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Background: Worldwide, multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) and their virulence’s were contributed more in the multi-drug resistant effect. According to the World Health organization report, it is an emerging thread in developing countries and also comes under first ever critical list. In this context, the current study was concentrated on detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing strain and their antimicrobial susceptibility study of K. pneumoniae. Materials and methods: Firstly, the multi-drug resistant effect of the K. pneumoniae was identified from specific CLSI guidelines recommended antibiotics by disc diffusion method. Consecutively, the primary ESBL identification test was performed using ceftazidime and cefotaxime, followed by double disc combination and phenotypic confirmation tests using ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. Finally, the minimum inhibition concentration of some important sensitive antibiotics were performed against selected K. pneumoniae was confirmed by micro broth dilution method. Results and conclusions: The current result was most favorable to selected K. pneumoniae with more multi drug resistant characteristic nature. All the performed antibiotics were almost more sensitive to selected K. pneumoniae. The effective antibiotics of piperacillin was also exhibited more resistant effect against tested bacteria and it cleaved the bacterial enzyme clearly. The present result of primary ESBL identification test result was exhibited with ≤22 mm and ≤27 mm against ceftazidime and cefotaxime were observed respectively. Followed result of double disc combination and phenotypic confirmation experiments results were clearly stated that the selected K. pneumoniae was ESBL producer. The ceftazidime, cefotaxime and ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid were exhibited with merged zones and ≥5 mm zones around the combination disc when compared with disc alone were observed. All the ESBL detection test results were clearly indicated that the selected K. pneumoniae strain was ESBL producer.

Background: Recent years, the treatment of multi-drug resistant bacteria and their effect are very difficult due to the virulence factors modification. Based on the world wide thread, we have tried to identify the ESBLs producing bacteria from urinary tract infection patients. In result, the highly antibiotic resistant effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified. Methods: Initially, Hexa disc diffusion method was performed to detect the multi-drug resistant bacteria using respective antibiotics of HX066, HX033 and HX077, HX012 discs. Consecutively, the ESBL producing ability of confirmed multi drug resistant bacteria was performed to detect their ESBL producing ability using specific extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBLs) detection discs of Hexa G-minus 24. Furthermore, the ESBL producing ability of the bacteria was confirmed by ESBLs detection Ezy MIC™ E-test stripe method. Results and conclusions: In result, 10, 5 and 4 mm and 10, 14 and 8 mm zone of inhibition against imipenem (IPM), Ticarcillin/Clavulanic acid (TCC), Cefoperazone (CPZ) and Ampicillin (AMP), Norfloxacin (NX), Nalidixic acid (NA) antibiotics for P. aeruginosa and 16, 22 and 10, 18 mm zone of inhibition against ceftazidime (CAZ), methicillin (MET), ampicillin amoxyclav (AMC), co-trimoxazole (COT) of the HX077 HX012 for K. pneumoniae were observed. Based on the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, both the bacteria were more resistant to tested antibiotics and it could be developed more resistant against all the tested antibiotics. In addition, the phenotypic detection of ESBL production effect was also performed against both the selected uropathogens, and the results were shown ≥22 mm, ≥27 zone of inhibition against all the tested antibiotics. Further, the genetic identification of multi plux PCR result was shown TEM, SHV and CTX-m genes were present in both the selected uropathogens. Finally, our results were correlated each other and concluded that the selected uropathogens were multi drug resistant effect and also ESBLs producer.

