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The article investigates the interpretation of the Old English esa gescot and esa gescotes in the metrical charm, also known as For a Sudden Stitch. It suggests that esa refers to goddesses, the genitive plural of the noun goddess, and interpreted as the feminine corresponding to masculine os heathen god. It compares es to other masculine and feminine forms of nouns, like wylf or female wolf and wulf-i or masculine wolf, from the point of view of word formation.

The article suggests an etymological analysis of the Old English personal name Oeric. It considers a theoretical reconstruction of the name Osric as an ancestral form of ansurika and discusses the phonological development of ansurika in pre-Old English period, which is conceivable as the starting point for the OE name Oeric.

The article looks at the opening lines of the Old English poem "The Fates of the Apostles" by Cynewulf. Topics discussed include the emergence of the text as the shortest in the canon of poems attributed to the poet, aim of the opening eight lines to set the tone of the text, and possible influence of the notions of physical ailments or exhaustion on the opening lines.

The article focuses on Old English adjective word leof which is documented in texts and mentions attestations of adjective which may be rendered by other words. Topics discussed include adjectival formations which can be preceded by particle, gode unleofe in Genesis which recurs in the passage about Sodomites and Genesis attestations of unleofe which gives meaning of being disloyal.

The article focuses on Finnsburg Episode in Beowulf focuses on Hildeburh, a Danish princess, who is married to King Finn. It mentions quoted passage evidently consists of the poet's comment indicating the general frame of the festivity at Heorot in celebration of Beowulf's victory over Grendel. It also mentions regard to Hrothgar's speech welcoming Beowulf and his party to Heorot and material came not from the narrative but from that speech.

The article discusses the etymology of the word campshed which was attested from 1471 onwards. Topics include the definitions of the word by the "Oxford English Dictionary (OED)," the existence of campshed as a compound word inherited from Old English, Professor Richard Coates' account of the phonology and semantics of the word, and the author's suggestion that campshed may originally have been defined as a separation of the various constructions used for protecting the encampment.

The article explores the Old English Gaesil text in the runic inscription discovered from King's Somborne village in Hampshire, England. Topics discussed include the revised transliteration of the said text provided by professor John Hines, the inscription details which consist of a personal name and a finite verb, and the interpretations for the derivational morphemes observed in the inscription.

The article focuses on basic statements about season of year in the poem "Maxims II" followed by purport concerning human life in social context. Topics discussed include adjectives attested in the Old English (OE), semantic shift from ‘truth' to ‘justice explicable in legal context, and note taken by dictionaries of polysemy exhibited by the words.

The article focuses on the Geatish King Hygelac welcomes Beowulf back home from his successful fight against the monster Grendel and Grendel's mother in Denmark. Topics include examines in his lengthy response, Beowulf gives an account of his exploits and also mentions King Hrothgar's daughter Freawaru being married to King Ingeld of the Heathobards.

The article examines the emendation of the text of the "LawIne 17" manuscript and arguments over the precise meaning of the law. Topics discussed include the passage punctuated by Felix Liebermann, the literal rendering of the text by Anya Adair, the lack of clarity on the wording of the text, and the problem with the emendation of the text by Adair.

The article offers textual commentary on lines 442-448 of the epic poem "Beowulf," covering an address from the character Beowulf to the character Hrothgar. Topics include the poetic phenomenon asyndetic parataxis in the poem, the role of the character Grendel in the text, and the use of the word unforhte as either an adverb or an adjective.

The article focuses on meaning of Old English Oft in book "Beowulf" and Geatish hero promises to rid the hall of the monster Grendel. It mentions Wealhtheo's speech in lines 1216–1231 is followed by a description of the festive party in Heorot celebrating Beowulf's victorious fight against Grendel. It also mentions Beowulf's ability to fight the monster Grendel, and Beowulf then gives a detaile account of his contest with Breca.

The article discusses the runic inscriptions on the Whitby Comb, particularly the translation of the Latin and Old English that appears on the comb. The research by scholar R. I. Page on the inscriptions is discussed, particularly his translation of the "aluwaludo." The similarities between this word and the Old English (OE) word "alwalda" are discussed. Page's analysis of rune 20 of the inscription as "o," which scholar Gaby Waxenberger argues is not "o." The author believes that rune 20 should be read as "aluwaluda" and is a form of the word "alwalda" and argues that the appearance of two "us" on the comb are secondary vowels.

The article discusses the possible alliteration in the Romulus Plate verse on the eight-century Franks Casket. It is stated that the casket's clockwise inscription of 69 runes around a depiction of a she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus can be metrically divided into five half-lines, wherein numbers 1 and 5 exhibit double alliteration. The irregular text sequences may reportedly have hidden intentions, although there is no way of knowing the possible continuation of the poem "Romulus and Remus."

