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According to the greenhouse gas (GHG) protocol for cities, GHGs are responsible for an estimated 75 per cent of global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. This represents a key opportunity to tackle climate change. With the year 2023 and, in particular, the month of July delivering record-breaking temperatures, this demonstrates a clear need to accelerate decarbonisation and, in this context, to reduce the carbon footprint of cities. Further, acting on urban development addresses a number of key United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). Many cities, however, are struggling to break away from a reliance on carbon and some are economically dependent on it. This paper seeks to investigate, through an energy justice lens, some first considerations of how to secure just and sustainable urban regeneration. It posits that energy justice, and its five core principles, is a useful analytical tool for considering the justice and development concerns related to the transition to a low-carbon world. The cities examined in brief in this comparative study are Bordeaux in France, Venice in Italy, Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam and Bangkok in Thailand. The research posits that despite different trajectories, cities can play a leading role in ensuring justice and sustainability in our low-carbon world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the changing architectural environments of deaf education in the nineteenth century, taking the national institutes in Paris and Bordeaux as its main focus. Founded in the late eighteenth century and initially housed in government-expropriated properties, both schools underwent comprehensive renovation and reconstruction projects in the nineteenth century to emerge as modern educational spaces. Although these projects remain overlooked in the history of modern architecture, they were closely tied to contemporary discourses on education, hygiene, and citizenship. The renovation of the Paris Institute for Deaf-Mutes during the 1820s–30s engaged pressing questions about hygiene and social progress in the postrevolutionary era of national reconstruction. The architectural transformation of the Bordeaux Institute for Deaf-Mute Girls from the 1860s not only reflected the changing pedagogical focus from sign language to oralism; it was also imbricated in broader debates about laïcité and educational standardisation as France transitioned from empire to republic. Far from being marginal, these institutions functioned as key sites for working through notions of citizenship and national identity. Their histories reveal how architectural and material frameworks could serve to impose ideology on the one hand, and provide important grounds for the formation of a minority community on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gradis family is representative of eighteenth-century Bordeaux (and French) Atlantic shipping and trade. David Gradis (ca. 1665–1751) fitted out his first ships to the West Indies shortly after the French king opened participation in colonial trade to Bordeaux merchants in 1717. David, who had specialised in the textile trade, was one of the most distinguished members of the local Sephardic community. Like most contemporary merchants involved in trade on a large scale, David Gradis belonged to an international ethno-religious network that could support his business and facilitate his commercial success. In the subsequent years, the Gradis family spread around the Atlantic to optimise its commercial opportunities. This article retraces the rise and decline of the Gradis family in eighteenth-century Bordeaux to assess the opportunities the French empire offered to merchants. The first part presents the evolution of the firm over time and its decisive shift to colonial trade in the late 1710s. The second part shows how the Gradis took advantage of the opportunities offered by the French empire through trade, shipping, contracting, and banking. The last section stresses the difficulties merchants faced within the imperial system, the means they had to bypass restrictions, and the limits they faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the purpose of an exhibit on Atlantic slavery? Does it seek to raise awareness of the trade in enslaved people, with a view to highlighting and overcoming its racist legacy, or to situate the Atlantic trade within the historical – and ongoing – continuum of slavery, or to draw attention to the role of slavery in constituting colonial modernity? Does giving this history its rightful place within the national story of France, Britain or elsewhere ultimately serve to embed racial divisions in contemporary society, or to expunge them? In other words, does a reckoning with Atlantic slavery open a path to tackling racism today? This article addresses these questions in turn. Its principal referent is the Musée d'Aquitaine in Bordeaux, set in the wider context of the city's self-image and French debates around commemorating the Atlantic slave trade. The article concludes that even though Bordeaux's slaving past is integrated into the Musée d'Aquitaine's guiding chronology, the full ramifications of slavery for colonial modernity have not been understood or represented. Beyond simplistic dichotomies of guilt and innocence, accusation and repentance, the enormous significance of coloniality