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Die Praxis an Hochschulen schopft die in Kap. 2 skizzierten gesundheitlichen und lernfordernden Potenziale bislang kaum aus. Der Besuch von Lehrveranstaltungen fullt das Sitzzeitkonto Studierender am starksten und wird von ihnen als Haupthindernis fur die Reduzierung sedentaren Verhaltens im Kontext Studium identifiziert (Moulin und Irwin 2017). Das Heidelberger Modell der bewegten Lehre setzt hier an. In den nachfolgenden Unterkapiteln werden zunachst zentrale Grundgedanken des Modells vorgestellt (Abschn. 4.1) und anschliesend seine Bausteine skizziert (Abschn. 4.2).

Es wird ersichtlich, dass die Einfuhrung des Heidelberger Modells bewegter Lehre zahlreiche Veranderungsimpulse fur den Hochschulalltag hervorruft, die mit der etablierten Norm traditioneller Sitzlehre brechen. Im Folgenden werden ausgewahlte handlungsleitende Gedanken und Erfolgsfaktoren fur die Umsetzung dargelegt, die sich aus den eigenen Erfahrungen speisen.

Es lasst sich vermuten und in einer Alltagsannahme schnell ubereinstimmen, dass Lernen in Bewegung vielen Anforderungen an eine moderne Hochschullehre genugt und verbessert. Schlagworte wie eine erhohte Aufmerksamkeit, Konzentration, allgemeine Aktivierung, vielleicht sogar bessere Lernergebnisse werden schnell genannt. Sogar das Mehr an Bewegung kann eigentlich nicht verkehrt sein und wird die Gesundheit gleich noch mit starken. Diese Annahmen sollen hier nicht gesetzt sein, sondern durch wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse aus verschiedenen Forschungsgebieten zusammengetragen und hinterfragt werden.

Objectives: To develop a road map towards a harmonized pan-European surveillance system for children and adolescents. Methods: Representatives of five European surveillance systems and the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents contributed to the road map through a structured workshop in 2016. Results: A conceptual framework for this road map was developed with seven action points (APs) guiding the successive cross-country harmonization. First, key indicators of health behaviour and their determinants in children and adolescents will be identified (AP1, 2); short screening instruments will be developed and implemented to assess and monitor key indicators (AP3, 4). In parallel, optional supplementary modules could be implemented to provide objective data (AP5). This would allow mutual calibration and improvement of existing instruments before their progressive replacement by more comparable measurement tools (AP6). The establishment of a competence platform is envisaged for guiding the harmonization process (AP7). Conclusions: This approach builds on existing systems, provides comparable key health indicators across European regions, helps to assess temporal trends and—once in place—will facilitate health reporting and monitoring of national and international health targets.

This study assessed the associations between these factors in a random sample of Czech families with preschool and school-aged children. A nationally representative sample comprised 185 families with preschool children and 649 families with school-aged children (dyads; both parents and child n = 365, mother and child n = 730, and father and child n = 469). The participants wore Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 pedometers at least four weekdays and both weekend days and completed family logbooks (anthropometric parameters, daily step counts (SC), and screen time (ST)). When a parent (fathers at weekends and mothers both on weekdays and at weekends) achieved 10,000 SC per day, their children were also significantly (OR = 2.93-6.06, 95% CI = 2.02-9.26) more likely to meet the daily SC recommendation. On the contrary, the involvement of fathers in organized leisure-time PA reduced their children's odds of meeting the SC recommendation on weekdays (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.31-0.89) and at weekends (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.24-0.72). The excessive ST of parents at weekends reduced the odds of their children meeting the SC recommendation (mother-child dyads: OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.26-0.72; father-child dyads: OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.37-1.06). High levels of parents' PA contribute to the achievement of the recommended daily PA in children on weekdays and at weekends. Excessive weekend ST of parents reduces their odds of their children achieving the recommended daily PA; however, the influence of parents' PA on their children's achieving the recommended daily PA is stronger than the inhibitory effect of ST.

Im Diskurs um Pravention und Gesundheitsforderung nehmen Kinder und Jugendliche als Zielgruppe einen zentralen Stellenwert ein. Zur Abschatzung des Interventionsbedarfs im Kindes- und Jugendalter sowie zur Planung von Interventionen liefert die Gesundheitsberichterstattung (GBE) einen elementaren Beitrag. In Deutschland findet GBE im Kindes- und Jugendalter auf Ebene des Bundes, der Lander und der Kommunen statt. Sie speist sich aus Survey- oder Monitoringdaten, amtlichen Statistiken oder den Datenquellen von Institutionen und Akteuren im Gesundheitswesen. Mit der seit 1982 im vierjahrigen Turnus durchgefuhrten „Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children“ (HBSC)-Studie unter Schirmherrschaft der Weltgesundheitsorganisation kann die GBE auf eine weitere Datengrundlage zuruckgreifen, die reprasentativ fur 11–15-Jahrige Madchen und Jungen aus allgemeinbildenden Schulen in Deutschland ist. In diesem Beitrag wird die HBSC-Studie in den Kanon der GBE in Deutschland eingeordnet. Im Kern werden die Potenziale und Grenzen der HBSC-Studie beleuchtet und hinsichtlich ihres Mehrwertes fur die GBE in Deutschland diskutiert.