The article examines Ohthere's account of his voyages in Norway, as included in the Old English translation of "Pauli Orosii Historiarum adversum paganos libri vii." His home base was Halgoland in the area of Tromsø in Norway, and there he talked about his passage from Halgoland to the marketplace Scringes heal, which can be considered as his descriptive map of Norway.

An essay exploring the theme of martyrdom in Cynewulf's poem on Christ's Ascension is presented. It notes how the theory about the theme of Ascension in the poem has been formulated by Oliver J. H. Grosz arguing that heanne beam/Stægestigan is in reference to martyrs who, in imitating Christ, gave up everything material. It also mentions how the church is often compared to a ship, indicating its metaphorical function. It concludes that, with these interpretations, martyrdom is appropriate to Cynewulf's thinking.

The article focuses on two lines that are referred to as "A Proverb From Winfrid's Time." According to the article, they represent the oldest extant English poetic proverb, which is preserved in the Vienna manuscript Nationalbibliothek manuscript 751 of the letters of St. Winfrid. It analyses the vocabulary of the four Old English half-lines, and the two clauses of the proverb. The construction and subject of the clauses are given.

An essay on the first four lines of the poem "Caedmon's Hymn," by the poet Caedmon is presented. It discusses the Latin translation made by Bede on the first lines of the hymn. It examines the interpretation of scylun in the first line of the poem and the alternative of making uerc as the subject of a clause. The essay also cites the result of a comparative analysis of the manuscripts explaining the use of the personal pronouns in the piece such as we.

The article explores Andy Orchard's translation of lines 1265b-1268 of the Old English epic poem "Beowulf" in his book "A Critical Companion to Beowulf," referencing the edition "Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg," edited by F. Klaeber. The author explores the meaning of the word "geosceaftgasta" by referring to similar word usage throughout the "Beowulf" text.

The article focuses on the Old English phrase "ealond utan" and its use in the epic poem "Beowulf." It discusses various translations of the phrase which the author suggests are inexact. The author proposes that the phrase itself may be in error and not part of the original text of the epic. He offers the alternative phrase "innan ond utan," which is a phrase that recurs in "Beowulf," and suggests the error may have been due to the mistake of an early scribe.

This essay presents a syntactic analysis of the first three lines of the poem "Beowulf." The poem focuses on the royal glory during the ancient times. Its emphasis is on the heroic achievements of Beowulf. The opening verses of the poem provides a background of the achievements of Geatish hero Beowulf. The opening verses were written in syntactic unit. Some of the syntax in the opening lines clearly define specific and direct objects related to the achievements of Beowulf. The English translation of the first three lines of the poem is presented.

This article deals with the irregular verse found in Hrothgar's welcoming speech in "Beowulf." In the poem, the hero and his troops are first greeted by Wulfgar and are then introduced to the Danish king. The last line, "Deniga leodum," does not fit with the next half-line "word inne abead." Many scholars have chosen to fill in the line to make it alliterative and others have deleted words altogether. The author suggests substituting the genitive "Wedera," as a reference to Beowulf and his troops, for "Deniga."

The article discusses the comments of Andy Orchard on the presentation of the lines on the manuscript "Beowulf." Orchard argues in favor of changing some of the lines but it was questioned whether it would make better sense than the manuscript reading. A number of suggestions have been submitted with regards to amending the lines but manuscript reading should be accounted without having recourse to a rectification.

This essay analyzes the meaning of the phrase "wœteres weorpan" that was mentioned in "Beowulf." The Old English verb weorpan means throw, thus governing the accusative. Usually, the accusative object of "weorpan" is inanimate. In the clause 2786b of the literature, though hine is the accusative form, it is still interpreted as he began to throw him. Therefore, it is only in the passage 2788-2792a that "weorpan" can mean sprinkle. However, even if weorpan developed the meaning, the lack of supporting evidence must be noted. "Wœ," on the other hand, means with water.

This article examines the maxim in lines 287b to 289 by a coastguard, a character in the poem, Beowulf. In the poem, the Geatish hero Beowulf, together with his companions, lands in Denmark, and King Hrothgar's coastguard immediately intercepts the foreigners and inquires what their intentions are. Without yet revealing his name, Beowulf gives an account of his pedigree and explains that he has come to rid Hrothgar's hall of the terrible monster that haunts it at night and kills the king's warriors. The coastguard ultimately allows Beowulf and his men to continue on their way to Heorot because he is convinced of Beowulf's honorable motives. The coastguard, a fearless officer, opens his response to Beowulf's account with what sounds like a maxim. These five half-lines have been dealt with repeatedly from various viewpoints, but their very function is somewhat controversial. Author John Kemble gave the following translation: The sharp shield-warrior, he that thinketh well, should know the distinction of either, both of words and works. How precisely the sequence of either, both of is to be understood remains unclear. More recent translations are basically similar, but gescad is usually rendered as difference. It must be pointed out, however, that a maxim according to which a sharp shield-fighter who thinks clearly must know the difference between the two things: words and deeds, does not sound particularly profound: Everyone knows that there can be an enormous difference between words and deeds. Author Andy Orchard sensed the difficulty and offered a parenthesis meant to paraphrase difference: A sharp shield-warrior, who thinks well, must know the difference between each, words and deeds. Author T.A. Shippey paraphrased the maxim as follows: He must be able to judge everything, words as well as deeds.