and slavery in constituting European modernity, not least the Enlightenment, have yet to be grasped and assimilated in Bordeaux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and purpose: In the situation of responsible consumption, the tourist considers the impact of consumption behavior on the environment, economy, society, and culture of the destination, and consciously maximizes positive effects and minimizes negative effects. Considering the importance of responsible consumption, especially the importance of this type of behavior among tourists, the present research has tried to provide a sociological analysis of responsible consumption with an emphasis on Bourdieu's theory. Design/methodology/approach: This research was done with an emphasis on a quantitative approach and focusing on survey strategy. The statistical population of this study was tourists visiting tourist places in Mazandaran province. The research information was collected through a questionnaire from 385 tourists using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Findings: The results of the research show the impact of various types of social, economic, cultural, and symbolic capital on the responsible consumption behavior of tourists. The capital structure (with 4 dimensions) has had a direct and positive effect (Beta = 0.76) on the responsible behavior of tourists. In fact, with the increase in the capital level of tourists, their consumption will also become more responsible. Also, the capital structure (with 4 dimensions) has been able to explain 57% of the dependent variable (responsible consumption). Conclusions and suggestions: Among the dimensions of capital, cultural capital has played the most important role in responsible consumption among tourists. Therefore, the design of cultural policies to promote the responsibility of consumer behavior, especially among tourists, is of great importance. Originality/value: Based on the research findings, culture is an important factor in the discussion of the tourist's buying or consumption behavior. In fact, in addition to influencing the buyer's personal and psychological characteristics, culture also affects the buyer's decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a socio-semiotic model, the interaction model conceptualised by Éric Landowski (2006), this article looks at the horizons that could be offered by urban planning thought in the interstices of the plan/non-plan opposition. Using this approach, and in the spirit of Renaudie (2011), Desjardin (2020) and Adam and Comby (2021), we wish to examine the role that urban planning could play in the dynamics of (re)conquering the production of space (Lefebvre, 1974). In this perspective, we will draw on fieldwork (cognitive mapping, semio-discursive analysis, qualitative interviews) carried out on two Bordeaux-based initiatives: the Sentier des Terres Communes, a peri-urban walking trail, and Darwin Écosystème, an urban common.

This article presents a literature review and a bibliometric analysis of academic research on wine prices in economics. The study comprises a review of 180 articles published in journals between 1992 and 2022. Bibliometric and science mapping methods apply indicators identifying the most prominent journals, authors, countries, institutions, topics, most published and cited articles, co‐authorship, bibliographic coupling, cited references, and keywords. This approach highlights the importance of four clusters in the literature: determinants of the wine prices, demand and consumption of wine, fine wine as an alternative investment, and quality and brand reputation of Bordeaux wines. This study shows many areas for further research within and outside these clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working within a vineyard in the Pessac Léognan Appellation of Bordeaux, France, this study documents the potential of using simple statistical methods with spatially-resolved and increasingly available electromagnetic induction (EMI) geophysical and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets to accurately estimate Bordeaux vineyard soil classes and to quantitatively explore the relationship between vineyard soil types and grapevine vigor. First, co-located electrical tomographic tomography (ERT) and EMI datasets were compared to gain confidence about how the EMI method averaged soil properties over the grapevine rooting depth. Then, EMI data were used with core soil texture and soil-pit based interpretations of Bordeaux soil types (Brunisol, Redoxisol, Colluviosol and Calcosol) to estimate the spatial distribution of geophysically-identified Bordeaux soil classes. A strong relationship (r = 0.75, p < 0.01) was revealed between the geophysically-identified Bordeaux soil classes and NDVI (both 2 m resolution), showing that the highest grapevine vigor was associated with the Bordeaux soil classes having the largest clay fraction. The results suggest that within-block variability of grapevine vigor was largely controlled by variability in soil classes, and that carefully collected EMI and NDVI datasets can be exceedingly helpful for providing quantitative estimates of vineyard soil and vigor variability, as well as their covariation. The method is expected to be transferable to other viticultural regions, providing an approach to use easy-to-acquire, high resolution datasets to guide viticultural practices, including routine management and replanting.