Zusammenfassung: Lange Sitzzeiten und zu wenig Bewegung stellen zentrale Public Health-Probleme dar. Die epidemiologische Studienlage unterstreicht, dass bei einem vorwiegend sitzend geprägten Lebensstil eine Reduzierung und Unterbrechung von Sitzzeiten durch eine Förderung alltäglicher Ativitäten (z.B. Stehen am Arbeitsplatz), präventiv und eigenständig auf viele chronisch-degenerative Erkrankungen und lebensverlängernd wirkt. Public Health Initiativen sollten dies verstärkt berücksichtigen.

Background Neighborhood walkability has consistently been associated with utilitarian walking and total physical activity in non-European studies. However, evidence on environmental correlates of physical activity in Europe is still scarce and little is known about potential interactions between neighborhood walkability, active travel, and individual or household related characteristics including available means of transport. Methods The study examined the association of neighborhood walkability with self-reported active travel in Bielefeld, Germany. Travel survey data from 2867 adult residents and geographic information for 88 neighborhoods were analyzed in multilevel Poisson regression models including relevant interaction terms to assess potential effect modifications by age, gender, household members, available means of transport, and neighborhood socio-economic status. Results Active travel frequencies increased with female gender, available bicycles, neighborhood walkability and decreased with more household members, motorcars, and public transport passes within households. In the final model, a one standard deviation change in neighborhood walkability was associated with an estimated 27.5% increase in active travel trips. Stronger effects were found at younger ages and in participants with greater motorcar availability. No evidence was found for an effect modification by neighborhood socioeconomic status, household members, available public transport passes, or gender. Conclusions The positive association between neighborhood walkability and active travel shown in other urban contexts was confirmed in a historically evolved city in Germany. The observed effect varied with respondents’ age and available motorcars, which is in line with recent findings and suggests that public health advocacy in urban planning could promote physical activity on a population level, including those with motorcar access.

The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study (HBSC) uses the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) as a tool to identify the socioeconomic status of children and adolescents. Even though it is now widely applied in research studies, the external criterion validation of FAS has not been verified in terms of objective economic indicators in Central Europe. The aim of this study is to validate FAS in terms of disposable income per capita in 14 Czech administrative regions. Regional differences in the FAS score were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression to measure the dependency of the aggregated mean of the FAS index at the regional level on data from the Czech HSBC survey carried out from April to June 2014 (n = 10,361). The data analysis has shown an overall positive correlation between the FAS index and regional disposable income (R = 0.77, p < 0.01). The regional disposable income per person could explain 59.7% of the variance in the FAS index (p < 0.01). By validating individual items, the authors identified three items with a significant correlation (p < 0.01): number of computers, dishwasher at home, and number of holidays. FAS seems to be a valid instrument to measure adolescents’ socioeconomic status.

