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It is well established that intelligence testing in its modern form developed and was deployed slightly differently in several countries, most notably France, England and the United States. Less widely recognized is the fact that its originators were all part of a close network of scholars who liaised internationally, exchanged ideas and were thoroughly acquainted with each other's work. Their exchanges resulted from the transnational drive to develop a new social science of psychology involving a determination to find empirical evidence on which to base understandings of the human mind. This soon led to the development of a means of testing human performance, not least in the field of intelligence. In the process, close contacts between all those who were to be pioneers of intelligence testing around the globe developed, in touch with and feeding off each others' ideas. This article is an account of the development of that network.

The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between different types of executive functions (EFs) and bullying involvement in adolescent boys and girls. A self-report questionnaire was administered to 385 adolescents (mean age = 12.6 years) from nine junior high schools in France. Participants were divided into four bullying groups: pure victims, bully-victims, pure bullies, and noninvolved. Their parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Results showed that adolescents with inhibition problems were more likely to be victims or bully-victims. Furthermore, working memory, organization of materials, and monitoring problems appeared to be associated with the risk of being a victim for girls. Bully-victims, especially girls, performed more poorly on cool and hot EF problems than controls. Pure bullies did not exhibit any EF impairments. The screening of EF abilities and the implementation of evidence-based EF promotion programs are discussed.

At the babbling stage, the syllable does not have the temporal characteristics of adult syllables because of the infant's limited oro-motor skills. This research aims to further our knowledge of syllable duration and temporal variability and their evolution with age as an indicator of the development of articulatory skills. The possible impact of syllable position, as well as that of type of intrasyllabic associations and intersyllabic articulatory changes on these parameters has also been tested. Oral productions of 22 French infants were recorded monthly from 8 to 14 months. 11 261 Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables were annotated and temporally analyzed. The mean duration varied according to syllable position, but not to the intrasyllabic or intersyllabic articulatory changes. Moreover, the syllable duration decreased significantly from the age of 10 months onwards, whereas the temporal variability remained the same.

One response to challenges of national vocational training systems has been a move towards greater flexibility within vocational training systems. This article focuses on an investigation of modularisation as a tool for achieving this flexibility. Many European countries have introduced modular forms into their vocational training system. We investigate whether the global trends set out are producing policy convergence in modularisation in differing countries. This study selects seven European countries to make a detailed analysis and entailed an analysis of each country's Initial Vocational Education and Training programmes. The methodology involved both primary and secondary data collection. The findings demonstrate policy convergence that can be attributed to similar challenges at national level. Modularisation in some countries takes a 'radical' form. Other countries have followed a mixed approach. It is clear that no two countries have adopted the same form of modularisation, although some countries have cited common challenges in the modularisation process.

Participants performed a letter detection task on a self-generated and on an unfamiliar text to address two questions: Will letter processing differ for self-generated and unfamiliar texts? Is the missing-letter effect immune from text familiarity? The 36 participants were asked to write an essay and then to read it along with an unfamiliar text written by another participant while searching for a target letter. Results revealed the usual missing-letter effect for both familiar and unfamiliar texts and an effect of familiarity with "fewer" omissions for familiar than for unfamiliar texts. Results are interpreted in light of the Attentional-Disengagement model of the missing-letter effect. (Contains 1 table.)

The article explores questions of source history, notational and performing problems, and editorial procedure, in "La Chanson d'Ève." It mentions that the progressive expansion and piecemeal publication is vital to an understanding of how various practical and editorial issues arose, and how we might solve them. It offer us a spectrum of possibilities for performance, allowing a transformative reappraisal of the cycle's place in the repertoire.