Background: Recent years, multi drug resistant pathogens and their pathogenicity were increased worldwide due to unauthorized consumption of antibiotics. In addition, correlation between multi drug resistant bacteria and biofilm formation is heightened due to the production of more virulence behavior. There is no better identification methods are available for detection of biofilm producing gram negative bacteria. Materials and methods: In this research work, multi drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) were identified based on the specific antibiotics and third generation cephalosporin discs by disc diffusion assay. Subsequently, biofilm forming ability of selected pathogens were identified tissue culture plate and tube test. Based on the multi-drug resistant ability and biofilm production, the molecular identification of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae were confirmed by PCR using universal primers. Results and conclusions: No zone of inhibition present around the discs of muller hinton agar plates were confirm, selected P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae strains were multi drug resistant pathogens. Performed third generation cephalosporin antibiotics were also highly sensitive to selected pathogens of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Further, biofilm forming ability of selected P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae was confirmed by tissue culture plate and tube methods. Finally, molecular identification of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae was named as P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Our result was conclude, selected P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae as biofilm producing pathogens and also highly resistant to current antibiotics.

Based on the excellent nutrient level, the current study was focused on isolation and anti-bacterial activity of the actinomycetes from marine mangrove soil samples. As result, 10 different strains of actinomycetes strains were identified on actinomycetes isolation agar plates. The identified strains were shown with white, clear, uncontaminated well matured spore producing ability. Based on the initial observation, the isolated colonies were actinomycetes. The partially extracted crude compound shown excellent anti-bacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae with 15 mm and 13 mm zone of inhibitions were observed at 500 μL concentrations. The minimum inhibition concentration result was also confirmed the 500 μL concentration against both the tested concentration with high inhibition rate. Then, the intracellular damages, decreased cell growth of the crude actinomycetes extract treated bacterial strains were clearly observed by confocal laser scanning electron microscope. The extracellular damages of bacterial cell wall and shape of the both the pathogens were clearly shown by scanning electron microscope. Therefore, all the results were clearly supported to the partially extracted crude compound and it has excellent anti-bacterial activity against tested multi drug resistant bacteria.

It is now widely acknowledged that the impact of human activities on environment is significant and will have serious consequences for future generations. Environment education has a significant role in making the youth conscious about their environment, adopting green social behaviour and thus responding to the environment crises. Recognizing the importance and need of environment education, India has initiated several efforts including making the environment education compulsory at all level of education. Today when environmental conditions are changing adversely and all living beings are suffering from the negative consequences of environmental pollution and climate changes, there is a need to reorient the curriculum of environment education for making it more attractive and responsive to the local environmental issues. Moreover, related policies are also needed to be restructured for sensitizing the people, especially school and college level students about the issues related to environment management.

The multi-drug resistant effect of the Gram negative bacteria K. pneumoniae was identified by disc diffusion method using specific UTI panel discs of Kleb 1 HX077 and Kleb 2 HX090 HEXA. Among the multi-drug resistant bacteria, the carbapenem resistant (CR) effect of the K. pneumoniae was screened by specific carbapenem detection antibiotics of HEXA HX066 and HX0103 HEXA by disc diffusion method. In addition, the effective antibiotics were further performed against K. pneumoniae by minimum inhibition concentration method. Further, the carbapenemase genes of VIM 1 and IMP 1 were detected from the isolated strains by multiplex PCR method. Furthermore, the biofilm forming ability of selected carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae was initially identified by tissue culture plate method and confirmed by exopolysaccharide arrest ability of congo red agar assay. Finally, our result was proved that the identified K. pneumoniae is carbapenemase producing strain, and its virulence was extended with strong biofilm formation.

In this study, the phytochemical, phenolic, flavonoid and bioactive compounds were successfully screened from crude extract of Sargassum wightii by LC-MS analysis after NIST interpretation. Bacterial growth inhibition study result was shown with 24 mm zone inhibition at 200 µg/mL concentration against P. aeruginosa. The increased phenolic content was much closed to gallic acid and the range was observed at 250 μg/mL concentration. In addition, flavonoid contents of the algae extract was indicated more significant with rutin at 200 μg/mL. In result, both the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were more correlated with gallic acid and rutin. Further, the total anti-oxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities were shown increased activity at 200 μg/mL concentrations. Furthermore, the excellent anti-bacterial alteration result was observed at 200 μg/mL concentration by minimum inhibition concentration. Therefore, the result was revealed that the marine algae Sargassum wightii has excellent phytochemical and anti-oxidant activities, and it has improved anti-bacterial activity against P. aeruginosa.