In this article, I consider the relationship between urban planning and context by investigating the planning practices associated with a land-use plan in Bordeaux described as "adapted to context." Invested with flexible rules, the plan description followed a tendency in French urban planning concerned with being strategic, prospective, and participatory. It was also the result of metropolitan planning. Through an ethnographic account, I show how local politicians' references to context related to concerns with mayoral authority in times of planning powers transferred to the metropole. Using permit reviewers' skills, mayors mobilized flexible rules to manipulate building permit decisions prepared in compliance with the metropolitan plan. It is widely acknowledged that urban planning is affected by as well as affecting different contexts. I outline a complementing approach by drawing on engagements with context in anthropology and STS-scholarship, to propose that the practices associated with the same notion in Bordeaux are telling of how urban planning contributes to making contexts. Since calls for context direct attention and shape which issues and local communities are prioritized, these insights on the relationship between planning and context urge attention to how appeals to context, as never value-neutral or ready-made, gain importance across different urban planning issues and settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succeeding François Guizot and Lord Hamilton Gordon's 'cordial understanding', the Franco-British 1904 Entente cordiale has been widely studied in its diplomatic, trading and touristic aspects through sport. Maybe because of its vital role in the First World War, its social facet has been less explored. Lord-Mayor of London's visit to Bordeaux's last international exhibition in September 1895, enhanced by two days of cycling festivities and races, shows masonic links within the French organisers and with certain British contributors. As such, this could have been considered not as the first sport diplomatic act but as an attempt which have been occurred in this way and led to the creation of a British association called 'Entente cordiale' which had no equivalent in France. Despite some actions both side of the Channel, ahead of the official agreement, and the creation of a new organisation in Normandy in connection with the Touring Club de France, the expression rapidly faded out. Finally, this study shows what conditions must be met for a sporting event to be described as diplomatic. The distinction between sport diplomacy and diplomacy through sport is not enough in the light of history to explore international political relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cercospora disease is a very important disease of Coffee which results in yield loss and damage to the nursery plants in early stage of growth and later emerges a brown eye spot on cherries. Studies were carried out to find out ecofriendly way of disease management strategies against Cercospora leaf spot disease of Coffee using bio-rational treatments in the year 2021. The lowest mean disease incidence was recorded in Bordeaux mixture and Trichoderma treated block (34%). Bordeaux mixture was found superior in managing the disease with lowest PDI values (80%,57%,48%,44%) at respective four observation dates which was followed by Trichoderma (76%,67%,54%,46%) and Cow urine (63%,57%, 53%, 47%). Despite the significant superiority of Bordeaux mixture all the three treatments Bordeaux mixture, Trichoderma and cow urine were statistically at par with each other at last day of observation. Lowest mean AUDPC value and AUDPC value per day was recorded in block treated with Bordeaux mixture (2425.92 and 30.32) as compared to untreated check (4574.074 and 60.76) indicating the slower disease progress in Bordeaux mixture treated blocks followed by Trichoderma and cow urine (31.94 and 34.72). Despite of the superiority of Bordeaux mixture in the slow progress of disease all three treatments were statistically at par with each other. All the treatments were superior in controlling the disease over the control, among them Bordeaux mixture followed by Trichoderma is found to have superior efficacy in managing the disease.

Depuis une quinzaine d’années le vignoble bordelais est largement décrit comme traversant une crise. D’un point de vue commercial, la notion de crise se rattache à la baisse de la consommation sur le marché intérieur, mais aussi sur les marchés extérieurs, dont certains, encore jugés prometteurs il y a quelques années, n’auraient nourri que de faux espoirs. Les prix traduisent logiquement ces difficultés, stagnants à des niveaux très bas, notamment pour les entrées de gamme, mais aussi pour les segments intermédiaires. Cette crise commerciale induit par contrecoup une crise viticole et sociale, bien lisible dans la concentration des structures foncières comme entrepreneuriales et dans la baisse régulière des surfaces plantées. La recherche de baisse des coûts de production se traduit probablement par une précarisation des conditions de travail d’une certaine catégorie de main-d’œuvre. Tout cela résulte pour beaucoup d’observateurs de l’accroissement d’un hiatus entre les attentes des marchés d’un côté et les caractères organoleptiques, l’image et les représentations affectant les vins de Bordeaux de l’autre. Ceux-ci semblent désormais incarner à peu près tout ce que les nouvelles générations de consommateurs de vins, développant des modes de consommation alternatifs, rejettent assez largement : les vins rouges, plus ou moins concentrés et alcoolisés, puissants, associés à des repas solennels et protocolaires.

