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Objective: The aim of the present research was the registration of meals and beverages present in parties and rituals of the state as a part of the Tabasco alimentary identity. Methodology: The information was recovered in a questionary applied to Tabasco inhabitants who mentioned their participation in different familiar parties and rituals as well as the meals that they consumed in each one. Results: It was found that every family celebrate different parties and rituals and that there are different emblematic meals several of them. Limitations: The present paper does not report the alimentary culture of all the state inhabitants because the response of the survey was not the expected one, although the municipality representativity along the state was achieved. Conclusions: It was considered that several specific meals were registered as part of the identity of Tabasco alimentary culture because they are prepared with local natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper presents a set of ideas about the history of food change in Mexico at the end of the 19th century, analyzed from a multidisciplinary approach. Methodology: It was analyzed in the historical, economic and technological context of Mexico, a recipe book of homemade Mexican cuisine from 1943, through a nutritional analysis, with a food, gastronomic and historical approach. Results: The analysis showed that the recommendations for consumption of protein, fat, saturated fatty acids and sodium in the diet are exceeded. In addition, according to the cookbook, adequate consumption of zinc, vitamin C and B12 would be available. Limitations: The nutritional analysis from the analyzed cookbook is specific to a medium-high socioeconomic stratum capable of acquiring it. It does not represent the usual diet of all Mexicans of that time. Conclusions: According to these results, it is possible to understand the complexity of the food transition in Mexico over the past century with effects on the epidemiology of chronic noncommunicable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper analyzes the characteristics of the agricultural innovation system in the state of Sonora, as a strategy for farmers' competitiveness in the context of NAFTA. First, this research identified the principal actors of the system; then, interactions between them were analyzed, as well as factors that encourage or restrict their relationship. Methodology: Quantitative and qualitative information was collected, analyzed, and related, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Results: The results provide valuable data to understand and bear witness to the competitive dynamics based on innovation in export agriculture in Sonora. Limitations: Given that the research is based on a case study, the results obtained do not express the general scenario of Sonoran agriculture. Conclusions: It is concluded that this agricultural innovation system is subordinate and unstructured but competitive. Also, alternatives are proposed to improve this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive: Is to analyze food sovereignty as a social process, based on a case study in La Trinitaria, Chiapas. Methodology: A participatory methodology was applied to analyze the experience of the popular school "Learning Center for Peasants and Indigenous Development" (CEFADECI, by their acronyms in Spanish), where members of the Emiliano Zapata Peasant's Organization-Plan de Ayala National Coordination (OCEZ-CNPA) have being trained in agroecology topics since 2008. The methodology included qualitative interviews, transects and meetings with peasants of five rural communities in La Trinitaria municipality, in Chiapas. The Glissman's typology of agroecological process was used to analyze the different stages that the organization members are in their social construction of food sovereignty. Results: We highlight the social process and strategies to scale out agroecology for the construction of food sovereignty and the difficulties faced by the peasants to achieve it. Limitations: Within the limits of this paper, is that the systematization of experiences can include recommendations to improve organization process, but not necessarily have been taken into acount by the militants of social organizations. Conclusions: Among the conclusions are reached stands that the food sovereignty social construction's strategy can be improving whit an agroecological training and production program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a qualitative methodology that includes in-depth interviews with one hundred migrant smugglers. This study was conducted between April 2008 and July 2012, and examines the transformation of migrant smuggling between Mexico and the United States in the context of restrictive migratory policies. The paper concludes that Mexican migrant smugglers have lost independence, because now they have to pay multiple bribes and they need the sponsorship of US employers to conduce undocumented immigrants from their place of origin to the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing interest in gastronomy, as a value for tourism destinations, the issue of satisfied customers becomes paramount. Therefore, in this paper, the diners of the two most important gastronomic areas in Tijuana (downtown and Gastronomic District), Mexico were surveyed. The objective, besides briefly characterizing both places, was to measure the degree of consumer's satisfaction, as well as to identify the specific factors that determine it. Methodology: For the analysis, the non-participant observation technique and a structural equations model (PLS) with five constructs and 13 observed variables were proposed. It also further investigates the importance-performance matrix analysis (IPMA). Results: Results show satisfied customers for both zones with an opportunity of improving the quality of service in the Center area and the perception of the area in the Gastronomic District. Limitations: The main limitation is the lack of inclusion of the construct expectations in the model. Conclusions: From the results, we concluded that the client, in both areas, is satisfied, detecting an opportunity of improving the quality of service in the Center area and the perception of the area in the Gastronomic District. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to characterize the small-scale producers of mezcal in order to a better understanding of their way of producing and organizing, so that when supporting policies are developed, these be aligned with their reality. Methodology. To achieve this, a qualitative exploratory study is conducted. Interviews applied to actors involved in the mezcal industry are used as methods of data collection, as well as a questionnaire applied to 52 small-scale producers. Results. The study shows six elements that help characterize the small-scale producers studied. these are: 1) the sense of family, 2) preservation of identity, 3) craft processes of production, 4) tacit knowledge, 5) spontaneous decisions and 6) informal economy. Limitations. The main limitation of the research relates to the samplés size, which was limited due to the difficulties to access remote communities; this study cannot be generalized. Conclusions. The papers concludes by suggesting that given the characteristics identified, these types of organizations have survived over the years, despite the disadvantages they face in the current socioeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper describes the case of two Chinese companies that are global leaders in digital technology and telecommunications: Huawei and Foxconn. Both companies are pioneer cases of Chinese globalization in Mexico. Methodology: trough the case study method, seeks to show evidence and analytical proposals of this new phase of China's productive internationalization to Mexico. Results: The main results of the analysis show an asymmetrical economic relationship between Mexico and China. Limitations: While trade between the two countries has grown significantly in recent years, it has been marked by an imbalance in favor of China. Although there are no obvious signs that show, whether Chinese companies would have in Mexico a focal point of its internationalization. Conclusions: The case analysis of both companies helps explain its mode of international expansion and its presence in Mexico. While Mexico was not their original destination, both companies have operations in the country as part of their global expansion strategies marked from early stages of internationalization. In each case, the respective firm has followed its globalization patterns, and this has enabled them to consolidate as leading companies in the industries in which they are inserted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some preliminary results of the research project entitled 'Development of a methodology for conducting the inventory, characterization and verification of sites potentially contaminated with Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS) in major agricultural areas of the state of Sonora': First, some approaches that emerge from the risk society regarding environmental issues in general and POPs in particular. Then, an approach to the problem of POPs that gave rise to the Stockholm Convention; the evidence of such a problem in Mexico, in Sonora and the obligations assumed by subscribing to such agreement. Nationally, the emphasis is placed on the analysis of environmental regulations related to toxics, and at state level, evidence shows the presence of POPs and their impact on the environment and on human health. Finally, the paper presents some reflections on the challenges and areas of opportunity for Mexico when dealing with problems associated to the presence of POPS, on the basis of following international guidelines, official regulations and analysis suggestions from the perspective of risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the characteristics of parenting methods in a Mayo indigenous community in the state of Sonora, Mexico. A documentary analysis of the Non-school Initial Education Model of CONAFE is conducted in order to check the results of rearing practices with the expected skills of parents and children attending the program. Based on that, the paper also tries to identify the effectiveness of the program's implementation for social reproduction in the Mayo ethnic group. Participants included 50 mothers and children from the Mayo community El Júpare, located in Huatabampo, Sonora. The instruments used were Parental Stress Index (Abidin, 1990), Interaction Father-Mother-Son (Peña, 2004), Stimulation of the Child at Home (Caldwell and Bradley, 1967), and Scale of Integral Development of Children (EDIN) (Atkin, 1987). In the evaluation of development, 54% of the children had normal growth; however, 26% are located in the category of development at risk, and 20% show weaknesses in development. The Nonschool Initial Education Program requires substantial modifications to respond to the particular parenting methods developed in the Mayo communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the study of traditional cuisines can contribute to the knowledge of the characteristics of social, economic and productive life of the social groups or the communities in which they are developed. It also helps to identify those changes that have occurred in people's style of life and their impact on feeding, particularly in the disappearance or adaptation of culinary knowledge and practices. On the other hand, the paper analyzes the effects of urbanization, globalization and the market's new conditions in the process of food transformation. Also, we emphasize that regional traditional cuisines constitute part of the intangible heritage of societies and communities, as factors of identity, and also represent a fundamental piece in regional and local economies. A study case in a rural community going through an urbanization process helps to illustrate these arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to contribute knowledge on the working and dynamics of rural agroindustries located in specific territories. Beyond aspects of profitability and based on the approach of Localised Agro-food Systems, the paper shows the specific characteristics of agroindustries specialised in cheese making in the municipality of Aculco, in the State of Mexico. The study was developed considering specific resources of the area, the economic actors who interact in the local productive chain, the dairy products produced, used technology in the manufacturing process, and a typology of firms was established as artisan cheesemakers, diversified enterprises and commercial enterprises. Cheese