Examined corrective feedback and learner response to feedback in four primary level immersion classes. Transcripts of classroom interactions from subject-matter and French language arts lessons were analyzed using a model comprising the various moves in an error treatment sequence. Findings reveal a strong tendency for teachers to use recasts despite the ineffectiveness of the technique in eliciting student-generated repair. (63 references) (Author/CK)

This document presents the fundamentals of speech audiometry in noise, general requirements for implementation and criteria for choice among the tests available in French according to the health-professional's needs. The recommendations are based on a systematic analysis of the literature carried out by a multidisciplinary group of doctors, audiologists and audioprosthetists from all over France. They are graded A, B, C or expert opinion according to decreasing level of scientific evidence. Eight tests of speech audiometry in noise can be used in France. To be complete, evaluation of hearing status requires testing understanding of speech in noise. The examination must begin with a minimum of two measurements familiarizing the subject with the test procedure. For initial diagnosis, adaptive procedures establishing the 50% speech reception threshold (SRT50) in noise are to be preferred in order to obtain a rapid and standardized measurement of perception of speech in noise. When the aim is to measure real-life speech comprehension, tests based on sentences, cocktail-party noise and free-field stimulation are to be preferred. Prosthetic gain is evaluated exclusively in free field. This is the only way to evaluate the contribution of binaurality and to measure perception in noise in an environment as close as possible to real life. In order to avoid acoustic interference in free field, at least five loudspeakers should be used, in particular for evaluating the effectiveness of directional microphones, CROS devices enabling sounds picked up in the damaged ear to be rerouted to the functional ear, or bimodal fitting (i.e., when hearing is enabled by two modalities: for example, hearing aid for one ear, cochlear implant for the other). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asserts that the writers and producers of the television documentary, "The Valour and the Horror," provided a false impression of an event to fit preconceived and erroneous interpretations of history. Points out specific examples of inaccurate historical presentations and provides contradictory historical interpretations. (CFR)

The ∼ M 6 1799 Bouin earthquake is considered as one of the largest earthquakes to have struck Western France. However, the seismogenic source potentially responsible for this event remain marginally documented. We present results from a focused offshore-onshore multidisciplinary survey in its meizoseismal area in order to identify the fault segments that potentially ruptured during this earthquake. Based on macroseismic data and the geology, we focused our study on the so-called Machecoul Fault as a potential source of the 1799 Bouin event. Our survey includes extensive high-resolution seismic reflection, high resolution bathymetry and a 1-yr seismological survey. These data were combined with existing topography, onshore gravity data and drill data to document the geometry of the Marais Breton/Baie de Bourgneuf basin, the past tectonic activity and the current local microearthquakes at depth along its bounding faults. Offshore and onshore observations suggest a recent activity of the segmented Machecoul Fault bounding the basin to the North. Offshore, the planar contact between the Plio-Quaternary sediments and the basement along the fault trace as well as the thickening of these sedimentary units near this contact suggests tectonic control rather than erosion. Onshore, the recent incision of the footwall of the fault suggests a recent tectonic activity. The temporary local seismological experiment deployed between 2016 and 2017 recorded a diffuse microseismicity down to the depth of 22 ± 5 km along the southward dipping Machecoul Fault, associated with predominantly normal fault mechanisms. Altogether, these results suggest that the Machecoul Fault is a serious candidate for being the source of the historical Bouin 1799 earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) is the 5th most common cancer in the world; in France, however, its incidence has been steadily decreasing. Twenty-five experts brought together under the aegis of the French Association of Surgery collaborated in the drafting of a series of recommendations for surgical management of GA. As concerns preoperative evaluation and work-up, echo-endoscopy aimed at clarifying lymph node status should be performed in all candidates for surgical resection and exploratory laparoscopy in cases of GA cT3/T4 and/or N+ for peritoneal carcinomatosis. On the other hand, PET-scan should not be performed systematically, but only when the other modalities for diagnosis prove insufficient. Laparotomy remains the route of choice to achieve total or partial gastrectomy with D2 lymph node lymphadenectomy for advanced lesions (> T2N0). To limit the risk of dumping syndrome and esophageal reflux and as a way of reestablishing continuity, construction of a jejunal pouch on Roux-en-Y following total gastrectomy is recommended. In cases of peritoneal carcinosis in GA with a low peritoneal cancer index (PCI) (< 7) in a patient in good general condition whose disease is controlled by chemotherapy, macroscopically complete cytoreduction with intraperitoneal hyperthermal chemotherapy will probably be required, and it will have to take place in an expert center. Only in the event of Child A cirrhosis may gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy be considered. Palliative gastrectomy or surgical bypass for distal stomach obstruction in a patient in good general condition may also be envisioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports the findings of a group established to respond to the request of the Secretaire d'Etat a la Famille for proposals toward an early childhood policy. Describes the range of care for French children under three years. Highlights the disparities in terms of quality, availability, and cost. Offers proposals for correcting these problems. (CB)