The Caulerpa taxifolia is excellent marine green algae, which produced enormous bioactive compounds with more biological activities. Also, it is an excellent source for synthesis of Ag NPs with increased bioactivity against various infections. In our study, the marine algae marine algae Caulerpa taxifolia mediated Ag NPs was synthesized effectively. The synthesized Ag NPs was characterized well using UV-spectrometer and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and confirmed as synthesized particle was Ag NPs. The available structure of the Ag NPs was morphologically identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and exact minimum size, polydispersive spherical shape of the entire Ag NPs structure was confirmed by Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Further, the anti-cancer efficiency of biosynthesized Ag NPs against A549 lung cancer cells was found at 40 µg/mL concentration by cytotoxicity experiment. In addition, the phase contrast images of the result were supported the Ag NPs, which damaged the A549 morphologically clearly. Finally, florescence microscopic images were effectively proved the anti-cancerous effect against A549 lung cancer cells due to the condensed morphology of increased death cells. All the confirmed in-vitro results were clearly stated that the Caulerpa taxifolia mediated Ag NPs has superior anti-cancer agent against A549 lung cancer cells.

The current study was concentrated to detection of anti-cancer compound from marine Streptomyces akiyoshiensis GRG 6 (KY457710) against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The partial purification of TLC was moved three different active spots. Among the spots, the third spot of the extract was shown excellent anti-cancer properties against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The available anti-cancer compounds present in the partially purified extract was confirmed by GC–MS data interpretation. Three fractions of the compounds were purified by preparative HPLC and their respective spectrum was confirmed by analytical HPLC. Active anti-cancer fraction was separately purified by preparative HPLC and the cytotoxicity result was shown with 100 µg/mL concentration. The anti-cancer compound of pyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3 was detected by LC-MS analysis after interpretation with GC–MS data. Further, the morphological damages and increased proliferation with more death cells of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3 treated MCF-7 were observed by phase contrast and fluorescence microscope techniques. Finally, the nuclear condensation and increased necrotic cells of the pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3 treated MCF-7 cells was clearly identified by fluorescence microscope techniques using Hoechst 33,342 stain. Therefore, our result was prove, the pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3 rich Streptomyces akiyoshiensis GRG 6 (KY457710) as a potential anti-cancer agent against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

In this study, the 16S rRNA of the marine endophytic actinomycete was characterized and identified as Nocardiopsis sp. strain DMS 2 (MH900226). Partial purification and spectroscopies data were interpreted and confirmed as 1, 4-diaza-2, 5-dioxo-3-isobutyl bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane. Anti-bacterial activity of the crude extract and partially purified compound were shown highest inhibition activity against biofilm forming K. pneumoniae. Minimum biofilm inhibition concentration of identified compound against K. pneumoniae was exhibited at the concentration of 300 µg/mL. Decreased metabolic activity and modified exopolysaccharide production of biofilm forming cells were observed at 350 µg/mL and 300 µg/mL concentration. At the same biofilm inhibition concentration, the intracellular architecture of the biofilm cells and extracellular shape modifications were clearly viewed by confocal laser scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. All the in-vitro inhibition results and microscopic images were strongly suggested that the identified compound was a potential anti-biofilm agent against tested K. pneumoniae.

In this study, the anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activity of marine brown algae Turbinaria ornata (T. ornate) extract was purified by soxhlet apparatus method. The invitro studies of total anti-oxidant activity and DPPH hydroxyl scavenging activity assays were suggested that the T. ornata extract has more anti-oxidant activity. Agar well diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration results were exhibited excellent inhibition effect of T. ornata extract against P. aeruginosa at 300 µg/mL concentration. The time-dependent bacterial inhibition assay was also confirmed the 300 µg/mL concentration at 24 h. Further, the increased death cells and extracellular shape alteration results were observed by confocal laser scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. Therefore, our result was suggested that the T. ornata extract as a promising anti-bacterial agent for multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa.