factories were differentiated by the volume of processed milk, the number of dairy products elaborated, type of labour, use of powdered milk, the use of cream skimmer, and by the organization activities. Agroindustry represented the central part of the local agro-food system since the links related to it (milk farmers and milk buyers) interacted only as suppliers of milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is related to the anthropology of food and nutrition. The main idea is that the acts of eating or not eating express several meanings whose complexity demands a biomedical and cultural perspective. Overweight and obesity have become serious public health issues in Mexico, not only in urban areas, but in rural areas as well, where a concern with physical appearance is being detected among women. The present paper is a first approach to the subject of body perception in two different groups of women from Oaxaca: a mestizo group from the southern coastal area and an indigenous group from the "Sierra de Juárez". Their ages vary between fifteen and fifty years. It has been observed that women from the coast are more prone to overweight and obesity, hence, there is a greater concern with looking fat and they wish to be slim. There have been some cases of anorexia and bulimia detected. This is not the case with indigenous women from the Sierra. Based on the results of this study, the possibility of doing further research in this topic is discussed in order to include aspects related with body perception in future educational nutritional programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper approaches the way local governments manage garbage from the point of view of the model "Integral Solid Waste Management". The paper, first, reviews the concept and the types of garbage, as well as the characteristics of integral garbage management and some ideas about the scavengers' role; second, it presents the processes of garbage recollection and treatment, as well as the activities of recycling and scavenging in the cities of Obregón, Hermosillo, and Nogales in the state of Sonora (Mexico). The study shows that, in these cities, the service is concentrated on the recollection and disregards reduction and recycling. Out of the three cities, only Hermosillo has undertaken partial activities of recycling and reduction. Regarding treatment, only Hermosillo has a landfill in function, while Nogales manages the landfill as a trash dumping place and Obregón entirely lacks an adequate site for garbage confinement. Last, the article revises the situation of scavenging (informal recycling) and suggests some measures in order to make this work formal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the main problems shown by education offered to rural, migrant children in Mexico. The analysis begins with a critical review on the central criteria of education policy directed towards the search for enhancing educative opportunities and the betterment of quality in services for the most vulnerable sectors of the national population. The political principles are confronted with the results of an external evaluation of the Programa Educación Primaria para Niñas y Niños Migrantes (PRONIM), which is the educative program that presents a wide range of coverage and attends most of these children in Mexico. This article analyzes some of the most important results achieved by the PRONIM during 2004, and emphasizes the incongruence of the government policy, expressed in: scarce resources provided to Mexican states to program operation; lack of regional equality regarding the assignation of financial resources; precarious school spaces; depressing work conditions for teachers; and the lack of adequate pedagogic and didactic proposals. Those factors, among other, conjugate with some external aspects of the educative system, producing an increasing reduction in the access opportunities, continuity and school achievement of this children population. The paper intends to show the distances and challenges to sort out in order to be in possibility of achieve a fairer and more comprehensive primary education for the children of migrant rural workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores adolescent sexual health in Oaxaca. I examine the meanings of sexual initiation, popular and biomedical beliefs and practices associated with a distinction between male to female sexualities. In particular the paper compares medicalized discourses related to notions of modernity and sexuality with widely held ideas as to the cultural particularities of young men in Mexico overall as well as in specific regions of Oaxaca. Young men and women in Oaxaca are born into established systems of sexual health, courtship, and sexualities. These adolescents understand their sexualities to be limited by cultural and material factors including respect to modern discourses on sexuality, as well as false ideas about virile continuums positing inherently different sexual desires and behavior among men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines different approaches to nutrition and food consumption practices in Mexico in terms of conceptual focus, analytical tools and major debates. Four approaches are analyzed: research that examines Mexican public policy vis-à-vis food production and distribution; economic studies focusing on the analysis of the national food pattern; anthropological investigation based on cultural feeding habits and research from a nutritional perspective, studying food consumption and its relation to population nutritional status. This paper points out that the above approaches do not consider a gender perspective, and reviewing some studies based on a gender category as their central analysis tool, the paper underlines the need to conduct further research on gender differences between men and women and their access to productive resources, income management and food distribution and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishing activities in Mexico are ruled by a strong gender division of labor: men fish in lagoons and at the sea, while women sell produce or fish in lagoons and rivers for selfconsumption. However, the implications of such gender division of labor in terms of women's access to aquatic resources and the relevance of their fishing activities to the diet have remained unexplored in the literature. This