The development of the Grenoble-Meylan (France) science park is described, highlighting the process by which the need for careful and coordinated planning was needed. (Author/MSE)

Provides English translation of a French study of legislation and programs providing preventive medical and social services to pregnant women and young children. Discussed are legislative objectives and organizational levels, strategies and modes of executive action, the contribution of social security to medical protection for mother and child, and results obtained. (RH)

Background Context memory, or the ability to remember the context in which an episodic event has occurred (e.g., where and when an event took place), has been found to be compromised in Korsakoff's syndrome. This study examined whether a similar deficit would be observed for destination memory, that is, the ability to remember to whom an information was previously transmitted. Methods Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome and healthy controls were instructed to tell proverbs to pictures of celebrities. In a subsequent recognition test, they had to indicate to which celebrity they had previously told the proverbs. Participants also completed a neuropsychological battery including a binding task in which they were required to associate letters with their correspondent locations to assess context memory. Results Results showed worse binding and destination memory in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome than in controls. In the Korsakoff group, destination memory was significantly correlated with and predicted by performances on the binding task. Conclusions The binding process seems to be impaired in Korsakoff's syndrome, a deficit that may account for the destination memory compromise in the syndrome, and probably, for the difficulty to retrieve the 'where and when' of an encountered event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pouvoirs is the property of Editions du Seuil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the coronation of François I, King of France, which took place in Reims on January 15, 1515. Topics discussed include witnesses of the coronation, the rituals surrounding the event, and different perspectives of the event. The article includes images of official documents which were created at the time of the coronation.

Copyright of Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni is the property of Editrice Morcelliana S.p.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: A simple method for effective bronchodilator aerosol delivery while administering continuing continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) would be useful in patients with severe bronchial obstruction. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of bronchodilator aerosol delivery during CPAP generated by the Boussignac CPAP system and its optimal humidification system. METHODS: First we assessed the relationship between flow and pressure generated in the mask with the Boussignac CPAP system. Next we measured the inspired-gas humidity during CPAP, with several humidification strategies, in 9 healthy volunteers. We then measured the bronchodilator aerosol particle size during CPAP, with and without heat-and-moisture exchanger, in a bench study. Finally, in 7 patients with acute respiratory failure and airway obstruction, we measured work of breathing and gas exchange after a β-2-agonist bronchodilator aerosol (terbutaline) delivered during CPAP or via standard nebulization. RESULTS: Optimal humidity was obtained only with the heat-and-moisture exchanger or heated humidifier. The heat-and-moisture exchanger had no influence on bronchodilator aerosol particle size. Work of breathing decreased similarly after bronchodilator via either standard nebulization or CPAP, but PaO2 increased significantly only after CPAP aerosol delivery. CONCLUSIONS: CPAP bronchodilator delivery decreases the work of breathing as effectively as does standard nebulization, but produces a greater oxygenation improvement in patients with airway obstruction. To optimize airway humidification, a heat-and-moisture exchanger could be used with the Boussignac CPAP system, without modifying aerosol delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To pay tribute to the contributions made by Wallace Lambert in the field of immersion education at an international level, this article highlights initiatives undertaken to revitalize regional languages through immersion education in France. Based on the immersion model, school-based programs have been implemented in France to teach regional languages such as Occitan, Basque, and Catalan in the south, Corsican on the island of Corsica, Breton in the northwest, and German in the eastern regions of Alsace and Moselle. This article points out many differences across these regional contexts, but concludes by emphasizing common issues that need to be addressed across the different regions with respect to pedagogical practices and professional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the competition patterns in the movie theater business. Market conditions underline the decisions of businesses to either move closer to or geographically distance themselves from their competitors. The article analyzes two strategies in location choices: multiple locations in a single geographic zone and establishing units in multiple geographic zones using the example of the French multiplex market starting from the late 1980s. The market shares of large cinema operators such as Gaumont, Pathè, and UGC are cited.

