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From an historical analysis as well as considering the scientific, economical, social and political facts and consequences of scientific publications, a critical and updated review of scientific journals is made using a research perspective. It realizes the changes in the communication of Science, especially through twenty centuries. The historical analysis reveals that valuation of scientific knowledge, did not originate for commercial reasons, but responds to the political and economic evolution of society. The current situation of scientific publications reveals its enormous contribution to both knowledge and human development, but also inequities, social, economic and ethical conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While arguing a strong defense of the humanities, this paper highlights its spirit and makes clear some misunderstandings and errors regarding the humanities. Nonetheless, a history of the humanities is left aside, here. Quite ion the contrary, this paper claims that capitalism is the main detractor and enemy of the humanities; not the contradictors and opponents of the free market system. A number of arguments and justifications are provided. The humanities basically consist in reaching a voice of its own. Several arguments make clear what this consists of. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to trace some lines of understanding of the conflict between Israel and Palestine. To do so, it employs tools from Greek mythology—in the form of the goddesses Themis and Dike—to provide minimal explanations for the onset of resentment and indignation that fuel robust processes of violence and revenge. Employing the hypothetical-deductive method, the paper advances by proposing honor as a structuring element of the social status within Arab families, and ethics as the Jewish worldview of life, supported by rituals that seek purity (kashrut). The study also innovates by presenting an initial proposal for the peace process between Israel and Palestine based on the system of total exchanges, referred to as potlatch by Marcel Mauss (2016, ebook), aiming to bridge fractures and develop an ethos of trust and overcoming pain, towards a progressive agenda of dialogue and mutual concessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article I move forward with the development of a new theory of World Society, and in particular of a theory of capitalism rooted in the history of the 20th Century, which follows from a proposal for paradigmatic renewal that I call the "World Paradigm". To this end, I engage in a selective dialogue with Marx's work. I start from the assumption that the World Society is created in the middle of the 20th century and, along with it, that the economy is only at that time mundialised, generating a new capitalist formation which I call the "Intercapital System". In this paper I assimilate Marx's methodological contributions to the study of social change and focus on two decisive aspects of the Marxian vision: the genesis and the historical evolution of capitalism. Attention to this last point allows me to analyse - among other aspects - the way in which Marx approaches the "colonial question". Each section of the paper is preceded by my preliminary view of the issue, and the conclusions seek to highlight the value of this proposal for renewal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By Royal Decree of Philip II, on January 25, 1569, the Inquisition tribunals of Lima and Mexico were created. The purpose was to protect the Catholic faith and combat heresy. Later on February 7 of the same year, the Inquisition began to operate in Chile. This paper addresses case studies of Inquisition processes in Chile, their forms of control and exercise of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author subjects the narrative of "interculturality" to a critique from an intercultural perspective, invoking the critical potential of intercultural philosophy in contrast to a culturalist "interculturality" light. The background of this analysis is the epistemic violence exercised by the West in the fields of knowledge, science, and education. This violence is particularly noticeable in the case of philosophy, leading to a sort of "philosophical homicide" (philosophicide) with respect to indigenous philosophies such as the Andean one in the case of Abya Yala. The paper concludes with some guidelines for the challenges that a critical intercultural philosophy must face in the XXI century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of free will stipulates that the contract, in terms of ordering the legal consequences and determining the type and nature of the agreement between the parties, should not conflict with certain rules. Given that the overwhelming majority of jurists and lawyers have considered the principle of free will as the origin of Article 10 of the Civil Code, as well as the rule of law of the subsidiary, but there is no consensus among them on the meanings and definitions of the principle of free will, in this paper, the impact of free will on the creation of new impacts on the long-term temporary marriage contract is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Presentation" of the magazine "Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana" addresses the rights of peoples from an intersectional perspective in Latin America. It questions Eurocentrism, patriarchy, racism, and anthropocentrism as oppressions that affect individuals and peoples. The dossier includes research papers from various Latin American countries, such as Panama, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile, which address the issues of oppressions from different dimensions. In addition, book reviews are presented on topics such as the rights of transnational companies, the history of education in Argentina, and society during the pandemic. [Extracted from the article]