Sedentary behaviour is a health risk factor independent of physical activity. Interventions that aim to reduce sitting at the workplace are particularly important as office workers spend a large proportion of their working hours sitting. This systematic review examines whether these interventions (SB or PA interventions during work time) reduce sitting time among office workers and which variables moderate intervention effects.A systematic literature search was conducted from April to May 2016 in the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus. In total, we identified 17 studies that assessed the time spent in sedentary behaviour at the office workplace. To summarize the study results, we applied a best-evidence synthesis. Additionally, we evaluated potential moderators, such as intervention strategies.Multi-component interventions and sit-stand workstations were most promising sedentary reduction interventions. The analysis of moderators highlighted that the proportion of positive intervention effects was higher in interventions based on the strategies "environmental restructuring", "adding objects to the environment" and "instructions on how to carry out the behaviour". Furthermore, interventions focusing on sedentary behaviour only and studies using objective measurement tools showed more often positive interventions effects.There are many promising interventions to reduce sitting time at the office workplace. However, there is insufficient evidence if the effects of these interventions are sustainable in the long term. Moreover, the considerable heterogeneity of included studies limits the validity of our findings. Future intervention studies should build on a theoretical planning approach and use subjective as well as objective evaluation measures.Sitzendes Verhalten wird zunehmend als ein eigenständiger gesundheitlicher Risikofaktor eingeschätzt. Ein wesentliches Handlungsfeld für Interventionen zur Reduzierung sitzenden Verhaltens stellt deshalb der Büroarbeitsplatz dar. Dieses systematische Review untersucht, ob sitz- und/oder bewegungsspezifische Interventionen die Sitzzeiten von Büroangestellten am Arbeitsplatz reduzieren.Von April bis Mai 2016 wurde in den Datenbanken „PubMed“, „PsycINFO“ und „SPORTDiscus“ eine systematische Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Insgesamt ließen sich 17 Studien identifizieren, welche die Sitzzeiten von Büroangestellten untersuchten. Die relevanten Studien wurden in einer „Best Evidence Synthesis“ zusammengefasst. Zusätzlich wurde eine Moderatoranalyse (u. a. Interventionsmethoden) durchgeführt.Multikomponenten-Interventionen und Sitz-Steh-Arbeitsstationen sind vielversprechend zur Reduzierung der Sitzzeiten von Büroangestellten. In der Moderatoranalyse fiel der Anteil signifikant positiver Interventionsergebnisse für die Interventionsmethoden „Umweltveränderungen“, „Hinzufügen von Objekten zur Umgebung“ und „Anleitungen, um ein Verhalten auszuführen“ am höchsten aus. Interventionen mit spezifischem Fokus auf das Sitzen sowie Studien mit objektiver Messmethodik zur Erhebung der Sitzzeit zeigten sich erfolgversprechender.Es existieren verschiedene erfolgversprechende Interventionen zur Reduzierung der Sitzzeiten am Büroarbeitsplatz. Hier sind Mehrkomponenten-Interventionen und die Installation von Sitz-Steh-Arbeitsstationen hervorzuheben. Wenig Evidenz liegt für die Langzeitwirkung vor. Die Heterogenität der Studien schränkt zudem allgemeingültige Wirksamkeitsaussagen ein. Zukünftige Studien sollten Interventionen stärker theoriebasiert planen und die Sitzzeiten mithilfe subjektiver und objektiver Messinstrumente erfassen.

We present the 7-year follow-up analysis in overweight children and adolescents, who had participated originally in a randomized control trial of a lifestyle intervention. We compared them to an untreated population-based control group to demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention.Degree of overweight (BMI-SDS) was determined in 32 overweight children (mean age 11.5 ± 1.5yrs, 65.6% females, mean BMI 23.7 ± 1.5 kg/mThe participants in the intervention group reduced significantly their BMI-SDS between T0-T1 (mean ± standard deviation -0.28 ± 0.28, p 0.001) and demonstrated no significant changes between T1-T2 (mean ± standard deviation -0.10 ± 0.34) and between T2-T3 (median +0.07; interquartile range: -0.54-0.62). BMI-SDS at T3 was significantly (p = 0.015) lower compared to T0. At T3, 46.8% of the participants in the intervention were normal-weight. The reduction in BMI-SDS between T0-T3 was significantly (p = 0.043) greater in the intervention group (median -0.26; interquartile range -0.87-0.23 BMI-SDS) compared to the control group (mean ± standard deviation -0.05 ± 0.77).The lifestyle intervention led to a significant reduction of overweight in the 7-year follow-up period. This decrease in BMI-SDS was significantly greater than the changes in BMI-SDS in a control group. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00422916).

Objectives A German version of the Self-reported Habit Strength Index (SRHI) for both sports and everyday physical activity (PA) was validated against subjective and objective criterion measures of PA. Design and method Data were obtained from 260 participants (21.4% women) in study 1 and 86 participants (58.1% women) in study 2. Both studies assessed habit strength for PA (sports and everyday PA) by the SRHI and PA by the Baecke Questionnaire (Sport, Leisure and Work Index) as subjective criterion measure, as well as by accelerometry (Step Activity Monitor or GTM1 Actigraph) as objective criterion measure. Bivariate correlations as well as path analyses were computed for the associations between the SRHI scores and subjective and objective criterion measures of PA. Results Highest associations for subjective criterion measure were found for habit strength for sports and the Sport Index in both studies. The Leisure Index was predicted by habit strength for sports and everyday PA. For objective criterion measures, habit strength for sports was most significantly associated with total PA in study 1 and moderate intense PA in study 2. Habit strength for everyday PA was a significant predictor of moderate intense and total PA in study 1 and low intense PA in study 2. Conclusion The present studies replicated high internal consistencies of the SRHI for sports and everyday PA and could partially confirm their validity with subjective and objective criterion measures. The SRHI for sports seems to be more robust than the SRHI for everyday physical activity.