Conceived somewhat in the style of the `Mirrors of Princes' tradition composed of educational tracts addressed to future monarchs dating back to the 9th century, these late sixteenth-century treatises of royal eloquence are intended to serve the Prince and edify his speech. For this reason, they invite examination as princely 'Institutions of Oratory'. The ideal portrait of the king, forever haunted by a general fear of conferring royalty upon an ass, is one of a `learned and well-spoken' prince. Education and eloquence therefore constitute two royal virtues which allow the sovereign to distinguish himself from the people and render himself worthy of the admiration of all subjects. This primary relation between learning and eloquence taken as fundamental elements of royal power is the main concern of the present study and analysis. We shall examine the case of three 'rhetorics', composed for the use of Henry III with the intention of informing himself as a model of the 'well-spoken king'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BMS: Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique (l'Association Internationale de Méthodologie Sociologique (AIMS)) is the property of l'Association Internationale de Methodologie Sociologique (AIMS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mathématiques & Sciences Humaines is the property of Editions du CNRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The overall trend and the trend within birth cohorts of the prevalence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle found dead, euthanased or emergency slaughtered on farms in the Bretagne, Basse Normandie and Pays de la Loire regions of France, during the periods from August 7 to December 22 in 2000, 2001 and 2002, were analysed by non-conditional logistic regression, adjusted for the region and for the type of animals. The overall prevalence of BSE during these three periods decreased from 2.71 per 1000 in 2000 to 1.41 per 1000 in 2001 and 0.42 per 1000 in 2002. The prevalence within birth cohorts started to decrease for the cohort born between July 1, 1995 and June 30, 1996 (cohort 95/96) and the trend was reinforced for cohort 96/97, suggesting that the exposure of animals to the BSE agent had started to decrease for animals born after July 1995, that is, one year before the ban on specified risk materials in meat and bone meal was implemented in France. However, considering that most of the animals would have been infected at between six and 18 months of age, the decrease may have been due, at least partly, to this control measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a presentation by Roy Sabri at the 6th International Orthodontic Congress held in Paris, France, about how implants facilitate orthodontics. Sabri explored the development of midpalatal implants and onplants to provide absolute anchorage. He noted the change brought by single-tooth implants to treatment planning in orthodontics.

Studies suggested that exposure to air pollutants, with endocrine disrupting (ED) properties, have a key role in breast cancer (BC) development. Although the population is exposed simultaneously to a mixture of multiple pollutants and ED pollutants may act via common biological mechanisms leading to synergic effects, epidemiological studies generally evaluate the effect of each pollutant separately. We aimed to assess the complex effect of exposure to a mixture of four xenoestrogen air pollutants (benzo-[a]-pyrene (BaP), cadmium, dioxin (2,3,7,8-Tétrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin TCDD)), and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 (PCB153)) on the risk of BC, using three recent statistical methods, namely weighted quantile sum (WQS), quantile g-computation (QGC) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). The study was conducted on 5222 cases and 5222 matched controls nested within the French prospective E3N cohort initiated in 1990. Annual average exposure estimates to the pollutants were assessed using a chemistry transport model, at the participants' residence address between 1990 and 2011. We found a positive association between the WQS index of the joint effect and the risk of overall BC (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.10, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.03-1.19). Similar results were found for QGC (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.03-1.19). Despite the association did not reach statistical significance in the BKMR model, we observed an increasing trend between the joint effect of the four pollutants and the risk of BC, when fixing other chemicals at their median concentrations. BaP, cadmium and PCB153 also showed positive trends in the multi-pollutant mixture, while dioxin showed a modest inverse trend. Despite we found a clear evidence of a positive association between the joint exposure to pollutants and BC risk only from WQS and QGC regression, we observed a similar suggestive trend using BKMR. This study makes a major contribution to the understanding of the joint effects of air pollution., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The objective of this study is to investigate factors influencing the time to return to work (RTW) of HealthCare Workers (HCW) infected with COVID-19 during the initial wave of the pandemic in a southern French university hospital. Data collection of 170 HCW (between March 16 to June 1, 2020) included demographic and professional information, clinical profiles, comorbidities, medical management, therapies and RT-PCR results. The mean time to RTW was 15.6 days. Multivariate analyses revealed that the time to RTW was shorter among laboratory and emergency workers, while it was longer for HCW aged 40 to 49 years, at higher risk of severe illness, with a delayed negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR or those treated with azithromycin and/or hydroxychloroquine. This study highlights diverse factors affecting HCW RTW post-COVID-19 infection, underscoring the importance of exercising caution in administering unproven therapies to HCW during the early stages of a novel infectious pandemic.