This article analyzes counter-hegemonic struggles in the face of the 21st century extractivism offensive in Latin America. First, it examines the emergence of a new generation of social movements against neoliberalism and subsequently against extractivism, shaped by the affected communities in alliance with a variety of subaltern groups that express the displacement of struggles towards the place for the reproduction and existence of life: the territory. In this context, the current Colombian scenario is presented, where one of the main banners of the new progressive government is the gradual de-escalation of the extractivist model within the framework of environmental justice, as an expression of an alternative hegemony. Finally, the paper highlights some of the main challenges of the struggle between capital and life in the face of the resurgence of extractivism in times of war, a socially and ecologically unsustainable model and one of the main obstacles in the construction of peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we do a review of two case studies that shows the continuity in the construction of hydro-social conflicts that were triggered by the promotion of hydroelectric dam projects as generators of development in Mexico. Without prior consultation processes, socio-environmental impact studies and with the presence of water-power discourses, they affected several indigenous communities in the Northern, Central and Costa Chica regions of Guerrero. Through a table of analysis, the categories used in the review of these cases such as: scale, region, community organizations, civil society, state authorities, the private sector and the methodologies used in the reviewed studies are shown. All this in order to highlight these iconic cases of the State of Guerrero at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century as hydro-social conflicts where the water-power relationship was present and were antecedents of other later socio-environmental conflicts in this state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the end of 2016, Banyumas local government decided to shut down Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Gunung Tugel. The purpose of this paper is to show the failure of Banyumas local government to deal with the social change they made and to show legal and sociological excess caused by that failure. From a methodological standpoint, this paper operates both normative and socio-legal approaches. The results are, first, Banyumas local government unable to deal with the social change they made. Second, Banyumas local government needs a new Peraturan Daerah to substitute the prior Peraturan Daerah to improve garbage management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the need to enhance critical thinking via means of literature within the contexts of English as a foreign language in higher education, the current paper seeks to delineate critical thinking in terms of four points: higher-order thinking skills, critical reading and writing, strategies for discussing literature in the English classroom, and research studies of interest and relevance to the concerned field. To maximize effectiveness, the current paper concludes with several recommendations for researchers to take into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the purpose of laying the foundations for a critique of sociological reason and making a contribution to shedding light on the relationship between Marxism and sociology, in this paper a set of problematic points of Esteban Torres' La gran transformación de la sociología is addressed. The analysis is divided into three moments. First, the idea of sociology that is used by the author is criticized, challenging by that the bases or foundations of Torres' broader intellectual work plan. In a second step, the conception of Marxism that is defended by the Cordovan academic is assessed, identifying the existing differences between the contribution of Capital's author and the aforementioned social science. As a corollary of both operations, some conclusions are drawn, stating that what must to be done is not to transform sociology but to abandon it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically reviews the concepts of world society and imperialism as proposed by Esteban Torres in his book La gran transformación de la sociología. The architecture and logical relations of the former and the economic inadequacy of the latter are observed. In both cases, the critique is followed by the suggestion of alternatives based on Social Systems Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with some fundamental problems of the subfield of social/sociological theory, particularly in our Latin American context, taking as a stimulus or pretext some of the problems raised in the book La gran transformación de la sociología, by Esteban Torres. After some initial remarks about the consequences of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic on our sociological activity, the text proceeds in three successive steps. First, some discussions are raised about the appropriate scale for sociological analysis (including a defense of middle range theorizing); then, we reflect on the temporality involved in theorizing, the challenges of social acceleration and the dead ends of "theoricism"; finally, a discussion is raised about the meaning of theorizing from the "South". The conclusions reaffirm the need to continue the debates in this field, valuing Torres' contributions but also highlighting some important differences with his proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deploys a bibliographic and theoretical revision to understand the subjective processes in the curricular mediation of visual arts teachers in Chile. The paper articulates concepts such as device, object/new materialism, subjectivity/subject and affections. The purpose is to make non-binary readings about the appropriation of visual arts teachers in the formal education system and their subjective constructions regarding to the curriculum. The paper emerges from a research that seeks non-tangential answers to the following questions: What are the implications of the curriculum in the construction of teaching subjectivity? How is subjectivity positioned within the development of the curriculum? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of research of the current economic security in the northern region of Russia. The paper covers the influence of the National Technological Initiative system of Russia on economic security in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. The main aim of the study is to explore the issues and prospects for ensuring economic security in the northern oil-and-gas producing regions of Russia as a course of priority of the policy of the government in the northern region. The authors conducted a system analysis and assessed the scientific and technical, technological, and innovative objectives of the regional economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research uses the case study of world heritage sites from South Asia and the Asian Pacific region. It aims to explore how macro cultural psychology, social identity, and community engagement influence the conservation of world heritage sites. The data for this paper was collected from three Asian countries namely Indonesia, Pakistan, and Malaysia. FGDs and In-depth interviews from all the stakeholders were conducted, also, data analysis were made. The paper found that in all three countries heritage site remnants are used to create social identity, making macro psychology and engaging communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper, the researchers Lama Abu Hassan and Kifah Al Omari provide a new definition for the phenomenology of transparency in thriller films. Accordingly, they suggest that it is possible to extract three forms of transparency; the personal, substance, and sensorial transparency. They thoroughly discuss these forms, taking the film HUSH directed by Mike Flanagan as a case study. This paper concentrates more on sensorial transparency, arguing that it is the form that best fits the cinematic dread prototype. The researchers provide many examples that help to understand its effect and level of engagement with the viewers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate the regulations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) treatment plant, and its market-driven acceptability of using construction and demolition waste (CDW). This research paper highlights the exceptional work of the 10 construction companies in the UAE in their operational achievements as turnaround after the recession. Effective strategies helped businesses during this period including the expansion into crisis-resistant markets such as acceptability of the market to use CDW; introducing market lines; maintaining prices while augmenting existing products; developing adaptive positioning; using informative advertisements; and pruning marginal channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper portrays female masculinity and the position of black women in Toni Morrison's Sula (1973). Women in this novel reconstruct their selfhood through rebelling on social norms and traditions. In their resistance, they act more like men than women. They work to create their selfhood and identity through rejection of the conventional gender roles, which women play in the community. Morrison's women contradict the stereotypes of black women in African American fiction. This paper records the fortunes of black women in different matriarchal environments inside black society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyze two articulations of the philosophical actuality in Theodor Adorno's thought. Firstly, I determine the original configuration of the problem focusing on The Actuality of Philosophy (1931). In the second instance, I recover fragments of Towards a new manifesto (1954) with the aim of establishing the way in which such a question is reformulated thanks to the protagonism of critical theory's addressee. In this way, I seek to point out a series of considerations around the Critical Theory's actuality through the evocation of disquisitions on coloniality that emerged in Latin American philosophy, which point to the contemporary displacement of such theoretical orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to give a meaning to the post-capitalism signifier. For this, we have carried out a conceptual analysis of the literature on the subject in the main languages during the last three decades from the "signifiers" approach. Subsequently, we have carried out a deconstruction of the meaning of capitalism signifier to construct a plural and coherent meaning of post-capitalism, with which to then turn to empirical reality in search of its praxis. From this we have concluded that post-capitalism is a set of forms of organization of socioeconomic systems that are subsequent and alternative to capitalism. These forms are characterized by the non-preeminence of the free market as a resource allocation mechanism, or by the non-preeminence of private property as an instrument for the accumulation of wealth, or by the non-preeminence of selfish rationality as a criterion for making economic decisions, or by a combination of these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to show the inextricable relationship between critical thinking and interculturality. It tries to answer the challenging question launched by Raúl Fornet-Betancourt about what critical thinking should be critical of, in order to explore the answer he himself offers: with the contemporary world. It is proposed in this paper to show that intercultural philosophy stands as the spokesman of that critical thinking that challenges the neoliberal hegemony of the capitalist and monocultural West. To do so, we base ourselves on the philosophical proposal of Fornet-Betancourt to advance from there to some characterizations of critical thinking as that which goes beyond simplifications and rather serves as an instrument to establish an intercultural dialogue with other ways of understanding the world. We explore the Andean proposal of Sumak Kawsay as an expression of critical thinking that questions, from a millenary knowledge and civilization, the very bases of Western developmentalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialectical variations operate at varied linguistic levels giving a dialect its unique place on the language map. In a paper, AlYaari et al. tried to consider a comparative study of the linguistics of the different