The biosynthesized Ag NPs was synthesized by using marine mangrove plant extract Avicennia marina. The synthesized Ag NPs was confirmed by various physiochemical characterization including UV-spectrometer and XRD analysis. In addition, the shape and of the synthesized Ag NPs was morphologically identified by SEM initially and TEM finally. After confirmation, the anti-cancer property of synthesized Ag NPs was confirmed at 50 µg/mL concentration against A549 lung cancer cells by MTT assay. Further, the ability to stimulate the ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane at the IC50 concentration of Ag NPs was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy using DCFH-DA and rhodamine 123 dyes respectively. Finally, the result was concluded that the synthesized Ag NPs has improved anti-cancer activity against A549 cells at lowest concentration.

Recent years Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) biofilm formation (BF) is emerging thread worldwide. For tackling this problem, we have chosen Hibiscus rosa-. pneumoniae. The HPLC purified essential oils (EOs sinensis (H. rosa-sinensis) (HRS) to inhibit the BF K) of H. rosa-sinensis was performed against BF K. pneumoniae and showed concentration dependent biofilm inhibition. At the MBIC of EOs (90 µg/ml), the biofilm inhibition was showed at 92% against selected BF K. Pneumoniae. The biofilm metabolic assay, exopolysaccharide quantification and hydrophobicity index variation results exhibited with 88%, 92% and 89% reduction at 90 μg/mL was observed respectively. In addition, the morphological modification of MBIC treated K. pneumoniae was clearly viewed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Overall, all the invitro experiments result were confirmed that the MBIC of H. rosa-sinensis EOs was very effective against BF K. pneumonia.

Initially, the excellent anti-oxidant property of the Ag NPs was synthesized from Chinese medicinal plant of Lonicera japonica, and their spectroscopic evidences were confirmed by UV-spectrometer. The morphology, size and shape of the synthesized Ag NPs were effectively identified by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Both the spectroscopic results were more evident, which UV-spectrometer peak was exhibited at 456 nm, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope results were also clearly shown ball like spherical shape. The potential anti-cancer effect of the Ag NPs was revealed, the selected Chinese plant Lonicera japonica was influenced the A549 lung cancer cells through excessive ROS production. The IC50 concentration of 75 µg/mL was shown decreased viability in Ag NPs treated A549 lung cancer cells of MTT assay. Consecutively, the MTT assay result was proved by irregular shape and damaged morphology in A549 lung cancer cells by images of phase contrast microscope. Finally, the result was also clearly stated that the synthesized Ag NPs was very effective against A549 human lung cancer cells and it use for future drug discovery for inhibiting the lung cancer.

In this study, the pure, pale white, powdery nature and pigment produced endophytic actinomycetes strains were isolated from marine Sea grasses sample. The isolated strains were endophytes as confirmed by surface sterilization and validation methods. The anti-bacterial efficacy materials of the crude compound were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction using various organic solvents. Anti-bacterial efficacy of the isolated actinomycetes strain RMN 10 was exhibited excellent anti-bacterial activity against K. pneumoniae at increasing concentration. In addition, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the crude actinomycetes compound has excellent anti-bacterial activity at 250 µg/mL concentration and this concentration was fixed as a MIC. Further, the structural and shape damages of actinomycetes crude compound treated K. pneumoniae cells were clearly identified in SEM images. All the invitro experiments were proved that the actinomycetes compound has excellent anti-bacterial activity against K. pneumoniae.