Hintergrund Sitzendes Verhalten dominiert bereits im Kindes- und Jugendalter den Alltag. Die gesundheitswissenschaftliche Forschung hat in den letzten Jahren vermehrt sitzende Verhaltensweisen untersucht und es deutet sich an, dass es sich um eine von der Bewegung unabhangige Verhaltensweise handelt.

Hintergrund Der Erhalt bzw. die Steigerung von korperlicher Aktivitat sowie die Reduktion von sitzenden Tatigkeiten stellen zentrale Elemente in der Gesundheitsforderung und Pravention lebensstilbedingter Erkrankungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter dar. Wie viel allerdings fur wen und unter welchen Lebensumstanden notwendig ist, wird bislang (noch) diskutiert.

OBJECTIVE: Screen-based behaviours such as watching television or computer use are among the most prevalent sedentary behaviours adolescents spend time on. There is a lack of recent estimates on prevalence and changes in the amount of time spent on screen-based behaviour across Central and Eastern Europe. The main aim is to assess the trends in the prevalence of current recommendations for the screen time (≤2 hours per day) of school-aged children in the Czech Republic between 2002 and 2014.METHODS: We used an internationally established methodology based on the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HSBC) study. Data was derived from Czech national representative samples of 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds collected in the years 2002 (N=4,065), 2006 (N=4,170), 2010 (N=3,962) and 2014 (N=4,338).RESULTS: The results indicated that the boys and girl surveyed in 2014 are up to two times more likely to meet the current recommendations for watching television in comparison with groups of schoolchildren of the same age surveyed in 2002. In contrast, computer use by adolescents increased markedly between 2006 and 2014. Taking total screen time into account, spending two hours per day or less on it decreased significantly among boys (OR=0.74, 95% CI=0.62-0.89) and girls (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.70-0.92) between 2006 and 2014.CONCLUSIONS: As screen time is an important indicator of time spent in a sedentary way, our findings call for more interventions to reduce the time that school-aged children spend in front of screens.

Background: The aim of this study is to explore if perception of an activity-friendly environment is associated with more physical activity and fewer screen-based activities among adolescents. Methods: We collected self-reported data in 2014 via the Health Behavior in School-aged Children cross-sectional study from four European countries (n = 13,800, mean age = 14.4, 49.4% boys). We explored the association of perceived environment (e.g., "There are other children nearby home to go out and play with") with physical activity and screen-based activities using a binary logistic regression model adjusted for age, gender, family affluence and country. Results: An environment perceived as activity-friendly was associated with higher odds that adolescents meet recommendations for physical activity (odds ratio (OR) for one standard deviation (SD) change = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.18) and lower odds for excessive screen-based activities (OR for 1 SD better = 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.98). Conclusions: Investment into an activity-friendly environment may support the promotion of active life styles in adolescence.

Sedentary behaviour is itself a health-related behaviour. This systematic review examines whether family-based interventions can reduce sitting time among children and adolescents and which variables moderate potential intervention effects.Using a systematic literature search we identified family-based randomised controlled intervention studies that focus on sedentary behaviour in 3‑ to 18-year-old children and youth. The methodological quality of studies as well as the intervention effects according to different outcomes (screen-based vs. overall sitting) were analysed and evaluated for moderating effects.Of 29 studies, 17 reported significant effects and 11 studies showed positive trends for reduced sitting time. The content of interventions, the level of theoretical underpinning as well as the methodological quality of studies were heterogeneous. Most often, screen-based sitting and seldom overall sitting was examined. Concise characteristics of intervention success were not clearly apparent. The proportion of positive intervention effects was higher in reducing sitting in front of TVs compared to other outcomes. An analysis of moderators highlighted that intervention programs among pre-schoolers showed more often positive intervention effects.There are many promising opportunities to reduce sitting time using family-based approaches. Statements in terms of replication of interventions and explanations of the effective mechanisms within interventions are limited. Therefore, future interventions should use subjective as well as objective evaluation measures and consider overall sitting time. To strengthen the basis of interventional effort in this research field, a theoretical planning approach is recommended.

