] = -0.44), reactive strength ([rho] = -0.46) and 505 times ([rho] = 0.45-0.48) in test session 1, and reactive strength ([rho] = -0.42) and 505 times ([rho] = 0.40) in test session 2. These data show that jump height asymmetry from the SLDJ was associated with reduced jump and CODS performance in youth basketball athletes during repeated test sessions. In addition, the same asymmetry metric was the only one to show substantial levels of agreement between test sessions. Owing to the consistency of these data, SLDJ height asymmetry may be a useful metric to measure when monitoring interlimb asymmetries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to report the relative age effect in different competitive levels and field positions and to analyse the differences within and between different competitive levels and field positions. Data for 203 young soccer players (14.2 ± 1.1 years) included anthropometrics and physical performance (Countermovement jump [CMJ], 30-m sprint, T-test and Yo-Yo IR1). Their competitive level and their field position were registered. The percentage of relative older players (1stHY) was higher in the better competitive levels (L1: 80.6%, p <.001; L2: 68.2%, p <.001 and L3: 58.5%, p <.01), but it was similar between field positions (DF: 68.1%, p <.001; MF: 69.6%, p <.001 and FW: 67.2%, p <.001). Anthropometrical and physical performance differences were found between players of different competitive levels but not between relative older and younger players in each competitive level and field position. The relative age effect is higher in the better competitive levels. Anthropometrical and physical performance differences between players are not due to the relative age but to the level of competition. Relatively older players do not seem to be more likely to be selected for specific field positions. The causes of relative age effect need more research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Kinesio taping (KT) is a new taping technique increasingly used in sports medicine to improve muscle performance; however, its real effect is not entirely known. Objective: To assess the immediate effects of KT on muscle performance in young healthy elite soccer players. Design: Crossover study. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Eighteen young elite soccer players voluntarily participated in the study (mean ± SEM: age 18.20 ± 2.45 y, height 1.76 ± 3.56 m, body mass 65.25 ± 3.76 kg, body-mass index 20.12 ± 1.25 kg/m2). Interventions: Each subject completed 2 different protocols, with and without KT. Interventions were performed in a random order, with a washout period between conditions of 1 wk. Main Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included tensiomyographic response in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, power output with 30 and 50 kg, countermovement jump, and 10-m sprint. Results: Data showed no significant differences for any of the outcomes analyzed between interventions. Conclusions: KT does not produce a short-term improvement in muscle performance in young elite soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this study were to examine how fitness at the baseline could predict both academic achievement and academic achievement changes one school year in advance. A total of 194 adolescents (mean age: 14.15 ± 0.97 years old, 112 boys) who attended secondary school participated in our study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured with the 20 m endurance shuttle-run test. We also assessed the lower-limbs muscular strength with the standing long jump test and flexibility with the sit-and-reach test. The academic achievement was assessed by school grades. We performed linear regression analyses. Additionally, we examined the relationship between fitness and changes in the academic performance following the same statistical methodology. Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with mathematics one school year in advance (p = 0.025). Cardiorespiratory fitness was also positively associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.005), mathematics (p = 0.023), and the grade point average (p = 0.006). Muscular strength was also positively associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.040) and mathematics (p = 0.010), while flexibility was associated with changes in Spanish language (p = 0.039) and the grade point average (0.027). Our results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with academic achievement in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los Arcos, A and Martins, J. Physical fitness performance of young professional soccer players does not change during several training seasons in a Spanish elite reserve team: club study, 1996–2013. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2577–2583, 2018—The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in physical fitness performance in young professional soccer players during several training seasons in a Spanish elite reserve team. Physical test values (i.e., vertical jump test, straight line sprint test, and discontinuous and progressive submaximal running test) of 97 young professional soccer players who belonged for at least 2 consecutive seasons to the reserve team of a Spanish professional team from 1996 to 2013 were analyzed. A distinction was made between the soccer players who were promoted to the Spanish first/second divisions (n = 38) and those who were not (n = 59) (until the end of the 2016/2017 season). Players were also classified according to their playing positions. Independently of the competitive level reached and the playing position, the variability of the fitness performance was limited (coefficient of variation <6%) and the players did not improve their fitness values (effect size ≤ small) from the first to the last season in which they were enrolled in the team (after 2–4 seasons). During the last stage of training in an elite soccer academy, young professional soccer players achieve a very similar physical fitness performance when their soccer competence is evaluated, and other soccer performance factors are those which make them stand out for selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the effect of circadian rhythm on neuromuscular responses and kinematics related to physical tennis performance, after a standardised warm-up, 13 highly competitive male tennis players were tested twice for serve velocity/accuracy (SVA), countermovement vertical jump (CMJ), isometric handgrip strength (IS), agility T-test (AGIL) and a 10-m sprint (10-m RUN). In a randomised, counter-balance order, tennis players underwent the test battery twice, either in the morning (i.e., AM; 9:00 h) and in the afternoon (i.e., PM; 16:30 h). Pairedt-tests were used to analyse differences due to time-of-day in performance variables. Comparison of morning versus afternoon testing revealed that SVA (168.5 ± 6.5 vs. 175.2 ± 6.1 km · h−1;P = 0.003; effect size [ES] = 1.07), CMJ (32.2 ± 0.9 vs. 33.7 ± 1.1 cm;P = 0.018; ES = 1.46), AGIL (10.14 ± 0.1 vs. 9.91 ± 0.2 s;P = 0.007; ES = 1.23) and 10-m RUN time (1.74 ± 0.1 vs. 1.69 ± 0.1 s;P = 0.021; ES = 0.67) were significantly blunted during the morning testing. However, IS was not affected by time-of-day (P = 0.891). Thus, tennis performance may be reduced when competing in the morning in comparison to early evening. Therefore, coaches and tennis players should focus on schedule the SVA, power, speed and agility training sessions in the afternoon. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aimed to compare the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training or combined resistance training and change of direction exercises on physical performance and motor skills in futsal players. Thirty-four futsal players were divided into full squat group (SG, n = 12), combined full squat and change of direction exercises group (S+CDG, n = 12) and control group (CG, n = 10). The resistance training for SG consisted of full squat with low load (∼45-58% 1RM) and low volume (4-6 repetitions), whereas the S+CDG performed the same resistance training program combined with loaded change of direction. Sprint time in 10 and 20 m, change of direction test, countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) height, maximal strength and force-velocity relationship in full squat exercise, kicking speed ball (BSmean ) and repeated sprint ability (RSAmean ) were selected as testing variables. Both experimental groups showed significant improvements for CMJ, BSmean and all strength parameters. Only SG resulted in significant sprint gains, whereas S+CDG also achieved significant improvements in RSAmean.The CG remained unchanged after training period. No significant differences were found between both experimental groups. These findings suggest that only 12 sessions of either lightweight resistance training alone, lifting the load at maximal intended velocity or combined with change of direction exercises is enough to improve several physical and skills capacities critical to futsal performance in adult players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tuck Jump Assessment (TJA) is a clinician-friendly screening tool that was designed to support practitioners with identification of neuromuscular deficits associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. This study aimed to evaluate the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the modified scoring (0 to 2) TJA to add an additional range of objectivity for each criterion. A total of 24 elite youth volleyball athletes (12 males and 12 females) were included in this study. Each participant's recorded performance of the TJA was scored independently by two raters across ten criteria using the modified scale. The two raters then scored the same videos one week later. Another investigator who was blind to the identity of the raters analyzed the scores from both raters for each participant. Kappa coefficient (k) and percentage of exact agreement (PEA) for both intra- and inter-rater reliability were analyzed for each item. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to determine intra- and inter-rater reliability of the modified TJA total score. Intra- and inter-rater k was good to excellent for most items (0.65-0.91). Average PEA between the two raters and two sessions ranged from 83.3 to 100% in all scored items. The ICC for the total score was excellent in both inter- and inter-rater correlations (0.94-0.96). This research demonstrated that the modified version of the TJA predominantly shows good to excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability in all analyzed criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the test-retest reliability of the Sargent jump (VJ) for vertical jumping performed by 4 and 5 years old pre-schoolers. The VJ was administered three times (familiarization, test, and retest) to 163 children (mean age: 4.48±0.5 years; 55.8% girls). The results were compared with those obtained in the standing long jump (SLJ) and in the 25 -m dash test to identify how its performance correlated with other measures of leg power. Systematic change in the mean and retest correlations with these other measures were used to help analyze VJ test-retest reliability. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine the degree of association between the test and retest trials of the VJ. The VJ showed a higher correlation and agreement in the 4-year-old, compared with the 5-year old, group (rc = 0.956 vs. 0.796; α = 0.95 vs. 0.84; ICC: 0.828; 95% CI: 0.730-0.891 vs 0.739; 95% CI: 0.589-0.834). Effect sizes were small (d ≤ 0.285) for all the VJ tests performed. Fair to poor significant relationships were established between the VJ (test), VJ (retest), and the SLJ. No significant association was observed between the VJ and the 25 -m dash tests. Our findings suggest that the Sargent jump test is reliable when executed by 4- and 5-year-olds. The lack of a strong association with other measures of leg power should be taken into account at the time of selecting the most appropriate test to assess this strength dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study are (a) to describe the evolution of neuromuscular performance over an 18 year period within a Spanish elite reserve team; (b) to check if there were any relation between the playing position and sprint and jump performances and (c) to look into the alleged impact of this factor on the top playing level attained by the soccer players. We considered the physical tests (5 m and 15 m sprint times and countermovement jump (CMJ) height) made by 235 players enrolled in the reserve team of the Club from 1994 to 2012 and the highest competitive-level they achieved: Spanish first (n = 39) and second divisions (n = 36) and semi-professional (n = 160). Furthermore, the players were classified according to their playing positions. The main findings were a very-likely/most-likely lower neuromuscular performance (ES = 0.48–0.68, small to moderate) in the last six-season term (2006–2012) than in the first term (1994–2000); possibly/very-likely lower performances in sprinting and CMJ (ES = 0.22–0.55, small) by central defenders (CDs) and midfielders than by other playing positions; very-likely better performances in sprinting and jumping by first and second divisions central defenders than by semi-professional central defenders (ES = 0.90–1.02, moderate). Sprint and jump performances are not a relevant physical parameter to promote to the top level of soccer in Spain except for one in six of the playing positions: CDs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The biological response to ultra-endurance mountain race events is not yet well understood. The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical and physiological changes after performing an ultra-endurance mountain race in runners. We recruited 11 amateur runners (age: 29.7 ± 10.2 years; height: 179.7 ± 5.4 cm; body mass: 76.7 ± 10.3 kg). Muscle damage, lactate concentration, energy balance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), body composition changes, and jump performance were analyzed before, during (only lactate, HR, and HRV), and after the race. Athletes completed 54 km in 6 h, 44 min (±28 min). After the race, myoglobin and creatine kinase concentration increased from 14.9 ± 5.2 to 1419.9 ± 1292.1 μg/L and from 820.0 ± 2087.3 to 2421.1 ± 2336.2 UI/L, respectively ( p < 0.01). In addition, lactate dehydrogenase and troponin I significantly increased after the race ( p < 0.01). Leukocyte and platelet count increased by 180.6% ± 68.9% and 23.7% ± 11.2%, respectively ( p < 0.001). Moreover, after the competition, athletes presented a 3704 kcal negative energy balance; a significant increase in RPE values; a decrease in countermovement and squat jump height; and a decrease in body mass and lower limb girths. During the event, lactate concentration did not change and subjects presented a mean HR of 158.8 ± 17.7 beats/min, a significant decrement in vagal modulation, and a significant increase in sympathetic modulation. Despite the relative 'low' intensity achieved, ultra-endurance mountain race is a stressful stimulus that produces a high level of muscle damage in the athletes. These findings may help coaches to design specific training programs that may improve nutritional intake strategies and prevent muscle damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There is an important connection between body growth, physical fitness and cognition. The association between physical fitness and cognitive function has been investigated in some studies, but little is known about the relationship between physical and motor performance and intellectual maturity in preschool children. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze the association between intellectual maturity and physical and motor fitness in preschool children. Methods A total of 1012 children aged 3-6 years participated voluntarily. A fitness test battery and the Goodenough-Harris drawing test (GHDT) were used. Results Boys did better in the standing broad jump and 20 m sprint ( P < 0.001), and girls had a better crude GHDT score ( P = 0.001). With regard to age group, there were significant differences ( P < 0.01) between all groups in all fitness test variables and GHDT. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between crude GHDT score and the fitness test variables. Conclusions From an early age, physical-motor performance and intellectual maturity are linked. Fitness condition is able to predict intellectual maturity. Increasing the amount of time devoted to physical education can promote cognitive benefits in preschool children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to quantify the acute impact of soccer match officiating on selected physiological and physical performance measures. Twenty-four officials from the Spanish National 3rd Division participated in this study. External global positioning system and internal (heart rate) load data were collected for each match official during 8 official matches. Pre- and post-matches, the referees were assessed for tympanic temperature, blood lactate, 15- and 30-m sprint speeds and unilateral (dominant and non-dominant legs) and bilateral vertical jump performances. For referees, the acute physiological and physical performance effects of officiating (post-match value minus pre-match value) were large increases in blood lactate (1.7 mmol · l−1; ±90% confidence limit, 0.9 mmol · l−1; effect size, ES = 4.35), small increases in 15-m sprint (0.09; ±0.04 s; ES = 0.53) and 30-m sprint speeds (0.14; ±0.08 s; ES = 0.39) and a small increase in non-dominant leg jump performance (2.1; ±1.4 cm; ES = 0.31). For assistant referees, there was a small decrease in tympanic temperature (−0.3°C; ±0.2°C; ES = −0.65) and small increases in blood lactate (0.4; ±0.3 mmol · l−1; ES = 0.66), 15-m sprint speed (0.06; ±0.04 s; ES = 0.47), 30-m sprint speed (0.11; ±0.16 s; ES = 0.49) and bilateral countermovement jump height (3.4; ±1.5 cm; ES = 0.45). Taken together, these data demonstrate that the physical demands of soccer officiating are sufficient to elicit increases in blood lactate and small decrements in sprint performance and, thereby, provide some evidence for match-related fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of 3 different low/moderate load strength training methods (full-back squat [SQ], resisted sprint with sled towing [RS], and plyometric and specific drills training [PLYO]) on sprinting, jumping, and change of direction (COD) abilities in soccer players. Thirty-two young elite male Spanish soccer players participated in the study. Subjects performed 2 specific strength training sessions per week, in addition to their normal training sessions for 8 weeks. The full-back squat protocol consisted of 2-3 sets x 4-8 repetitions at 40-60% 1 repetition maximum (~1.28-0.98 m⋅s-1). The resisted sprint training was compounded by 6-10 sets 3 20-m loaded sprints (1 2.6% of body mass). The plyometric and specific drills training was based on 1-3 sets x 2-3 repetitions of 8 plyometric and speed/agility exercises. Testing sessions included a countermovement jump (CMJ), a 20-m sprint (10-m split time), a 50-m (30-m split time) sprint, and COD test (i.e., Zig-Zag test). Substantial improvements (likely to almost certainly) in CMJ (effect size [ES]: 0.50-0.57) and 30-50 m (ES: 0.45-0.84) were found in every group in comparison to pretest results. Moreover, players in PLYO and SQ groups also showed substantial enhancements (likely to very likely) in 0-50 m (ES: 0.46-0.60). In addition, 10-20 m was also improved (very likely) in the SQ group (ES: 0.61). Between-group analyses showed that improvements in 10-20 m (ES: 0.57) and 30-50 m (ES: 0.40) were likely greater in the SQ group than in the RS group. Also, 10-20 m (ES: 0.49) was substantially better in the SQ group than in the PLYO group. In conclusion, the present strength training methods used in this study seem to be effective to improve jumping and sprinting abilities, but COD might need other stimulus to achieve positive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to predict the velocity corresponding to the maximal lactate steady state (MLSSV) from non-invasive variables obtained during an incremental maximal running test (University of Montreal Track Test, UMTT) and to determine whether a single constant velocity test (CVT), performed several days after the UMTT, could estimate the MLSSV. During a period of 3 weeks, 20 male junior soccer players performed: 1) a UMTT, and 2) several 20-min CVTs to determine MLSSV to a precision of 0.35 km · h-1. Maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) and velocity at 80 % of maximum heart rate (V80%HRmax) were strong predictors of MLSSV. A regression equation was obtained: MLSSV = (1.106 · MAV) - (0.309 · V80%HRmax) - 3.024; R² = 0.60. Running velocity during CVT (VCVT) and blood lactate at 10 (La10) and 20 (La20) minutes further improved the MLSSV prediction: MLSSV = VCVT + 0.26 - (0.812 · ΔLa20-10); R² = 0.66. MLSSV can be estimated from MAV and V80%HRmax during a single incremental maximal running test among a homogeneous group of soccer players. This estimation can be improved by performing an additional CVT. In terms of accuracy, simplicity and cost-effectiveness, the reported regression equations can be used for the assessment and training prescription of endurance in team sport players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effects of combined