Analyzes the compound noun ealuscerwen in the epic, 'Beowulf.' Meaning of the word scerwen; Details on the original meaning of eulu based from its Germanic cognates; Interpretation of the compound noun which fits the context of the epic.

The preform for OE hæfdige, the precursor of lady, may be posited as Gmc. *hlaiba-daigijon- (9). Its phonologically regular reflex is to be expected as *hlæfdæge at an early stage of Old English (12). The quantity of the vowel in the second syllable is indicated by metrical considerations (9), but the vowel was weakened and then represented by < i > in writing (10). Neither e-grade .... of the root ....-is sufficient for explaining the prehistory of OE dige in hlæfdige. The vowel in the first syllable of hlæfdige is due to the working of i-umlaut (12): In the compound Gmc. *hlaiba-daigijon- the suffixal *-ij- of the second element caused i-umlaut in the first element. The rare form hlafdige took over the vowel of the simplex hlaf (15), whereas still rarer hlefdige shows a further development of /æ, />/e/ (15). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents the interpretation of the speech delivered by King Hrothgar. Emphasis of the kind of step and flight of steps; Relationship between contact and proximity of the phrases; Important structure of ceremonial functions.

[p]The manuscript reading ingere[/em] in Exodus[/em] 33a has been emended in various ways. Since a simplex gere[/em] occurs both in Exodus[/em] and other Old English texts, it is suggested that ingere[/em] represents this very form with the intensifying prefix in[/em]-[?Pub Caret]. The adverb gere[/em] can be justified within the grammatical system of Old English. Therefore the manuscript reading ingere[/em], which makes good sense in its context, is not in need of an emendation.[/p] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the use of the noun angenga in the epic Beowulf. Rendering of the noun as `solitary'; Other interpretations of the noun; Background on the character in the epic to which the noun is used.

Examines the statements of King Beowulf before he died. Significance of Beowulf's handing over of his ring to his follower Wiglaf; Beowulf's gratification that he was able to rid his nation of the baleful dragon; Beowulf's desire that his followers will advance the commonwealth and will erect a monument in his memory.

Focuses on the text of lines 431-432 of the epic poem Beowulf. Transposition of the word `ond' in line 431b; Construction of the clause where `ond' appears; Differences in translation; Absence of formal distinctions between nominative and vocative in the Old English language.

Describes two archaic examples on the runic inscription on the `Ruthwell Cross.' Classification of the archaic forms in the substantival system; Literature on the dating of the `Ruthwell Cross' inscription; Difficulty in the analysis of the archaic examples in the `Ruthwell Cross'.

A literary criticism of the Old English poem "Beowulf" is presented in which the author discusses the word "brost" in line 2176B of the manuscript of the poem. The author suggests that B. Thorpe was the first to emend the word to "br[e]ost," meaning "breast," but that the wording should not have been changed. The author discusses "brost" as a variant spelling of "brēost" and analyzes evidence from Germanic languages to suggest that the word should not have been emended.

This article discusses the use of the Old English word "mæra" as used in the poem "Christ I," particularly a passage about Mary's virginity at conception. One analyst believes that the spelling of the word was a transcription error made in the translation and the word was intended to be "maria." This article asserts that the word in the context is somewhat unusual and bears further investigation. The article also presents a linguistic analysis of the word. Examples of the use of the same word are provided as evidence that the word "mæra" means famous one or famous person.

The article examines the translation of line 936 of the epic poem "Beowulf" which pertains to the plight of King Hrothgar cited in a speech delivered after Beowulf defeated the monster Grendel. According to the author, integrating the line into the flow of the clause is difficult. He stresses the need to consider the half line "wea widscofen" in order to satisfactorily account for the passage. He adds that the passage shows that the king was deprived of his trusted councillors due to his predicament. He offers his own translation of line 936.

The article reports on the translation of the Old English word "scrid" in a passage of the poem "Andreas." The word has been translated as "swift" to describe the ship's captain and the ship in the poem. The author contends that the word should instead be translated as "fully equipped" and cites another passage to illustrate his point.