Background This study focuses on the comparison of weekday/weekend parent-child behavioural patterns (step count (SC) and screen time (ST)) and answers the question of whether achieving the recommendations for daily SC (10,000) in parents also helps their preschool children achieve the recommended daily SC (11,500). Methods The participants (278 parents aged 30–45 and their 194 children aged 4–7) were randomly recruited from 10 Czech public kindergartens. The participants recorded SC (pedometer Yamax Digiwalker SW-200) and ST duration (proxy-report) for seven consecutive days (≥8 h/day) during September–October 2014 and April–May 2015. Differences between weekdays/weekends SC or ST were tested using a paired t-test. The odds of achieving the recommended daily SC for children were estimated using general logistic regression separately for weekdays and weekends. Results Only the mothers were found to have a significantly lower SC at weekends than on weekdays. All of the participants showed significantly more ST at weekends than on weekdays (daughters: 78.6 vs. 45.7 min/day, p

Die HBSC-Studie verfolgt das Ziel, Daten zur physischen und psychischen Gesundheit und zum GesundheitsverhaIten von Kindern und Jugendlichen zu erfassen und so wichtige Einblicke in ihre LebensweIt und die Bedingungen ihres Aufwachsens zu erhalten. Die HBSC-Studie ist eine internationale, von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) unterstutzte schulbasierte Querschnittsbefragung, die, basierend auf einem standardisierten Protokoll, seit 1982 alle 4 Jahre durchgefuhrt wird. Zum ersten Mal wurde die Deutsche HBSC-Studie als Pilotstudie in NRW in 1994 durchgefuhrt. Die deutschen Stichproben basieren auf einer Zufallsauswahl von Schulklassen aller offentlichen Schulen in Deutschland. Befragt werden 11-,13- und 15-jahrige Schulerinnen und Schuler mittels eines schriftlichen Fragebogens. Der Fragebogen deckt eine Bandbreite an Themen ab, darunter soziodemografische Fragen sowie Fragen zum Gesundheits- und Risikoverhalten, zur Familie, Schule und Peers. Die in diesem Supplement berichteten Trends basieren auf den Daten aus den Erhebungen in 2002 (N=5.650), 2006 (N=7.274) und 2010 (N=5.005). Die jeweils reprasentative Stichproben setzen sich fur die 3 Erhebungen folgendermasen zusammen: die Daten aus 2002 beruhen auf Daten aus 4 Bundeslandern (Berlin, Hessen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Sachsen); in 2006 bilden 5 Bundeslander (Berlin, Hamburg, Hessen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Sachsen) den deutschen Datensatz. Die Daten aus 2010 beruhen auf Anga­ben aus 15 Bundeslandern. Die HBSC-Daten liefern einen wichtigen Beitrag zum besseren Verstandnis uber die Beziehung zwischen Gesundheit und Lebensbedingungen von Heranwachsenden. Die Beitrage in diesem Supplement liefern einen wichtigen Einblick in die Lebenswelt junger Menschen und liefern somit wichtige Hinweise uber ihre Gesundheitssituation sowie uber die langfristige Wirksamkeit von Public-Health-Masnahmen.

Health behaviours are influenced by gender-specific conceptions and norms of the society. These conceptions and norms are changing over time. The aim of this analysis is to describe gender differences in health behaviour of adolescents and to interpret these gender differences in terms of theories of social construction.We used the national German data of the Health-Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) studies conducted in the years 2001/02, 2005/06 und 2009/10 with respect to the following health behaviours: tobacco use, binge drinking, diet, fruit and vegetable consumption, daily breakfast and physical activity. We describe the difference in frequencies between girls and boys and used a series of logistic regressions to test the significance of the gender difference in health behaviours with survey year as the predictor.There is only a small difference -between girls and boys with respect to tobacco use and binge drinking. For binge drinking girls nearly converge with the figures of boys. Relatively stable gender differences over time are existing for diet, nutrition and physical activity.From a theoretical gender perspective it might be possible that with respect to risky behaviours like tobacco use and alcohol consumption a clear gender specific connotation has changed over time. In other words risk behaviours become less important in presenting oneself as masculine. A gender sensible development of preventive interventions should consider the changes over time of gender-related -social constructions.

Gesundheitsriskantes Verhalten ist nach wie vor ein wichtiges Thema der Pravention und Gesundheitsforderung. Insbesondere soziale Variationen gesundheitsbezogenen Verhaltens geben Hinweise fur die Gestaltung und Umsetzung von Interventionen. Die Ergebnisse der HBSC-Studie („health beaviour in school-aged children“; 2009/2010), in deren Rahmen 5005 Schuler/-innen allgemeinbildender Schulen aus allen Bundeslandern (mit Ausnahme Baden-Wurttembergs) im Alter zwischen 11 und 15 Jahren mit Hilfe eines standardisierten Fragebogens befragt wurden, werden berichtet. Die Studie fokussierte auf gesundheitsrelevantes Verhalten, subjektive Gesundheit und soziale Determinanten. 6,4% der 11- bis 15-jahrigen Madchen und 5,9% der gleichaltrigen Jungen gaben an, mindestens 1-mal/Woche zu rauchen. Der Alkoholkonsum nahm mit dem Alter zu und war in wohlhabenden Familien haufiger: 15,3% der 15-jahrigen Madchen und 28,1% der gleichaltrigen Jungen gaben an, mindestens 1-mal/Woche Alkohol zu trinken. Jeder 10. Jugendliche hat Erfahrung mit Cannabis. Obwohl gesundheitsriskantes Verhalten insgesamt rucklaufig ist, verdienen Alkohol, Tabak und illegale Drogen weiterhin Aufmerksamkeit, v. a. unter Berucksichtigung der sozialen Variationen.