This article explores the geographical outlook of the late antique author Ausonius of Bordeaux (c.310–395 c.e.). It offers close readings of his poems on roads, oysters and cities, and situates him within the vibrant geographical debates of his day. Section I, on roads, argues that an overlooked passage in Epistula 24 reflects attested routes through Gaul, and that other passages in Ausonius' letters are similarly influenced by 'hodological' ways of thinking. Section II, on oysters, identifies a new geographic mode, 'teleports', in Epistula 3, a poem in a long tradition of works that use oysters to chart imperial space and map cultural landscapes. Section III, on cities, brings the recent paradigm of 'landmarks' to bear on the Ordo nobilium urbium , arguing that Ausonius uses the catalogue form both to articulate imperial unity and to express pride in his homeland of Gaul. This article thus advances our understanding of three related aspects of late antique geography: it demonstrates the importance of literary texts for discussions of cultural geography; shows how conceptions of space were influenced by provincial identity; and provides further evidence of the great diversity of Roman understandings of space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albert Pitres (1848–1928) was an internist, neuropsychiatrist, professor of anatomy, pathology, and histology. He never really had a biography in English. However, the development of neurology and neurosciences in Bordeaux owes a lot to him, as to the psychiatrist Emmanuel Régis (1855–1918). The fact that his career was so closely linked with Charcot (1825–1893) should have secured him a more prominent place in neurology and the history of aphasiology. Pitres went on to co-author clinical and experimental research papers with Charcot that are considered some of the most notable ones among Charcot's publications. Both carried out studies about pathological correlations between cortical lesions and hemiplegia, published series of articles and two major books about neurophysiology of motor control. To convey the atmosphere and the importance of the neurological clinic of Pitres in the heyday, we illustrate this article with unpublished photos of him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is clear that we are facing a tipping point in global politics, climate change and social justice. Much has been trumpeted under the banner of the 'Green New Deal'. Billy Fleming, the Wilks Family Director of the Ian L McHarg Center at the Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania, describes the history and various approaches encompassed within this ubiquitous epithet and how designers can get involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wineinformatics is a new and emerging data science that uses wine as domain knowledge and integrates data systems and wine-related data sets. Wine reviews fromWine Spectator usually include the aging information, at the end of the review, in the form of "Best from YearA through YearB"; with the vintage of the wine included, the suggested holding year (YearA--vintage), shelflife (YearB--vintage) and aging capacity (YearB--YearA) can be calculated and provide crucial information in the study of wineinformatics. The goal of this paper is to test whether wine reviews describing olfactory and gustatory information reveal wines' suggested holding-year information. Wine reviews from Wine Spectator are extracted and processed by a natural language processing tool named the ComputationalWine Wheel for categorizing and mapping various wine terminologies from wine reviews into a consolidated set of descriptors. The suggested aging capability is also calculated from the review and served as a label for classification problems. The study uses different learning algorithms, analyzing their performances and using the best-performing algorithm(s) to build a model for the prediction of a wine's aging properties. The results of the study suggest that both support vector machine (SVM) and the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms achieved more than 70% accuracy. These results suggest that the algorithms are able of capturing a hidden informational relationship between a wine's reviews and its aging capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In France, formal guild training was not as ubiquitous a means of socializing young people into a trade as it has been portrayed by scholars. Guilds were limited geographically, and in many French cities privileged enclaves controlled by clerical or noble seigneurs curbed the sway of corporate structures, or even created their own. Eighteenth-century Bordeaux provides an extreme example of how limited guild training was in France's fastest-growing city. The clerical reserves of Saint-Seurin and Saint-André that housed much of the region's industrial production had quasi-corporate structures with far more open access and fewer training requirements. In Bordeaux, journeymen contested masters' control over labor and masters trained almost no apprentices themselves. Formal apprenticeship mattered exceptionally little when it came to training people to perform a trade in Bordeaux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct or indirect consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic are emerging at all levels, including for multinationals criticized before the global health crisis. This is the case with Airbnb, which since March 2020 has had to deal with several major defections that have prompted it to adopt “exceptional” economic measures, but also to reconsider its economic and/or sectoral diversification policies. Faced with this unprecedented situation, it is the entire system linked to the multinational that is upset, and in particular, the network of rental companies. They too have adopted multiple and differentiated strategies to compensate for the absence of tourists, and the disruption of their activity, until they consider permanently unsubscribing from the platform. Therefore, a number of observers have presented the departure of Airbnb from some rental companies as a new, massive and irreversible disengagement. However, the reality is more complex, and above all, more nuanced. This article, based on a study of the evolution of the Airbnb offer in Bordeaux since 2017, as well as on qualitative surveys carried out with local hosts, seeks to show the reality of short-term rentals, in the medium-term by emphasizing the incidence linked to Covid-19.