Introduction: The spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the community remains a major concern despite the application of control measures including the banning of mass sporting events. The circulation of SARS-CoV-2 within the general population, and potentially within the population practicing outdoor sports activities, suggests contexts conducive to the transmission of the virus. We hypothesise that outdoor sports events (OSEs) do not present a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 contamination. The objective of the COVID-ESO project is to measure if individuals participating in OSE present a similar risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission compared with individuals not participating in OSE, in France., Methods and Analysis: The COVID-ESO project is a prospective, quasi-experimental study to be conducted in volunteer individuals likely to participate in OSE. Six events are targeted across France to be included. Three sport trials will be eligible for the study: running, cycling and triathlon. Each individual participating in the OSE will choose one of his or her usual training partner to be eligible for the unexposed control group. Individuals will be matched (1:1) on age, sex and the district of residence. Individuals assigned to the exposed group will participate in the OSE, whereas individuals assigned to the unexposed group will not participate in the OSE. All individuals will be asked to perform saliva tests on the day of the event and 7 days after the event. A questionnaire including sociodemographic, clinical and exposure data to SARS-CoV-2 will be sent by email for both groups on the day before the event and 7 days after the event. Differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates between the exposed versus the unexposed group will be analysed by fitting a conditional logistic regression model, adjusted for potential confounders. As the sport events unfold, data will be analyzed by performing sequential meta-analyses., Ethics and Dissemination: This protocol has been approved by the ethical committee. Ethical approval has been obtained for the Clinical research and committee of South West of France, 10 June 2021. COMITE DE PROTECTION DES PERSONNES DU SUD-OUEST ET OUTRE-MER 4 under the reference number 21.03.23.71737/CPP2021-04-045 a COVID/2021-A00845-36. Findings generated from this study will be shared to national health and sport authorities., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Cytomegalovirus is common in adult recipients (prevalence of 40-90%). Children are typically seronegative but immunosuppression may prone to primary-infection or viral reactivation, with potentially severe consequences. CMV infection incidence in pediatric kidney transplant recipients has seldom been investigated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence and timing of CMV infection during the first year after renal transplantation. We assembled a retrospective cohort of 136 children who had received a kidney transplant between 2003 and 2014 with a year follow-up. The patients were classified regarding CMV infection as high risk (D+/R-), intermediate risk (R+) or low risk (D-/R-). CMV infection was defined by the viral replication remaining asymptomatic whereas CMV disease concerned viral replication with clinical and/or biological symptoms. Oral valganciclovir was used as prophylaxis for high-risk recipients. A total of 38 patients (27.9%) developed CMV infection, 13 (40.6%) of the 32 D+/R-, 24 (45.3%) of the 53 R+ and 1 (2.0%) of the 51 D-/R-. Of these 38 infected patients, 10 developed tissue-invasive disease. During the first year after kidney transplantation, 27.9% of recipients developed CMV infection. This study confirms the influence of donor and recipient CMV status on infection propensity and highlights the importance of adequate follow-up for intermediate risk patients., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)