The article discusses a passage from the Old English poem "Exodus," which focuses on the crossing of the Red Sea by the Israelites. The author refutes scholarly analysis of the term "læste," defining the word as "performance." He also discusses the following term in the phrase, "nēar," which is generally used as an adverb. The author offers an alternative translation to the examined passage.

This article discusses the etymological connotation of the word "freo" as described in an Old English poem called "Genesis B." Forms of the Old English adjective "freo" meaning "free" are well attested in English poetry. In "Genesis B," the word "freo" seems to occur in the function of a substantive meaning "woman." However, in a parallel way, a substantive "freo" woman lacks any further support in Old English. Therefore, scholars may tentatively ask whether the word "freo" in "Genesis B" can be accounted for on the assumption that it was more or less mechanically taken over from an Old Saxon original.

The article informs that the phonologically regular precursor of Modern English lame is Old English lama. The Old English word is reliably attested in both poetry and prose. This peculiarity in the morphology of OE lama (also loma) is duly noted in OED, s.v. lame, a.: `the weak declension is, from some unexplained cause, used in indefinite as well as definite context, the form in -a being, moreover, commonly used for all genders'. Masculine substantival stems in -n- like nama, naman etc. basically exhibit the same paradigmatic forms as the weak inflexion of the adjective in the masculine.

The article discusses an Old English poem entitled "The Phoenix ," by modern editors and presents the interpretation of the poems keeping in view the perspective of many a authority on this field. The article adds that the poet of the poem under consideration tells that he knows of a most beautiful piece of land far from here in the east. The poet first states a negative and then its opposite. The poet of The Phoenix insists that he has traditional authoritative information on which he bases his account of the wonderful bird and its abode. It follows logically that there must have been some persons who had access to the land where the phoenix lived because otherwise one could not know anything about it. Certainly only the chosen few could ever observe the phoenix, and the wicked were definitely barred from it.

The article discusses first part of an old English poem "Christ" referred to as "Christ I" form the "Exeter Book." The available text can be subdivided in twelve passages. Except first three, all passages begin with the exclamation Eala which denotes the beginning of a group of antiphons. The analysis of the poem by Stanley B. Greenfield concentrated on locan in a line of the poem. The article also presents a translation for various lines of the poem. Lines 18-21 of the poem can be translated as "O Thou King and Ruler, He who holds the stronghold, opens life, the heavenward ways, to the blessed one."

In a recently published paper, grammarian Irene Wotherspoon shows that "thill" 'pole or shaft by which a wagon, cart, or other vehicle is attached to the animal drawing it' must not be projected back to Old English (OE) pille "board" because the derivation could not be justified semantically. Wotherspoon suggests instead that OE ÞĪXL 'wagon pole, shaft' would provide an ideal startingpoint for thill, but it remains somewhat unclear how the development can be accounted for phonologically.

The Old English poem entitled "Andreas" by modern editors narrates that Matthew is imprisoned, but in a vision God promises him deliverance. A heavenly voice announces that neorxnawang "paradise" will be open for him. The basic meaning of the p&aelig:-clause is certainly that in Paradise Matthew may "enjoy glory forever." Editors and commentators generally assume that "willan" is a genitive in form and functions as a variation on "tyres." Grammarians have argued emphatically in favour of this analysis.

Presents the essay "The Sequence 'sib ge mænum' in 'Beowulf' Line 1857a," regarding adjectives whose form was miswritten in the course of the textual transmission.

This article focuses on lines from the epic work " Beowolf." The vocabulary of lines 1125-7a presents no problems, and the interpretation of the clause seems basically clear. Author John M. Kemble offered the following translation— "Thence the warriors set out to visit their dwellings, deprived of friends, to see Friesland, their homes and lofty city." Subsequent translations are essentially identical, and there is no point in quoting further renderings. Since the half-line freondum befeallen may well mean deprived of friends this analysis would seem immediately plausible.

The opening lines of the Old English poem "Genesis" deal with God's eternal glory. The angels participated in this blissful state and "performed naught in heaven save right and truth." That "aeroon" in line 22a introduces a temporal subclause is not in doubt. The individual words in lines 22-3a can be analysed without trouble, but the clause seems to lack a predicate. The form dwael might represent the preterite of a strong verb dwelan. The emendation is by no means trivial. For this very reason this change of the manuscript reading should be avoided. Whether dwael on gedwilde would be really meaningful seems doubtful.

Focuses on the reconstruction of the old English 'Ruthwell Crucifixion Poem,' a poetry inscribed in the runes of the panels of Ruthwell Cross in Dumfriesshire. Text reconstruction; Iconographic and liturgical context of the poem; Demolished parts of the inscription.

Presents information on the adjective Irish. Etymological origin; Attestation of Irish.