dialects of Yemeni Arabic DYA. This paper looks at Raimi Yemeni Arabic, a dialect that is not considered by AlYaari et al. The paper considers two phonological phenomena studied by Alyaari et al.; namely, vowel deletion and absence of diphthongs. The paper demonstrates that RA is similar to Adeni Arabic in terms of vowel deletion, but is unique in monophthongization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a speculative paper linking critical thinking to reflective practice in science education teaching practicum for the prospective teachers of science in Kuwait. The writer has identified that student teachers lack in a critical thinking approach to teaching sciences, promoting science literacy, and critically linking science to society and technology, definition of critical thinking has been interpreted in a context of reflective practice, with a redefinition of the factors contributing to unexamined, uncritically absorbed assumptions about teaching and learning. The paper has also shed light on how critical thinking can be evaluated in the teaching practice component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research systematically presents the multifarious information and data from secondary and primary sources to provide the results of articles and papers relative to Customs-Business Partnership that affect the compliance of import and export enterprises based on customs law and regulation. The authors have established the theoretical model to analyze the Customs-Business Partnership in Vietnam. The authors conducted a survey involving 202 enterprises from the cities of Hanoi, Hai Phong, Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh, Binh Duong, and Vung Tau, respectively, on August 2018. By using and performing a multivariate regression method and analysis, the paper gives predictions following the Binary logistic regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Islamic banking system has attracted the attention of scholars, practitioners, and investors. In the Islamic banking system, the good faith principle may not adequately serve the purpose for which the Islamic banks were set up. This paper is to examine both the present debate and the current practice of the good faith principle of Islamic contract law in banking system. The study uses secondary data procured from published research papers, the Holy Quran, and the Prophetic Sunnah, which embody all tenets of Islamic law. From our findings, the Islamic banking system is more economically efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper concentrates the reader's attention to the origin and development of the Spanish historicphilosophical tradition. The paper introduces the names of outstanding researchers and their direct mentors in the suggested scientific area who gave a certain impulse for investigating a philosophical thought in Spain. Special attention is paid to the main academic centers that contributed greatly to the Spanish history theory of philosophy and rational thought as a science, revealing their characteristic features. Finally, the paper centers around a challenging dilemma for the Spanish intellectual elite whether to protect the idea of national philosophical thought or to deny it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to discuss the persistence of the armed conflict in Colombia. This work starts from the premise that despite the alleged demobilizations of armed groups, terrorist actions remain, with the same weapons and practices typically implemented for those groups. This phenomenon has being identified by the authorities as Criminal Gangs (Bandas Criminales). The paper claim, that Crimes perpetraded by members of these gangs has been missinterpretated, because the criminal offence are conducted for cause, on occasion or in direct connection with the armed conflict. Terrorist acts and crimes against humanity continue occuring alongside of Colombian territory. In conclusion, Criminal Gangs (Bandas Criminales) must be repressed and sanctioned by the Colombian State and eventually by the International Criminal Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study two initiatives of José María de Llanos in the 1950 at the University of Madrid. The research has a theoretical and historical dimension. The theoretical character lies in the questioning of the conventional narrative of Service Learning (SL). The historical aspect of the paper is based on intellectual history. The questioning of the habitual narrative of the SL leads us to identify its origin rooted in religious notions and in the tension of combining the message of charity with that of social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an overview of the genesis, nature and historical significance of the crisis of public life in early 21st century Mexico. The analysis begins by recognizing a historical context where many areas of the Mexican territory lie beyond state control, and where a number of counterpowers challenge and dispute the state's legitimate monopoly of force and hegemony. The paper characterizes the evolution of public life in 20th century Mexico and briefly compares recent transformations in this sphere with similar developments taking place in other parts of the globe. The paper goes on to argue that the erosion of public life and its attendant crisis of civic culture have as their background the deep-rooted social inequalities and the conditions of underdevelopment that characterize Mexican reality. In turn, underdevelopment and inequality are expressed, and deepened, by the fragility of Mexican institutions and the Mexican state's state of crisis. Thus, the paper seeks to apprehend the interconnections between public life, state fragmentation, and the development/underdevelopment dialectic in early 21st century Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By introducing the current socio-ecological state that has led to the proposal of the Anthropocene epoch, but also to other conceptualizations such as the global environmental change and the (ecological) planetary boundaries, this paper briefly analyses the theoretical-conceptual scope and limitations of the idea of the Anthropocene. It continues