paper aims at contributing to these issues by analyzing subsistence fishing practices in Ixhuapan, a native community in the Sierra de Santa Marta, Veracruz. Data were gathered using group and individual interviews, a socioeconomic survey and four consumption surveys. Results indicate that the variety and size of subsistence fishing produce have been reduced to two species: shrimp and mojarra. The gender construction of fishing instruments determine the kind of animals that women and men can catch. Women use matayahuales (circular nets) to trap fish, while men use arrows, large nets and mata-yahuales, these latter only on special occasions. The paper concludes that the use of certain fishing instruments does not depend on men's or women's physical abilities but rather on local cultural norms that establish female adequate behavior, thus limiting women's access to aquatic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper assesses the importance of the composition of business tissue in the evolution of the economic activity and job creation in Baja California in the context of the global crisis of 2008-2009, highlighting the behavior of micro and small enterprises. The method consists of two parts: a correspondence analysis as an exploratory tool and a confirmatory econometric analysis with confirmatory purposes in which a collection of economic census variables is used, and once reviewed population, migration and production structure indicators. As results, we found a direct and significant relationship of micro enterprises with turnover and employment during the crisis period, however, in the post-crisis period (2010-2014) the contribution of small enterprises was noticeably higher. Meanwhile, large enterprises, showed lower sensitivity and a reduced ability to create jobs even during the post-crisis period. Limitations: However, due to the limited number of observations the results should be treated with some caution because of the high segregation. It is concluded that it is not possible to reject the hypothesis that micro but especially small enterprises, played a strategic role in generating employment and economic dynamism during the crisis, even helping to reduce their impact. Therefore, it is appropriate to strengthen industrial policy that promotes training and innovation for micro and small enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the changes in the traditional scheme of distribution and supply of foods in Mexico, derived from its adaptation to the open economy model. It emphasizes the demographic concentration in cities, technological advances and the simplification of stages of intermediation. Applies a simple methodology that uses data about the number of users of computer, cell phone, with internet access and that also have electronic means of payment. The results suggest that current food supply networks for cities transit towards other schemes as electronic distribution of food, although with certain limitations, as it is still emerging digital infrastructure and transport companies as well as the low level of consumption. The conclusions indicate that this channel has expectations extensive development, as a result of the concentration of consumers in cities, their easier access to credit and the gradual incorporation of digital platforms in shopping, as it is the case of Amazon, 99minutos.com or Hellofood, as well as traditional format stores type Walmart or Comercial Mexicana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to make an analysis of the main issues of environmental or ecosystem services regulations in Argentina, and a brief reference of a selection of Latin American countries laws (Peru and Costa Rica). We implemented the documental observation and normative comparative methods. One of the main results is that during last year many bills of laws were presented at the National Congress, which guidelines might be useful as precedents. Notwithstanding, in parallel an integral evaluation must be made in order to state if some valid environmental laws should be or not abolished, in order to avoid new contradictions. One of the main limitations for the argentine case, is that there is not a specific regulation about environmental services. We can conclude that in the case of other countries of the region which already have regulated the ecosystem services payment, there are some relevant issues which might be taken into account for future laws and/or public policies in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the implementation of Magical Villages Program in El Oro, State of Mexico, in order to understand the achievements and restraints for local development. The methodology is based on the approach of Arocena (2002), in order to analyze local development from three variables: mode of development, system actors and local identity. It concludes that it is necessary situate the local population as central actors in the process construction of local development, in order to support agreements for solving common problems and equitable distribution of the proceeds generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the analysis of citizen participation in the process of ecological land use planning. This is done by evaluating the skills that actors have to stablish the criteria that led to the shaping of environmental management units and its environmental policy. The results indicate that the participatory planning workshops are an effective tool for setting a thoughtful dialogue about common problems where different actors have the same opportunity to express their ideas and proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for value-added food products is highly segmented between different types of consumers. In this paper, consumer preferences and willingness to pay a premium (WTP) for attributes of organic maize tortilla were identified and estimated to discover its niche market potential. Reasons for acquiring organic food are health care and support to environment. Regarding consumer' characteristics, schooling and income are statistically significant at 95% of confidence. Product related variables: flavor, food safety and water quality used to prepare tortillas were statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was identify the cultural, socioeconomics, and environmental factors which have influence over the women to practice the horticulture in the