Based on the untreated biofilm formation in urinary tract infections (UTIs), current study was focused on the inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) biofilm formation using Nerium oleander (N. oleander) essential oils. Initially, the LC-MS analysis of antibacterial potential of hydro distillated N. oleander essential oils was detected by LC-MS analysis. Initially, the antibacterial nature of essential oils was detected by agar well diffusion method against biofilm forming P. aeruginosa. Then, the possible anti-bacterial fractions of the essential oils were purified by preparative HPLC, and confirmed by analytical HPLC peaks. Possible anti-bacterial components of the fractions were merged together and confirmed by agar well diffusion method. Consecutively, the and minimum biofilm inhibition concentration experiment was proved that the concentration of 200 µg/mL of purified essential oils was very effective against P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. The decrease survival rate of the MTT assay result was also supported the minimum biofilm inhibition concentration result. Finally, all the results were more evident; the HPLC purified N. oleander essential oils as a promising anti-biofilm factor against P. aeruginosa biofilm formation.

In this study, the anti-cancer compound was extracted from Chrysanthemum morifolium (C. morifolium) by soxhlet apparatus method. The available anti-cancer compounds of Chrysanthemum morifolium extract were clearly detected by LC-MS analysis based on the retention time, percentages of height and occupied area. The anti-cancer compounds were separately screened from mixed compounds by NIST Wiley library interpretation. Further, the silver nanoparticle (Ag NPs) was synthesized from C. morifolium extract, and their surface plasmon resonance effect of the extract was scanned by UV–vis spectroscopy at 410 nm. Morphological identification of size and shape of the Ag NPs was confirmed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images. Further, the anti-cancer effect of synthesized Ag NPs was exhibited more cytotoxicity effect at the concentration of 200 µg/mL. Furthermore, the morphological damages of A549 cells were clearly confirmed by fluorescence microscope using AO/EB fluorescence stain. Finally, the results were suggested that the biosynthesized Ag NPs has potential anti-cancer agent against A549 lung cancer cells.

Our study is to evaluate the potential bioactive compound of Nocardiopsis sp. GRG1 (KT235640) and its antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant strains (MDRS) on urinary tract infections (UTIs). Two brown algae samples were collected and were subjected to isolation of endophytic actinomycetes. 100 strains of actinomycetes were isolated from algal samples based on observation of morphology and physiological characters. 40 strains were active in antagonistic activity against various clinical pathogens. Among the strains, 10 showed better antimicrobial activity against MDRS on UTIs. The secondary metabolite of Nocardiopsis sp. GRG1 (KT235640) has showed tremendous antibacterial activity against UTI pathogens compared to other strains. Influence of various growth parameters were used for synthesis of secondary metabolites, such as optimum pH 7, incubation time 5–7 days, temperature (30 °C), salinity (5%), fructose and mannitol as the suitable carbon and nitrogen sources. At 100 μg/ml concentration MIC of Nocardiopsis sp. GRG1 (KT235640) showed highest percentage of inhibition against Proteus mirabilis (85%), and E.coli, Staphylococcus auerues, Psuedomonas aeroginasa, Enterobactor sp and Coagulinase negative staphylococci 78–85% respectively.

The ethanolic extract of Hypnea muciformis (red algae) was tested for hepatoprotective activity against experimentally induced liver damage by Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in male albino rats. The levels of serum enzymatic and biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase, 5' nucleotidase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, triglycerides, lipid peroxides and albumin were determined. The CCI4 induced lesions in the liver significant increased the levels of serum marker enzymes SGPT and SGOT, bilirubin, creatinine and decreased urea. The oral treatment with ethanolic extract of H. muciformis exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity by reducing the CCL4 caused changes in the biochemical parameters such as total protein, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and urea. These parameters were restored towards the normal levels as shown by the enzymatic tests. In addition, H. muciformis significantly decreased the liver weight of CCl4 intoxicated rats. Apparently the H. muciformis extract interfered with the free radical formation, which resulted in hepatoprotective activity. Acute toxicity studies revealed that the LD50 value was more than 3 g/kg body weight. These results clearly indicated that this seaweed contained some active principles in its ethanolic extract which acted as an antidote against the hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4.