with a critical reading of the challenges that the expansion of urban space brings with it under the logic of capital accumulation; indeed, the main configuration of space under the so-called Anthropocene epoch. The speculative character of contemporary production of urban space and its main socioecological implications, which take place in an uneven manner, are thus discussed from a critical perspective of urban political geography and urban political ecology. The paper concludes with a deliberation on the basic characteristics of an eventual urban transition towards environmentally less devastating and socially fairer and more inclusive modalities of urban space production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Matyä’äky (interwoven word, talk, dialog), as a personal reflective account for the concretion of Wejën Kajën (Vargas-Vásquez et al.: 2008) in the educational field, which is a term of public domain within the Ayuujk people in its various dialectal variants. Ja matyä’äky is made from the Xaamkëxp variant; which is an inherent part of my being, with which I name and co-inhabit the universe, of the Ayujk people from Oaxaca, Mexico. It describes the collaborations, meetings and encounters that have been found over time to accompany this concreteness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the significance and the challenges of various decolonized practices in research and in social science training methods in Mexico and, particularly, in Chiapas, based on a Latin American approach to the field of studies conducted by intellectuals and activists involved in social movement struggles. We analyze different forms of intercultural dialogues used in decolonizing research in terms of social, ethnic and gender relationships, according to the contexts and the knowledge production of popular and indigenous movements facing politics, education and epistemic racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the revision of a series of phenomena analyzed within the framework of the study "Youth, Culture and Education" of the Ministry of Education of Chile and the Fundación Sistema of Spain and in the study about the civic behavior of young in Chile (Fondecyt N° 11121115). This paper describes the most relevant aspects of the young people's perception and verbalization of such areas as a) characterization and values of the young, b) participation and citizenship, and c) trends in education. The paper ends by suggesting a thematic research agenda that may permit to explore in greater depth some dimensions that this study did not fully address given the constraints inherent to its nature and purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper invites an exercise of ontological reflection on Franz Hinkelammert's theoretical proposal. For this aim, it exposes some conceptual implications of his idea of subject and tries to show how, from it, ethics, epistemology and politics are organized in his work. Although Hinkelammert does not explicitly address an ontology in his writings, the review of his theoretical corpus based on a set of questions linked to the reflection of the ontological level allows us to suggest this dimension or aspect of his thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the central aspects of Hinkelammert's critique of neoliberal theory and the "capitalist market as supreme being". He made a profound questioning of this theory between 1970 and 1984. In his last books he offers a questioning of the religion of the market, especially in The Totalitarianism of the Market. These investigations are part of his research program, which: a) constitutes an exceptional interpretation of the crises of contemporary societies and their market religion; b) his response is Marx's "praxis humanism", based on the principle of "man as supreme being for man". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport has become a "universal" leisure, commercial and media activity. Team sports could help to better understand the character of sport (Ehrenberg, 1991). In this paper, the paradoxical functions of the coach are analyzed, ranging between the orientation of collective performance and the enhancement of the preference or talent of the other team members; in order to do this, the following points are analyzed: exclusion/inclusion; coach/team; training/competition; defense/attack; inside/outside; game/player; starters/alternates; reason/faith; victory/defeat. From the understanding of this paradoxical activity it will be possible to forward relevant conclusions for the training of the youngest coaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is the analysis of the possibility of renewal and deepening of the democratization processes opened by the Boaventura de Sousa Santos's theory of democracy. Throughout his long academic career, Santos formulates a theory of democracy beyond the limitative hegemonic conceptions (liberal, elitist, representative, procedural, electoral and delegative). In consonance with the theoretical and normative assumptions of the epistemologies of the South, Santos's theory of democracy focuses in its most radical and counter-hegemonic contents, based on high-intensity democracy ideas, demodiversity, experimentalism and articulation between representative democracy and participatory democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a systematization of the contributions of several Latin American authors to the debate on the taxonomy of the forms of cooperation, coordination and integration between disciplines. To this end, we adopt a conceptual reference where the ideas of coexistence, combination and unification between disciplines are included in a continuum of increasing convergence. We consider that the scheme accounts for the European or "classical" tradition of thinking on inter-disciplinarity. On these bases, we develop a classification scheme that is compatible with the "classical" tradition, and with the categories that emerged from the work of the Latin American authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the work of the Mexican philosopher Leopoldo Zea in search of theoretical elements that allow him to be identified as an antecedent