International hat sich die „Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale“ (NEWS) als Erhebungsinstrument zur Bewegungsfreundlichkeit von Wohnumgebungen etabliert. Da eine deutsche Version bislang fehlte, wird diese Lucke mit der Vorstellung von NEWS-G(ermany) in diesem Beitrag geschlossen. NEWS wurde kulturell adaptiert und kognitiv getestet bevor (n=179) junge Erwachsene (M=25,2 Jahre) mit NEWS-G und zur korperlicher Aktivitat computerbasiert befragt wurden. Psychometrische Eigenschaften wurden in der Gesamtstichprobe und die Test-Retest-Stabilitat [Intraklassenkorrelationen (ICC)] nach erneuter Befragung (n=66) bestimmt. Zur Validitat wurden bivariate Korrelationen zwischen NEWS-G und korperlicher Aktivitat berechnet. Die Skalen (und die meisten Items) wiesen zufriedenstellende Eigenschaften und eine akzeptable Stabilitat (0,74≤ICC≥0,94) auf. Inkonsistenzen zeigten sich bei 2 Skalen. Auf Item- und Skalenebene wurden signifikante Korrelationen mit der korperlichen Aktivitat beobachtet. Mit NEWS-G kann die Bewegungsfreundlichkeit von Wohnumgebungen auch in Deutschland untersucht und mit den vorliegenden internationalen Daten verglichen werden. Da die hier beobachtete Testgute aus einer selektiven Stichprobe stammt, sind weitere Studien notwendig.

Background: There is a growing body of international data on the association between physical activity (PA) and variables of the perceived environment. German data is still lacking. The purpose of this study was to provide data on PA (moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) vs. walking) and the perceived environment in urban and rural areas. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey with inhabitants of urban ( n = 310) and rural ( n = 345) areas in the western part of Germany. The sample consisted of 655 adults [49.8% women; mean age = 43.3 (SD = 12.7)]. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short version and the IPAQ environmental module were used. Outcome variables were time in MVPA as well as in walking. We analysed the association between perceived environmental variables and PA by a series of linear regressions. Results: We observed associations between PA and access to destinations, well-maintained sidewalks, seeing physically active people in the neighbourhood, higher residential density and neighbourhood safety. The associations varied as a function of PA (MVPA vs. walking) and area (urban vs. rural). The variance explaining the models including environmental variables as well as sex and age ranged from 1% (model: MVPA in rural area) up to 9.9% (model MVPA in urban area). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the perceived environment is important to promote both MVPA and walking in rural and urban areas. To better understand environmental correlates in rural structures, we particularly need more specific studies.

The objective of this study was to test whether the recently developed ALPHA (Instruments for Assessing Levels of Physical Activity and Fitness) environmental questionnaire for Europe is a reliable and valid instrument to assess perceptions of the physical environment in a German population. We conducted a survey at the University of Stuttgart. One hundred five participants (mean age 27.5 years, SD = 9.7; 68.1% men) were contacted by e-mail and filled in a computer-assisted self-administered version of the ALPHA environmental questionnaire and of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire long version. We calculated bivariate Pearson correlations between environmental sum scores and domain—as well as intensity-specific PA. After 1 week, we contacted all participants a second time by e-mail. All in all, 42 participants answered the German version of the ALPHA environmental questionnaire twice. We calculated intra-class correlations to assess test-retest stability. Most of the scales and items of the ALPHA environmental questionnaire showed a moderate to good test-retest reliability. Domain- and intensity-specific PA correlated with different attributes of the physical environment. The correlations were low, but pointed in the expected direction. The computer-assisted self-administered German version of the ALPHA environmental questionnaire appears to be a recommendable instrument to assess the perceived environment of a neighborhood for young adults. More representative studies across Europe are essential to finally determine the validity and reliability of this questionnaire.

Hintergrund Zielsetzung dieses Beitrags ist es, die Anwendbarkeit, die Gute und die Implikationen der „Checklist of Health Promotion Environments at Worksites“ (CHEW) erstmals fur den deutschen Sprachraum zu uberprufen.