garden, and know the financial profits of the vegetables production in containers. Using a non-probabilistic sampling, 114 women were selected around in the peri-urban zone of Cardel City, Veracruz, México. An interview was realized to get the availability to practice of peri-urban horticulture (APPUH) and families were classified into four socio economic levels. The cost/benefit ratio was used to estimate the financial profit. The result of the APPUH is favorable, and four of six containers have a positive cost/benefit. Multiple factors affect the APPUH while the environmental factor determinate which vegetable could grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the territorial effects of a Program geared to alleviating poverty, called Oportunidades. This is done by looking at the consequences of cash transfers of this program in an ethnic settlement, La Concordia, in the State of Guerrero, Mexico. A semi-structured questionnaire was the research instrument useful to interrogate key actors of the local commercial sector about demand-offer trends in La Concordia. We firstly describe the socio- economic characteristics of Ayutla, its role in the dynamic of the regional economy and the type of commercial activity present in county seat and smaller villages, most of which have a predominant indian population. We go on to explain the transformations derived from the type and kind of commercial activity produced by Oportunidades in La Concordia, during the days when cash transfers occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a theoretical and practical framework, the Territorial Activation with Localized Agro-industry System approach (AT-SIAL, in Spanish), developed from experiences in Latin-American territories where activation processes for specific resources where promoted, through articulation, reinforcement and synergy strengthening for local stakeholders. The AT-SIAL allowed diverse economic sectors participation, supporting an innovative way for revaluation of territorial resources and traditional knowledge. The methodology was focused on rural agro-industries concentrations, but activities related to territorial environmental component where included: tourism and handicrafts. This proposal for territorial management was constructed based on: collective action with local stakeholder empowerment, territory anchoring and territorial governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yoreme/mayo is the largest indigenous group in Sonora. Residing in municipalities where poverty, marginalization, inequality, expulsion of the population and the natural resource deteriorations are becoming deeper. This paper explore the trascendece of four mirrours butterfly (Rothschildia cincta) in the religious festivals of the yoreme/mayo like a possible alternative of tourism indigenous. Is an exploratory, endogenous and participatory research. The results reveal that traditional knowledge about the bio-cultural binomial (butterflies/ ceremonial festivals) could represent the roots of a real sustainable indigenous tourism alternative from a biological, cultural, social and economic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an exploratory study regarding the practice of the social sciences in two states in Mexico: Nayarit and Sonora. Both show different economic structures and dynamics, while Sonora has a modern industrial sector, Nayarit rests basically in a tertiary activity, tourism. While social exclusion is significant in Nayarit, in Sonora is relatively low. Considering these disparities this analysis seeks to determine the correspondence between the socioeconomic characteristics of the two regions and the practice of the social sciences from the educational offerings, research and academic linkage from the local higher education institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information of this paper was obtained through a statistical survey to 400 families. This was from a total of 2,335 families in five locations in the State of Yucatán, geographically located in different regions. The results presents that cultivated in milpa and backyard provide 63.7 % average of food, one community results self-sufficient (119.1 %) instead of agricultural diversity index. The main factors that affect the food access are distance to market, father age and education, size of the family, income and agricultural diversity index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the strategies of labor relations in Transnational Enterprises (TNE) installed in Argentina. We started with the construction of an analytical typology that takes as a reference the management of the workforce and union presence in the company. We defined four types of strategies, from which seeks to establish the level of incidence that variables such as country of origin of the TNE, the sector of economic activity, size and year of entry into the local market have on it. In methodological terms, two types of analysis are carried out, the first descriptive and the second is from a logistic regression model that allows establishing the chances that a company has of adopting some of the industrial relations strategies developed from the typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to analyze the effects and urban transformations that occurred during the period of globalization in the small town of Angol. his city is located in the Araucania Region, Chile. he results show that the neo-liberal globalization has modernized agriculture; forest plantations expanded and strengthened the service sector of the commune giving continuity to processes of rural-urban migration. While the older sectors of the city are experiencing urban renewal, those outlying districts have expanded spatial and demographic thanks to the construction of social housing, an issue which has resulted in increased small-scale segregation without urban fragmentation, or functional disintegration due to the trend towards policentralización triggered by neoliberal globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the introduction are discussed some of the ecological, agronomic, socioeconomic and cultural consequences of the commercial release of transgenic maize in Mexico. Subsequently, the current process of privatization and concentration in production and seed trade worldwide and particularly in Mexico is described. Then, the opportunities and