of de-colonial developments. In this search for writings that appeared between the 1950s and 1970s, an evolution in his thought can be observed that makes it possible to divide it into two stages. The first represents an effort to justify the belonging of American philosophy to the great tradition of Western thought, considered as the only one with a claim to universality. The second will consider American philosophy as a disruptive contribution to a colonialist and decadent tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has three main purposes. Firstly, the paper shows from a Latin American point of view that the western civilization is ambiguous because at the same time it is generating a new barbarity in our world. Secondly, the paper presents the intercultural dialogue as a perspective to criticize the globalization of the western civilization and as an alternative to come up to reorganization of the relationship be- tween the cultures. Thirdly, the paper intends to point out some philosophical presuppositions of the intercultural dialogue: the conception of human being as a "sin gular universal", critical reflection, freedom, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to contribute to the critique of Neoliberal Ideology, assuming that a new political situation claims to attend the ideological aspect in which Neoliberalism never stopped producing effects. The paper interrogates that level in which subjectivities are affected by Neoliberalism as Ideology, by identifying four central ideological cores: Justification of inequality, Meritocracy, Technocratism and Ideology of Life’s Flexibility. Through the analysis of the results of a survey and certain public discourses we propose to observe the extension and articulation of these cores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution in scientific production and collaboration of Venezuela is discussed, identified as a country that has been characterized by the loss of leadership in recent years. The universe of analysis is composed by 1.117 Ibero American open access journals indexed by the database redalyc.org with over 250.000 articles in a period of 10 years (2005-2014). The fall of Venezuelan science is seen from mainstream science databases (in Scopus, through SJR, it showed 1.857 papers in 2005 that represented 3,4% of the region. In 2014 it had 1.592 papers, that accounted for 1,44% of the region. That is, it had a drop of -14,27%) and from Redalyc (which it had 875 articles in 2005 that they accounted for 5,5% of the region; in 2014 had 791 articles, which represented 3.0% of the region. So, it fell -9,6%); this database allows further appreciation about a high rate of concentration in the scientific and editorial production of Venezuela, as well as an endogenous behavior in terms of production and collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss the Effect of Financial Reform and Fiscal Decentralization on Financial Governance in Bone, Indonesia. Financial performance analysis can be done by looking at the ratio of the degree of fiscal decentralization, regional financial dependence, regional independence, the effectiveness and efficiency of ROI, and compatibility of direct spending to analyze the effect of financial performance on the Human Development Index (HDI). This research found that the HDI in Bone Regency 2010-2019 was influenced by the direct expenditure compatibility ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the ambiguity in using modifiers and shows its types. The research contains an analysis of some ambiguous sentences with an explanation of the reasons behind this ambiguity. It presents a theoretical background about modification in general and clarifies different types of ambiguity. It depends on the available grammar sources and the internet to provide enough material. It shows that a modifier is an optional element that depends on the headword. There are two types of modification, also, there are two types of ambiguity. Phrasal verbs can be interpreted in more than one way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most universities and educational institutions follow conventional learning. E-learning utilizes electronic technologies to deliver curriculum beyond traditional means, which presents many challenges. E-learning is also a way to access all programs and receive awards for certificates and degrees online. It presents a formidable communication media between teachers, professors, and students attending online classes. This paper focuses on the objectives and mechanisms to achieve the necessary changes to accomplish the required learning objectives. It will also highlight the challenges facing the students, instructors, and decision-makers at executive levels in educational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the demand for legal control of the obligations of transnational enterprises to respect human rights through a binding treaty on the matter, such demand shows the need to develop international recognition of models of justice for collective rights articulated to the Eurocentric models of justice in an International Covenant on Collective Rights and Intercultural Justice. An overview of the philosophy of neoliberalism and its influence in Latin America is offered in order to evaluate the most important responses that have been developed both in the United Nations Organization and in the International Labor Organization on the mandatory document for the transnational companies respect human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of education has an effect on the use of greeting words in communication. This paper aims to describe the greeting words used by the Makassar ethnic community based on their level of education and outlines the factors that influence the use of the greeting words in society. The writers used a grounded research method with a qualitative approach in descriptive type and phenomenological strategy. The results showed that the educated people used formal and polite greeting words. Meanwhile, the less educated people used a variety of informal greeting words based on their social status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]