resistance training and plyometrics on physical performance in under-15 soccer players. One team (n = 20) followed a 6-week resistance training program combined with plyometrics plus a soccer training program (STG), whereas another team (n=18) followed only the soccer training (CG). Strength training consisted of full squats with low load (45-60% 1RM) and low-volume (2-3 sets and 4-8 repetitions per set) combined with jumps and sprints twice a week. Sprint time in 10 and 20m (T10, T20, T10-20). CMJ height, estimated one-repetition maximum (1RMest), average velocity attained against all loads common to pre- and post-tests (AV) and velocity developed against different absolute loads (MPV20, 30, 40 and 50) in full squat were selected as testing variables to evaluate the effects of the training program. STG experienced greater gains (P < 0.05) in T20, CMJ, 1RMest, AV and MPV20, 30, 40 and 50 than CG. In addition, STG showed likely greater effects in T10 and T10-20 compared to CG. These results indicate that only 6 weeks of resistance training combined with plyometrics in addition to soccer training produce greater gains in physical performance than typical soccer training alone in young soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate physical performance and hematological changes in 32 elite male team-sport players after 14 d of ''live high-train low'' (LHTL) training in normobaric hypoxia (≥14 h·d-1 at 2800-3000 m) combined with repeated-sprint training (six sessions of four sets of 5 x 5-s sprints with 25 s of passive recovery) either in normobaric hypoxia at 3000 m (LHTL + RSH, namely, LHTLH; n = 11) or in normoxia (LHTL + RSN, namely, LHTL; n = 12) compared with controlled ''live low-train low'' (LLTL; n = 9) training. Methods: Before (Pre), immediately after (Post-1), and 3 wk after (Post-2) the intervention, hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) was measured in duplicate [optimized carbon monoxide (CO) rebreathing method], and vertical jump, repeated-sprint (8 x 20 m-20 s recovery), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 (YYIR2) performances were tested. Results: Both hypoxic groups similarly increased their Hbmass at Post-1 and Post-2 in reference to Pre (LHTLH: +4.0%, P < 0.001 and +2.7%, P < 0.01; LHTL: +3.0% and +3.0%, both P < 0.001), whereas no change occurred in LLTL. Compared with Pre, YYIR2 performance increased by ~21% at Post-1 (P < 0.01) and by ~45% at Post-2 (P < 0.001), with no difference between the two intervention groups (vs no change in LLTL). From Pre to Post-1, cumulated sprint time decreased in LHTLH (-3.6%, P < 0.001) and LHTL (-1.9%, P < 0.01), but not in LLTL (-0.7%), and remained significantly reduced at Post-2 (-3.5%, P < 0.001) in LHTLH only. Vertical jump performance did not change. Conclusions: ''Live high-train low and high'' hypoxic training interspersed with repeated sprints in hypoxia for 14 d (in season) increases the Hbmass, YYIR2 performance, and repeated-sprint ability of elite field team-sport players, with benefits lasting for at least 3 wk postintervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which aims to examines the relationship between repeated sprint ability (RSA), acute metabolic and mechanical parameters and blood metabolites in professional soccer players. The study includes 18 male players from a team of the First Division of the Spanish National League who performed RSA test with countermovement jump (CMJ) pre a post RSA. The results show a very high correlatuion between loss of speed in RSA and loss of CMJ height pre-post RSA session.

The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the rating of perceived exertion training load for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance variables during 9 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Nineteen male soccer players (20.2 ± 1.9 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ arm swing, single leg CMJ, a sprint running test (i.e., 5 m and 15 m times) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 9 weeks later (Test 2). During 9 weeks, after each training session and match, players reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) separately for respiratory (RPEres) and leg musculature (RPEmus) effort. The training load (TL) was calculated by multiplying the RPE value by the duration in minutes of each training session or match. Accumulated RPEmus, and associated TL, as well as accumulated training volume were negatively correlated with the changes in most physical fitness attributes after 9 weeks of training (r = -0.51 to -0.64). Present results suggest that a high perception of leg muscular effort associated with training sessions and matches, as well as an excessive accumulation of training volume (time), can impair the improvement in several physical fitness variables believed to be relevant for on-field soccer performance. Therefore, the independent assessment of leg muscular effort to quantify TL can be an interesting additional monitoring measure in soccer training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the influence of velocity-based resistance training (RT) with medium loads on the physical performance of soccer players from different age groups. Topics discussed include methods for examining strength performance, variables for testing neuromuscular performance and the practical applications in fitness coaching.