Physical activity in adolescents is an important public health issue. Regular participation in physical activity is associated with various health benefits. However, problems with motivational adherence to physical activity have been documented. The transtheoretical model is a model of behaviour change. This model, which consists of stages of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance, and processes of change, has not been extensively investigated in youth. In addition, the health-enhancing physical activity concept has rarely been applied in this context. A cross-sectional design was used. A random sample of seven junior high schools from Bremen (Germany) resulted in a sample of 588 adolescents (50.5% males, mean age=15.0 years, s=0.67). Respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire assessing stages of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance, and processes of change. Univariate analyses of variance were used to identify which constructs differed significantly across the stages of change. Discriminant analysis was used to determine which variables best discriminate the stages. Distribution of the sample across the stages was: precontemplation, n=175 (29.8%); contemplation, n=135 (22.0%); preparation, n=63 (10.7%); action, n=20 (3.4%); and maintenance, n=195 (33.2%). Significant effects of stages of change were found for self-efficacy, pros, and seven of the ten processes of change. In general, scores of these constructs increased across the stages. Cons did not differ significantly across the stages. The results provide support for some of the assumptions of the transtheoretical model in a German sample of adolescents. Some of our findings raise questions about the usefulness of five discrete stages. From a public health viewpoint, tailored interventions based on motivational readiness to change would be fruitful, but further research is warranted.

Background:\ud The use of electronic media has been found to be a risk factor for higher BMI and for being overweight. Physical activity has been found to be associated with lower BMI and lower risk for being overweight. Little is known about whether the associations between physical activity and electronic media use are additive or interactive in predicting BMI and risk for overweight among adolescents.\ud \ud Methods:\ud The data used in this study stem from the 2009/2010 survey of “Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: A WHO Cross-National Survey. The sample consisted of 107184 13 and 15 year students from 30 different countries. Multilevel regression models were used to produce the presented estimates.\ud \ud Results:\ud Overall, 18% of boys and 11% of girls were classified as overweight. EM use was found to be associated with increased BMI z-scores and odds for overweight among both boys and girls who did not comply with physical activity guidelines. Among physically active adolescents, EM was found to be significantly associated with BMI or odds for overweight among girls, but not among boys.\ud \ud Conclusion:\ud While the usage of EM appear to be inconsequential for BMI and the risk of overweight among physically active boys, we find evidence indicating that EM use is associated with BMI and risk for overweight among girls, including those who report complying with MVPA guidelines.

Current data and available studies suggest that regular physical activity decreases overall mortality. In Germany corresponding findings are scarce. The aim of this data analysis was to clarify this issue for a German sample in men and women. A total of 3,742 males and 3,445 females aged 30–69, who participated in a baseline questionnaire in 1984–1986, were followed-up to the year 1998. During the follow-up period, 300 women and 643 men died. The multivariate rate ratios (RR) for accumulated hours of leisure time sports activities (LTSA) per week and with an LTSA-index based on METs per week with the reference of sedentary lifestyle, showed a clearly protective impact in a dose-response relationship (p for trend

Background: The present study was designed to analyse Web pages of German gynaecologists with regard to postmenopausal hormone therapy ( HT). There is a growing body of evidence, that the overall health risks of HT exceed the benefits. Making one's own informed choice has become a central concern for menopausal women. The Internet is an important source of health information, but the quality is often dubious. The study focused on the analysis of basic criteria such as last modi. cation date and quality of the HT information content. The results of the Women's Health Initiative Study (WHI) were used as a benchmark. Methods: We searched for relevant Web pages by entering a combination of key words (9 x 13 = 117) into the search engine www.google.de. Each Web page was analysed using a standardized questionnaire. The basic criteria and the quality of content on each Web page were separately categorized by two evaluators. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Main Findings: Of the 97 websites identified, basic criteria were not met by the majority. For example, the modi. cation date was displayed by only 23 (23.7%) Web pages. The quality of content of most Web pages regarding HT was inaccurate and incomplete. Whilst only nine (9.3%) took up a balanced position, 66 (68%) recommended HT without any restrictions. In 22 cases the recommendation was indistinct and none of the sites refused HT. With regard to basic criteria, there was no difference between HT-recommending Web pages and sites with balanced position. Conclusion: Evidence-based information resulting from the WHI trial was insufficiently represented on gynaecologists' Web pages. Because of the growing number of consumers looking online for health information, the danger of obtaining harmful information has to be minimized. Web pages of gynaecologists do not appear to be recommendable for women because they do not provide recent evidence-based findings about HT.