alternatives available to the situation described previously are mentioned. Later, aspects of biotechnology patents in the international context and the Plant Breeders Rights are indicated followed by the analysis of the proposed reforms to the Federal Law on Plant Varieties in the country. The paper concludes with a general discussion and conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed to explore the main causes of the attachment of English speaking countries to risk. The first, capitalism derives from the Old Norse Mythology. Secondly, human beings in modernity to mitigate future risk may be explained by the interpretation of the same risk to mitigate. Whilst Mediterranean cultures have adopted the charity and tradition as two important institutions to see their world, Angloworld was based on the foreclosure to the future. This engenders a new problem, since the future has not taken room yet, any act to prevent the future may even precipitate the undesired event. This explains why Anglo- Saxons are prone to avoid or face risk than other cultures as well as their attachment to technological advance. Countries as US, New Zealand, Canada, and England pivot the applied investigation in disaster and risk fields worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper there is analyzed the effect that there have a set of personal attributes and characteristics of the occupation of the worker in the search of employment. A logit multinomial model is estimated for the first quarter of the year 2009 and 2012, both periods correspond to a period of crisis and economic recovery respectively. There are in use information of the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo ENOE). The results indicate that variable sex, age, level of education, sector of activity and income, explain the motives of search in significant form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the impact of the Human Development Bond in Ecuador on adopting healthy eating practices and nutrition, specifically in compliance with the international standard on exclusive breastfeeding proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Using econometric technique called impact assessment fuzzy regression discontinuity found that Human Development Bond has no significant impact on the adoption of this standard by their beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issue of regional disintegration as a historical constant in Central America. The paper exposes the shortcomings, problems, and contradictions that have hindered the development and deepening of the integration process in the isthmus. In particular, raises deficits, gaps, asymmetries and other expressions of inequality as factors that have contributed to undermining stability, political, economic and social unit of the Central American region. Included among various contributions, the challenges that must be assumed as an integrated bloc countries to reduce and alleviate the asymmetries in these region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, the rural sector financing is based on "Fideicomisos Instituidos en Relación a la Agricultura", and the "Financiera Rural". These entities are considered development banks and their essential purpose is the enhancement of the productive sector. This paper analyzes the financial outreach of the development bank in rural sector in dimensions of breadth, depth, scope and length. As a conclusion, the development bank in rural sector has prioritized its financial sustainability, focusing on the breadth and with few achievements in scope and depth which reflects a limited role as a development institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to determine changes in the prevalence of overweight/obesity, dietary habits and physical activity at the beginning and end of the freshman year after an intervention to promote healthy habits. Anthropometric measurements and a questionnaire about healthy eating habits and exercise were applied at the start and end of the freshman year to 304 volunteers ages 14-17. Intervention consisted of lectures, sports classes and social networks such as Facebook and Twitter. There was a significant increase in the intake of portions/day of fruits and vegetables, and a reduction in days/week of sweetened beverages and chips. There was no change in the prevalence of overweight/obesity. The massive intervention through lectures, classes and social networks improved dietary habits but did not change the prevalence of overweight/obesity. Other strategies should be tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the indicators generated on the study of urban sustainability in the municipality of Chimalhuacan, located in the Eastern of the State of Mexico. It has characteristics in the territorial, urban, and social, with the complexity and link that this territory presents with the metropolitan area of Mexico City, the largest in the country and Latin America. Generate indicators for the study of the municipal territory, means building tools that allow to know the human impact on environmental, social and economic, and be relevant to the decision makers, and be a support in planning, and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tenextepango, in the state of Morelos, was established as a hiring center of farm laborers engaged in harvesting in the area since the sixties. However in the first decade of the century it is also a source of provision of farm laborers for exporting companies in the Northwestern of Mexico. This paper emphasizes the way that the different types of labor brokers in the area operate, to connect employees and employers who are geographically separated. There is a comparisson between two types of labor brokers: the “capitanes" who mobilize farm laborers in Morelos, Hidalgo, Puebla and Michoacán, and “mayordomos" who send workers to the northwest part of the country. The scenario becomes complex with because the government's programs that support the transfer of farm laborers to certain labor markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines two theoretical approaches on the autonomy: the liberal multiculturalism and the Latin-American interculturalism. The main argument is that the intercultural approach is more suitable to base the autonomy that the multiculturalism because it has a major methodological scope and his normative horizons are more