The aims of this study were to analyse the effects of eccentric overload training (EOT) on kinetic parameters during change of direction (COD) and performance related to sprinting and jumping abilities. 20 male soccer players performed 2 different protocols: 1) 5-min cycling warm-up and 2) 5-min cycling warm-up + YoYo half-squat exercise. The outcome measured included vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and propulsive force (PvGRF), time to vGRF (T_vGRF) and propulsive force (T_PvGRF), contact time (CT), eccentric (ECC_IMP), concentric (CONC_IMP) and total (TOT_IMP) impulses and moments (Mx, My and Mz) during 2 COD tasks. Additionally, subjects performed a counter-movement jump (CMJ) and 20 m sprint tests. Results showed a substantial better improvement (likely to almost certainly) in vGRF (ES: 0.84), vAGRF (ES: 0.72), CT (ES: 0.48), My (ES: 0.35), Mz (ES: 0.44) and ECC_ IMP (ES: 0.45) during crossover cutting maneuver, whereas during side-step cutting maneuver Time_ECC (ES: 0.68), CT (ES: 0.64), vGRF (ES: 0.48) and My (ES: 0.47) were substantially enhanced (likely). Furthermore, substantial better performance was found in CMJ (ES: 0.47; very likely) and 20 m (ES: 0.20; possibly). In conclusion, EOT produced a better muscle activation during 2 different COD tasks and greater sprinting and jumping performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a comparative study for determining the effects of different types of training module based on 7 different sport-specific performance parameters that is aimed at enhancing the performance of professional water polo players. It includes dryland training, in-water training and polymetric training in combination with water polo training.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to determine the effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on female volleyball players' performance. Methods: Thirteen elite female volleyball players ingested 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine with an energy drink or the same drink without caffeine (placebo drink) in a double-blind and randomized study. Then, participants performed the following: standing spike, jumping spike, spike jump, blocking jump, squat jump, counter movement jump, manual dynamometry, and the agility t-test. A simulated volleyball game was played, videotaped, and notated afterward. Results: In comparison to the placebo drink, the ingestion of the caffeinated energy drink increased the ball velocity in the standing spike (19.2 ± 2.1 vs 19.7 ± 1.9 m.s-1, P = 0.023) and in the jumping spike (17.9 ± 2.2 vs 18.8 ± 2.2 m.s-1, P = 0.038) and the jump height in the squat jump (28.1 ± 3.2 vs 29.4 ± 3.6 cm, P = 0.028), countermovement jump (32.0 ± 4.6 vs 33.1 ± 4.5 cm, P = 0.018), spike jump (43.3 ± 4.7 vs 44.4 ± 5.0 cm, P = 0.025), and block jump (35.2 ± 5.1 vs 36.1 ± 5.1 cm, P = 0.044). Furthermore, the caffeinated energy drink decreased the time needed to complete the agility t-test (11.1 ± 0.5 vs 10.9 ± 0.3 s, P = 0.036). During the game, the volleyball actions categorized as successful were more frequent with the caffeinated energy drink (34% ± 9% vs 45% ± 9%, P < 0.001), whereas imprecise actions decreased (28% ± 7% vs 14% ± 9%, P < 0.001) when compared with the placebo drink. Conclusion: Commercially available energy drinks can significantly improve physical performance in female volleyball players. Increased physical performance led to improved accuracy during an actual volleyball match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between repeated explosive effort sequences (20 + 20 m shuttle sprint with change of direction, kicking and jumping), metabolic response (lactate and ammonia), and fitness qualities (strength and endurance) in under-19 soccer players. 21 players completed: 1) sprint test: 30 m (T30 ) and 40 m (20 + 20 m) shuttle sprints; 2) countermovement jumps (CMJ); 3) maximal kicking; and 4) 9 repeated-explosive effort sequences (RES); 4) a progressive isoinertial loading test in full squat to determine the load which subjects achieved ~1 m · s −1 (V1 - load); 6) Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRT-1). Mean sprint time of the 9 repeated sprints (RSAmean1–9 ) showed correlation with V 1 - load (r = − 0.52 [− 0.79, − 0.25]) metabolic response (lactate, r = 0.67 [0.47, 0.87] and ammonia, r = 0.53 [0.27, 0.79]). YYIRT-1 correlated with RSAmean1-9. (rw = − 0.78 [− 0.92, − 0.64]) when the body weight was controlled. Furthermore, the 3 first sprints (RSAmean1-3 ) correlated with RSAbest (r = 0.93 [0.88, 0.98]), V 1 -load (r = − 0.64 [ − 0.86, − 0.42]), and T30 (r = 0.63 [0.41, 0.85]). These results suggest that the soccer player’s lower body strength (V1 -load, jumping and sprinting) explains a large part of the performance in the first sequences, whereas the aerobic capacity, estimated through YYIRT-1, becomes more important to performance as the number of sprints is increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was compare the effects of a traditional and an instability resistance circuit training program on upper and lower limb strength, power, movement velocity and jumping ability. Thirty-six healthy untrained men were assigned to two experimental groups and a control