Lange Sitzzeiten dominieren den menschlichen Alltag. Der daraus resultierende minimale Energieaufwand fur die alltagliche Lebensgestaltung hat gravierende Konsequenzen fur die Gesundheit der Bevolkerung. Welche Interventionsansatze am besten geeignet sind, den sitzenden Alltag nachhaltig zu verandern, werden noch kontrovers diskutiert. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es deshalb, empirisch und konzeptionell zu verdeutlichen, dass aus Public-Health-Sicht die Reduzierung sitzenden Verhaltens einen eigenstandigen Interventionsfokus benotigt und nicht mit der Forderung moderater und hoher intensiver (also gesundheitsforderlicher) korperlicher Aktivitat gleichzusetzen ist. Die als Argumentationsgrundlage herangezogenen Daten und Fakten basieren auf einer selektiven Literaturubersicht von Ubersichtsarbeiten und dort, wo diese nicht vorlagen, auf aktuellen Primarstudien, die sich vornehmlich auf das Erwachsenenalter beschranken. Die Public-Health-Relevanz der Reduktion von Sitzzeiten ist hoch, da die Pravalenz von sitzendem Verhalten in der Gesellschaft sehr ausgepragt ist und zugleich gesundheitliche Effekte von ihrer Reduzierung nachgewiesen sind. Empirisch und konzeptionell lasst sich interessanterweise aufzeigen, dass Interventionen, die primar auf eine Steigerung gesundheitsforderlicher korperlicher Aktivitat abzielen, Sitzzeiten nicht substanziell reduzieren. Es braucht vielmehr einen spezifischen Interventionsfokus fur eine Reduzierung bzw. regelmasige Unterbrechung von Sitzzeiten mit leicht intensiven Basisaktivitaten. Aus Public-Health-Perspektive sollte deshalb eine Doppelstrategie verfolgt werden, die der Reduktion von Sitzzeiten und der Forderung von Bewegung gleichermasen Aufmerksamkeit schenkt.

Increasing physical activity and reduction of sedentary behaviour play important roles in health promotion and prevention of lifestyle-related diseases in children and adolescents. However, the question of how much physical activity is useful for which target group is still a matter of debate. International guidelines (World Health Organization; European Association for the Study of Obesity), which are mainly based on expert opinions, recommend 60 min of physical activity every day. Age- and sex-specific features and regional differences are not taken into account. Therefore, expert consensus recommendations for promoting physical activity of children and adolescents in Germany were developed with special respect to national data, but also with respect to aspects of specific target groups, e.g., children with a lower socio-economic status (SES) or with migration background. They propose 90 min/day of physical activity, or at least 12,000 steps daily. Additionally, lifestyle factors, especially restriction of media consumption, were integrated. The recommendations provide orientation for parents and caregivers, for institutions such as schools and kindergartens as well as for communities and stakeholders. © 2014 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg.

Background:\ud Studies in youth highlight that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and screen-time behaviours such as television viewing and PC use are associated with a range of health outcomes. However, little is known about recent trends in these behaviours in adolescents. This paper presents time trends in German adolescents’ television time, non-gaming PC use as well as MVPA from 2002 to 2010.\ud \ud Methods:\ud Data were derived from the cross-sectional German Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in 2002, 2006 and 2010. Analyses were based on 16,918 11-to 15-year olds boys (49.1%) and girls. Outcome variables were time spent in TV viewing and using a PC (weekday and weekend day) as well as the number of days achieving 60 minutes of MVPA. Changes in both screen-time behaviours and MVPA over time were analysed using sex-specific linear regression, controlling for age and family affluence.\ud \ud Results:\ud TV viewing on weekdays, but not at weekends, declined steadily over time with a difference between 2002 and 2010 of 12.4 min/day in girls and 18.3 min/day in boys (p for trend < .01). We found a strong increase in PC use for non-gaming purposes over time for girls only, with a difference between 2002 and 2010 of 54.1 min/weekday and 68.8 min/weekend day (p < .001). For MVPA we found a slight statistically significant increase in terms of meeting PA guidelines as well as days/week in MVPA for boys and girls (p < .001). In 2010 14.0% of girls and 19.9% of boys met PA guideline.\ud \ud Conclusion:\ud Although MVPA increased from 2002 to 2010 in German adolescents, the time spent in MVPA was still low. Despite the observed decrease in TV viewing, there was no overall decline in the observed screen-based behaviours, especially for girls. This is mainly due to a marked increase in use of a PC for chatting on-line, internet, emailing, homework etc. among girls during the last ten years which outweighs the corresponding decrease in TV viewing. The findings highlight a need for strategies and interventions aimed at reducing screen-time behaviours and promoting MVPA.