wide. First, the interculturalism's critiques to Kymlicka's liberal multiculturalism are examined. Afterwards, his conceptions of the autonomy are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fight against poverty in the rural area has ceased to be a priority in some countries, as the result of an apparent improvement of their living conditions. The study of rural development policies in Mexico, it is of special interest, as this country is positioned to the forefront in the attempt to increase the coordination of their policies, these being object of evaluation in this work. Based on information obtained from interviews to experts conducted in rural development in two rounds –methodology Delphi–, this paper discusses the neglect of poverty in rural areas, providing the experts their assessments about the efficacy that implemented policies has had on the reduction of rural poverty, considering the interest for further deepening of the reforms initiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that spatial distribution in sectors of an economy is not always a consequence of regional externalities. The behavior of twenty three sectors of Sonora economy is analyzed considering first its spatial distribution and later the influence of the space in such distribution. To achieve it, Moran's I and Local Indicators of Spatial Association methods were applied. A high concentration or spatial specialization it is observed, as well as a very low spatial correlation. These results allow us to conclude that the location of the analyzed sectors does not respond to regional externalities, but rather to economies of urbanization or some other non- regional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allocate public funds among competitive alternatives demands the development of models that evaluate and select those that meet simultaneously with the established goals and with the multiple criteria choices. In this context, the Fundacion Produce of BC distributed its resources without a scheme to assess the economic contribution of agri-food activities to the state. The aim of this paper is to present the design and construction of the model prioritizing them, as a policy tool to guide public spending and prioritized transparent allocate, identifying those whose multiplier effects have a clear impact based on their dynamism, participation in production structure and degree of market specialization. The result shows that for BC, these are the cultivation of asparagus, alfalfa, and wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to analyze the phenomenon and dynamics of trafficking in women to Monterrey, as well as sexual exploitation and its consequences. Results show that in recent years the trafficking of women has increased to Monterrey for several reasons. Economic growth has caused a massive increase in business travel and tourism. Parallel to this, sex tourism has also developed. To meet the demands of sex services, bar owners, massage parlors, travel marginalized areas of Mexico and lure young girls through several promises to employment and later force them to work in prostitution. Trafficked women suffer a wide range of violence and exploitation, which have direct affect to their physical, mental and sexual condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economics, Sociology and Geography have provided theoretical schemes explaining permanent migration. Neo-classical economics, the new economics of labor migration, social capital theory, transnational theory and dual labor market theory offer partial and contradictory explanations of permanent migration. Therefore, an understanding of why labor migrants who arrived to work temporally are staying permanently in the receiving societies must be relied on interdisciplinary approaches. This paper explores the reach of main theoretical schemes of permanent migration in order to understand why some farm workers who came to Tamaulipas to work in orange picking during the season stayed permanently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of the return migration on regional economic activity, as well as its impact on regional social indicators in Mexico. A multivariate regression model was established to estimate the effect of the flow of the return migration on the social and economic development of Mexico. At national level, the average annual growth rate of the population with secondary education was moderate and low for those with technical studies. However, the states with higher return migration such as the states of Michoacán, Guanajuato and Zacatecas experienced a rapid growth of population with secondary and technical education. The econometric results suggest a positive effect of those return migrants with higher levels of education and remittances on regional economic and social development, as well as a negative effect of the return migration that exerts pressure on labor market formal and informal by increasing unemployment rates and the active economic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze in the context of Mexico and its regions, the effect of technological change on the labor market, especially the performance of the employment structure in relation to the demand for skilled and unskilled labor in areas of technology and technological and performance pay and wage inequality in skilled workers in 2000-2009. It uses information from the National Survey of Urban Employment (ENEU) and National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE). The results indicate that during the first decade of this century has been an increase in the demand for skill, but this increased demand is not matched by an increase in the premium to skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to World Health Organization obesity has become a global epidemic. Its increasing prevalence is leading to a greater incidence of associated diseases, with a significant impact on health systems costs and a decline in life quality. The obesity has become a priority problem of public health. Market failures present in the sector is an argument that justifies government intervention. Based on this, is that the objective of this paper is to analyze market failures present in the sector and make a comprehensive compilation of public policies that have been proposed for the treatment and prevention of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]