group. Subjects in the experimental groups performed a resistance circuit training program consisting of traditional exercises (TRT, n = 10) or exercises executed in conditions of instability (using BOSU® and TRX®) (IRT, n = 12). Both programs involved three days per week of training for a total of seven weeks. The following variables were determined before and after training: maximal strength (1RM), average (AV) and peak velocity (PV), average (AP) and peak power (PP), all during bench press (BP) and back squat (BS) exercises, along with squat jump (SJ) height and counter movement jump (CMJ) height. All variables were found to significantly improve (p <0.05) in response to both training programs. Major improvements were observed in SJ height (IRT = 22.1%, TRT = 20.1%), CMJ height (IRT = 17.7%, TRT = 15.2%), 1RM in BS (IRT = 13.03%, TRT = 12.6%), 1RM in BP (IRT = 4.7%, TRT = 4.4%), AP in BS (IRT = 10.5%, TRT = 9.3%), AP in BP (IRT = 2.4%, TRT = 8.1%), PP in BS (IRT=19.42%, TRT = 22.3%), PP in BP (IRT = 7.6%, TRT = 11.5%), AV in BS (IRT = 10.5%, TRT = 9.4%), and PV in BS (IRT = 8.6%, TRT = 4.5%). Despite such improvements no significant differences were detected in the posttraining variables recorded for the two experimental groups. These data indicate that a circuit training program using two instability training devices is as effective in untrained men as a program executed under stable conditions for improving strength (1RM), power, movement velocity and jumping ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to determine: 1) the changes in the physical conditioning of under-19 soccer players, 2) the effects of strength training using resistance executed as a function of the speed of a Smith machine bar, 3) relationships between heart rate (HR) values recorded during training and competition and changes in players' physical conditioning. Methods: Nineteen field players from a team in the U-19 Spanish first division participated in the study. Changes in jump ability (CMJ, CMJL), bar movement speed in a loaded full squat (FSL), sprint time over 30m (T10, T20, T30, T10-20, T10-30, T20-30), and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) were evaluated three times (E1, E2, E3) during the fourth months studied. Players' HR during practices and matches were recorded. Improvements in MAS, application of strength in CMJ, CMJL, and FSL were reported, while the players significantly worsening their sprint times. Results: No significant relationships were found between HR values and changes in players' physical conditioning. Changes in sprint times (T30 and T10-30) were correlated with changes in bar speed for the FS60kg (r = 0.53-0.64, p < 0.05) and volume of strength training performed (r = 0.53-0.59, p < 0.05). These improvements in strength did not induce expected improvement in sprint time, possibly due to the interference effect between concurrent aerobic and strength training. Conclusions: The results suggests that improved ability to accelerate could be related to improvements in loaded full squats moving at speed near 1m.s-1, and the inhibitor effect obtained shows the importance of monitoring the intensity of aerobic training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two arm swing techniques, the simultaneous arm swing and the early arm swing, on vertical countermovement jump performance and on the contribution of the arms to vertical movement at the centre of mass (CM) during the propulsion phase. Participants were 28 athletes practicing sports in which the vertical jump constitutes a basic ability. Ground reaction forces were recorded by a force platform and the sagittal plane motion was recorded by a video camera. Although at take-off the vertical velocity (2.7 ± 0.2 m/s for simultaneous technique vs. 2.8 ± 0.2 m/s for early technique;p = 0.040) and position (1.18 ± 0.06 m for simultaneous vs. 1.17 ± 0.05 m for early;p = 0.033) of the CM were significantly different, no difference was observed in jump height (1.56 ± 0.01 m in both techniques). The arm action differed during the initial and final propulsion phases in both styles but the accumulated vertical contribution was similar. The practical implication in sports is that the use of the arm-swing technique to reach the maximum jump height should be determined by tactical demands instead of the technical execution of the arms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports on research which was conducted to investigate the effects an 18 week in season heavy-resistance and power training program had on key sports performance measures in elite male water polo players. Researchers evaluated 27 players who were assigned to in water training or resistance and power training. They found that the resistance and strength training program led to improvements in player performance qualities.

The article reports on research which was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a combined strength and plyometric training program and its impact on the training performance of elite oriented prepubertal female gymnasts. Researchers evaluated the program with nine gymnasts. They found that the training program was effective in prepubertal gymnasts despite their high level of physical conditioning.

The presence of the relative age effect (RAE) has been widely reported; however, its underlying causes have not yet been determined. With this in mind, the present study examined if anthropometry and performance were different amongst older and younger soccer players born in the same year. Eighty-eight young soccer players participated in the study (age 9.75 ± 0.30). Anthropometric measurements, physical tests (sprint, agility, endurance test, jump and hand dynamometry) and the estimation of the maturity status were carried out. Most players (65.9%) were born in the first half of the year. Older players were taller (P < 0.05), had longer legs (P < 0.01) and a larger fat-free mass (P < 0.05). Maturity offset was smaller in the older boys (P < 0.05); however, age at peak height velocity was similar. Older boys performed better in velocity and agility (P < 0.05) and particularly in the overall score of performance (P < 0.01). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that chronological age was the most important variable in the agility test and the overall score, after the skinfolds (negative effect). We report differences in anthropometry and physical performance amongst older and younger pre-pubertal soccer players. These differences may underlie the RAE. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Research is presented which analyzed the validity and reliability of using a high-speed Casio Exilim FH-25 camera (HSC) to measure flight time and the height of vertical jumps, noting that 25 participants performed vertical jumps on an infrared platform and that the videos were analyzed using open-license Kinovea 0.8.15 software. The study found that this low-cost method provides reliable and valid measurements.

Research is presented that focuses on the effect of strength and high-intensity training on child soccer players' sprinting, jumping, and intermittent endurance performance. The 24 participants were randomly assigned to a control (C) group or the S group which performed combined strength and high-intensity training before starting the identical soccer-training program used by the C group. Improvements in flexibility and countermovement jumps were found in the S group.

Dorsiflexion sport shoes aim to increase jumping capacity and speed by means of a lower position of the heel in comparison with the forefoot, favouring additional stretching of the ankle plantar flexors. In previous studies, contradictory results have been found on the benefits of using this type of shoe. With the aim of comparing a dorsiflexion sport shoe model (DF) with a conventional sport shoe (CS), 41 participants performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test and an agility test (MAT) with both models of shoe. There were no significant differences in the jump test [CS=35.3 cm (6.4) and DF=35.6 cm (6.4), P>0.05]. In the agility test, the conventional shoe obtained better results than the model with dorsiflexion with regard to time taken to complete the circuit [CS=6236 ms (540) and DF=6377 ms (507), P<0.05)]. In spite of producing pre-stretching of the plantar muscles, the DF sport shoes were not effective for improving either jump power or agility in a specific test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA) health-related fitness test battery useful for monitoring health of children and adolescents.

The article focuses on a study which was conducted to determine which method of concurrent strength-endurance training would be most useful for improving running performance in trained runners. It was found that adding explosive and strength-endurance training to the normal training of the runners resulted in improvement in running performance.

The article discusses research in applied sports science, with a focus on the effects of a half squat exercise on jump potentiation. Topics include postactivation potentiation and fatigue, resistance training and warm-up exercise, and countermovement jump performance and the 5 repetitions maximum (5RM) test.

The article discusses a study which compares contact and photocell test mats in the validity and reliability of assessments of vertical countermovement jump heights estimated from flight time measurement. Correlation of statistics from testing of subjects on each type of map indicated that photocell mats produced more reliable jump height estimates for the evaluation of athletic lower limb muscle strength and power.

The article presents a comparison of physical fitness characteristics and throwing velocity in elite female handball players at the U.S. national and international competition levels. Players were evaluated for body height, mass, and fat, muscular strength and power, running performance, and jumping ability. The results indicate that international level players produce higher throwing velocities due to their ability to generate muscular power at submaximal power loads of the upper and lower body.

The aim of the present study was to analyse differences in muscle response and mechanical characteristics of the vastus medialis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris in elite volleyball players of both sexes using tensiomyography. To this end, 47 players of nine nationalities playing for teams in the men's and women's Spanish Superleagues were assessed. The sample comprised 22 women (age 24.6±4.3 years; weight 72.14±10.06 kg; height 178.40±8.50 cm) and 25 men (age 25.0±4.3 years; weight 88.76±9.07 kg; height 194.71±7.84 cm). Tensiomyography was used to assess muscular response and muscular mechanical characteristics. For this purpose, the following variables were analysed: maximum radial displacement of muscle belly and normalized response speed. The findings show, both in men and women, a higher normalized response speed score in the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis compared with the rectus femoris and biceps femoris. A marked lateral symmetry of maximum radial displacement of the muscle belly was also observed in the musculature of the lower limbs, with no statistically significant differences being detected in either men or women. There were, however, clear differences in terms of normalized response speed between male and female volleyball players: women displayed a more pronounced difference in the normalized response speed of the musculature responsible for extension (vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis) and flexion (biceps femoris) of the knee joint than men. Moreover, tensiomyography proved to be a highly sensitive tool for detecting such changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on research conducted to describe the anthropometric characteristics of female handball players and to identify the possible differences in these parameters in terms of playing positions. Researchers evaluated 130 elite players. They found that wings were less heavy, shorter, and showed a smaller arm span than did goalkeepers, backs and pivots, that pivots were heavier than centers and that backs and pivots exhibited higher muscular mass than wings.